integrated pest management (ipm) - montana … class notes...1/18/2012 1 integrated pest management...

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Scenario

• “You see that you have some bugs on your apple tree. You decide to run down to the garden center to find something that will kill them ”them.”

• Questions to ask yourself:– Do you even know what the insect it is?– Do you know what its’ life cycle is?– Is it even a threat?– Is there something that I have done to cause this

insect to be on my tree?– Is there something I could be doing different?

Scenario

• “You decide that you are pretty sure you know what the insect is… and you’re going to buy something to kill it.”

• Questions to ask yourself:– What is the least toxic alternative?

f d d k h ll k– If I use a pesticide, do I know that it will work?– Will the pesticide kill beneficial insects?– Do I know when I should use the pesticide?– Do I know how to use the pesticide?– Do I know how to protect myself and my environment?– Does the guy handing me the product that said “This should work” really know what they are talking about?

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Integrated Pest Management

• “Integrated Pest Management is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common‐sense practices.” – EPA

• Proper Identification and Monitoring

• Set Action Threshold• Prevention• Control – Least toxic controls. Four types of control

in IPM

Control



Identification and MonitoringIdentification

Collect and submit weeds, insects, and diseased plants to MSU

Through your local Extension office

Directly to the Schutter Diagnostic L b ( li th Y d d G dLab (online on the Yard and Garden Website)

Document damage and effects

Pictures speak a thousand words

Create a collection

A “pest” can be a weed, insect or disease

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Schutter Diagnostic Clinic – Montana State University

• Send several insects in sealed container (and crush proof) in rubbing alcohol.

• Send in whole plants with roots whenever possible.

• Collect samples with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms as well as a healthy comparison.

• Keep some soil around the root ball; wrap this in plastic and secure with rubber band around the base of the plant. Loosely enclose the foliage in plastic or paper. DO NOT wrap foliage in wet paper towels!

Schutter Plant Diagnostic Clinic

• Try to package samples so that when they arrive in the clinic, we could repot them and have the plants survive!

T t k l f h ibl til• Try to keep sample as fresh as possible until you can get it to the county or reservation agent: refrigerate if possible.

• Include photographs or videotapes illustrating the problem if possible.

Plant problems often are influenced by many different factors, so include as much background information as

possible:

• Plant and variety or cultivar• How it is irrigated• Soil type (texture)• Crop history p y• Seeding date, rate, and row spacing • Chemicals used with names, rates, and dates • Rainfall, temperature extremes, heavy winds • Pattern of symptoms • Previous problems

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Identification and Monitoring

Identification

Internet High Plains IPM guide

BugwoodWiki (http://wiki.bugwood.org/Main_Page)

UC IPM Online (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/)

Missoula Co Plant Diagnosis DatabaseMissoula Co. Plant Diagnosis Database

http://www.co.missoula.mt.us/Extension/PlantData/

Books

“Pests of the West”

“The Ortho Problem Solver”

“Garden Insects of North America”

“Pests and Diseases of Herbaceous Perennials”

“Weeds of the West”

Proper Identification

• Are you sure that it is not an abiotic or herbicide related problem?– Abiotic problems

• Fertility

• Watering

• Wrong plant/wrong place

• Environment

– Herbicide residual• Herbicide damage can look like other problems

Example: Curling Leaves

• Each picture shows damage from either lack of water, herbicide residual, aphid damage, and a virus

– Can you tell which one is which?

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Identification and Monitoring – Insects

Pest or Guest?

Less than 1% of known insects are pests.

Identifying Insects – Metamorphosis

• Complete metamorphosis

– Eggs → larvae → pupae →adults

– Beetles, moths, flies, ,

Indentifying Insects – Metamorphosis

• Incomplete metamorphosis

– Also called gradual metamorphosis

– Eggs → nymph stages (enstars) → adults

True bugs

GrasshoppersMore often than not, once you see the adult it’s too late….

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Identification and Monitoring Tools and Tips for Insects

• Buy a good hand lens– Many insects are tiny

• Try sticky cards– Catch insects

• Look on the underside• Look on the underside of leaves– Go to where they are

Identification and Monitoring Weeds

• Use those things we discussed in Plant Growth and Development to identify weeds

• Leaf shape

• Leaf margin

• Leaf arrangement

• Inflorescence

• Annual or perennial or biennial?– Tip: annual weeds are easier to pull out of the ground.

Identification and Monitoring Diseases

• Symptoms

– Changes in growth or appearance of a plant in response to a damaging factor

Such as fire blight

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• Signs

– Evidence of the damaging factor

Snow mold on turf

Corn smut

Powdery mildew on zinnia

PathogenEnvironment Favoring SusceptibilitySigns

&

The Disease Triangle

Host

Symptoms

Each of the components of the triangle must be present for a disease to exist to have symptoms and to see or isolate signs


• Diseases are a little bit harder to identify and may need to be sent or brought to a professional

– County or Reservation Extension Service– County or Reservation Extension Service

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• Set Action ThresholdSet Action Threshold

Determine a Threshold

• How many is too many? Is it because?– Insects gross you out? – Plant diseases are disgusting?– I paid a lot for the tree, shrub or garden?garden?

– Fear of the unknown?


• The questions you should be asking:

– Will it actually cause damage to the plant, yard, garden, flower bed, or is it more of a curiosity?bed, or is it more of a curiosity?

– Can the plant, yard, garden, or flower bed withstand some damage?

– How many is too many?

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• The questions you should be asking yourself:

– What time of the year is it?

– If I were to try to control the pest now, will it make a difference?

– Is it too late?

– Where is the pest in its lifecycle?

Determining a Threshold Example –Aspen Leaf Spot

• I found that I have aspen leaf spot (fungus) in my aspen tree.

– Leaves are going to fall off the tree soon anyway

– Fungicides may work, but will be too late to be effective

– Trees produce 2x as many leaves as it needs for photosynthesis

• Recommendations– Clean up the leaves (in the fall) and

discard to remove the overwintering fungi

– Add Iron

Example: What Time of Year Is It?

Grasshoppers should be controlled when the lilacs are blooming. When you see the adults late in the summer…control is very difficult

Most effective time for control

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• Prevention




• Prevention

• Control – Least toxic controls.

Four Types of Pest Control

Control

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Pyramid of IPM Tactics

CHEMICAL

ToxicityIntervention

Increasing

BIOLOGICAL

PHYSICAL (MECHANICAL)

CULTURALPrevention

g

Penn State University

Cultural Practices

• Purchase pest resistant plant material

• Plant rotation

• Right plant, right place

• Proper watering, fertilizing, planting, row p g, g, p g,spacing, weeding

• Using sanitation procedures (especially for overwintering diseases and insects)

• Removing alternate hosts

• Cleaning tools

Physical (Mechanical) Control

• Baits or traps (also good for monitoring)

• Exclusion – row covers

• Hoeing, removal of diseased plants (roguing), pruning (always disinfect tools)pruning (always disinfect tools)

Traps Row CoversPruning out diseased

raspberry canes

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Physical Control Example Oystershell Scale

• Light abrasion on the scale using a scouring pad will remove most of the scale– Don’t scrub too hard as to injure the plant

Biological Control Example –Parasitoids

• Encarsia formosa– Parasitic wasp– Biological control of whiteflies– Lay eggs in whitefly nymphs

Encarsia formosa

Parasitized (black) and unparasitized (white) whitefly nymphs

Biological Control

• Lacewing Larvae (AKA Aphid Lions)

– Veracious feeders of aphids

Green Lacewing (adult) Green Lacewing (Larva)

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Biological Control Example– Bacillus thuringiengsis (Bt)

• Soil dwelling bacteria• Mostly used as liquid spray

– Proteins react with cells in the gut lining of susceptible insects

– Must know what BT strain to use

– Does not have broad spectrum• Will not kill beneficial insects

• If you have ever used mosquito dunks, Bt is the active ingredient

Chemical Controls• Do you really need to use chemical controls?

– Use a combination of cultural, physical/mechanical and biological controls first

– If a pesticide is warranted, use a reduced risk pesticide

– Many pesticides are broad spectrum and can kill beneficials and in the case of herbicides can kill thebeneficials and in the case of herbicides, can kill the desired plants

• Glyphosate

USE ONLY AS A LAST RESORT!

Pesticides

• Insecticides• Herbicides• Rodenticides• Fungicides• Miticides

Myth: “I’m not using a ti id I’ j t killi• Miticides

• ‐ides– Refers to a product that kills something

• When using the term Pesticides, it refers to more than just those that kill insects!

pesticide, I’m just killing weeds.”

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Pesticide Labels – READ THEM!!!

• Pesticide Labeling is the main means of communication between a pesticide manufacturer and pesticide users.

• ‘Label’ is the information attached to the Pesticide Container.

• Labeling is the label and any other information you receive from the manufacturer.At the garden store, pull out the entire label and read the whole label, not just the front!

Pesticide Labels

• Gives you instructions on how to use the product safely and correctly.

• Pesticide users are required by law to comply with all the instructions and directions forwith all the instructions and directions for use in pesticide labeling.

• The label is the law!

• Brand name

• Ingredients

• Inert ingredients

• Signal word

• Net contents

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**Signal Words**

• Danger–Poison ‐ it can kill you!

• Danger – usually associated with skin or eye damagedamage

• Warning – moderately toxic

• Caution – least toxic

• Type of pesticide

• Target organisms

• Crop information

• EPA Registration Number

• Manufacturer

• Storage &

Directions for use

disposal

• Precautionary statements

• Directions for use

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• First aid measures

• How to respond to an emergency involving the chemical

• Environmental hazards

Pesticide Labeling• Entry Statement

• Some pesticide labeling contains a precaution about entering a treated area after application.after application.

• This statement tells you– How much time must

pass before people can enter a treated area

– PPE worker protection

Use Inconsistent with the Pesticide Label

• It is illegal to use a pesticide in any way not permitted by the labeling.– Off‐site

– Improper equipment settings

– Improper rate (lack of calibration)

No safety gear worn when the label says you must!– No safety gear worn when the label says you must!

• A pesticide may be used only on the plants, animals, or sites named in the directions for use.

• If the site is listed but the pest is not, you can still use the product on site, but you have no recourse if the product doesn’t work.

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• You may not use

–Higher dosages

–Higher concentrations

–More frequent applications

Pesticide Labels –READ THEM!!!

• BEFORE YOU PURCHASE THE PESTICIDE

• BEFORE USING THE PESTICIDE

• BEFORE DISPOSING OF THE CONTAINER

When and How to Use Pesticides Effectively

• Many pesticides do not have a long residual compared to those of the past

• Many pesticides are more toxic than previous pesticides

• Must know when to sprayp y– Weeds

• When they are actively growing

– Insects• At what stage of the insect’s lifecycle will the insecticide work?

– Few work on the adults– May need multiple applications

– Diseases• Proper timing

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Finally, IPM is KNOWLEDGE, COMMON SENSE, asking the right QUESTIONS, and using the LEAST TOXIC ALTERNATIVE if control is

warrantedwarranted

READ THE LABEL!

I would like to thank:

• All the students and their interest in gardening and yard and garden maintenance that make this program possible

• Montana State University Extension

• The various County and Reservation Extension Agents and their commitment to Master Gardener

• The County and Tribal Governments who support Extension and the mission of outreach and service

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I would like to thank:• Dr. Douglas Steele, Director of Extension for MSU• Dr. John Sherwood an the Plant Sciences Department at Montana State University

• Dr. Tracy Dougher and the Horticulture Department at Montana State University

• The Schutter Diagnostic Lab and the Diagnostic• The Schutter Diagnostic Lab and the Diagnostic Team

• David Baumbauer, Manager of the Plant Growth Center at Montana State University

• Cecil Tharp, Pesticide Specialist• Alice Schaefer, Extension Publications

integrated pest management (ipm) - montana … class notes...1/18/2012 1 integrated pest management...

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