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The 6th ISTAPInternational Seminar on Tropical Animal Production

“Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production”

PROCEEDINGS

October 20-22, 2015Yogyakarta Indonesia

Published by:Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2015

ISBN: 978-979-1215-26-8

Published by:Faculty of Animal ScienceUniversitas Gadjah Mada

PROCEEDINGSThe 6th ISTAPInternational Seminar on Tropical Animal Production

“Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production”

October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

©2015, Faculty of Animal Science Universitas Gadjah Mada

Address: Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Fauna 3, Kampus UGM, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Phone : +62-274-513363/+62-274-560868Fax : +62-274-521578Email: [email protected]: www.istap.ugm.ac.id

ISBN: 978-979-1215-26-8

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any forms or by any means, electronic or mechanical, now known or heretofore invented, without written permission from the publisher.

Editor-in-Chief

Cuk Tri Noviandi(Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Editorial Board

Subur Priyono Sasmito Budhi (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Zaenal Bachruddin (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Ristianto Utomo (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Widodo (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Soeparno (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Yuny Erwanto (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Adiarto (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Ismaya (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Tety Hartatik (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Wihandoyo (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Endang Baliarti (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Krishna Agung Santosa (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Sudi Nurtini (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Budi Guntoro (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Nanung Danar Dono (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Zuprizal (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)Keshav L. Maharjan (Hiroshima University, Japan)Henning Otte Hansen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)Yukinori Yoshimura (Hiroshima University, Japan)Allen Young (Utah State University, USA)Yanin Opatpatanakit (Maejo University, Thailand)

Editorial Staff

Rima Amalia EW, Prisilia Putri S, Miftahush S Haq, Septi Mulatmi, Aditya Alqamal, Riyan Nugroho A, Pradiptya AH, Satyaguna R,

Zefanya AG, Bagas Pamungkas

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REPORT FROM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Dear all of the scientists, delegates, participants, ladies and gentlemen,Praise be to The Almighty for His Merciful and Beneficent to raise up this memorable

moment for all of the scientists and delegates from all over the world who were interested in Animal Science field to meet up together.

On behalf of all the members of Board Committee, it is my great pleasure and honor to welcome all of you and impress thankful, and present a high appreciation for your participation in joining the 6th ISTAP in Yogyakarta, one of the Special Region in Indonesia where culture and tradition live in harmony with the modern nuance and educational spirit makes it a beautiful venue of this seminar.

During this event, we have distinguished scientists from all over the world to present plenary papers Livestock Management, Production, and Environment; Feed, Land, and Landscape for Sustainable Animal Production; Livestock Industry and Technology; Economics, Social, and Culture in Livestock Development; and Special issue on Halal Food, Safety and Regulation. It is noted that around 200 scientists as well as livestock producers, companies, graduate and postgraduate students from 15 countries attend the seminar; and more than 160 research papers will be presented. We can see great enthusiasm of all the scientists to solve livestock problems as well as to share valuable information and knowledge for human prosperity all over the world.

The 6th ISTAP Program consists of scientific and technical programs as well as social and cultural activities. The scientific and technical programs offer 4 plenary sessions, field trip, and many scientific sessions (both oral and poster presentation). The social and cultural programs of the 6th ISTAP are very important as the scientific and technical programs since the promotion of friendship and future scientific cooperation are also central to this seminar. Opening Ceremony offers you the Seminar Program a glance. Participants will attend a warm invitation from Dean Faculty of Animal Science UGM in a Welcome Dinner that will give you the most memorable moment to attend. Field trip activity offers a wonderful sightseeing to the most spectacular natural landmark in Yogyakarta, Merapi Lava Tour and Ulen Sentalu Museum. We do hope that you will not miss any of these wonderful opportunities.

Closing Ceremony will be held on October 22nd, 2015, immediately after the last session of presentation. The 6th ISTAP award will be announced for some participant as an appreciation for their valuable research.

Finally, on behalf of 6th ISTAP Committee, I wish all of the participants having a great achievement of success and fulfill the expectation as well as enjoying the interaction with all scientists participating in the seminar.

High appreciation I may acknowledge to the Rector of Universitas Gadjah Mada and Dean Faculty of Animal Science UGM, who have concerned to facilitate the seminar site host.

Special thank to the Steering Committee, Scientific Committee, Reviewers and Editorial Boards for their great contribution to make the seminar successfully organized.Terima kasih (Thank you).Sincerely Yours,

Prof. I Gede Suparta Budisatria, Ph.DChairman The Organizing Committee of the 6th ISTAP

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LIST OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................iiiREPORT FROM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE.....................................................................ivWELCOME ADDRESS.................................................................................................................vOPENING REMARKS ...............................................................................................................viLIST OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................vii

PLENARY SESSION

1. Strategies to Increase the Domestic Production of Raw Milk in Indonesia and Other South East Asian CountriesJohn Moran and Phillip Morey...............................................................................................1-11

2. Nutritional Challenges of Lactating Dairy Cattle in a Tropical ClimateJ. K. Bernard...........................................................................................................................12-17

3. Feed, Land, and Landscape for Sustainable Animal ProductionShaukat A. Abdulrazak a and Isaac M. Osugab..................................................................18-18

4. Food Safety Regulation and Halal Food Issues in IndonesiaRoy Sparringa.........................................................................................................................19-19

5.

Budi Guntoro............................................................................................................................20-27

6. Structural Development of Livestock Farms in a Global PerspectiveHenning Otte Hansen..............................................................................................................28-50

7. Whole Farm Problems with Heat Stress – It’s Not Just for Lactating Dairy CowsAllen Young..............................................................................................................................51-57

LEAD PAPER

1. Antimicrobial Peptides Expression for Defense System in Chicken Gastrointestinal and Reproductive OrgansYukinori Yoshimura, Bambang Ariyadi, and Naoki Isobe......................................................58-60

2. Improving Technology Adoption and Sustainability of Programs to Increase Bali Cattle Productivity in West Nusa Tenggara Province, IndonesiaYusuf A. Sutaryono, T. Panjaitan, and Dahlanuddin..........................................................61-66

3. The Role of Family Poultry Systems in Tropical CountriesYusuf L. Henuk, Monchai Duangjinda, and Chris A. Bailey..............................................67-71

Extension System for Livestock Development in Developing Countries: Knowledge Management Application

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SUPPORTING PAPERS

Part I

Animal Feed and Nutrition

1. NM-03-P

2. NM-04-P

3. NM-05-O

4. NM-08-P

The Marl and Kaolin in Broiler Diet: Effects on the Bone Weight and the Cutting Yield D. Ouachem, A. Meredef, and N. Kaboul.........................................72-75

The Effect of Liquid Nanocapsule Level on Broiler Fat Quality Andri Kusmayadi, Zuprizal, Supadmo, Nanung Danar Dono, Tri Yuwanta, Ari Kusuma Wati, Ronny Martien, Sundari....................76-79

Production and Egg Quality of Quail Layer Given Diets Containing Different Levels of Crab (Portunus pelagicus) by-Product Meal K.G. Wiryawan, Syamsuhaidi, D.K. Purnamasari, and T.S. Binetra...................................................................................80-84

A Preliminary Study on the Use of Enzyme and Organic Acids in Rice Bran-containing Diet at Two Levels of Dietary Protein for Rabbit Tuti Haryati and Yono C. Raharjo....................................................85-89

5. NM-09-O EfficacyofToxinBinderinReducingInducedAflatoxinBandOchratoxin A in Broiler Feed Anjum Khalique, Muhammad Umer Zahid, Jibran Hussain, Zahid

6. NM-10-O

7. NM-11-O

8. NM-12-O

9. NM-13-O

Rasool...................................................................................................90-93

Evaluation of Local Feed in Broiler Diets in Small Scale Farm in Palu Central Sulawesi Hafsah, Hidayat, Fatmawati, M. Sagaf, Mappiratu, and T. Sapan........................................................................................94-99

Digestibility and Nutritional Value of Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) Leaves Meal in the Diet of Broilers Jet Saartje Mandey, Hendrawan Soetanto, Osfar Sjofjan, Bernat Tulung..................................................................................100-104

Utilization of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis L.) Gill in Diet as a Source of Protein on Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens Jein Rinny Leke, Jet S. Mandey, Meity Sompie, Fenny R. Wolayan............................................................................................105-109

The Dynamics of Indigenous Probiotics Lactic Acid Bacteria on Growth Performance, Total Adherence Bacteria, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production in the Ileum of Male Quail Sri Harimurti, Sri Sudaryati and Bambang Ariyadi...................110-110

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PART II

Animal Breeding and Reproduction

79. PPE-01-P IdentificationofPureBreedBaliCattlebyUsingMolecularApproach Endang Tri Margawati, Indriawati, Slamet Diah Volkandari and

80. PPE-02-P

81. PPE-03-O

82. PPE-04-P

83. PPE-05-P

Muhammad Ridwan.......................................................................426-431

Milk Transmitting Ability of Saanen Bucks under Intensive Management Anneke Anggraeni...........................................................................432-436

Genetic Markers of Twinning Births of Local Beef Cattle and Its Crossbreds in Indonesian A. Anggraeni, S. A. Asmarasari, H. Hasinah, C. Talib and B. Tiesnamurti.................................................................................437-441

Association of Prolactin Gene with Egg Production in PMp Ducks T. Susanti and I. P. Sari..................................................................442-446

Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in Pekin, Alabio, and their crossbred duck populations L. Hardi Prasetyo, T. Susanti, T. Purwadaria...............................447-447

84. PPE-08-P GenotypicProfileofEttawaGradeGoatwithDifferentHeadandNeck Color Based on MC1R Gene Dyah Maharani, I Gede Suparta Budisatria, Panjono, Tety Hartatik

85. PPE-09-O

86. PPE-10-O

87. PPE-11-O

88. PPE-12-O

and Slamet Diah Volkandari..........................................................448-451

Polymorphism of Promoter Prolactine Gene and Its Association with Egg Production of Selected Indonesian Kampung Chicken (KUB) Tike Sartika.....................................................................................452-452

Qualitative And Quantitative Traits of Kokok Balenggek Chicken, the Rare Indigeneous Chicken in West Sumatera Firda Arlina, Hafil Abbas, Sarbaini Anwar, Jamsari..................453-457

Phenotype Measurements of Bali Cattle Combined with Interviews of Farmers from Multiple Locations in Indonesia as a Resource for Development of Breeding Programs Ann Eriksson, Endang Tri Margawati, Indriawati, Ronny Rachman Noor, Goran Andersson, Emma M Svensson.................................458-462

Investigating the genetic status of Bali cattle in Indonesia using large scale genotyping Emma Svensson, Ann Eriksson, Ida Clemensson Lindell, Endang Tri Margawati, Rere Indriawati, Ronny Rachman Noor and Göran Andersson..............................................................................463-463

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89. PPE-14-P

Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Tree of Indonesian domestic Goat Tety Hartatik, Kustantinah, Ristianto Utomo and Lies Mira Yusiati.............................................................................464-469

90. PRP-01-O IdentificationofGH|Alu-IGenePolymorphismsinIndonesianSimeulue Buffalo Eka Meutia Sari, Mohd. Agus Nashri Abdullah, Mohd. Yunus, Elmy

91. PRP-02-O

Mariana, Eryk Andreas..................................................................470-474

Reproduction Performance of Bali Cow at Three Areas of Bali Province Andoyo Supriyantono.....................................................................475-479

92. PRP-03-O BloodLipidProfileofHypercholesterolemiaRattusnorvegicusL.Fed with Sausages Containing Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids Rio Olympias Sujarwanta, Edi Suryanto, Setiyono, Supadmo, Rusman, 93. PRP-04-O

94. PRP-05-O

95. PRP-06-P

96. PRP-08-P

Jamhari, Yuny Erwanto..................................................................480-484

The Effect of Kayu Akway (Drymis sp) Extract on The Number of Leukocyte of The Male Mice (Mus musculus L) Purwaningsih, Angelina N. Tethool................................................485-488

In Vitro Maturation Rate of Bligon Goat Oocytes Supplemented with Gonadotrophin Diah Tri Widayati and Mulyoto Pangestu....................................489-493

A Preliminary Study of the Use of Hormones on the Reproductive Performance of some Breeds of Rabbits Bayu D. P. Soewandi and Yono C. Raharjo...................................494-497

The use of vaginal smear method based on the morphology of the vaginal mucosa epithelial cells for the dairy cows cycle estrus detection Riyanto, J., Sunarto, S. D. Widyawati and Lutojo......................498-501

97. PRP-09-P OptimizationofBovineSpermSexing:ModificationofColumnLength and Separation Time

98. PRP-10-O

99. PRP-11-O

Riasari Gail Sianturi and D.A. Kusumaningrum........................502-506

The Detailed Motility and Velocity Characteristics of Rams Spermatozoa as Assessed by Computer-Aided Semen Analysis. Ismaya..............................................................................................507-511

The Effect of Trehalose Level In Tris-based Medium On Sperm Membrane Integrity of Boer Goat Semen After Cooling Nurul Isnaini, Trinil Susilawati and Luqman Hakim.................512-514

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131. SK-12-P

132. SK-13-O

133. SK-15-P

Potential and Opportunities of Livestock Development in 24 Locations PSDSK Assistance of BPTP Support for Food Security Titim Rahmawati and Yoshi Tri Sulistyaningsih.........................668-672

Cattle Farmer’s Characteristics In West Timor (Case Study on Nekmese Farmers Group, Usapinonot, North Central Timor, Nusa Tenggara Timur)Paulus Klau Tahuk., Endang Baliarti., Subur Priyono Sasmito Budhi and Panjono......................................................................................673-677

Estimation of the Peranakan Ongole Cattle Output in Klirong, Kebumen, Central of Java Sumadi, N. Ngadiyono, C. T. Noviandi, D. T. Widayati................678-682

Animal Products Technology

134. TD-01-O

135. TD-02-O

136. TD-04-O

137. TD-05-O

138. TD-06-O

139. TD-07-O

140. TD-08-O

Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Schleichera oleosa Liquid Smoke on Lipid Content, Lipid Oxidation and Residual Nitrite in Se’i (Rotenese Smoked Beef)Gemini E.M. Malelak, I.G.N. Jelantik, Maria R. Denoratu, Geertruida M Sipahelut, I.G.N. Jelantik.......................................683-687

Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Potential of Chicken Sausage with Substitution of Tempe Jamhari, Yuny Erwanto, Listia Kusumasari Nurhanifah............688-692

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Beef Lung Protein Hydrolysates Khothibul Umam Al Awwaly, Suharjono Triatmojo, Wayan T. Artama, Yuny Erwanto..................................................................................693-693

Carcass Production and Chevon Quality of Kacang Buck Reared Traditionally in Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia Retno Adiwinarti, I Gede Suparta Budisatria, Kustantinah, Rusman............................................................................................694-698

FraudIdentificationinMeatballsProductUsingPorcineDetectionKITand Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods Tridjoko Murti, Christina Admantin, Umar Santoso, Dyah Widiasih, Aris Haryanto..................................................................................699-703

IdentificationofDogMeatSpeciesbyPolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Cynthia Debbi Ratnasari, Yatri Drastini, Tridjoko Wisnu Murti........................................................................... 704-708

Study on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Microstructure of Meat from Goat Given Ration Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.)Muh. Ichsan Haris, Soeparno, Umar Santoso, Rusman........... 709-713

The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal ProductionIntegrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal ProductionOctober 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Blood Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemia Rattus norvegicus L. Fed with Sausages Containing Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids

Rio Olympias Sujarwanta1, Edi Suryanto1, Setiyono1, Supadmo1, Rusman1, Jamhari1, Yuny Erwanto1

1Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, IndonesiaCorresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted to investigate blood lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia Rattus norvegicus L. fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. Twenty four male Sprague dawley breed rats of two months old were used in this experiment and placed in individual cage. They were grouped into four groups consisted of six rats and fed with basal ration, and drinking water ad lib. The rats were given sausages with different level of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio of 1 : 5.29. The levels were 1.78 g/ rat/day (low level); 3.56 g/rat/day (medium level); and 7.11 g/rat/day (high level); and control. Blood was taken at the venous sinus retro-orbital of rats for the lipid profile analysis (cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein). The data of lipid profile were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and the differences between means were tested by Duncan’s new multiple range test. The feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 influenced significantly on the blood lipid profile of rats (P<0.05). The blood of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at the level of 7.11 g/rat/day (high level) had lower cholesterol 113.77±5.65 mg/dl, triglyceride 81.55±7.35 mg/dl, and low density lipoprotein 50.56±6.41 mg/dl, and had higher high density lipoprotein 64.51±3.43 mg/dl compared to control that contained cholesterol 218.54±6.51 mg/dl, triglyceride 142.71±9.27 mg/dl, and low density lipoprotein 100.41±5.97 mg/dl, and high density lipoprotein 20.98±2.36 mg/dl (P<0.05). In conclusion, the rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at low, medium, and high levels improve the blood profile of rats in term of decrease of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein and of increase of high density lipoprotein.

Keywords: Sausages, Lipid profile, Blood, Rattus norvegicus L., Hypercholesterolemia

INTRODUCTION

The degenerative diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke were increased. The increasing of degenerative diseases mostly caused by consuming fast food or foodstuffs from animal origin. Meat derived from livestock slaughtered in Indonesia has low quality. This is due to the origin of livestock that used as draught cattle, so that the meat yielded contains a lot of saturated fatty acid and cholesterol (Setiyono, 2008). The consumption of meat containing a lot of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol is related to negative impact on health or significant health problems, including coronary heart disease and stroke (Krummel, 2008). Setiyono, (2008) reported that the Ongole cross breed meat fattening by feedlots contained fat 5.98% (Longissimus dorsi muscle) and 5.87% (Biceps femoris muscle) and contained cholesterol 81.39 mg/100 g of meat (Longissimus dorsi muscle) and 83.09 mg/100 g of meat (Biceps femoris muscle). According to Singapore General Hospital in Muharrami (2011) and Anonymous (2015a) the normal blood lipid profile contained cholesterol < 200 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein (LDL) < 130 mg/dl, high-

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density lipoprotein (HDL) > 40 mg/dl, and triglycerides < 200 mg/dl. The bloods which contain cholesterol higher than 200 mg/dl is called hypercholesterolemia and related to atherosclerosis. There are various prevention efforts of hypercholesterolemia. One of the prevention effort could be conducted by consuming healthy meat product such as sausages that contained omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. The food containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with the ideal ratio could overcome the cholesterol problems in the blood (Setiyono, 2008; Elmadfa and Kornsteiner, 2009; Anonymous, 2015b). The feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids from animal and plant such as cod liver oil and corn oil could reduce the cholesterol content in the blood. Therefore, the biological test on Rattus norvegicus L. needs to be conducted to prove that the sausages could reduce the cholesterol content in the blood of rats. The experiment was conducted to investigate the blood lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia Rattus norvegicus L. fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio of 1 : 5.29.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used in the experiment consisted of twenty four male Sprague dawley breed rats of two months old (we used the Sprague dawley breed rats in this experiment because of the rats have a good responses when used as a subject in the experiment using cholesterol as an indicator (Fox et al., 1984)), individual cage, basal ration/AIN-93-M (Reeves, 1997), lard/pork fat, sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio of 1: 5.29 at 11.37% fat content of sausages), reagents and kits used for analysis of total cholesterol and triglycerides, and reagents and kits used for analysis of HDL cholesterol. Reagent to measure total cholesterol containing phosphate buffer, 4-aminophenazone, phenol, peroxidase, cholesterol esterase, and cholesterol oxidase. Reagent to measure triglycerides containing phosphate buffer, 4-chlorophenol, ATP, Mg2+, glycerokinase, peroxidase, lipoprotein lipase, 4-aminophenazone, and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, while the reagents used to measure HDL cholesterol containing N,N-bis (4-sulfobutyl)-m-toluidine disodium salt (DSBmT), cholesterol oxidase, peroxidase, 4-aminoantipyrine, cholesterol esterase, and detergents. This experiment was conducted for 35 days and divided into three stages of experiment. In the first stage, twenty four male Sprague dawley breed rats of two months old were fed with basal ration/AIN-93-M and drinking water ad lib for 7 days. In the second stage, they were fed with lard 4 g/rat/day until hypercholesterolemia/blood cholesterol > 200 mg/dl for 14 days. In the third stage, they were grouped into four groups consisted of six rats. The groups were: P1(control); P2 (basal ration/AIN-93-M + sausages 1.78 g/rat/day); P3 (basal ration/AIN-93-M + sausages 3.56 g/rat/day); and P4 (basal ration/AIN-93-M + sausages 7.11 g/rat/day). The treatment was conducted for 14 days. Blood was taken at the end of each stage for the lipid profile analysis including cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Blood was taken by using microcapiler hematocrit at the venous sinus retro-orbital of rats (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998). Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were analyzed by using CHOD-PAP (cholesterol oxidase-p-aminophenazone) method. Triglyceride were analyzed using GPO-PAP (glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase-p-aminophenazone) method (Rodriguez et al., 2000). LDL cholesterol were calculated mathematically (LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) = (total cholesterol (mg/dl) – HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)) – (triglycerides (mg/dl) / 5) (Ginsberg et al., 1998). The data of lipid profile were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and the differences between means were tested by Duncan’s new multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Blood lipid profile of Rattus norvegicus L. fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio 1 : 5.29 at low, medium, and high levels

VariableFeeding sausages/sausages levels

Control 1.78 g/rat/day 3.56 g/rat/day 7.11 g/rat/day Cholesterol (mg/dl)First stagens 103.83±2.61 100.00±3.38 102.09±3.91 99.54±3.04Second stagens 218.87±6.26 214.58±4.63 213.00±5.70 217.63±5.99Third stage 218.54±6.51d 159.16±4.45c 128.67±5.23b 113.77±5.65a

LDL (mg/dl)First stage 42.63±4.19b 37.87±3.49a 39.34±2.81ab 36.39±2.61a

Second stagens 100.30±5.86 96.15±4.49 95.24±5.39 99.70±5.98Third stage 100.41±5.97d 76.93±4.17c 64.31±4.98b 50.56±6.41a

HDL (mg/dl)First stagens 75.73±3.14 72.65±3.97 74.87±4.20 71.62±4.37Second stagens 23.29±2.69 28.38±5.11 28.68±4.26 25.91±3.85Third stage 20.98±2.36a 35.20±4.02b 48.85±4.21c 64.51±3.43d

Triglycerides (mg/dl)First stage 72.08±5.91b 64.53±3.00a 69.37±3.39ab 64.96±2.96a

Second stagens 141.33±9.33 135.90±6.23 133.64±7.61 139.22±8.12Third stage 142.71±9.27d 108.33±5.35c 98.07±6.69b 81.55±7.35a

abcdSuperscripts at the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

The data of blood lipid profile were shown at Table 1. The feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 influenced significantly on the blood lipid profile of rats (P<0.05). The feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio of 1 : 5.29 at low, medium, and high levels decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) but it increased high density lipoprotein (HDL). The blood of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at the level of 1.78 g/rat/day (low level) contained cholesterol 159.16±4.45 mg/dl, triglyceride 108.33±5.35 mg/dl, LDL 76.93±4.17 mg/dl, and HDL 35.20±4.02 mg/dl. The blood of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at the level of 3.56 g/rat/day (medium level) contained cholesterol 128.67±5.23 mg/dl, triglyceride 98.07±6.69 mg/dl, LDL 64.31±4.98 mg/dl, and HDL 48.85±4.21 mg/dl. The blood of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at the level of 7.11 g/rat/day (high level) contained cholesterol 113.77±5.65 mg/dl, triglyceride 81.55±7.35 mg/dl, LDL 50.56±6.41 mg/dl, and HDL 64.51±3.43 mg/dl. The blood of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids at the level of 1.78 g/rat/day (low level); 3.56 g/rat/day (medium level); and 7.11 g/rat/day (high level) had lower cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL, and had higher HDL compared to control that contained cholesterol 218.54±6.51 mg/dl, triglyceride 142.71±9.27 mg/dl, LDL 100.41±5.97 mg/ dl, and HDL 20.98±2.36 mg/dl. The blood lipid profile of rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids was in agreement with the Singapore General Hospital in Muharrami (2011) and Anonymous (2015a) regarding to their blood lipid profile which contained cholesterol < 200 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein (LDL) < 130 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) > 40 mg/ dl, and triglycerides < 200 mg/dl.

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Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with the ideal ratio affected low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, decreased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), decreased apolipoprotein B as the component of low density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased apolipoprotein A1 as the component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) therefore blood LDL of rats decreased while blood HDL of rats increased. HDL could decrease blood cholesterol because of the HDL function in the blood which pick up cholesterol from tissues to the liver then degraded or converted to bile acids (Assmann and Schulte, 1992; Mayes, 1996; Pastore, 2003; Setiyono, 2008; Elmadfa and Kornsteiner, 2009; Siri-Tarino et al., 2010) therefore the feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 with the ideal ratio on rats decreased blood cholesterol of rats because the cholesterol was used as the component of bile acids production. Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with the ideal ratio also affected the activity of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme. The lipoprotein lipase enzyme degraded triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL into glycerol and fatty acids (Assmann and Schulte, 1992; Mayes, 1996; Pastore, 2003; Setiyono, 2008; Elmadfa and Kornsteiner, 2009; Siri-Tarino et al., 2010) therefore the increase of lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity could decrease blood triglycerides of rats. LDL is the metabolic products of VLDL, therefore decrease of the VLDL because the feeding of sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 with the ideal ratio on rats could decrease blood LDL of rats. Linolenic/α-linolenic fatty acid (omega 3 fatty acid) converted into eicosa pentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa hexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic fatty acid (omega 6 fatty acid) converted into arachidonic fatty acid (Anonymous, 2013). EPA and DHA could reduce VLDL, inhibit thromboxane production, increase prostacyclin, lowering blood viscosity, and prevents thrombosis (Soerjodibroto, 2005). EPA and DHA also could be lowering blood triglycerides in individuals with hypertriglyceride and prevent blood platelets.

CONCLUSION

The rats fed with sausages containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids with ratio 1 : 5.29 at low, medium, and high levels improve the blood profile of rats in term of decrease of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of increase of high density lipoprotein (HDL).

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2013. Synthesis of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. Available at: themedicalbiochemistrypage.org. Accession Date: 19th Jan. 2013.

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