integrated production – the approach of prevention first malavolta carlo international...
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INTEGRATED PRODUCTION – THE APPROACH OF PREVENTION FIRST
Malavolta Carlo International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious
Animals and Plants (IOBC)
Commission IP Guidelines and Endorsement
What future for Integrated Production?European Economic and Social Committee - NAT Section
Bruxelles March 25th 2010
International Organization for the Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious
Animals and Plants (IOBC)
WHAT IS IOBC-WPRS
Scientific Non-profit, Non Governmental Organisation since 1956
West Palaearctic Regional Section: West Palaearctic Regional Section: one of 6 regional sections of IOBCone of 6 regional sections of IOBC
http://www.iobc-global.org
http://www.iobc-wprs.org
• Promote research and implementation of sustainable (environmentally safe, economically feasible, socially acceptable) control-methods of pests of agricultural and forestry crops
• Promote the development of biological control and its application in Integrated pest management and Integrated Production programmes
IOBC OBJECTIVES
(20) (2) (4)
(12+3)
(6)
Scientific Community and Larger Public
IOBC WPRSGeneral Assembly
Council
Executive Committee
Study GroupsWorking Groups Commissions
ORGANIZATION OF IOBC WPRS
• Organisation of scientific meetings to foster exchange of information and ideas
• Presentation platforms: workshops, Presentation platforms: workshops, symposia, proceedings, publicationssymposia, proceedings, publications
• Implementation of scientific knowledge into advising & executing production
• Collaboration with other international Collaboration with other international organisationsorganisations
• Production of Guidelines for integrated production
IOBC WPRS ACTIVITIES
Commission IP Guidelines and Endorsement
(http://www.iobc-wprs.org)
ACTIVITIES IN INTEGRATED PRODUCTION
• Production of Guidelines
• Endorsement of growers’ organizationsEndorsement of growers’ organizations
• Guidelines for Integrated Production. Principles and Technical Guidelines
• 1993: First edition• 1999: Second edition• 2004: Third edition (IOBC/WPRS Bull. 27(2))
• Developed by
• IOBC/WPRS Executive Committee and Council• Experts that represent the Working Groups• Commission on Integrated Production
IOBC BASIC DOCUMENTS ON IP
1. Blind chemical control (Lutte chimique aveugle)
General, schematic and routine applications of the most potent pesticides; advice from industry
2. Chemical control based on advice (Lutte chimique conseillée)
Application of usually broad spectrum pesticides after consultation with an official advisory service
3. Specific control (Lutte dirigée) Transitory phase
• Introduction of the concept of "economic threshold levels";• application of pesticides with no negative side-effects;• protection of beneficial organisms
4. Integrated plant protection*) (Protection intégrée) Dynamic phase
Similar to specific control, but in addition• integration of biological and biotechnical methods and methods of good agricultural practice;• chemical control strongly regulated
5. Integrated agricultural production*) (Production agricole intégrée)
Open dynamic phase, further develop-ment possible in the whole world
Similar to integrated plant protection, but in additionobservance, integration and exploitation of all positive factors in the agro-ecosystem according to ecological principles
The Evolution of Plant Protection Methods (modified from IOBC 1977)
Grapes
Citrus
Arable Crops
Olives
Field Vegetables
Pome, Stone and Soft Fruits
Definition 5 Objectives 11 Principles
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THE IOBC CONCEPT OF IP
Integrated Production/Farming is a farming system that produces high quality food and other products by using natural resources and regulating mechanisms to replace polluting inputs and to secure sustainable farming.
IOBC DEFINITION OF INTEGRATED PRODUCTION (short version)
Structure of IP crop specific guidelines
• choice of plantation site
• plantation system• seeding/rotation• soil management• fertilisation
• plant protection and weed control
• ecological infrastructures
• irrigation• harvest
Specific guidelines for IP label
• Post harvest treatment • storage/conservation• selection• quality index (harvest/commercialisation)• packaging• commercialisation• self (in-home) checking proc. + external
checking proc.
IP Guidelines: plant protection & weed control
– prevention by preliminary choice (e.g.resistant cvs)and agronomic methods (e.g.rotation)
– risk assessment & monitoring: treatment applied only when necessary (by theresholds, forecasting models, etc.) and with correct timing (forecasting models, bullettins, ecc.)
– direct plant protection methods a.i. choice based on lower impact on human health and environment (priority to biological/biotechnol.= e.g. mating disruption)
– checking and calibration of spraying machines
The prevention and/or suppression of key pests, diseases and weeds should be
achieved/supported especially by:
• choice of appropriate resistant/tolerant cultivars;• use of an optimum crop rotation (where
applicable);• use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g. stale
seedbed technique, sowing dates, sowing densities, undersowing, etc);
• use of balanced fertilisation (especially nitrogen) and irrigation practices;
• protection and enhancement of important natural enemies by adequate plant protection measures;
• utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites to enhance a supportive conservation biological control of key pests by antagonists.
Examples of prevention (1):
• Maize: crop rotation in maize prevents corn borer (Diabrotica) infestation
• Maize: the destruction of stalks by mulching has long been recognized as an important element of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) prevention
• Grape vines: defoliate the grape zone in order to have better air circulation and thus less humidity within the grapes to prevent infection with Botrytis.
Examples of prevention (2):
• Pear: balanced fertilization to prevent excessive Psylla populations.
• Grape vines and tomato (processing): balanced fertilization to prevent downy mildew infections
• Apple and Grape vines : use of selective insecticides, rather than broad-spectrum insecticides (e.g pyrethoides) is a preventive measure against spider mite problems because of predatory mites natural biological control
Examples of prevention (3):
specific
mobile
non specific
non
mobile
cyst nematodes
Rizoctonia
rootknot nematodes
sclerotinia
aphids
botrytis
plutella
phytophthora
crop roptation
frequency
sequence diversity
cropping systems
• Book on Ecological Infrastructures
• Green and Yellow lists of control measures
• Database on Pesticide selectivity to natural enemies
• SESAME: Software for inspection
THE IOBC IP TOOLBOX
Tools to facilitate the implementation on IP bygrowers organizations
A: Lifespan B: Flowering periodC: Source of nectarD: Diversity of the FaunaE: Overwintering refugia
Boller et al. (2004)
FLOWERING PLANTS
Should address the relevant indirect and direct plant protection measures:
• Choice of cultivars, protection of old and establishment of new ecological infrastructures, ..
• Use of fertilizers, habitat-management, use of key antagonists, ..
• Use of monitoring tools
• Direct plant protection (control): Restrictive list of highly selective control procedures
THE GREEN LIST
Should complement the green list with a restrictive list of second choice plant protection measures – mostly pesticides – that exhibt minor negative side-effects
• The plant protection measures listed in the yellow list can be applied only if the green list does not provide adequate results
• The yellow list must provide complete information and precise indications against what target and under which circumstances the product can be used
THE YELLOW LIST
PESTICIDE SELECTIVITY
SELECTIVITY OF PESTICIDES
IPM – pesticide treatment justification
Guidelines application at farm level
Respect of thresholds Mandatory - no funding
Advisory services Availabilty meteo data
Availability/respect of official forecasting models
Availability/respect of official bullettins
Spraying equipment checking and calibration
Mandatory each 5 years by officially recognised bodies
CROSS -COMPLIANCE
Application of Nitrate Directive and other mandatory national laws
POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION OF IPM/IP AFTER 2013
REQUIREMENTS/OBBLIGATIONS FUNDING
POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION OF IPM/IP AFTER 2013
REQUIREMENTS/OBBLIGATIONS FUNDING
Integrated production
Crop rotation payment through agro-environmental measures (Reg 1698) or Environmental strategy CMO F&V (Reg 1234/07) from 50-450 Euro/ha/year or future art. 68 CAP**
Irrigation Irrigation plan based on ETP and soil condition
Soil protection
Fertilisers reduction Fertilisation plan based on uptake and soil availability of macro elements (N, P K)
IPM – pesticide selection 2nd step
Use of only Bio product (Bt, viruses.), mating disruption, ecc.
IPM – pesticide selection 1st step
Exclusion of more dangerous or not selective active ingredients
Exclusion or strong reduction of R 40 or R48 or R60-63 or R68 pesticides phrases R
Many thanks for your attention !
CONCLUSIONS:1) PREVENTION IS OF COURSE ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS WE HAVE TO AVOID OR STRONGLY REDUCE AGROCHEMICAL USE
2) INTEGRATED PRODUCTION COULD BE ONE VERY IMPORTANT OPTION FOR THE FUTURE CAP POST 2013