integrated lake basin management (ilbm) · a definition of integrated lake basin management (ilbm)...
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Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM): obstacles and opportunities for wastewater
management in the lake Atitlán basin
Juan Skinner Alvarado, MScMember of the Scientific Committee
AGENDA:
1. Integrated Lake Basin Management - ILBM
2. Background of wastewater management infrastructure
development in the lake Atitlán basin – lessons learned
3. Obstacles in wastewater management at the lake Atitlán Basin
4. Opportunities in wastewater management for lake Atitlán.
1. Integrated Lake Basin Management
ILBM
Manejo Integrado de Cuencas de Lagos
LBMILBMI – Lake Basin Management InitiativeUna revisión global sobre el manejo de cuencas de lagos
Analiza e identifica las lecciones aprendidas de la experiencia de manejo
de 28 lagos del mundo.
An
ális
is d
ela
sam
en
azas
A definition of Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) is coined with the LBMI
Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) is an
approach to achieve the sustainable management of lakes and
reservoirs through gradual, continuous and comprehensive
improvements in the governance of the basin, including
efforts to integrate institutional responsibilities, public
policies, participation of interest groups, scientific and
traditional knowledge, technological options, and financing
prospects and their restrictions.
La gobernanza es una noción que busca -antes que imponer un modelo-
describir una transformación sistémica compleja, que se produce a distintos
niveles -de lo local a lo mundial- y en distintos sectores -público, privado y
civil-.(Fuente: wikipedia)
Un marco teórico para el análisis y planificación de la gestión de lagos
The 6 lake basin governance pillars
ILEC Scicom
Leve
l of Sust
aina
bilit
y
Time
Future
More Sustainable
1. Acknowledge the state of lake basin
2. Identify issues, needs and challenges
3. Seek ways to strengthen the governance pillars
Monitoring, Reconnaissance Survey, Inventory and Databases
Basic ILBM Platform
Analyze of issues, needs, and challenges regarding Six Governance Pillars
Integrate ways and means for meeting the challenges, andimplement the agreed actions
ILBM Platform Activities Supporting Activities
Describe the state of Lake Basin Management
Develop a Lake Brief
Use Annex B of the Lake Brief
Coordinate Sector
Activitiesand Conduct Stakeholder
Consultations
Database and Knowledgebase
of data and information
frommonitoring,
reconnaissance survey,
inventory development activities, and
experience and lessons learned
from other sources
The Lake Atitlán Basin
2. Background wastewater management
infrastructure development in the lake Atitlán basin
lessons learned
Traditional human waste disposal in a small farmers landscape of the lake Atitlán basin rural areas.
It has been sustainable due to its very short nutrient cycle with dry sanitation
Most urban homes in the lake basin don´t have access to sewer pipe networks and don´t have pipe networks in the household.
In more than 68% of homes in the basin, wastewater and human waste is disposed separately: 1. a Pila for all water use in the house, producing grey 2. water, and a dry-latrine producing no wastewater.
First sewage and treatment plants built by the EC -1995, 1997, 1999.
Self mobilization of local groups to build constructed wetlands.
Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales provoca contaminaciónPor Noticias.com.gt - 4 agosto 2014Sololá, 04 de Agosto de 2014 (Cerigua/Alfonso Guárquez).- A pesar de que la municipalidad de Panajachel y el gobierno central inauguraron la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales “Los Cebollales I”, ubicada en el barrio Jucanyá, el 19 de abril de 2013, que tuvo un costo de 15.3 millones de quetzales, desde hace más de 40 días los vecinos y vecinas del sector deben soportar los malos olores que emanan del lugar, así como la proliferación de mosquitos.
Planta de tratamiento de agua está sin usoLa planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas Los Cebollales, construida en el 2012 en la desembocadura del río San Francisco, Panajachel, Sololá, a un costo de Q16 millones, aún no funciona, debido a que hay fallas en el sistema eléctrico y nadie quiere hacerse responsable de las reparaciones.POR ÁNGEL JULAJUJ de PRENSA LIBRE31 de Enero de 2013 a las 00:00hLa planta fue entregada en septiembre del 2012, pero nunca ha funcionado por daños en el sistema de cables de la energía eléctrica, y sin ese servicio la infraestructura no puede operar, y mientras, el agua contaminada sigue cayendo en el Lago de Atitlán.
3. Obstacles to wastewater management in the Lake
Atitlán BasinAccording to the 6 pillars of lake basin governance
Servicio sanitario en el área rural en cuartiles de porcentaje de población indígena
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%
Conectado a red de drenajes RURAL
Conectado a fosa séptica RURAL
Excusado lavable RURAL
Letrina o pozo ciego RURAL
Sin servicio sanitario RURAL
Hogares con Chorro de uso exclusivo RURAL
75-100% INDIGENA 50%-75% INDIGENA 25%-50 INDIGENA 0-25% INDIGENA
Latrine
59%No sanitary service
16%
Washable toilet2%
Septic tank
12%
Sewage network connection
11%
Type of sanitary equipment in the households of the lake Atitlán basin - 2002
Fuente: INE, 2003. Elaborado por J.Skinner
25% use water
75% homesNO water forsanitation
37,650 households in the basin in year2002
Name of Municipal area Location
Number
of
Houses
Sewage
network
connection Septic tank Latrine No service
1. Panajachel Lakeshore 2,302 1,382 558 278 59
2. Santa Catarina Palopó Lakeshore 505 10 131 324 35
3. San Antonio Palopó Lakeshore 2,081 23 169 1,619 160
4. San Lucas Tolimán Lakeshore 3,864 38 1,029 2,545 162
5. Santa Cruz La Laguna Lakeshore 780 8 28 613 128
6. San Marcos La Laguna Lakeshore 429 11 188 90 140
7. San Pablo La Laguna Lakeshore 1,135 10 44 292 788
8. San Juan La Laguna Lakeshore 1,487 149 6 988 312
9. San Pedro La Laguna Lakeshore 1,987 20 116 1,598 224
10.Santiago Atitlán Lakeshore 6,681 1,025 1,592 2,804 803
Total Lakeshore houses 21,251 2,676 3,861 11,151 2,811
% Lakeshore houses 57% 13% 18% 52% 13%
11. Sololá Upper basin 10,148 1,709 372 6,800 1,161
12. San José Chacayá Upper basin 428 22 37 328 38
13. Concepción Upper basin 606 75 1 325 204
14. San Andrés Semetabaj Upper basin 1,683 407 27 1,183 55
15. Santa Lucía Utatlán Upper basin 3,310 244 111 2,817 133
Total Basin houses 37,426 5,133 4,409 22,604 4,402
%Basin houses 100% 14% 13% 60% 13%
Table 3.1. Human waste disposal in the Lake Atitlán Basin
Elaborated by J. Skinner (Source: INE 2003, Censo de Población y Vivienda)
• No urban planning!
• Lack of viability needed to install sewage pipe networks
• The same applies to most urban settlements in the lake basin
Inserted Box 2.1 Typology of
citizen participation in public
issues.
Source: Washington Office for
Latin America (WOLA). The
Action Guide for Advocacy and
Citizen Participation. 2002
Lessons learned for the Integrated
Management of Lake Basin
Success depends to a large extent on the participation of
stakeholders (Stakeholders): the degradation of the
services provided by the lake ecosystem is the result of
unsustainable human interventions in the development
of its resources. Sustainability will be achieved when
the respective stakeholders fully understand and
recognize their role in relation to the problems.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Deforestation
Washing clothes in the lake
Destruction of litoral zone
Socialeconomic problems
Water level fluctuation
Urban quality problems
Increasing water pollution
Local opinion on threats to the lake
2005
Human conditions of the indigenous people in the basin
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Santa Cruz La Laguna
Santiago Atitlán
Concepción
San Pablo La Laguna
Santa Catarina Palopó
San Antonio Palopó
Sololá
Santa Lucía Utatlán
San Lucas Tolimán
San José Chacayá
San Marcos La Laguna
San Pedro La Laguna
San Andrés Semetabaj
San Juan La Laguna
Panajachel
Education
College level
Middle school
Iliterate
0% 50% 100%
Santa Cruz La Laguna
San Antonio Palopó
Concepción
San Pablo La Laguna
San Juan La Laguna
Santiago Atitlán
Santa Catarina Palopó
San Lucas Tolimán
Sololá
San José Chacayá
San Marcos La Laguna
Santa Lucía Utatlán
San Andrés Semetabaj
San Pedro La Laguna
Panajachelm
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
Economy In ExtremePoverty
Below PovertyLine
Definition of environmental justice
Environmental Justice is the fairtreatment and meaningful involvementof all people regardless of race, color,national origin, or income with respectto the development, implementation,and enforcement of environmentallaws, regulations, and policies.
(Source: http://www.epa.gov)
History of Environmental Policy at the lake Atitlán Basin
• Customary law of Maya cultures
• Species specific conservation: ducks and reeds
• Parks and Protected Areas
• Lake Basin Authority: Local to centralized
• Wastewater discharge regulations
1960
Anne La Bastille with
Podilymbus gigas duck
Pato Poc
Introduced the concept of
EXTINCTION OF SPECIESIn Guatemalan societies
Species Specific Approach to Conservation
National Park 1958, Protected area 1997
Non-indigenous Stakeholders Environmental Policy
Forest and Indigenous people in Guatemala
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 -25%
25 - 50%
50 - 75%
75 -100%
%
Forest cover according to percentage of indigenous people in 332 municipalities
%ForestSource: INE 2003, INAB 2002
Introduction of invasive species in spite of being declared a National Park (Black Bass 1958), and a Protected Area 1997Asian Carp, 1998)
Fotos: J. Skinner
Tropical Rainstorms: 1998, 2005, 2010, 2011Lake response with cyanobacteria blooms
Amatitlán como referencia:
1970 – 0.070 mg/L PT Salas y Basterrechea2009 - 0.237 mg L Rejmánkova
Water total phosphorous concentration
at Lake Atitlán (1950- 2009)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
1950 1970 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
P t
ota
l (m
g/L
)Sources of data:
1950 E. Deevey
1970 C. Weiss
1994 a 2009 J. Skinner
Government response to cyanobacteria blooms: stricter standards of pollution by wastewater in the lake basin.
New legislation, developed with no previous research of the problem, left most of the wastewater treatment plants in the basin against the law.
Lessons learned for the Integrated
Management of Lake Basins
3. Technological interventions can be effective: Technologies can
have very positive effects on the lake environment, as long as
the root causes of the problems and the sustainability of the
solutions are adequately addressed.
Provision of WWT according to population density and GNI per capita
Decision making processes degrading from decentralized to centralized
AMSCLAE before and after
Lessons learned for the Integrated Management of Lake Basin
Lake Basin Management is a continuous process, not an isolated project: Management interventions in a lake basin usually start in isolation, often for reasons that are not related to the lake. Over time, however, the need for integration of projects and programs may increase.
THE END
4. Opportunities in wastewater management
for lake Atitlán.
Opportunity starts at home!
La lista de tecnologías de tratamiento de aguas residuales:
• Sistemas de lodos activados• Filtro Construido de Suelo• Proceso avanzado de
oxidación• Laguna aireada• Sistema de tratamiento
aeróbico• Clarificador Anaeróbica• Digestión anaerobia• Filtro anaerobio• Laguna anaeróbica• Filtro de bolas• Biorreactor• Bioretention• Biorotor
•Filtrado de carbono activado •Pozo ciego o sumidero•El cloro de desinfección•Difusores de burbuja gruesa•Humedales construidos o artificiales•Destilación•Electrocoagulación•Electrólisis•Laguna facultativa•Difusores de burbuja fina•Tanque Imhoff•Living machines•Lagunas de estabilización•Filtro percolador
Sustainability aspectsFive major groups of sustainability aspects are recognized
as central, namely:
• Health
• Environment and Resource use and Reuse
• Economy
• Socio-culture and Users
• Technology and Function(Urban Water 2002)
SOURCE SEPARATING VS COMBINED CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
CONCLUSIONS
The solution to pollution:Reduce, reduce, and reduce. Sewerage pipes increase the volume of wastewater.
Source separationWhy mix all the sources of pollution from a home into one single pipe, and then have to invest resources in separating them at the other end of the pipe. Most households in the basin practice source separation now.
Develop and innovate separate treatment for each of the pollutants and specialized final disposal to recycle.
Don´t stop working towards a shared vision and action!
Aclaración importante sobre sistemas individuales
¡El mejor sistema de saneamiento es el que no usa
agua!Por ejemplo:
• Letrinas• Inodoros secos o composteros• Directo a la siembra
No tiene lógica potabilizar el agua para luego utilizarla para el transporte de heces fecales
FIN
• Ahorre agua
• Limpie el agua que usa
• Goce de sanidad he higiene y de una relación harmoniosa con el agua
en la naturaleza