Integrated Pest Management: Insect Challenges

Southern Maryland Vegetable Conference

Presented by Ben Beale

with Slides from:

Galen Dively, UMD

Joanne Whalen, UDEL

Topics• Systemic worm control products

• Sweet corn BT protein releases

• Label Changes

• Resistance Issues

Systemic worm control products

• Chlorantraniliprole, also known as Rynaxypyr. Sold under the brand name Coragen

• New chemistry with excellent control of Lepidoptera pest

• Has activity as both a drench application and foliar application.

Systemic worm control products

• Potential benefits:– Residual control with easy application– Reduced risk to applicator compared with

conventional foliar applied products – Very low mammalian toxicity– Ability to reach Lepidoptera which may not be

affected by contact products

Does Chlorantraniliprole have activity in fruit?

Note: .074 kg ai/ha is equivalent to 5ozs per acre .112 kg ai/ha is equivalent to 7.5ozs per acre

Excellent tool for control of tomato tuberworm in foliage. Will not control tuberworm once it has entered the fruit.

Brand name Tank Mix Products

Voliam Express

Chlorantraniliprole Lamba-cyhalothrin

Voliam flexi, Durivo

Chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam

• Now labeled on wide variety of vegetable crops, including most cucurbi crops, fruiting vegetables and cole crops.. NOT labeled on onions, parsnips, asparagus, garlic, turnips, radishes.

Sweet Corn Insect ControlWhat’s New and What Works

Galen P. DivelyDepartment of Entomology

European corn borerEuropean corn borer

Corn earwormCorn earworm

Major problem with sprays - Maintaining a Major problem with sprays - Maintaining a toxin residue of insecticide on the silk tissuetoxin residue of insecticide on the silk tissue

Syngenta Seeds

Attribute Insect Protected Bt Sweet Corn

Expresses Cry1Ab insecticidal protein in all tissues at consistently

high levels throughout the crop cycle.

Created by traditional breeding using event BT11 field corn.

Targets caterpillars attacking foliage and the developing ear.

Bt hybrids available for processing and fresh market.

100% protection against whorl, stalk and ear damage.

Eliminates all ECB-targeted insecticide applications.

nonBt Bt

Effects on European Corn Borer

nonBt Bt

Effects on Corn Earworm

Reduces kernel area consumed by >90%.

Reduces side ear damage.

Reduces insecticide applications by 80% or more depending on population pressure.

nonBtBt

Effects on Fall Armyworm

More tolerant to Cry1Ab protein

Eliminates most whorl and tassel treatments.

Reduces husk and kernel damage by 50% or more.

Attribute Bt varieties provide excellent protection against caterpillars entering ears during fresh silking.

High Bt protein expression in green silk tissue.

After pollination, the Bt protein degrades as the silk tissue wilts and the expressed protein degrades, larvae can by-pass silk tissue and move directly to developing kernels.

Larvae have a better chance to survive in the ear, because not all kernels express Bt protein.

More damage is likely to occur under high insect pressure and in hybrids lacking good tip cover.

Surviving larvae still become sick and do not develop or feed normally; but can be present in 25% or more of the ears. For late plantings, one or two insecticide sprays are needed to prevent ear damage from exceeding fresh market standards.

Attribute GSS0966 (Bt)

Prime Plus (non-Bt)

Attribute BC0805 (Bt) Providence(non-Bt)

Abnormally High Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm Pressure in 2010

Example of a late planting of untreated sweet corn in MD

Cry1AbNon-Bt

Next Generation of Bt Sweet Corn Technology

Advantages:

Added herbicide tolerant genes

Broader spectrum of insect control

Higher efficacy

Less prone to resistance development

Seminis Seeds - Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab + Cry3Bb1 – Performance Series

Syngenta Seeds - VIP3A + Cry1Ab – Attribute II (not available until 2013)

Pyramided and stacked genes

Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests

Event Protein ECB CEW FAW BCW WBCW

MON810 Cry1Ab E G G P P

BT11 Cry1Ab E G G P P

TC16-507 Cry1F E F VG G VG

MON89034 Cry1A.105Cry2Ab

E VG E F F

MON89034TC16-507

Cry1A.105Cry2Ab Cry1F

E VG E VG VG

MIR162BT11

Vip3A, Cry1Ab

E E E E E

ECB= European corn borer; CEW= corn earworm; FAW= fall armyworm; BCW= black cutworm; and WBCW= western bean cutworm.Control rating: E= excellent, VG= very good, G= good, F=fair, and P= poor.

Kernel Segregation Ratios

BV Bv bV Bv

BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv

Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv

bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv

bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

hemizygous for the Bt trait

Kernel Segregation Ratios

BV Bv bV Bv

BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv

Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv

bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv

bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

Attribute single gene expression (Cry1Ab)Performance Series (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab vectored)

Kernel Segregation Ratios

BV Bv bV Bv

BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv

Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv

bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv

bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

Attribute single gene expression (Cry1Ab)Performance Series (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab vectored)

Attribute II (Vip3A + Cry1Ab separate events)

Obsession BtCry1A.105 + Cry2Ab

ObsessionNon-Bt Isoline

Efficacy of ‘Performance Series’ Sweet Corn to prevent ear injury

Bt varieties available: Temptation, Obsession, Passion

Sweet corn hybrid

Control program

Percent marketable ears

PercentCEW damage

CEW per ear

Kernel area consumed(cm2)

BC 0805 Bt

2 sprays 54 46 0.5 0.7

unsprayed 10 87 1.2 1.9

Obsession Bt

2 sprays 91 11 >0.1 0.1

unsprayed 74 37 0.4 0.3

Obsession nonBt

6 sprays 72 30 >0.1 0.8

unsprayed 4 96 0.9 7.1

Providence nonBt

unsprayed 0 100 1.2 10.32011 Experiment at Beltsville MD; sprays applied every 3 days starting at early fresh

silk.

Efficacy of of ‘Performance Series’ Sweet Cornto prevent whorl and tassel injury

Obsession BtCry1A.105 + Cry2Ab

ObsessionNon-Bt Isoline

Efficacy of Attribute II Sweet Corn MD and MN 2007-2010

Providence Non-Bt Isoline

Attribute II - Vip3A + Cry1Ab

Bt Sweet Corn is an Environmentally Safe Control Option

Ideally fits the IPM philosophy by combining:- Host plant resistance- Different modes of action to prevent

resistance. - Use of a reduced risk bioinsecticide.

- Conserves beneficial insects

Significantly reduces insecticide use and control costs.

Efficacy may vary under adverse growing conditions or very high insect pressure.

Does not replace IPM.

Other sweet corn pests Expressed Bt proteins do not affect soil and seedling insects or sap beetles and rootworm beetles later in the season.

Scout fieldsTrap monitoringDestroy crop after harvest

Attribute and Performance varieties require a stewardship agreement to purchase

CURRENT ISSUE: Pyrethroid Resistance in Corn Earworm

Increased resistance in southern and north central United States.

Resistant moths from the south disperse into northern areas.

Monitoring work in the Mid-Atlantic area has detected increased tolerance.

Increasing reports of reduced efficacy.

Weight of evidence indicates resistance is developing

Average % Control of Pyrethroid Insecticides based on Sweet Corn Field Tests from the Mid-Atlantic Region

Year Mean Range

1999 84.775-99

2000 76.567-95

2001 80.365-91

2002 78.353-94

2006-09 52.5 27-82

Fresh Market Sweet Corn Ear Quality

Status of Insecticide Efficacy and Control

Pyrethroids have lost 1/3 of their efficacy since 2002.

No consistent differences among pyrethroid products.

Efficacy of pyrethroids varies from year to year.

Mixtures of Lannate and pyrethroids - best strategy.

Recommend rotations with newer products (Coragen, Belt, Radiant).

Silk zone spray coverage is essential.

Tighter schedules may compensate for reduced efficacy.

Treatment Application Timing

( order)

Treatment Application Timing (order)

(1)Voliam Xpress

Warrior II

1,3,52,4,6

(6) Belt + BaythroidLannate + Baythroid

1,2,4,53,6

(2) Voliam Xpress

Warrior II

1,2,34,5,6

(7) Larvin 1,2,3,4,5,6

(3) CoragenLannate +

Asana

1,3,52,4,6

(8) Radiant 1,2,3,4,5,6

(4) Coragen Lannate +

Asana

1,2,34,5,6

(9) Gemstar + LI 700

Radiant

1,3,52,4,6

(5) Belt + NIS

Baythroid

1,3,52,4,6

(10) Untreated -----

Treatment Application Timing

% Clean + Tip Damaged Ears

Voliam XpressWarrior II

1,3,52,4,6

96.64a

Voliam XpressWarrior II

1,2,34,5,6

93.87a

CoragenLannate + Asana

1,3,52,4,6

83.05abcd

Belt + BaythroidLannate + Baythroid

1,2,4,53,6

88.87abc

Untreated ----- 1.27f Untreated Control – CEW and SB Damaged Ears – 98%

Treatment Application Timing (order)

Treatment Application Timing (order)

(1) Voliam Xpress

Warrior II

1,3,52,4,6

(6) Belt + BaythroidLannate + Baythroid

1,2,4,53,6

(2) Voliam Xpress

Warrior II

1,2,34,5,6

(7) Lannate + Warrior II

1,2,3,4,5,6

(3) CoragenLannate +

Asana

1,3,52,4,6

(8) Radiant 1,2,3,4,5,6

(4) Coragen Lannate +

Asana

1,2,34,5,6

(9) Warrior II 1,3,52,4,6

(5) Belt + NISBaythroid

1,3,52,4,6

(10) Untreated -----

Treatment Application Timing

% Clean + Tip Damaged

Voliam XpressWarrior II

1,3,52,4,6

88.75ab

Voliam XpressWarrior II

1,2,34,5,6

91.25a

Lannate + Warrior

1,2,3,4,5,6 80.63abc

Belt + BaythroidLannate + Baythroid

1,2,4,53,6

87.50ab

Untreated ----- 1.25f

Untreated Control – CEW Damaged Ears – 99%

Poorest Results: -- Larvin ( no longer available in 2012 unless another company picks it up) -- Gemstar ( Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) alternated with Radiant

Best Results: -- Voliam Xpress – rotated or alternated with Warrior – note high CEW pressure will need to use combo of Lannate + Warrior when rotating/alternating with Voliam Xpress -- Combination of Belt + Baythroid alternated with Lannate + Baythroid-- Coragen alternated with Lannate + Asana – mid season-- Lannate + Warrior – still hanging in there for now

Label Changes• Endosulfan (Thiodan): Label has been

cancelled. Users must use any remaining product by the end use date set by EPA

• For many crops, endosulfan cannot be used after July 12, 2012, even if the product has a label that lists that crop.

• Be sure to adhere to the phase out guidelines. See label and EPA website for more info.

July 31 2012- Partial Listing

• Almond• Apricot• Broccoli• Brussels sprouts• Carrots• Cauliflower• Celery (non-AZ)• Collard greens• Dry beans• Dry peas• Eggplant

• Kale

• Kohlrabi

• Mustard greens

• Nectarine (CA only)

• Strawberry (Annual)

• Sweet potato

• Turnip

• Ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants

July 31 2012- Partial Listing

• Cabbage

• Cotton

• Cucumbers

• Lettuce

• Stone fruits not listed in Group A, including Nectarine (non-CA), Peaches, and Sweet cherry

• Summer melons (cantaloupe, honeydew, watermelon)

• Summer squash

• Tobacco

New Reduced-Risk Pesticides

and Biotechnology Products

Less toxic to humans and wildlife

Less persistent

Less likely to affect the environment adversely

More diverse chemically in their modes of action

More active chemically, applied at lower rates

New Classes of Insecticides

NICOTINOIDS

imidacloprid - Admire, Gaucho, Merit, Provado, Marathon; acetamiprid - Assail, Pristine, Chipco;

thiamethoxam - Actara, Platinum, Adage;

others pursuing U.S. registration.

Replaces many older products for sucking insect control. 

SPINOSYNS

spinosad – SpinTor, Success, Tracer, Naturalyte.

Entrust - new organic certified product, available in 2003.

Excellent caterpillar product.  

OXADIAZINES

indoxacarb - Steward and Avaunt.

Very effective product to control lepidopteran insects, especially hard to kill insects such as BAW.

 

 

IGRs - Insect Growth Regulators

buprofezin – Applaud

Registered on certain nut and fruit crops for whitefly, scale insect, and leafhopper control

tebufenozide – Confirm; methoxyfenozide – Intrepid.

Used on vegetables, pome fruits, several small fruits, and canola to control lepidopteran insects.

IGRs can be used against many pests; expect to see an increase in IGR registrations.

 

AVERMECTINS

abamectin - Agri-Mek.

emamectin benzoate - Proclaim, Denim.

milbemectin – Ultiflora, Koromite.

Used to control mites and caterpillars at the very low rates.

Cucumber Beetle

Bacterial Wilt

Cucumber Beetle Management

• Scout field, especially field edges and under plastic

• Watermelon – resistant to bacterial wilt, but can damage seedlings and rind

• Cantaloupe – very susceptible to wilt• Treatment Thresholds

– Watermelon – 2 beetles per plant– Cantaloupe - presence

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Cucumber Beetles per 5 plants

Platinum 2SC 5oz

Platinum 2SC 8oz

Admire 2SC 16 oz

Admire 2SC 8oz (appliedtwice 2 wks apart)

Platinum2SC 4oz (appliedtwice 2 wks apart)

Platinum2SC 5oz plus 2apps. Warrior 1Cs 3.76oz

Platinum2SC 5oz plus 2 appsActara 25 WDG 3oz

Vydate64oz+32oz+32oz(2week intervals)

Un treated

Cucumber Beetle Management: Effect of Chemigation Treatments

Trial Results from Joanne Whalen and Marty Spellman, UDel

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

# Plants killed by earlyfeeding/wilt (out of 10)

Untreated

Platinum+Warrior

Assail

Warrior

Capture

Platinum

Admire

Avaunt

Intrepid

Proclaim

Spintor

aba aa

cd

b,c

e

c

ededed

Cucumber Beetle Management: Gallia Melons

Trial Results from Tom Kuhar and Jack Speese, Virginia Tech