Integrated Pest Management for Integrated Pest Management for Insects and Mites in Greenhouse Insects and Mites in Greenhouse

ProductionProduction

PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and ManagementManagement

What is Integrated Pest Management What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?(IPM) ?

An intelligent selection and use of pest-control An intelligent selection and use of pest-control actions that will ensure favorable economic, actions that will ensure favorable economic, ecological and sociological consequences.ecological and sociological consequences.11

11 R.L Raab 1972. R.L Raab 1972.

Why IPM?Why IPM?

Collapse of Control Collapse of Control Systems.Systems.

Pesticide resistance.Pesticide resistance. Loss of pesticide Loss of pesticide

registrations.registrations. Health risks associated with Health risks associated with

pesticides for agricultural pesticides for agricultural workers and consumers.workers and consumers.

Loss of natural enemies Loss of natural enemies brought on new pest brought on new pest outbreaks.outbreaks.

Why Greenhouses?Why Greenhouses?

Controlled Controlled environmentsenvironments

Semi-closed or closed Semi-closed or closed production areasproduction areas

Discreet number of Discreet number of insect pestsinsect pests

Monoculture v.s. Monoculture v.s. PolyculturePolyculture

Basic IPMBasic IPM

Pest IdentificationPest Identification Monitoring or ScoutingMonitoring or Scouting Threshold and Action LevelsThreshold and Action Levels Tactics: Tactics: CulturalCultural, , MechanicalMechanical, , PhysicalPhysical, ,

BiologicalBiological, and , and ChemicalChemical EvaluationEvaluation

Case #1 Two Spotted Spider Mite Case #1 Two Spotted Spider Mite (TSSM)(TSSM)

Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticae Huge host plant rangeHuge host plant range Oval body, four pairs of Oval body, four pairs of

legs.legs. Pale yellow-green or red Pale yellow-green or red

with a dark spot on each with a dark spot on each side of the body.side of the body.

Known for developing Known for developing resistance to many resistance to many pesticides.pesticides.

Crop DamageCrop Damage

TSSM BiologyTSSM Biology

Two Spotted Spider Mite BiologyTwo Spotted Spider Mite Biology

IPM StepsIPM Steps

1. Identification: yes, TSSM1. Identification: yes, TSSM 2. Monitoring: How? What?2. Monitoring: How? What?

Use Scouting Methods.Use Scouting Methods. Record Environmental Conditions.Record Environmental Conditions.

Scouting EquipmentScouting Equipment

Hand Lens Optivisor

Sticky yellow trap cards Scouting records

Trap Cards as Scouting ToolsTrap Cards as Scouting Tools

Yellow cards trap Yellow cards trap winged aphids, winged aphids, whiteflies, thrips, whiteflies, thrips, fungus gnats, and shore fungus gnats, and shore flies.flies.

One card/250 – 1000ftOne card/250 – 1000ft22

Horizontal is better for Horizontal is better for trapping fungus gnats.trapping fungus gnats.

They may snag natural They may snag natural enemies too.enemies too.

Plant InspectionPlant Inspection

Look at:Look at:

New tip growthNew tip growth

Mature leavesMature leaves

Senescent leavesSenescent leaves Return to known Return to known

problem areas.problem areas. Avoid edges.Avoid edges.

Thresholds and Action LevelsThresholds and Action Levels

Problems:Problems:

1.1. Growers want to avoid risks; especially with Growers want to avoid risks; especially with high value crops.high value crops.

2.2. Once the threshold level is reached, the Once the threshold level is reached, the probability of partial or total crop loss is probability of partial or total crop loss is high.high.

IPM Tactic: 1. Cultural ControlIPM Tactic: 1. Cultural Control

Weeds inside the greenhouseWeeds outside the greenhouse

Sanitation Cultivar Selection

IPM Tactic: 2. Mechanical ControlIPM Tactic: 2. Mechanical Control

Using physical objects Using physical objects or devices to control or devices to control pests.pests.

Insect screening on Insect screening on intake vents, exhaust intake vents, exhaust fans, and entrances.fans, and entrances.

215-300 microns215-300 microns Restricts air flowRestricts air flow.. Electric Bug Zappers.Electric Bug Zappers. Insect Vacuums.Insect Vacuums.

IPM Tactic: 3. Physical ControlIPM Tactic: 3. Physical Control

Altering environmental Altering environmental conditions to discourage conditions to discourage pest infestation.pest infestation.

TemperatureTemperature Relative HumidityRelative Humidity

Case #1 TSSM: High Case #1 TSSM: High Humidity discourages Humidity discourages TSSM flare-ups.TSSM flare-ups.

IPM Tactic: 4. Biological ControlIPM Tactic: 4. Biological Control

DefinitionDefinition: : Biological Biological control is any activity of control is any activity of one species that reduces one species that reduces the adverse effects of the adverse effects of other species.other species.

Types of Natural EnemiesTypes of Natural Enemies

Predation Parasitism

Herbivory Competition

Case #1 TSSMCase #1 TSSMBiological Control - Predatory mite: Biological Control - Predatory mite:

Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis

Two Spotted Spider Mite

Phytoseiulus persimilis

P.persimilis controls TSSM on cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato,eggplant, bean, cut flowers, strawberries and many field crops.

Bio-control: ParasitismBio-control: ParasitismCase #2 Whitefly ControlCase #2 Whitefly Control

Common Pest of Greenhouse TomatoCommon Pest of Greenhouse Tomato

Greenhouse Whitefly Silverleaf Whitefly

Bio-controls: Parasitic HymenopteransBio-controls: Parasitic Hymenopterans

Female Encarsia formosa

Greenhouse Whitefly Parasitoid Silverleaf Whitefly Parasitoid

IPM Tactic: 5. Chemical ControlIPM Tactic: 5. Chemical Control

Old school: Old school:

Broad Spectrum pesticidesBroad Spectrum pesticides New school: New school:

Bio-rational pesticidesBio-rational pesticides

Pesticide Efficacy Pesticide Efficacy

Correct pest Correct pest identification.identification.

Most susceptible pest Most susceptible pest life stage.life stage.

Good coverage.Good coverage. Proper dosage.Proper dosage. Avoid tank mixes.Avoid tank mixes. Rotate chemical Rotate chemical

families.families.

Citrus Mealybug

Bio-rational PesticidesBio-rational Pesticides

Look for compatibility Look for compatibility with natural enemieswith natural enemies

Specific target pestSpecific target pest Specific life stage Specific life stage

(IGRs)(IGRs) Short residual timeShort residual time Short Restricted EntryShort Restricted Entry

Interval (REI)Interval (REI)

Case #3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)Case #3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)Myzus persicaeMyzus persicae

Unwinged GPA adults and nymphs Aphid damage

Winged GPA ESM GPA

Natural Enemies of Natural Enemies of Myzus persicaeMyzus persicae

Aphidoletes aphidimyzaChrysoperla carnea

Aphidius colemani Mummified aphid

Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural EnemiesEnemies

Mortality of eggs, Mortality of eggs, immatures or adults.immatures or adults.

Reduced fertility.Reduced fertility. Effect moulting.Effect moulting. RepellencyRepellency

AzadirachtinAzadirachtin

InsecticidesInsecticides

PyriproxyfenPyriproxyfen

Horticultural Horticultural oiloil

Insecticidal Insecticidal SoapSoap

Natural Natural EnemyEnemy

Aphidius Aphidius colemanicolemani

? Mummy? Mummy

25% Adult25% Adult

0 persistence0 persistence

25% 25%

75%75%

½ week½ week

25%25%

25%25%

0 persistence0 persistence

??

100%100%

??

Chrysoperla Chrysoperla carneacarnea

25% larva25% larva

??

< 3 weeks< 3 weeks

25%25%

75%75%

0 persistence0 persistence

25%25%

25%25%

0 persistence0 persistence

100%100%

100%100%

??

SteinernemaSteinernema

feltiaefeltiae

25% larva25% larva

0 persistence0 persistence

??

??

25%25%

0 persistence0 persistence

100%100%

??

Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and Natural Enemies (Koppert)Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and Natural Enemies (Koppert)

http://www.koppert.nl

EvaluationEvaluation

Successful CropSuccessful Crop Cost (materials, labor, health risks, Cost (materials, labor, health risks,

environmental damage)environmental damage) Multiple tactics?Multiple tactics? Ease of operationEase of operation What would you do differently next season?What would you do differently next season?

Mealybug predatorMealybug predator

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Thank You