integral humanism of jacques maritain as related to his philosophy of the person
TRANSCRIPT
THE INI£i;RAL HUMANISJI «F
J ACQ JOES MARITAIN
RELATED TO HIS
PHILOSOPHY
OF THE PERSON
NORAH WILLIS MICHENER M. A.
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTOSCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
PROGRAMME OF THE FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
of
NORAH WILLIS MICHENER
9:00 A.M., THURSDAY, MAY 21st, 1953
AT 44 HOSKIN AVENUE
THE INTEGRAL HUMANISM OF JACQUES MARITAIN AS
RELATED TO HIS PHILOSOPHy OF THE PERSON
COMMITTEE IN CHARGE
Professor R. &. Knox, Chairman
Professor F. H. Anderson
Professor A. C. Pecis
Professor L. E. M. LynchProfessor G. Phelan
Professor E. Goccio
Professor V. B. Brezik
Professor I. T. EschmannProfessor Marcus Long
Professor R. F. McRaeProfessor D. R. G. Owen
BIOGRAPHICAL
1902—Born, Boissevain, Manitoba.1922—B.A., University of British Columbia:
1937—M.A., University of Toronto.
1933-1953—School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto.
The Integral Humanism of Jacques Maritain as
Related to his Philosophy of the Person
This thesis is a study of the doctrine of Integral Humanism in the tbouglit
of Jacques Maritain, as related to liis philosophy of the person. Maritain (b.
1882) IS an eminent figure in contemporary philosopliy, a Frenchman by birth
ahhough now living in the U.S.A.. and a Christian existentialist. Trained at
the Sorbonne in both philosophy and science, which he later studied under
Hans Uriesch in Heidelberg, Maritain and liis Russian Jewish wife Raissa are
both converts to Catholicism.
Three spiritualisms may be said to have formed and set the direction of his
life, the details of which are important because of the close relation between it
and his works.
The first spiritualism was that exercised by Bergson, who was at that time
giving his dynamic lectures at the College de France and who managed to
deliver Maritain, to some extent, from the depression consequent upon the
materialistic, deterministic and often atheistic views of his science professors.
Despite the fact that Bergson never did produce the metaphysics which he led
his students to expect, and which Maritain so ardently desired and later found
in the philosophy of Thomas .Aquinas, Maritain found in Bergson a foil for
the development of his own philosophical ideas and a friend whose personality
and philosophy have never ceased to draw his interest, affection and comment.
La Philosdpliie Bergsonienne, published first in 1914 and subsequently in 1930
and in 1948, represents the fruit of Maritain's first writing and teaching. Hehas referred to Bergson in many of his other works and has devoted two
chapters in Ransoming the Time (1946) to a consideration of Bergson's meta-
physics and his philosophy of morality and religion. His latest book. Creative
Intuition (1953), would seem to be, in its very title, reminiscent of Bergson.
The second spiritualism which Maritain was to experience, was tliat of the
self-styled Pilgrim of the Absolute, Leon Bloy. who through the fire of his
great love of God and of the saints, led Maritain and his wife into the Catholic
Church. The implications of this conversion—a belief in the existence of God,
the divinity of Christ, the revelation of the Scriptures and the teaching authority
of the Catholic Church—are of great importance in the development of the
philosophy of Maritain, who was a convert before he was a philosopher and
who has always accepted the teachings of his Faith with gratitude and un-
equivocal realism. It has been the search for truth which has dominated the
life of Maritain, and theological truth was not only the first truth in point of
time which he found ; it has remained the first truth in point of value, and
philosophical truth is subalternated to it.
The third spiritualism which aft'ected Maritain was that of his spiritual
director, Pere Humbert Clerissac. who thought of God as Truth and who taught
the Maritains—we must always reckon with Raissa Maritain who has been a
strong and ever-present influence in the life of her husband—that the basic thing
about Christian life was that it was intelligent. During three years spent in
Versailles near Clerissac. Maritain studied the works of Thomas .Aquinas and
came to see what he considered to be spectacular solutions of the majorproblems of philosophy, especially as applicable to the problems of our age. Asa result he decided that his true vocation was that of a philosopher and heuttered what was to be the battle cry of his life : "Vae mihi si nonthomistizavero!"
The philosophy of Maritain, then,—like that of St. Thomas, whose principles
it attempts to follow and creatively to develop—is an integrally rational dis-
cipline, but it is set in a Christian wisdom and under its guidance. In whatmight be called his Summa, Dislinyiicr pour Unir on Les Dcgrcs du Sai'oir
(1932), Maritain has set forth both the degrees of rational knowledge open to
man and the degrees of supra-rational knowing and the relations among them.The fundamental subject of the philosophy of Maritain, especially in its
political and social aspects, is that of tlie person. The person is that which is
most noble and most perfect in all of nature. It is because man has an intellect
and a will capable of knowing and loving all things, even God, that his natureis such that his dignity is above all other creatures. Maritain is concerned to
establish an adequate relationship for man both to his ultimate end which is
God and to the community in which he lives. He does this by means of aclassic distinction between the individual and the person. Every individual bearsthe same relationship to the community as the part bears to the whole and hemust serve the ends of the community and even, if need be, give his life for it.
Nevertheless, man as a person has an immortal soul and can find his ultimatesatisfaction and end only beyond time in union with God. He cannot, therefore,
be subject to the body politic according to all that he has and is. Each intel-
lectual substance is made first for God, second for the perfection of the order of
the universe and third for itself, that is, for the immanent and spiritual action
by which it perfects itself and accomplishes its destiny.
Maritain believes that there is an order in things which is basically intel-
ligible and that the intellect is made in such a way that it can know that order
;
in other words, that it can know being in all its analogical manifestations. Beingis the tnost fundamental concept in the metaphysics of Maritain and in its
various aspects—as essence, as subsistence and as esse—it forms the meta-physical groundwork of the concept of personality. Since man possesses a nature,
he has what Maritain calls normality of function and is therefore subject to
natural law which is founded in divine law and which is the basis of the rights
of man.Rationality is the root not only of the dignity of man, but also of his freedom.
It is because man has an intellect and can distinguish between what is desirable
and what is not, that he has a free will. The will is a spiritual appetite rootedin knowing, which is, by nature, necessarily turned to an Infinite Good, with the
result that it is free in the face of any particular good. The soul of man is
even free to damn itself and to reject its ultimate end.
It is by the exercise of his first freedom or freedom of choice that man canachieve, through the exercise of his freedom of spontaneity—which is the basic
activity of all created things toward their ends and whose last degree is repre-
sented by God—that ultimate freedom which is known as liberty of autonomy orliberty of independence. Such is the attainment of personality.
The problem of evil is necessarily related to the experience of freedom.Maritain believes that a free creature, naturally impeccable, would be a squaredcircle. The explanation of the existence of evil rests in the experience of
freedom.Metaphysical evil, for Maritain, is not a positive being. It is neither an
essence, nor a nature, nor a form, nor an act of being. It is an absence of beingand not a mere negation. It is a privation—the privation of the good which should
be in a thing. Maritain is not saying that evil does not exist, but that it is a
metaphysical monstrosity and exists only in and through the good, as aparasite. All being is good in so far as it is.
J J If.
Tile reasons given for the existence of evil are in part theological. The per-
fection of the universe demands that there be inequality in tilings, so that all
degrees of being and of goodness may be tilled. God can extract good even fromevil and much good would be lost if God did not permit evil. Moreover, Godhas allowed fallible created freedom in order that man may freely choose to
love Him or to reject Him. Sin and evil are the price of the free choice of glory.
Moral evil exists because human choice is both free and creaturely. Mancan fail in the use of his choice. Evil action, the failure to choose a possible
good, arises because of inattention to the rule of reason and of divine law, at
the moment of positing an act.
Since man in order to achive his two related ends, civilisation here below andbeatitude above, must live in society, Maritain has been concerned to set downsome general principles for the guidance of a Christian democratic society. Hehas not attempted to give a detailed blueprint, but has been interested only to
set out general principles. Four main characteristics of such a society havebeen stressed.
First, it must be pcrsoinilist or based on the dignity and importance of manas a spiritual creature of God. Second, it must be communal and recognize that
man must live in society in order to develop his own powers and to achieve his
proper end. Third, it must be pluralist. Man needs a series of hierarchical andrelated societies such as the family, the schools, the university, the church andthe state. The relationship between the last two is carefully delineated and stress
is placed on the complete freedom of individuals, as far as the state is concerned,
to choose tlieir own philosophy and religious faith. Fourth, it should bethcoccntric and Christian, not anthropocentric. It should believe in God as the
giver of all good things and the source of the dignity of the human person.
A theory of the relation of Church and State, of sovereignty and of authority
as well as a careful delineation of the meanings and relationships among com-munity, nation, society, state and people, has been worked out by Maritain in anattempt to provide adequate philosophy for a Christian democracy.
Maritain is a modern prophet with a heart and mind dedicated to the love
of God and the welfare of man. He has devoted himself to the establishment of
an integral Christian philosophy of man, which will recognize the dignity of
man in society and his ultimate destiny in God.
^^ '^^ GRADUATE STUDIES
Major Subject:
Systematic Philosophy—The Staff in Philosophy
Minor Subjects:
Greek Philosophy—Professor G. S. Brett
Professor F. H. AndersonItalian—Professor E. Shaw
Professor E. Goggio
Z sboald lifctf to thank «li U<o&e, toe
nunsrouB to »»ntxe«i by nBae^ utio timw9 Xt^eti
Idnd «f)ougli %0 httlp 8M» in the pwptimtitm of
thie thiols. ^ 9bi«f debt i« to m fiiV9Qtor,
Dr. Aaton w* F«iii9| botii for tM «««^«etSon
of 6 ftu3>i«et «tkd for hi 8 9ati90t and ;seliolarXy
gttitf»a»« «f ii^ efforts, i^y I «X9o r««ord «^
gnttltiitf* feo M, Wirltoin hlmfseif fop Ijis
encouTftKtttiMnii «iid tdvi^^, «o finely and g«tMHrou»Xy
8iv«n duiriais tht oouree of bio msanrouc vi8it«
to Toronto,
mi^ ».«*;»a4 r
4 9>9
"Oil ..,.,. p, 1^
THE EkmJi TQ.^• ^^ IH
1» Iter^ts, p, 3 J 11. Fariy yeaw,»«^j iil* "njc Sorbg^f^ p,5| Iv,
^ber&^nn, p,9* vll» l^c a-n6
iMptlsa, p.lla vlil. Hfci.'t i'i*lesch,p«l6; l35» Cldrl0t&c. p«l6j k, St.ThGQ88 A<{iU.n8e^ p» 193 7^* ChristianS^)iio8<^pasr ftBd OeM«rt«e, p. aO|sell, XntngrsI HurasnlA, p. c^.
t. vntiner. p. 26; ii« Bibuogra-phl«8, p, 27i Hi. Th** Person, eoz«tloiMix, fia fr«e eod as ooeiai, p«s3|iv, Xntegrsi I!t2!ami«a^ p, 30,
i; I;,i?oin;Dnc'e of Beyggcm far ftarltsln,p. 3S| li, r%ritsli)*0 waitings onBmp^mo, p. Jit; ill. I4.b«v»tin^*mttect of B€i^9(»}*0 t«tQhii«^ p« S<3fiv, 7h« tiiec^ or Uw int«Xl€Kit ^sthe te«7# p. 37| v« "J^ ion awJ
mistheltB. p. 50s x« Borcrtion ant!
^3g£^ p, 51; ^« B^xecon end thecmuvoh^ p, 3611, BerceoD and »-tionai tijcc..., ^, P» 53J slli. TheChrlBtien e^yatlcE. p, 5^i xiv, Acritique of ngpiXlt^ in Tha.ttwtSwcefl . p« ^1 xv« A erxnu|ii«rclicioc ItJ Thg sewe SflMWfegg. p.
of60$
rvl. *l5rirfclc»i lire, p. oij acvli.Accord, p. 02.
•X «^ 4 • •; * « • * • • # # • •'. « * »
a*
•It «
• « <
!• TIM 9«P»Qn se thff hi^ of «o«i0lpaiQa<ipf'iy» p* &^i il* '^xdtsiii end1%, 'ffmmtif i>, 67i 111* ili^ basielMKt« of ^i. A*ha»6e on the ^«raoQ,9* 68j iv. 'T'b* individual f>n<» the '^
ptKmmg p« 70) V. Philottoptiy endttieolos^, p. 7*J vi« Hh* ia«t8«9liy«le« of the pemKXi and the i^eine;
of t^tet^^t-'-^'^r. p. 76 J vii, Eseefjce
tcfoor m Britain imd In fiarfere, p«06|
X. fh« d«®pe«« CKf I. :>p©n to
of s»n, , "^5 Hit, !iati»?8:i Isw endhueatii n , p. 96.
^gfegg V t Tm. PEHf ::: Ai- i^;.M^ ....... p. lfl£j«
i, I!^««dc%i and xmtt33pe,ji, XC^i 14*Fl<»««<Mi of vUll, p. lOCTi lii. Belatloaof free will to intellect, p. loO;lir* F]i«eodci^ of i poatAoelty. p« llOjV* 9ro«doB} of eotomxa^ In Britainsod &»fi^e, p. 113; vi. God 1^0 th«hlrjhoBt dc^p«« <^ 8pontdi^ltr« p. 113
j
vii* Bed eff«et8 of the dlsveg^vd ofGod 9n liberty incen»t«, p. 117
1
viii* F2«obl«»i of «vil. p, llBt i2t.
Evil of being atJd ©vll of action, p.lSl;X. Ec^latioo of theology to phlio«c^>hy,
• p, lail.
chapt«p_vti t«8 wsmm m.socim p. 129.
i, ^Etie Illation of libci^/ to fswia e»aoolal, p. UBi 11* ^o haa & eOoielnotupe bee&uee of IiIk ipteTIect endfi3L9 will, p. I3<ii ill. Mao ae re*latod to t?ie oort-csn ir<>od and hla finaland, p. 13I1 iv. A thooeaviti^o hawmiaEiin place of en anthx*033foe«titrlc haaaniaei,
p. 133 J V. Uo return to the iiadleAgee, AnaloGical pnnciplea, p. 13iii
vi. Ealation of CiHireh 0n& state, p.l37}vll. Faith csraiot l>e itapoaed by con-atvtiat, p. l42i vlil. A ChrietianlyInaplred de^ooratle aoelety, p«l^^j(ijc. Beale of e)£^vecR^nt in a ChrlBtlantfanoe«»ey, p. 1^7; x. Failure of aodwm
^ » *: * » • '*«
• ,*>
•;>'
eoclety to vimXXze social doniocreoy,p* 1^*9; xl, Crltlclon of totali-tarian fosiaa of ori;anlt:atlcm, p. 1513xii. '^'- s>cr»oat^lGo - tl>© aawa,p. 1. Ill, Capltallttei. iMCdvatepi?op«rty end boureaols lib«r8ll«Ei«
P» 15^3 slv. Position of ««eiany p. 15T|m* A lift«le ^^lUoaqi^ fop 4matfmWfp, 1591 5evl, Sov«rolcnty# P* I6*i5
xvll, Authoplty^ p. 167.
Ctffla^ VII » CCSfCLiaum iiSHAHK^ p. m.
tforstt • * . . . p. 170.
A CIH^IQLOGl OP rm UWS OP JACQt^BI mihltAin p* S33.
I^mUQQlMFU^. p. ^i6.
.ari: .^..
^ 1} T H D t g T I li
phllosopliical ttoxics ol a s^n eti^j jp»jr £ie«nt uttentlon
to the mo tiSj»isGlf« t1ii« 0anm>t be d@!)« in ti)« ea»«
of Jjss-^ftjoti ""^vitnin 's?hcs« llf© is a kint? of ii)eama<»
tion <af too :*©Xi.®ii.^5., *«? v.. .'sec ^«'i*i^^ i-ai- the
paot foi?ty cxJd ywiPt e tbe elites* ol' the recent
volWR®, Jaeqaeji Marital^, his ©aid io hla pp4««iit6«»
un aoe^nt plus personnel <|ii« HBrltftin d9 ia philoeophl*
Tiim close iiit«gje«tlf»» b«t«M?«ii tht woi!^ af
Msrltaiit oik) hit Xil'<» explsliis it> pdrt the cftiotweti®
InfltMKMfe which h© bai? ha 3, both ©e a w2»lt©J? aiKJ »»
• mil. Ht tot «t le««t Bot s«i'fQ*'e<3 by belt^? over-
iooleed. Zn tdcSitioo^ the tiDueyiiX ftet isimtloiied hy
Oiisoo Witt ^ nottds '*0n coanatt det phiXo^ophee
qui v^tistttot ft 3l« p««f4d a« ^teqiiet Hsrittin, et
d'tutdtit plut feroMMiwat qu'lis It eoeatitBtiit plus
w»X, ml» mxl ne x^tlste ft ta p»4tt9im9*' (2)«
Tb« Mlient point In the Xlf« tnd wortc of
Mtritain htt h««n hit belief Ivt the esittenee of
truth, hie aetesnitied teereh for it end hie eeivpageou^
Wf
v^ci'l' *•
,t -r-Y
'K>^k.. (Hi *«.-.
"WS
•avoiy ««11 r » GVil m mm, xxm vilidlii'* (3). Hla
phiX0«e|>li9' Is eot Juft an i»iell<3<?tu8X @laboi»ation
wlii«l» s«ti$i*le8i ofily p^rt of hie b@ii^. It 1& the
»9««fer to ttui i|tt98t ^ hla life} to t^ ttat«»rl«l«
intelXimtaftl 8»«9' »pls±tml vm«^M or Id® wt^Xe tMsing*
!l» Ues tou@E)^ on «yexT rat^ox* p^iwer is littBHt» ti8tU3P«
m^ foa? th« lov© of hi» owa Ijj^ietmitjr. ile is aeut^lf
ait«z« of the atterlallSi a»d ^fhat ho hae called the
a«l€Mt^mi of Irhe ttg« i» Mhleli bd liireti, lie ho
«
dl«gtie««d hie tine «e living **» aiii«s»« of th« miDd*
0)« lk» is, in pifiln t%mm, b p\'^Xm^f0»r ^tth o
ni8ftlci», iihi«h in his own woj^t i9, '^to f«fi%ov« the
immm »i»t3 to o£*()«r tiss bo, with the ai«o« of Ood^
to hyii^ the wopXd baek to the paths of Truth, th«
loss of whieh 00/ weXX involve th® di@£soXutio» of tli9
«iwa<?* (3),
Hvidttv these ^immmttuntf^e , the llf« of Britain
my he 9onaiA6»e6 to be of mom thaist a&wl impoapteeee
in eflir ettw^pt to s^ve on estinnate of his philosophieal
position.
LI
t € ^ m rm txm or
* I .
J^eip«« s^Tltidis mil ^^am oe !i0riiia»«r 18, tBBSt
ia fiirl«.
z.:^ father^, J^ul V^^rltatn, (m& tlse !?«e!3?«*«r3r
to JuXeo F3vx«j^ IMS e Ijiti^fifff wlio h»d tlie 4iBtlootio»
ef beini s l^jltosnits^ of the ^r of ^^Gn. That his
ton elieiild have purtu^^ phllcMSophy AsrtoDlsht^^d him,
wtn «tt«tii3ii^ th« ^^»oj<l»oim«,
(9tiJ^ht«jr. ot Juloo ;.aY;?«4 & X«xj^-r wh<? w^e a m&m^ff
is the political life of Praoee dttjrlncr thi» op^nlmg
mipi of tuir 'It.. f'Jll0« ..^ daughter cf t^i# firsrt
aiad Catholic nlfe of her fath«r« 0ot)evi4ir9 nas hawught
up iukSoi* the lr)fltMfio« of his &«e«m9 todi Frc^stant
wlftt^ who stte«o«do0 flwill^ la attxvetliig hoth h&r
hii8htti0 aiKS hl8 <3attiht<?r to \mr ehureh. Xt ^e fop
this jp«9»o» that young Ja<?<}tt«« nat hOFtlsed « Frotostant.
OfMnri^YO Britain waa a ttoauiQ of vewy acm&ld^mbl^
vtvtvngth of eonvictlo» attd of abmnator. In apit« of
IMNP <lofl#tftloii fron her oariy training, eho poaaeaaod
v
.^«
a fUxt \mllet in the apiritiial fatur© of busiaiillJif iii^
9tmieti^bsB 2«poblledi» sijiUjHHteg end « gr««t love of
llb«KPty,
* II *
Htrltsin x*9«elv<9d bis iMirlsr 4M3u#i»tion st tbve*
4ttf«vmit hy^4e&t CoBd«mi«t, Cajmo^t anS Henri li' (6),
Ijstei? he «tt9ndc»3 the Sorbcame.
It w»» ftt th@ l.yc4e B&m*! IV that tm satet
Ivfiftet Pei^hexd^ ^o thvongli bit aol^t«r IMmI^, ^@r
Hivuin'ff ^TO»(5©cfn. "W i>etit fll# 4« Julas Pavjfe" and
*i# petit flic d»e RcvHin* fciREnmsd a close friendship
irttitfo w^s to laet until the lattev'B tiMHith on th« flii»ld
of iMittle In th© ettpljr Aiye e^ th© Fijpet Qz^Mit ^r,
UliHtttlti in Cl»f^7 'T of AslggiilHpi mtd hlR
wife rnitm m her w«»lro, I^f g|ff#ftl %m#. ^^^
9pmik •% l«rrrth and wltli «€msl<3^wt»i # «motictn of tljis
iVll9U9i»t, ii«nsltlvft »nd x«ther im@tai»i« yotmg nsti^
n^ im« iMroil^t tip in "1© cxtlte d« l^jftnsn** (7) an<5 who
found It 0plrltually Emffocatln*?, Tho dvepond&noy
sod d«gvtd»tion of Me youKig neiihood latex* yielded to
th« vtvlvlfylt^ diaoipllnec of th© anqr tnd th« Chtaiwh.
In waditus tfheit %x^tiln ha a to aar about
Palchai»l, It la elear that he ha« m^ltten about hl».
$>
QMSfm 1 ^
not only b$««u&@ t«? *i«» hie i >irK3 an euth-^r ©f
»isR« note, hut aXeo l»ee«u«e h- ..», Uim a vlvicj
<miiHp3.o ef the onXjf too fv^^piisnt £^sult9 of tbe oui'i^'efit
lisid Uis i^rt It) p&Xi3t2A^ the Xe^^eoa of integral hUBBStiiat
At tM ::>oif)i&am» sii»l4wi» ttiftiwJiitf ilwt I««^»mi..
<tf fiRlls Pax%:hei» and Ltial#!i L^r^«B2«uhI (9), ^nhoiue
s»iEc^tiei89a si»j ^'3H;4i!';;ivxm(.' prss^^'i^JecJ iio answors to tho
queatlmu; wbl?b isost tPOti\»l<i^ Mm»
V6l±x t& Bantrf-.?, a p3«jferaser of Titttyi^EiX ««i#nef
aX3o added tig -^i?j.tt®ia'» aesfwx**. -: ~<^:r.,-:^ :j-' a
esateriaXlst and »n wtlwlst, ana, ^
tint Ilia poeition '^m& »« iif^^>o#«iM.€' ^f ipv^eof es that
of the Cnrlstlat3£^« ti;^ yet founa tiiattftXl' uml>X«} to b^^
litve oth«rKise. Fox* te Dsntec lif» wse jv^t a p«rti»
eaXsr <;h«ffia«9X eG«biti8tl9|}, liit«lll^«t>ee a ^ft mUtrial
uta.9^ Xive^ at a aertaia tems:^i%tu£*«} an<l t^^ atmaal^niaa
en apipbWMninon*
»e shouXd not thea be eui?]^rload to flwj Britain
in his C<»afesalt» ^e gi^ p«lntl«is out that ttw h»nt
^1^ ^thlQh bapywMa to him ^vseim tbaM wiirly yaura
Hi ft^«> '.^^^iKmia i«aa that ha tm% lailsaa Owaanaoff « a
alavac 4twi acmaltlva "i^ettaaa, w\m Ilka tKimmlt waa la
f
Tl<^t#tllMK
mmreU ot \il%im%« truth, **Qe t^m $« cSolft^Afr.^
sitlllftt^ ft m»s 4«it^» ^ %9%^ 4poQu&» «*#et <3U*9lXefi
a*out f»lt r^t«i^3Fe2^ ft la F'seult^ d«t Sol«BO<Mr
09lX» ^tie d«p«dL« Xc»;»e J *»i m le bOBb«ttp a «Bvoljr
teoieors «w»9&8 de «!»>1 <9«iie toufi m@s tr»vaiiK cm
* I? -
f^ritttlti M»r»lae irtiil® he imm still at tlie Soi^
iMMft* •93 M.8 «iiviftg«, hBVlnE 1»««o oi" th@ umieual
fttlleltgr Slid mvpwb wliteh h« haa desoviboa ttbo^, ams^
>»9 Mit«a te ^ la^ortstBoe* 'Ht© «>«9«i<0 of tlielv llftt
fliMW it iQ ?el«n» X «Q intMMTMttai idiwI^MiW
«f NMtlvto •& • ITMNS MB* '*^ IMB* od, teat* wftlao*
#• Vligr«iol<NrU iNli4t«l«» ^ vl« v««&9 ft not DM
IMMM •« A9IIK ¥1MC«, «ax •o«iio«n«i «h«nfeux blonds^
ft 1« VavtM lJt^v*« ft l«anwp« «ii 9«(i pmmniH. 11 •«
9f4««it»» at (tit qu'il 4talt •o tsuin d9 fon»r un
•«Mit4 d •4%iidl«iit« pvmp mwQttw lao Mowroeieot; d« px^-
««(it«tlon pftnd IM 4cvlvt3BB et Its univei»si.al^c;£
fwiffti«» eontipa iM WM|Vfl» toiit iiwiili 4N>»t les
itailMfts •eoUll»«a« yii»i#ft 4«tili«l vi«%l»te «» leur
I
&^ 'ik
It atr ;*...-«
&?;
ifUNl* •«. Ht IX Ke dowiiAa noB ykm pooi^' ee ecnltil,
f«IXe flit SMI S'lraEdBii*^ x^eu^ont^© av0<s Jlrtfoeff 9|ix*it«itt"
(11).
i^lM tiiii4^fit»t»tt. J^eques Unit a^Jft lif^imei^ en
iMlosG^hl^, ia9ie 11 p7^i«lt so^iSl vmtt lie@»&e ^s
8€rt«n^i?«, et fwli5pia»t«it lee isiSi»eB emtPis ooe mat* (19).
^e^ 1191ft alV0 to cmm^vta cnO gsilorl^f^ tagetlier«
bat «bo«^ all th«r telkea. *ll fallsit ]pep«nt«v eii*
8«itfbl« l*iQmiv«3f% tcwit mi&l«H!»i 1« ih»ip» ae^ la vie, 1«
8e«t d@« lioiiBes, la Jitatio* «t 1 'In^uvfeiaa 4»s ooeiiftt^o"
(13)* "^equiiia Hdiritain ai^lt iee eifin«e ]Np4o®e«^tioiio
yampQVdaa ^ue «afi, l«c nttta® uti^etlons le toiawmtalent.
It miw aitiy ($0 la v4vftt^ I'aaiwst t«tit mmm^(1*1).
Sltke th« oelontiat® witlt ifHenath^ at^iad had
ltd aR0fer«7« to the ull^Mi* fltatiocie ifhleh th®3r »<»»»
ailiSfis^ at tlilt p&riod, thejr tam©<5 H«pafttlly to tfe©
pbilea^l^ve. Bone eolaee eaiae to tliam faf«n Spli}o»a,
iHiia intallaetiaal leva of Ood wlttiaiit hq^ of ratinm
i«t<»p00tei9 ?feirltait», atia, f«i?loii.0ly eTJoiigrh, also f3?«»
IliataaehVf baoanav of bla paaaionate aln<?«i*lty. "^
t^ilwiua tfont |« pane d*«0t aatflaMMmt tie npimmtt at
dv KivHatlia fma vioaa ¥<Niat«t)t <|u«l<3iio all%xn»£i8e et
taal<|iia 1»iaih-9tira da I'dxpfrtt** il5)m But whan
Paieliacl was In trouble, it lM>«aai» vmwy olaav that
naltlMr Bpi$mm» nov lHataaatia naa of any naa In coia-
It «06 th^n, out of fditi) with IMI^ >IHil»i<t>^
8t noos d«vcn8 niiiirl vmtGm&r d trnawvey im csiie quel-
t«llii» 8Q tao^ iP^Pit4« ft Is QXstlnetlm 0U him et du
(3« vimi^ liiaR»io«wmt». ^ rH» vcjulais pae d 'ime ^a.l«
e«HidAe. J> '•9e«9iMaeii;Ui «m9 vie gqiiaiOMr^Bt^ »ia.0 oea
mio Vic al^euiNtfe'* (l6)« *Iioit8 voullowi wxxpis' p»v isa
lt1nr» iNKmi 9*%% 4^1% ix^pwmihle #» vlvx*9 mVm la
vMLM* (17).
$lM mofimtmom t^ this miltiae jpcet poMS an
lutnawitti^ yro^len «til«t} lo of e«iirs«»» |jMi»lul>l9*
X^ X9, Immmrwt, im^vwtim to 89« that tth* ratii*]^
tMi|^« tiotQ in MlMt B»i9fB tee to war tibemt It, is
nbMst fxi«ii vtet Mtrltilii litaeelf M7« mIi«b he n«xiti«Mi
it In « a«9«pi9itii«i of their first vlvlt to X4qo l31oy.
*Xls porUii^vlb en eiix «4)tt« (34t««e«@ qui eat le seul
9»«9«lt a^plei^ 49 1< ««ltiBW odcaroQ, et ime 8<}i?te de
<l4»8^pt>lr setlf 4cl»li4 •ctileoent, lie no titvalent
poQOfsoli f»p l*aff«ii^iiee int^x4etire «pe I0 V43flt4
tf«iit tiv «v«iMt t9im, et fMM le^deJLle 11 lour #telt
pwumfm $mfitmwihlm a *«e««9^x' la vie, tw ^our lemf
MHMitt WM(iv4e» ^e eevte de neorale eetliAtlqiMi lee
inwi ^lBfc« pour v^sslp^ «>-« e^eilblsit offpia?
<*> IT <«
ef St* fnanfti^ mx^tdin giv«e & pla^e to 0ht;rl&8 9%tisr«
H« nftfi • Fpeaeb »uthox> of »mm Mnttmti^m BtnC,
Itt«i«ii>!Sr wixe^ of fiaxle, l^@ feud with the Sox^ovmt^^
uli&dli he had left ^«foytt the <»<e^liatl<»i of &1« mm
«^tdl08, uae well ktraHii. He w»e ol^er th&is f^xdtein
and « great fsi«»d of ^s*itaiti*6 laotltesp,
% a diffi«tilt sad ei«%ruiteiie ittth PAg^uy ov@n»
tUBll^ arrived at ttia aana tno an^a aa Paia^rii
tiinNMnKl.a» te th® Catholic Ctnirth aiicf dmth em tlia
iMFttlaflald for Fkonce,
VlM mpaaflHiiiaa of Hsm ^ tlia lifa «f i4arltain
la aiihaDaad l»«eaifa« af tba fa«t that ho took 3acqmm
9W$ Ailaaa aai*oa« tha aanpoa fwmn tm Bt^v^otixto to tn»
(MUttgv ^ 9vtiiaa» tlHwa to haar tu»a laatiic«a «f Hawrl
csiiftm X mBtm^mm, st% ti»t %$m& ^4»nB tmtt I*#@lii%
mtf fiot without its (^ffieultiotS; b«!eafiae, &e
mlitte ms pit xi;^ '-'xi. y B-waX^. ^miimmmi eu'o^ Xes
vistm 4« Xb boc^h3bii« a X 'iiiiji?^ ci« Xa piiiXosoptti^ ^#
H^xigtiei)** (20)
«
It «f««^ t^hie iMIoecj^ of BovgiNm yAiltth m» the
fiiwt 0^ %}m tiiree ^i^(!i«it fl^lis»itti8X.lfiin& to foa?a tl^
iWNiteiXltir of t'^it'ltsio. It ift aXwiy* « niatokc to
9» Mm» U«ifmp%^l^m, the pomsp «C Bos^vcwi Mmt i»«
atifiii6tfXo^«d to li»v« b««} ev'ott »^ to hsvo i^oMlaod
«f iros^ 0Oiioi^®«#i»Xo jUii]porto»(i«» %ifittilii hste imtmm4
•«ftio ond Sjpiln to B»^eo» nho, »e ho notoe in his
^MtWUJM tt yili ^'<> ^^ fiipot to givo iOMW •otiof^ing
»Oi^K>oiiee to Ixia ^ffm% dooiro for ttotoi^iroX^X tiHith
BwS mtm ifosooiiat»Xo oaotroif to tho pv^lmm of w»t«Klai«
Ian sad vooliMiiiii t^oli opoarofsood kbn*
"1toas!<gooii flit Xo proKieiK' qui vm^&a&tt A notxw
^4ilii^ vmiim& &m v4«lt4 n4t&i^mi«iia», iX Ul»#x« oo ooue
Xo fiOBO do X«&b^3Xa** (SX). 9!ioxlt»in ht<S vooeived ocm»
aXtii«ye^»i£t Ur'aXiaiog is tiao oeiimtofil aiKl tto aii^guraanu of
TSmn$»oa, tiuit tiitar foiXo<9 io tHoXv an^MWitioai appipcoch
to diioi ado^^ttfiir witli tfuxwtioii «o4 moblXitr «ai»o to
ox
aamammm w Xx
Mat with pas^ieulas* fo£*ee. l^B^«en «l»o ti^Efiiii II
)Hir«lie&^l<'A^ doctrit^ of frettdflR if)ii«ti« aXthoniti
nod 9#«nfli»«iil;^ Bm%xsit»Q-&o^/ , yrtwi^ht i»l»out x^Xief
to tlie MsrilMilne at tii^ tlxie. ^isea bus ^^t«d
B«nNWM» »• mytm i» <»>^ ©^ ^^s; Iwtofesj •li»8et®
QUi pert* 1« tmvts^ ^e cc^x« p^^irv^caie est. v^vita^>l«<»
Mffivt lifer®, la liberty eit lai filt, et paw^ le»
slalr'' (22).
In »<J<Jtt4oo, the Maritaiiw attended • aiaall
(tUm f£ Bei<|E»6o'e on flotiiatis «i»9 fenntf %iMmi«lv«t
timpt Id «» atsaeiq^iNP of spivltuallt:^^.
Bm»o« w^^Jf*^ tl»e w«y fof l^ti et«»a»« »i» oC
• fit «*
flMi »««<xiiKl giNMit «pintu»ll8n With whioh
liMPltaifii tiHue in contact me ^mt of I4m Blojr.
It mi au^ Ui a aNkne« araadlng in Ii« Hyfcia of
• £<avi«i« W ^"OitlB faitsaelles of Uon mosr'n l^ F^i^amm
l^lp^^^ iB whleL Ifeatarllmte m» im^ad aa neaing It
**la aawila dat ^aiiwaa 4I» «» Jour «Ci 11 y alt d«a
MM^pMs 4vl<}iil«M da gtoia** (23)^ that tha ^luriLtaliit
r^tmm i»tav«fftadl in Bloy. Harmat w«n3 thla Uook and
IWtinff *ir ^^ OttPtlvlti.. ttngr <iw«e apiwwlatlvely to
Ma awl « visit foUowadi a vlalt ef wtolob the aonaa«-
tprnmoM ifei«a to bo BitafatHav melmtw^imty^
^
i.'A^-jt,.. *
Karitaln has given us sn Intcrestlai: deecrlp-
tloTj of the first rstetlng with Bl<:^. *r^ S5 Juln
ficrapltemel qui grlmpe ^unQ'stt Sa©re-*oeur« . . lie
8lla?.»nt vepfs rm StmnQ* rnmy6l&nt, qui mdprleant
ttmte phlloftophl© erl«it sur les toite la v4rit^
ffivlnt, et csthollcru* lnt%z«l«t!i«iit ob^lssent coti»
4immi%^ non tm^, et oeox qui out leur ooneolatlon
t«i"*^e, av«c plus de libe3pt^ q»j« tou« lee r^o»
liitlonnalpee dti nond«.,, I^o Bloy aecibleit pxH»e*
(jue tlnlde, 11 parialt p^u «»t tr^e bse, epsarv'ant
de dire d «ee Jeunes vlelfceurs* queique chose
d*lniportant ot qui m !©« ddqdt pas. Ce Qtini
letir ddecwvralt ne petit 8e raconter; la tet^retse
de l9 fraternitd chr^tlerme, et e©tte espfec© d«
tr€«n*)l«?r!i*nt d« taiffdrlcoi?de et de ovslnte qui Misit
©n face d*tm« t!5» arw dm« riai^Eiu^^ d« l»9t?j«jii3* de
D10U,*, D*&volr franchl Xe eeull de «8 laBlson
tout<»«; 198 valeuz^ dtalent ddplAedos, eoaae par un
ddcllc lwtrl»lbl«». On se^alt, on an devlnalt, cju*il
n*y a (ju'une trleteBS®, c 'est d$ n'ttre paa d«0
aaintff* (a'l),
fhle vlfnii K'id tiikm) pldce a f«w das^i* aft«r
thf» feast ot it, * % a yaar latar, elao on tha
Featt of St, Stoma b©p, J«n« 11, 1906, Jacijuea arxJ
ftslcea Mi3ritn'»n .-^rvt h^y j»iRtai» Vat»a vara baptlzad in
u
n
MtkWKtmm V mmwRRmtn A 2S
th« ehU2*(jh of »% Sean 1 'Bimncellete (25), with L^n
B^ «0 ffo4fath©j»« fi»le«t tias ssid of their eonvertlost
*1Niir noue aueel 1« saintet^ #«« iitnt« cirsit #t4
1 *argaiitat a^eiwinsnt" (S6). The ekeptloien And
•«l9ntl6i!i of th« Soj^omMj had In their llree given
pl»«e to f»lth and to certainty, convoyad to theai
through tha «ag»«ti8M of Blojr,
So eoRVineed were the Maritaine that 1» the
Oitliolle Church lay ths way of life, so thorough*
ftfing were they In their acceptance of it, that pro-
greaa in the spiritual life was put before avarTthing
alee in their lives. In the preface to Ant^aodi^mg
Maritain aayet *A vral dire, I'stitetir, »pvke une jeunesse
anlveraltaire ttavertde per blen 6«b influemee, en
partieulier p»r celle dQ bei^soniaaHi, at apr&e one
frdtiuentation (Bern mlilacR intcllectnele "dlrlseant??"
avifflaante pour e« pouvolr apprecler, hdlaa: la valour
at l»eeprit, avait penad« one foia la loni^re da
Chriat levd4 daws eon eoenr, laiaaer de cdtd lea re»
•iMvthea de la aaseaae hunseltii*' (97).
The "^lleatlona of thl« deciaion «— a declaion
which later on «• to count for ranch in the fcawatlon
af Mfl lutesral iMMiniaa ^ ahould be noted. The exia*
tanaa of 0«d, the divinity of Christ, the revelation
of the Serlpftttrea, the eatabliolwaat by Chriet of the
Oatlielie Ohureh aa a apaeial teaehfns authority, were
all aeceptcd by flarltaln with the same unequivocal
u
afts
tm
£:!%.£' .;. Lin 13.:.
^aum
veaXiam with whieh b« ted ea?liev v«leo<3 his sctroh
for truth. ^i« deelsioa tee 8ev«r iMMm v«v«»k^ ckt
iM»difi«<$* Th» »««^lHiiie« of tli« fossibility of t£*uth
and of the tettdMfite of the Cethollo Churoh «8 a pa«*t
of that truth must be eoneldered foadAsentcI In tlit
•^ppoach of Britain*
Stliiiid thle aeeasiMio* otaada I4tm Blisy, the
an who bx<a«i^ about thia otenge In tha Maritaina^
who Xovad thon dearljr and who b«aaa9 their godj^ratita,
vftet Maimar of aan nae BXesr^ Mo ancteuativo aaaner can
bo aaida within the XiaAta of thia thesis » but thia
<l»aatio» ia novevtholawi pertinent. To uDdaretatid
wtet tei»paiiad to the iterltaitia^ one Huat teva sobio
und^fataoding of Blojr,
BlQ^r dia not bi^U« l^e ^ritaina to a bow way
of life by Moanc of asfonont, but by the living taati*
Sony of hie own life, bis written woytea, and tbo livee
of tbo aainta which he gavo than to read* iiaiaia
atatoa that, **ee o*4tait paa la sraadour d« l*4ewlt»tn
QUI agiaaait ainai aur nous"; it was '*!» viaieo 4^1ouiB«
aante do la foi qui tebitait le eootir do ««t lioiam" (SB)«
One eennot ccesie to an undoraitanding cmT thia i^ro*
faator «f tlio Bwptwatural (29), aa be liked to eall
tejaaolf , in a hurry. Me waa aeutely eonaeioua that he
waa a "p41erin da I'abaolu", that te waa a writer with
a waaase. iltet exiated for him waa a apiritual univvrao
and bo waa eontlnually aaddoBod by *tbo erueifying
viaion of univeraal fonjetfuloeaa for Ood and Hia Love" (30).
tmtLrmi t 3.5
?%slt«i8^ **'i)»t«p«^le of mvim «o^ liK^tii)^ i» ^^m-*'
an^j he kts^jw thlt, «e is «iri^«at$:d la hie 'dmmim of
tlw «tMif«9t«¥ Qf ^mfhrnveAv, mho is r«»lly himself
«
^^ X|i. 3>|ywi|.^...B>wvfi8. Itt 3 l«*tt«^* to an ii»lEn««it immim
li* eo99 wy«tt«t 'VftXlf ^MNB, if ti» gift of iri;'Xi;is)s tm9
hsm n^vtm^md ntty if» it ncyt infialt#iT pii y:si%»i« to
t^f^nSmtiit^ ttait* plMMre all, I hav« # miiieion to iwt
VKpcm MiiltiY* (32}« liiv«p to imv9 )mmm a e^^M^ aPMtiva
«iE>ti«t ie <}itite }>ofiait»l7 not to tmderfstsn^J BtoF«
1^ iwwfmidlty of hit lnfla««ee wptm ^wi.t?itn
aod ml^m it not to ii« ^mNMmmmi* itm.a i
in emnar iityv» l^^ thmm ia ono tiwt of Haii?- MeH
i» v«»i^ iMaponjf 99$ «9E|»lieit« *!li !#• *«e3t «nfi4o« «»
<!• nous • V«p«tili4»8 dtt fti^o ei4ri80a«» wi loo longiMMi
•biMiieeo oovmit* por la f»latft«, «t lo ti«v«ll ubI
lilaiittt iioiia laiaoB peu dt loiois^a^ •« xden vi*a ^liiMul
ei att^mi* l*i^fidaoit4 ^ la prlaait90 ifi7ifli1»lo tf«
m
notrit paywln dams m/tre vie* (33),
• 'ftU -
ftm Au^st 1906 imtll Jun« 19(^, «|>9rt fz^oa a
p#tum to F$«iie« OR vteatlcm, tine riaritsiBe lived In
Heldelbe^, where l^rltela tield » seliolAX>0hlp or harees-y
sad weeded imder Btoiis QjPieech* Tblc noijrtc ^ tieo«vltdllaBi
wet veiy otiJwjlatlng t© mrlUim and tit win later to
lotrodm® fcfie IsSees whioh It mSdo&ied to Fx^aee (3^1),
In edition "JeeQues p2K>eildalt d la ^pltlquo
«« »ee eomwlssetieee'' (33)1 "11 ecaifjrontalt mnB ceeee
lee eertltudTee <9e Is fol &t lee p3t9p09l%±mm ae jub
xttleoQ, lee pjf^elsant et lee 4elaix<s»t lef tmes par lee
•Qtxve" (35). Tie eonclttdedi "llotte ^ietie 643$ thendetee
^&mB le eevelr" (3'3}*
^ hie yetimi to Fmme Iw the fall of 190©,
MBrlteln, beeeuee of the aotl-olerieelli«i mM lack of
freedon 1» Freneh edooetlon eiivlee, prefesred to guard
l^e om freedom of tlaoHtSbt avd esKi»reaelo» hy aftklng no
•ppll«atlo« to teach in e state lye^, position to which
hie egr%»tion entitled hl«. In order to live, he worked
^U fmUMm* •sel0ted hf BBleta'a tlet^ 7ere, who now
lived with thow,
neither did he wevlc 00 » doetovel theels, and for
H
S-T Ti-.v
.'iSa^-<kU
m %t- J i>
ff"-!?iif^i r;-^
rnmmi m
iu 1917* litiftna mjisi "XI 4t3it «^vi «3« tenlr ae
X'%ll©e, mm de l*Btat, ©e bonnet doet€a?af.l dent le
U94 aniiKi^ *hiii^ (36).
It WIS dmRtttf tha?©® yi^rs of qmRl ip&ttwmsmut in
VeF0ftill#«« fro» 1909 to ki^ia, may i-sritain c&im la
eoiit«e^ nit;}) wlist aay i>o e«lled t^# thiiKS aplrll^yallfln
^ Ills fcviwtiVG |)®j(*l<xl, tym% of M8 tpiritual n^lsor,
ilMrv l^iaiN^ CI^^.a@ac« asiasa saya &i bias "XI @ia»l%
2« ir'4^t#^ 11 almit l*iiit4»lHt«i»i8«« C^liiaa <l« Tola
no 1 'arcm&HKivi^ pa@ ^n%miM n&as ^isNrt **!# vie (liyfltiaiiDt
09% ft )»•»« <3»ii}teIII,i«a«««««.«4iri9{ft %&xt t^imi ee& Xs
T^plt^i alXm vmm 3.ui, 3l»a8*3Le aims «9t aapact." XI
pvnwit eoB»a 8tti»t Hupistlti <|ue la l»4»titu<3« 4t#9iialla
eat la |oie <J« U v6nt4 — fJUgto, ,af ffltliilf" <3T).
ttoejpo la a *i)«tlt liwa, ii»el»«nr4« iiie«aq^et»««
<}iii «fQ Fmnea «at d«v«fiia elaasl^jt^" (3B)« written by
9%fe Clerlssac &n& mlU^ |f^ %0|te. ,flt, ,,1, 'Mlif (3'i)*
whlah giv«a a good idaa of ttw almmetm^ Gf tliia 2aa»*
Maipitaln has wvitt^n tl>« px^fae®. Iti it he aay^ of
CXAvlaaaot *Hla aonvcKpaatl^o waa full of aliaim »M Ufa*
Ha aaqpoNHiaad hSsaalf Mith & vmfv mm% natwol ala^tiaitaa
and in a languaise of elaaole purity* Be lov«<3 avaiy*
tlilBs ttet ttraa beautlfult llvinis and aiiieai:<»« 3t ooti*
otantly re«v«a<S Aa»ta, Ha wmfmmaA^a Mjaaalf with tlia
u--S* • A?** If* .-I
"""'fHWHHHI Z \Q
^^^ iPlnest pl«tin«ii of Ar^#n<»«. Bat his chl«f «!<Might twritp» t\m LHal<4pf«» STO? the !>ttprt» of St, CathtnUie of **
Sleaati* (^O). At^ el«ei *I hove never esstiftdil snd 1 - °
believe X g^ii iiev«r at^in assist st m^wen offersd
with CO TOwh perfection, SKSetltude^ eoe^lstsly !••-
e<dl«et«d lore, smwsia illli ilMiMI t#¥^t}i« mti^sty as
thOfl?« 'iS»»«« of Wp, Gl4vi9me sihlch t he<5 the hspiAiwNis
of »«rvrii»r thvsugliotit <mm yo»r" (ili).
itelsss MiNFltslB snsMpe ths QCNistion »mieh esfliss
•t one# to EtliMS, vee thew sny conflict l>etw#«ti the
Ittflttmee of 14011 Bloy and of P*w» Clfeissset "Ds t4on
^ Hw OHl^Mse nous smms 4ti4 c«ililfttff d«un
d»sbsolu I vm hemm d'ahsolw" (Ire), •»D<» I'm et
tf# t'stitre nous r<N?#vione 1 *sn»olgn8»sHt faatfansntsl
dnsM 0«stsln* 0te», ««iiii* «NMiilii^fMlnt#s i«on <4;
l•atftl^» svBl^t I'smoise* «t lo epens B«sr«tlQ«e *«• I'Eirllsf^
Amm ton fggrstftr«* <MLvln, att»<fslA <ioe co»tlJ¥^«?T»«^9
It m&e msrt.m th»m yssM at vropsaiUos that Marl*
tain stuMetff th« tfoi^e of »t, Thoaas Aiiuinap rwy earo-
IMtl? iin(9 cane at laqstl) to •«# that hi* tatm vocation
was that of a phlloMphev %nif a folloif»r of the Ai««U«
Boctop. In th* p2wf^« to ^nTflilffflfr— *t* 9979, ipaaklt^
of hlnfttlf f •Nit* la«i««n*ll 4eiPivit cct avtlol« stir la
saiotiee iiod0mc e% la Tialmm, 11 ovait rettxacrr^, {^p*©*
ft I'An^c <^e I'Rcolo, <»OBt 1 'aaii^llaalaia tfoctt^no avalt
tl
%^* -'
Hi "
m ....
f# t;:>
"I^^S?^ ^'^
^USH.^
tlsavf»i^|) comme un nouveau printemps phllosophique" (44),
m X m.
VhBt ^«<^« '««?itain aean when he 8»y« that he is o
tetlmme of St. ThOMC Anoimftt Forte!»i0tel:r ^ hae left
ue In no doubt on this t»«t«r and It 1» int«r»«tii^ to not*
hm elesrly defined his attitude use faraci hia aai«Uaat
IMloacnphical wntinea. Ue aas^at *«re n*ai paa l^eaoin de
dire Qu*il na a'sglt pae id non plue d*un attaelMiMmt
Hffy^^f d aaiot Thoaaa at d AriatOfta, at d 'im« vjsnX^am da
yMleaophar <iui conclatamit & rdpdter leiirs f<»iBiiX#a d«un«
fa^OB iadcsnl<iii©, 11 a«aeit d*an« fid4lit4 niif^l^^^,
at
fi;^ala. qui fait ohcapotiar dana letsra prinoipea aativacietit
«Mit4t« g^oupda^ eoovdonoia^ la iaev«R da 66ecmTlr, d*
*imratitar* la aolcition 6e9 probllsnee nouveaisr fi^ paoaant
ae poaw da noa Jotara, at eala srtaa i m a^oit avI^Uial
da 1 'esprit. Cap c»aat l?ffA4gA,|fHffft^ *^ nf%ymw^%f «»
n*aat paa asplieitaaant qoa caa papineipaa oowtittwiagit la
i'4poiiaa h tout nowraau proiillna philoaa^itl^iia..** {H)»
kn6 again t ilmtf* epocrona i la vdritd at S 1 •intalll«aiic««
Nona cro^ona otia la philoM«rtii«' a oonr oblat^ noo paa,
aanw I'avt^ da fisira cm d*aa»rtiarr» osla da cmiattiai
at <|iia al ona pmioaophia a gaiacp. on p««t a^autiK' B aea
d*atitraa vdpitda, et la narfeetiomiar ifMl^flni*
i0 mia on ne {»ut pas aaangar a«a polneipaa, <ipi aont
ddfinitifa" (46).
Ci
i^r) ''q>ti{jl ..tiicij- aqraa-cii-fx^iq D39\i;lo-
*i**?N 5 *f
<^ ^'#
-i«.1^'*JW *<
«4;.,-'-'«V,'
.
3'.'-
.(Bti)
"• Aa
^lt» vtclwi|.tt«d«ii. of 111© ®«^f>elii we»u lisurlc^ ttari^ ^le
r«MitiY« r^m ©f hie lif« 1^ t^ itin^mm^ of ttu«9
^irlstiau p^lrosiiiMrr socS e foilcmes* of at* Thoraas
A^plis@», ?%j.ltain iasn always iwde it q^iim elea^' 'ciiat,
e«tl08, aeia^cwwiely «jti©iiil, yet ft le net a clog«tf
*^ttisaU®a. *^», i« ^i«ji?it«i»'c vi«R^^ .; •: -.iim^mtmml
«90 ftiid thla is »cQvpU4 «afi taken Iwto aeeoiiat la $H9t
%1» mm w»y «» lils bmInhnUI axlstecer.
Mhll® tlU® «»ttlfe4»S# ijj ©v-iaaas i» ail of m.&
widtiag^ tlae**o ie on© mmH hodk, Dm 1a ma^^^i^m^maM^
flliiliVU'lill ^^7>, ia «hleb ?%afitaln ha» b@«m at p©i«j6 to
n»l» i«l» i»&«iM«w elms^* iXi it lie sa»lc<i# b illf^timMow
b«im«9f) tl» <nidl«r of e»mUUi>Um end tb« eiti»«i> of
ex^wrtee «ikJ patntci owfc tlitt, wMi« ^IMllos^J^i^ ie,
9<wpl#t©ijr indi^iMmiient ©X &n^ coiioidftjniticm imsli «»
««r«al«d l(iiowl«4^«, it ww«HptUei«tf8 earl«tB tnti op93mt««
i» a «erl<S iu whl«h » *w«3«tio» of tjnth hs* )»«•«} i«i^«
t* MB by 0«^. ^i^taiii stiysa j« aie QU'ix faut die-
*i«»»«y 1» JKHliKSt <»• Itt i>hllo«ophio, oM c« qw ©ll* e«t
o» 0lXm^'mm, e% i'itat <j>6 ell©' m tmm^ a© rait.
tSs€yi^ -^tr
•o
miAP7f.K 1 ai
ig 0im t0 m$t^ fummixi, et qui @e r@pporl«
ft sen eofi^tions! d *«3£i9t«rti9« «t d*$x«pei8@ dans 1« eon*
©ret'* (^8)*
It i€ intapestii^i to pl««e beside this etit«Naei}%
'(*h»"- Etleime Ollesn Ifes t© saiy an the »iae Eubjoet In
Qii* ft m wtlonalltd, e»©«st indlgeutsfelej Saint AiH^ljse
«t «tH9 Steist Ai^i»itln oiit 4t4 X@s prandsrs ft I0 ^Ixmt
Miit f|iio ia ec^stitutlon de oette philosophic vx«ie
n*»lt m n*&Q\mr»v ^« ft I'side a© i» «l^^lffltioa,
•^.•Wlfit 9<MB» t» seoocBNi BHOKil iTidlsp^nsobl^ ft l8 p»ls<m,
«••»* 4@«l«Me«t eeptaln du point <?« vwe dee philo»os>lie«
iititiww^ «% mwff ir«n<]ii« d« voip (}ti« ^int 7H«Mie
d*A^uii3 loi www I'affisw©* (^9), •&! a!y«tt, 00 ne
s»Q3P»it ieoi«r tfans l*lii»toiiw oe qui fut u»i dans 1«
IF^SUttf" (Il9ft).
Both Britain »wd Oils<m stvo followers of St.
7Hi3»e Acrttinae. Id mslelfig « tfietitiotio^ Ni%we«n th«
mtuxf ftnd hietoffisal setting of philosophsr, i%ritain
lMi« «i^ it «le92> that h» is folloifing hifi sioeteF 5t,
'Shmm^ hqioHmte. *Cotiet64h^ &»tm «« <{ui le oonttitue
foxiMll«»fttit ofiOBso philotM^hio, l8 philoaqphle th«ttist««
Je nt 6%9 fttft la th^l«iffl« thonAst^, la phitoeophie
thaesi«t« ««t toute s<atiomielI«», sueun ®3e^%jnt pxfoe4i3»nt
da la foi Da pAnftiura ao aa taarttire, alia na v«lftve
m
inti^n&IK|ii«ii»si% one d« l» mtamt e^ d^ l& 9w±ttJi^t&
file 49 % *4fvU^m9 m94spimmlml9 eu lii»«ll««tueXie @t
Xt fo>aiow« tl^^ that, **lit @i^«ifiGati<ni a« Ia
jHillo««9^« ^^eo^iit t^ti« 4e urn 0^4«t fomi^^ «t ewt
•It eX3l««4BtiBe, que (^e •oit (Stiia uih^ t§t»« ip«l«im@ ou dans
»«(iws tft^elMRii^it mtmmlu m miilmamlB, et ciju 'aiml
lAn#||iwn» ni tigui eon #»|^, tii ^nt ««»o primli^e, id
dint mm mtmoim9^ {%xU
MiVttrthQXM* 1%jf1%«1i} is gyaitefuX for i^9V«ldtioii
•nd beli«r«« tmt it »«^s «• • «ttl4iiig Uftot to s^Xo»
aitiWB aad aipetay 9okne»a«%«« ttot Movt of wtust it
«ci)t«it)0 is not eyteceptiMl9 of witliawl jwBKJof (52).
Alit •• i« 19 «loif» fov iavtre, iriho bM mt%4t ^9m^9%m»
tlaUtts i» notH^aig #a.8« ttaio an al^taaipt te draw all tba
««iiHi««ttOMM ©f a aobevapt atHalatia poottioa* (53)»
and, "tha fa«t la vm a»a imi a ]>l»iia i^lMMpa tttaani ay© otaly
"Mm" (5^), 99 Ifc la aoaally elamr for J%aKltalo tlwt Ood
Qmwaat i ts
«8««0» tli4«l««itit« ^ la &m9m% ^ S&Xtit-^li^prtt" (33)
taMtttnt" ($€)• Seitber lite te too«i MMtKt l» mxJmSe
glMt iBiMilWlga a»d •^'im i^rstical toooiaecitf* sr« all
a««^^ble for tbe vejyliis ««n(nPlb«lKUnMl i(^«h tHey ave
9»9«^l9 of MrtOt^* !«ii?l^ie liae takan eare to diatlo«
iWLali ««9«ftill7 eaoBS t)Mni« but in <8Pd«p fmally to
onita tlMB in tha eatvi^a •£" t^tttli «»i wA to aapamta
Ito tea mst niilMtd is tHa tvaiatieth aaalnivy to
MpMt wtet iMi %&mUmf^ to h9 Vm niataica of 13>aseartaa
in tha fsevftotooiitli* If Beaoavt#3 naa mi a^atiitata
«81vid«r» Kasitain mmU Ulw to Iw }mmm m% a u»ifi@v.
Xf aiMMVtM niilMitf to l»agit2 with tilt x«3«on aad to con*
tiam aa«tt«ate ta o«» Mmr«* ^m^^mtn bae «l«liii %a
iMfin wltb ttw «vi4a»aa of ^la mmmm and to a«»it dif«
f«rant ktnte of awKAlanit (er).
If tte «cmi«} of tte aair u. iw^mptrnt in ITod*
mrn^m, it ia Iv aavtyaat t« Maaa Idaa of d Bains aopa
pavfaat than ltat?ir (58). Certainly D^tww^O' 16m or
i»
i&
•« if irwfy imBmj?t09% Ik tha ayesr «^ flajpltaln. In cop-
MMehlwi or elMj (59), ti> %ibleb tue soul is ^0iii9«l
only is«B0«rbtit i^vq cXoscXy tbao • pilot Xia 9 vessel
(60)« As iKtfltaiB tffif! i^ut it« OMIQ f^s^ De8«a]H?«9 is
"un sf^$ i)i»bi«tti3t u»ft ae«hl»e ct la #i|?iac:«ii3t p»r It
In i^^»e«yt#9 tl»9tt ie ftti i^^rwiediable rttptux^ of
SBd beings of sool «»a bod:/, of ia<sia a«d
tillage* lo tlHi «3r«i9 of SSaiitain, Cart«ei«nlret has
^e«ii *1« smi3a« n^hi fyim^ie^ (6£)» ^roilA Ia
M peomitf no vit ^t »e m mmfvl% m» 499 elMHMitt v^Qieu a fiftit«8, L*lKs»Bft eentr« a*un univ«re lot^lll^si-'
•0Qtli8ta1l|^• o9t <3'etra I'iiaige tf« 2>ieu, II «8t «u
It bas JMMK3 la oraor to avoid jKittirc tian In a
C«pfe«eS*B d»»«rt, in oj^sa? to lusdst tliit be b© thcfoglit
of as fiillr Intefrratad in » iroiveOTJ© wMeh is in ltr?elf
a x*ev®i<£it»lon of Ooc3^ asKd r^hich i3£}^ ro^eivad tha gift of
the XiwiMMHition, that ?'fJ5fSt»ln has ln»i»t«5<5 not only
m Urn 3?aUonsUty of F; *-jpljy but also om tb«
yfelsfeed lajj^ortAue* of Ctolittiea rebelstlo^.
th« |K»«iti€i8 of ^^feala, to trtist his ««©ti«aiUty,
foinsd ts it ie !» eoiijtts^tf'sr ^-Ith ^ ^rftrir? f^i%^. it
tlitt befQs*«» tM» 1m wa« tsalri.-:^ ?*!» a seletstlct, »ttdl
ttet l» t»« t»ld» *IX »Mit« ^i« ce qui fsou* tWlliiH
cJtBt im* phl3 i©, s« ft ••St pft? qtt'«ll* folt
liMf.ia^fl!^ *'-to tht ««rl'fl the trpe ©f : .<9phy
whloa he esmcl^erts le ^^€««.ai3aiit ^fth th» ^tol# iiititrt ol*
t»i«l It «8Rqu4 depul-! trols flfeclep »v «t3wf« et <l 1« civll-
lttti«8, ««©ft one phii<M»9phl9 QUI a^elq^« aa»0 ua eltaat
^99lllliiiUi iWi ii(3^|IMiiNI-'#-'''.^ tstw* m^^ntt^ ^e. raison
uoa p»8 eloct j»i« ouvertc siac r. ^9 #© ^«!^er* (65 )«
In opder to «|irpreolate the my in vhi9li ^rltiiln
ue»8 ma position of Infeagiwil|fffiB|f| both as « «rit-
srlcm of crifcioli» and •« « eo««tnKtiv« plan of aotloo.
It will u« ii«e«0«si7 t© iMkt • survey of tikm oltUf
tl»Ni»» in hlB toeial phlloQop{iy and to d|^^t>««lftt» bow
tiMM tb«MNi •»• iMMtf upon IHb (rOIMr«pt of tlW pM>»Ofl.
CmPTgJI II
!i?lii^a^&3ll7g
I -
B«Siimiiiir in 1010 with aw sx^lele In th«
ftfy^ ^.^ ^i;^,^t<m*!lf 9»tltled U . Scltae® ?^ffl5ei^ ^t
iB miif^tm. (66), r4@x>italR hst now «0R^letea over forty
Hl» •ontrlbution In th« fl«ia of eimoulstiv^
phiXm t W ^« te««« distinguished, liut, in acsonS 5*ith
««• of th« f«w aoetrln«« demmom to both the «thei9tle
•od Christian exi8t«i>ti»Iiat»» he tMi« not b€«a ooet«8t
t« lu»14 hiiMelf aloof fvon th« prohlenta of hie ago* hot
iMra, an tha oaotvary, fait a distinct urge to involve
pear da te aouillor en tiit£«9nt dans le eontexte de
I'hiatolre eat tine oreinte pharieaique" (67). We no«t,
therefore, eirpeet to find hia deelit^ with a wide rai^e
of adh^eet^a, many of theai diatated by the contingenoiea
of the stef«Qr era in irtdeh he Is liTing.
file ajppeal of hia thenglit ha a hetn widely felt.
A aa«B« tHMl»er of his bodka are available in both Fratwh
and English and there are mumtoue translation© in
Oafwan, Italian, Spanieh, Porttwieae, and even in PoUah
and JajMineae, (68)
«
<(«'
!%ritaia*e DaMt of vritim o»wy artle3.«» »iid
r«vi«ii« 9n& thma «oii^liiig s«»« «>^ ^5»®» ^^ ^^ books,
• • piN»*«dinPG whicb fee .t!mi^tls«s nofe««5 if» his aaiiter
toes^ete Hat af bis ir^tlnc^* ^* ^8 a®* ^««o ^®~^
•dhrlJKiblii t9 attas^t ^c ^^3 tJ'ds here, ^ilicr^ ere t«c
tHo ^MtalB Ycluiac of S^.,„m«^^.1i.> ^^ **-^ ecr^^Ued
by m^ n^vm i^)* "^^ it'Sas i^.tv«*^ there hsv-j b«<¥!5
l»aie^ •» *N?U a» witOi tUe fclbXlogsessiiy cf tiarlteln
wit»b a ««Xaet«il, UMpD^^Ue-bt^ biijlloipftpl^' -of ".
tii« tllilv«ysU7 cf iflfieaBSics" (?0), Tbe other i9 a
blbXi.o$s;^^b3r or coe - ,»aBoii liicltiiiKC given In tl» 19^9
voliM •atUlttd ^fcafg Hkjgitoiila. %mm^ i-j tb& §mi&
JUmy^ And t«Mpil«d b^ Httrltalts*® fsdesKS Cbarlt^e
It wHi, bowevtrt fi«rye tb« p«W5»o»« of 1ihi»
ttii^s *0 g»«i«> i<Jg«t;l»r tbc t^altn misks of J5ari'6ol»
MMK^ to OistpXs^ tb« MS ill tb«»i«* in whi^a fee is !»•
ttt9»»t9a ««d »wj« xi^MinMlly to vwml tb« «lo»«
««9iitti»»l d«{Kmdooe« of blB iHfe«j5JP©l iHWtiiiMi on hi»
phlltMiflHitmr «Kf tho pw9on* Tlils h»t b^ivn <SotMi by
n
ommmn gs
0Mum ^ $imm»2> i^^^jA^^^^^ »% tm e^ «»a ^«ft
• III -
i« that «r t{i« pere^m^ %n «X1 hli ai^psiity «» a •PMit»tjp«,
jftaftiM;* 10 mi^4c, fl98t^y fair <.-,'<jUi th<* Sfspaimfeet*; cokipi^
«o«l of t^ ^miy^mm, mtwA, r«r t^ 9tvt«e^loe f>f the
.ppliji' «f «h« mOimmit (tm only «« iiNi wtOmmm of
b0ai«« but aX0o att %l)ir ttiivtsp«9 fl# ^stlyitc)^ aiM} tisUvS,
fo9 itself, tbat U, ttm tltd dction (i^nttitat; •g•I^t»i<i;«i3()) tojr Mtiloh it pes^^eti! Itssalf afKj 8«eempll»b©,e
it3 d^atiir* (T2?).
»iii •« f»U<nml ie satuMOlgr Im^ f»«* Mii0
ttoS' soeiJi^ ut;jrJ9«us« ^ tbc: p<mnm9i». TI»« ftmdtion of
tlM iRl»«rMi«t tna trit a«pU««ti<Ni# ef t^e siati«ii»I ««
fdmtS i« ill* yliil<MKi9tir *f J^* tHewnis A«iiin»« «iid ••
itwwBttag fMM « oi'ltlf iiMi ^ %\-m philofMspkiy «^ Btvt«oii,
bKV9 X«4 »St«lt»lii to t)w fOXItttllMi lM3th of ||i« Mlt««*
lfty»i«»l ««<l te&« t^itlai «@iit«y%« of th« p#vt«ii* It i«
..iL..-
Htl^ «tl» §mmt^ 6f thf>«e (?.i«@9 18 ni« critique &£*
«««^. .iQ c-r 'fcfeo p,' ,' t^ K5.-?f!.t3ln, «ill !?* tilt
p^^^t •>? '^r.-t'-r T¥v III it thn i^lfttir.--^*''^ mi tj^t^ittli
tll^ »Tiu^vj,-.--Mi '-u^ "Stic- ivi'-ri^ tiiiV «3®i;iipi'i5rX;l«^i etjfue-
i««-^*,a ;• ;, »^'? »-i? .j^'stl-cisaeX it «ii^59f9«< by
m%i^^m <itt-i ^ ;ill ©1*5 >m^4 &mi^ « ««»««^ ia lOm
i^*»u3Atlv« «&^^- ..^^pars^ -i^ t:i..^.'*r/ in th© aoelsl fi#t4.
Is %Jm feaala of taie is^lfeles of l>0«^9« in feh^ soeial
faixaXjr' m«mm'^&^^$ ^vit X& distinct fanm, t^ Gi^«r of
mmtm^Wi <^< tU^t tm^m& or IVott will, %tm ^itfmtm^
..!» £! t^^ af the i»««9t «r » CYi34cyL«ll
Satle^, whlaitt iu TrnQa^ on tlio 3tsis<aet«j* or i^ wmmm•ft «KKiial, i<ill \iiii t^ ftii^iMt (dT ay Bixth chujittir*
IHic ^pa«»ti«R nt tH* }»mi or all eoolal pteUMMp^ Is
ttet of tiM mttura ef mo^ Mo ^-Isiti, hio e£isene« end
Ids •ml* Otit^ wim& *m kmm wim% »»» tn, wn «iy ii^ in
^^Imt type Pt emi^w H# i»iitt»iil<a iiif'« i»»d ^tm% ifi@!«itit«*
ttmm ati«iW s®P¥€ Ms. rmfit^in*9 ^- -yimm-
em^&sur ^seamm^n liberaiiasa, €i^ niselmi ^nd <i»f 0«s-
^^li^ti l3^ reels isti®ta<l «<m«ti%a^ t^ t&i»rU of
•fo nor wAta, St 1» t^a^etifls a nmmd ^0&lmaph!r
iMif D«BG«i«ey, !»m^ »% %!^ smut liSjm &i' & xh^m ^vn^tUn
Xt Ihi« tMMW ^ m^ne C'i' t'Uix ^nll0i£<^m (>r the
VttlAtiooiAiip l>«t«i««A «*» im^ ^^v *«» *t««>l trie i»aptui»tf?
tllMlO^ tot? to htim i»^ « ;I»S^ ««««H^ «feMI 3t»t« «!Sd
SvNiVtti WmmwAmt is Hoi so Misb « ^tdiit^s
pXsn for a nat soei^tsr S8 « j^lsssptay of mis wisioia is
inlftsiidod to p>ro«ld@ isnmtsltM tomvMttam, d«««ii firaM
tUs ^ioseplisr of ^« flionss aquIims* f<a^ » imm viiris*
tl«n o»*isiP» 'never sIhiU wo iwnoiiiioo tliKi liofo of s
now Chylstoiidkm^ « now tsm»oyoX oi^ov insplx^ Wetapiatlsnlty" (7^B).
^
IHUffl^ III
*» s «•
«0 • sx»ot»^«^»6 in th« «»o]?lc of ^vitsain » {^o^etloes
0iJdll}l& sKia @o^€tiei08 not, ^12% al^y@ thex« • th&
^lloftopis^ of B$»^9oit Bdy h& mi4 to s^neai^Ie » 1&X%»
etotlf frtxR 9 i«ftgti«al&t} ^ifimm , 8 »otif )»l3i«h oeeure ov€#
asJo? etaamotep,
Tbe ^iiIo@<iplQr <aif B^fii^eoQ 1@ more %hs>n 9 back*
Sifoiiaa and » 8«%tiiigr f^? tht (l®v#l(^»»»t of t\w intog»
ml l»BMitd9H of I^ISTltfiiii. It hit @ ^rpifled for hla a
^liont vlafpoiiit In m@&mm i^tX&s&eHsv* ^i^ it iiae re*
BRitted 8 Mittei? of eontlniKsuc ao-Bo^m ov«?r the 7«A70,
ovo£' Bxmm »& m jowii ss8» he earo^i^d tlie caiipi® to the
Q«A%i99 «« Fmneo to hmv Berg^on »p«Ak«
It la u«K5®rstao<3atsI© that tb© young lto»it«l«i
8()ould \mv& u>««n aapx^lvated l»3r Bttfgffoii* Of At^lo«
J««iali p«yeat«s«, S«xij^8@ii iMpoiaght to Ma atiditerti «
fOBpttont tipslnli^ In %tm mimi&m along with a t»ril*
liant gift foa? swtaphyaiiQal 8i»i«iaation (?!>), Tho
vtortinieal fion of hla prom and tt» ilAOst Saastitio
fevvotn^ of hi« msUpimm »a<J«d to Mt faa«iniition«
}lov«rth«l4»io« B#jrtg6on pvoir«a in tht «m<3 to l>e
a dlttippointawnt to mHUtn who Ima Io<flc«d for "tbo
cmpnB m 33
«•« ''••• i.% %B la th* «d4A«oiii$;« %tmt If Ut9 and aov9
BiipHMi wm$ ia «g»«%l$r %I]m» toott Som in '"cvmUym
W^lvitim"* in). 3iit» tliat liipi« iitritAiii it««e9, m9
puST^L^Bt h« iwv^r lst«[|«^ to do 8c* And for iMUiy
amm wt, timt m^ o imy vivia 4imm0ieiii»^^i it
iiHrl^iiin 0tmifimU9 imaa in th« ChMMii aiMl ia the
pMi^MplQ^ «f M* Themia A«p3im8. it wi«» thmx, momi
notus^l ^tant; i^ayit6ia*a ««r2jr inn%ii|| luitf tasattm
•HQta^s tiava imm eanaaiwiJ with tHa smimof^ at Bass*
aim, Onoa in tlia yoaaaaaioa of iihat \m co»aio«?aa an
oaaaptalOa :/tiriMiiiX^ oi taiiih* Kaiitain be^a« aa maairo^ to aaa *ai no»e pfumlmm iMntas&m i& oritimse
\MmmmAmfm «o aaac«vt at Xaa roastulaa da <^ipae I'df^l^*'
(T9)i to aaa if it vara poaail^la to t%a& an agwaaaarit
tctaaan "U <9aat«iiia r»infflitihl<in panr laqpiaUa noua
noua 4tlona paaaionni pandmt ooa aan^aa d '^tudaa"
(Bo)« and '*ia fol tiM&oiagaie qui avait x*#c«BMpnt daa«
»ili4 noa yawe" (£|g^)» nia «i«aiia txa«« in thie oi^lti^tia
aapt caitiffoly xationti oni Mivitajua (hok, ^i€ua i.'siaci a
aintfy of uia Ai^aiia Oeatcr*
m
«w it'
«T.
1911, J^a^^^in published s»n iai«»ti«l« «wfcitlei3 LrKv^u-
Attest 1912, ca»4- v-e ..:-^,^--. .^:£»::^£^yjia3^g. ^?/b^f» t%nt«la
^«|pl^ ^<^ ttesciaHlQig a% %im Irmtitut &sti)^liqa<» a« f»rX9
i» Z it -^ a to give a eerie» ©f i««ti«?©e ua6«i» th*
Chp^^ii^i;^* T, -ajC'lt^afe iit-adiei» were *o be put to-
gether to fojwa **!© p^oiai^r (livre) qu*? no«® «y©os
oa^pcs© v^^i^)* 1% ^^^-^ -' — -M'^TBHai pttbii^iea
1» 191^. "iMB b. jaw ItMjg-ttaiK^ing eustOB
©f Hisrl.tfilfi»E; hlo i:
.
writlnii: ttrtlol«e asdl tiMm
in wliloh the»« mtn nmm m^vr&tmmAtmt of nsBterlsl and
•t) aittenpt t>y ^^idtjiln to otiodii^ « uwhi& whioh he later
eofieidetwd "ta?op (Say tt eoiiv«i»fc iujuet©" (S3)^ fi|^^e»jw3
Hft ]»8 l)#«n eareful to not« thi»t it was
*l'«gqpl«tfl9 «t Id i«l<l9<Kr $vtv4ail99 ^ t«!Kt« prisaltif"
(di^ ) , whloh botlieifvd liist tnd **»<>« eerUnf Qtte tioue
i««gaxn}l<»fi« i8»iiit#iiint ^cnw nolne Men foatMAft IftO
^»ltl<m« &mtvtmlfin qu'll aflfood" (85). He aO^td
th»t •fMMja n 'avails «« »ucu»e aocSlficsiitlon notable $
lul apport«z» |>ouy 1« feiKl «f 1» <$ootrin«« oala »«ulQfli«nt
^9 pv4«i0l<m8 9* «t Id" (86)*
fmmmi tit 35
9^fi$mvm3 in WiB, Ttm ]»sr«£^e& to ttm memsa e^itioia
«»• r^prtfitdd tfitii a ei%»jB»t «<3<Sltlo» to it, nrittmi In
Aitgrtt«t ef X9^7« X«i this «dditloii ^^Fitain again 2*$-
iy«t9 M6 «ttfly tepstermHi* of t^vne do^ itfislios to **eiilu«p
iei avM ir^4m»ti^s 1« m4ru»1«« d« iiotv# pv«iti€»p nattvw'*
(67) y ftiK3 to tiay hm gji«t«fui be i» ftsr ttm H4moigvm$^%n
0*amtt4 <im, malgH Imi evittmmn fimmXi$9B pax* neoti
#€«ity« »«« tlil^»*s« il a bi«t} voulu uoaii aoonejr daoe I«s
«m>^0 Qui out pr^4S4 «a mt^^ (88 )•
It i«»a In th®»« X»»t ^irnvn of hla lif«, in 193^,
that B«vgson^ aft^r a 9%l«nB0 of Maw y«*v«* pvotfiieed
i»hl5h 1»»oaslit him ir€iv tfXotit t# Msifitai»» wiso ai»««lc» of
'HM «• t*^ JMWiilt Of *la f?rewf;5e reehwohe f^oXitaiw et
iliULo pourwiivre &«ni«o «^ vie par £»«ii^MOO~^ (@9K
In a reeent liocAc publi^hod in 19^1, MMSBSi^
Wia ym» . wtiioh Ife a ©ollf^ctioft of eaaayfj, Marltoin hat
•«# dvowe aiiaoot entix*®!/ on vatvidal alroady pubiiatuN?*
flit Otitr it a eoftsiaoi«)tion of B«v>so€»i*a oontrlbutimi
td iMiftHW and rollgioo.
It la %tmn, dbviouol:/, no onaegvitttioii to »ay
MMt tlio 9lillo#09l)y of Borgi&an ha 23 b««n of eontimioita
€mmmm to fH^Htitlis* B«oft^iM« titia le a«, one of tut
iMWt vfara of eoqpvlMntfiiit Maiitaie ia to untSowtamS taia
te
Qlu.. . Ill 36
«teje«tlo«s to B«Kt««B^ This Is ts-w* oofe owly b«ettti»«
«oe w*0 typleal <af his tiM« aw? es«B*€<3 enc-S'Esouc Iw-
n«iMw« (90)
«
- TXI -
mi»i^ «Mt|>«rt»©»t«Xi^* (91), -^rtileh «as i» ^o&m wi-
m islwa B^T&t^m ^lai <?i«#ait for the IS.b-r^Kitlng
and iDSpiylf^ aff^Hjt? wmeh HS.0 pbllocopnar produced. "II
una t^aaait^ <lig^>a« ^^a^MLvalit&rt. Ti^ti; ««tt@ parti®
«IMiva at axatiqua da l'oeuv3?e da ^« B«fZ^«!oiir 4»m
U<|iialla iX vASttlt A l«abQi£yd« l@i thfrsaa tnt^ridlietea
at lm» smfttantlcMOfi (3a Xa p&eutlo-gFcleDe®, ainsi qua
I'aafMtiiitfttiaiima at I'id^nma anglais a ati poor un
cmnd ttoMibva <}»e»pidto una v«i«tu propvasaant llbiwtsriaa,
at a <l4#ta»iilt l^atsiuaotip d ^ari'o^nt^^ axva^era d 'una
1i»liffi 90*«» |»eyt aip^rar #4fifiiliira'* (93)* "^ia
ayiadlt Mix%: MayitalD nev^op tri^^iaa to atotsa.
H
Cl^ltKR III 37
. r/ -
^m main «ti1»»ek ef il»vl^l'» ie 4tme%e4 te
^ lo volPf mm yam t3Pl%M/q^ a^olMMMrit x«»di«a]k« 0m
Is fa«ttlt4 iQ<feell««^ia»],2«'* {94)«
«|» i7«««b vMUI^y i^), tiMt it to^ foi> ito fiK|«f
ol>j0ot tho iniQV{{tiii^4MS solid (9^), tiid thit i% ««• a
«•«• niM^i)* fax> divi^iag «^ rMXit^ a»d fox* cutting
it is t« «iMMit«sf«^iiQ ftiUa C97K Navitaii} n«tbat &mh « tHa^arr tfo«3J net o8ly wli« it is^oesiDle
iittipoi^ 1» to eoiiftM«ittl|i« msiu^tj^
liivitaio doAf tm tutl %0 iMFte tlM %9smti»l
Im^miO^Btmrnf involved iin pnttiiis ^m ^pmottm, 4>0
te pfiiwllMi, i« «ipp«p« ^ 1« fnouit^ <so ooimittMi
«va« 1« H«Ut4« «t piie d« <S4te««ia«P ce reppei^ A
i*ai4« pipiaiMmmt 4o ««tte f«e«lti ^'oq tiont oa
MMpdUliOS" |9@)«
flM a«tt«r point, too, tlHit tho Oltux*9li mmtXd
find ItonU in 4iffi«tati«o nitli mmh • tlMo«r of tlio
intftlleot, mw »l»o of gjnwt i»|>cwton«o to MMttin,
wtoo iMd takon tiia fitond foi^ tho «olitFoa«o of all tjtith.
n:
^f^fr-
Qsumam tit 9t
ineluainir tmt of rev^latltm »iia t^ i^emmmmmmw^a of
%b« Church. He 8et;9fi tint ^In philosc^hia teMBfiwIWMW
iiot]pe anHiw »CQr«n esturel <l« eomiatt:^ &i«Hi° (99KIt will no l<mg«r t»9 pewlbXo to a«)Q»eeft « ndtOMl
4lM«li«r» )Wi>«<S CBltytl^ m th« csMVeidd of x^eoeon^ %q
mnimm^ t^ tvotut isiviii l« ]fav«idti«>n (100).
let ortly 08D tli« ««i8teo»e of Ooa not t>« pVQV«d
b«U«r«« mh ^ dNmt in lisUi wm phSlofio^)^ (101), l^ut
Ml) ais waited amf tmim ills tmo ena. Hantaia adults
that *1 *lMMttft 99t fait i>owf »aii aatloa, X '^itriJUMi tftttnt
I'ultla© peyfaetiiMi d« tout «ti»* (lOa), tetit he In-
alcta tiMt «»»•» tmm pvwtmtl^n la not ^d mmtpaler
d#8 aolld#a* (103)» btit *l>a«ti<»} immnms^^ m^ ^^
•Mnrlvift av9T]t tout, I'aetlon pay ^««lX«i»o« <|Ul eat
l»»et« <$• aonnsitF* tt eolul d'atwajp" (104). mia,
f«r r^aidtala, is to say thist mn vlll oi)» c^ b* eap«
abl«» toy aaana of "la vie ^ la gftaa** (Ica) snd "la
lt»dto« 4« sloijpa «*• «i voir Oiait fi»^ « )rse«** (106).
ib« H pw» fla le Man absolu" (107). il9 la meant
to \mm and t« Xov« Ood. sim« sM9« «««kI» thjcou^h
wt%Of*, you eaimot destroar nan*a lnt«lleotaal natum
without dvatiwlas ^ht mmm W «ttloh be la to vwiali
hie ultiwBte eod. This la pMelaely what. In J4arltal»'S
yn«9, Bmmmhni iMia dam la Ms tbaovy of tba lotellact.
xn w
or e9m% mamm/% to ilM>il»lft» l^i««i t^ «t*a<9oi»i^ of
Mv fiiitli lAw itiMltii «••# 0iiHi««itiisf ftiKi for pomiir
im%%mml »n$ yiillfNioptsltsl Masons tm founci tlie 9o«iti«ii
«t d0 I *$«»•'* (100). fisi« mu fop ^j^tttin **i'U3.itttioii
|M^ mm$M*m9^ (109).
it to Be«KMm«B tfoecptamie of Intuitioit »« • m^tjplcir
wny off laM94«liie, toy »« •c^it* «I0 «MlMiii9tiv« »mTi^rm,9
of the vaxdott* n«ttiil»g8 of Intuition* il* poltito out
tte difficulty of Vm toMi, aot«8 Ills ss^oplMitto of It
9Mnl«jr ooyi>" (110), ^aa stvwutos th« l^«t t!3&t *liftel*
li«onee, en •ff«t« out ds sol un« faeult* liitttltliro''
(m).
v^OM tlwtt tlttt^ ''Inspiration propre (?e 1 'Intel*
llgiwsi «»t um apJOTition JMttlilSDi" U12)* .^ sRaoh it^
tuts DMM Wlit «X1 IrKlljMOt iBMWlodg* Iqr fpn^oiltiowi
•wmmom iiii«os«ilrm»t m toUo intuition" (113).
pf
,.-fi
QMm^ ttx Ho
no db^^e^lQH to %}m vi99mumw9 »vitS is^Q3pt9n% roI« of
iBtniJltlwa Xii t^ umi9& tMi^«d «»ov»* Be <lo«o «il«ii« tioi»*
istilltlaxi and ttot £»tui1;i«R Is 9i intmli an ii3WIl@@tiii»l
disXllEo« is i^% Ikt ttftiie l«i|£««»'« "noUoo jpliiloso*
ptel<}u@" (US)^ by wlaich B©)?geo» jp««|«e«ft tlt« jraXe of the
««»$&pt nod of iMiimtftiao, as svell a« tiat of the
•tint liitQ3l3.««t »mi ^fsmmasm aii^smlt % tulx^ m mtomMl«aaa«# liil^iiiUv® \m9 lL^&&tlfXmitXQo ^e 3.'ot>4«t
et du sui&t mlon le euad^ 4'Vam c}« X'c^jfeti •» ti»rt«
que poiw £tvoij?« <^ii a@ 9#a«-XS^ X'iistuitloi) (l« l» vie
v4i^t«tlv<3 on €« la «itl«!V«, iX £Bw$m%% ^vm d'mm
•fMiiit witilM^ X« ipMXdtt^c^plMi ^«rfiit ltti««ii»»«
Mi%«apl«XX«M«Bt, v%it«X 00 nK&n^miX* X»<it)tiiitlcm b@£*g*
•oMlvMM'^ i «• yolot 4« vti«» ae pent »oub np^^mt^vv
«ivm Q«mm tm* t«»t«tlY» &» r»i»» irieX«»ee A x*eeprLt
p<Niv X*«iiB«vb«r Miw X« Mftt^s^Xit^ <3«9 oliottva" (XX6),
?o feXXo^i Boigiwii 18, •«««vidlB« t0 »lovil3i»« t^
«iid t«» IR • wovXiil «f i^ntoM wiMNr* "totttet Xe» notlonii
liit«Xl««tu€?xx««'^ (XI7) te«»on» "turn «car^ dM«i«t«l«
vutflttffiitaljp* et Qo»fii««" (XX3},
TiM wheXft 4^>t««iitle» ef t)i« Intellect l»y ai«aii« of
toiWOjptB maa^ bf wmim of alMStimetXof) •ml tl»» forawtioD
of univop«oXj» i« for mviMla in ootlvo proems s which
fiO
cmnm in *i
in no wiy XwewXld9t9i9 taoowl»dg«, Xq hi@ lateXir
9U^Xisb«d vevky Itie ^oge of ^^eocop . he tskfre pajpti-
oulfir iNiiBS to aiU» thit p&kmb, "a ooneept
Is, 1» t9Qt, proc^ueed lit the losoirlng int«lleet« but
ttet ie • inm^uamry) wmna, and not t^ vevy «»89)Mtt
of Int^lleotion i tho ••«• »9% Gt liit«lle«tioQ whleh In
its ppoSuetiirs espseity winds y^ in the sentept, s
thins pv«^ian<; within us« In Its knonlas ospa^lty
winds up in the Intelllglhle natnre ItsoXf , which Is
s«#n Intuitively in the etmeept, snd with whieh thn
InteXlset is inMdlstsly identified" (U9},
Msrltaln eoffiplsine that for Bs^fsen the eensept
*n*e«t au fond qii'un non snnon^nt taute une sondes*
sstieo de seiivenlrs, ••• le eone^t eonstjralt ••• les
cdndMllt^s SUV lesQuelles t?nvsille noti^ intelilfene««
Sen eeseet^ve essential est la flxltd. ••.II est
I'loetyiMwat psr sxeellenee de l*ectlon de I'hisiMinitd
soy 1« tMtitoe, 1 *ln^pnlsable sonnsle qui Mi^^lsee
9MRP news la rdalltd" (120)«
In vivid eontvsst to the pnsitien «t JB^ityson on
Mm eeoeept, ^^j?ltain speeke of It &&, "nne yessesftlanee
vlvente de I'ebjet, "I'ldde, le eoneept, 1« veyhf
JUt/gjUiX" (^^^)' ai^ AMs, **le eeneept, le concept pen«4
... e&t Ic fruit vlvant d*une ^pdomtlon dmfl nssient
vitolo" (122).
The miiveresl in BesiEsao is in no bettev a state
OHAFrER lit %|
ti»n t^ t«Be^t« ''L*u»ivex«eS Q»e«« rien <tont X«s
chofi«8, IX B'cet qu«y» aigse eaet4yl«iur" (123)«
^rittis ^i^lslns ills; tmn 90«>ition at oon«i<l«r»l!>X«
X«ngth »md oot98 wi^ 0«ye %lm% «l»ete««tian ie not
« |MPO0«a» «f taking a«aathi8« atnay, but xstber d
«atlidd bjr tilii«li tbe atteotloB la foe^aed on ona aapaat
of a thing I ana that a ii»lvaf>aal, althevsh It deale
wltU a eatujra, Ooaa ae In tiM aliyS^ ttlaaa vaal mlmpae
•viat only In Individiaal things (12^).
Afi fav BevBaoa's attaint to aatai>lleli 'im
nouvean fondanant a la iHMJi. Iwilna* (1315), an4 t«
tiave tflvan un, Instead of liife«lli««na«, ^Wn® f@9iilt4
plus Intultlva «t ploa 9raa^« da I'al^aolu** (126), '*by
vfhleh ooa plaeea onaa«Xf nrlthin an ob^aet in osp^wp to
aolnolda with ttbat la unique in it and eonaoQuentXy In-
axpraealbla" (127), Haafltaln alu^ly aonaiaami It flutlve,
Wfmr Hilling to aatocwladgi^ tha linitatlona of
tba hmmu intallaat^ Hayltalii f^ Inalata tbat, '*in its
noat pavfaat funotion« wbioh la not to laanufaattupo l^@«e,
bat to ^witfa, tb« intallaat a«isaa opan axiatenaa
exerolaad by thlnga" (1&8). Ua liaapa aayias Ctte«a
ti»aa on tha ona paga)^ "1 'intalllsanoo eat nvanta"
(119}, »nd he aarplalne at aonaldaiNibXe lanstli lihat ha
oooaiclaffa %c be the prapav nattwa and fimatian of tha
intellect. Ha aiamirizea hie explanation W aayii^,
"tout ce qui ©ot, peut ttye 61^^ (inparfaltenant aana
•tr-j^
'ytn- :-:,;•«'
3*
Ill ^3
6wit9, 9mmm tout ce ciii« noao tat&mM) par I'lutelli*
g«M« towaloe, ou dllre«tiBi«Bt ou par fiaslc^iet (130),
St MiHMyt ftnd«i*etftii^ i«f!y B«rs«eK toe not eeen th»t tlM
liit«lleet is ^l& fentaioai d« vie par l«<|tteiie la
v4ritd, I'sbselu, !• r^l cnkrent <teB« notre few"
(131 >• mritfilR says that for ttUi "la lunttev (!•
l*l«t«llaet aeant est one si«llltua« partielpte <!•
la irl«»«t« l4Hd&re ditrin®" (132). 1^ is never tlr@d
^ iiamisc tie tliat* "I'erraor sur 1 *iiitelli«*iiea #6t«
netie dlt Saint ?iiiam9, la pltia ftertettuaa ae taiiiOTi
St s*ll est vrsi q»e la pfallaaa»bl< iioinrsile os tros^e
ssr I'intellismse, tout^s lea Atitx»«s me^mm, (|ii*im
p«Nirvs lui rcyvsater swrant ieur ortglas tfaiia sstte*
saiMinai * (133) • ^o folloir ^«cmhi la to sod 19 '^sa
una sorts 6m ssnauallt^ intsllaotusll®'' (13^)*
9lM »a«ia<iality * of ttie intsUsat in Beffgoso
rssttlts aa wall frcM its oriirin a a fron Ite function,
both of whloh ars closoly nalsted to netter* The intslleot
i« Bswisss has follows^ iftat Britain mo aallsd **lo
aiwanin d« la «aterialit4" (139)« It It-, in Bavjisoo's
sovda^ wlHeh ars ouotsd )tf Mwitiin, "lais fsiwtlon
sp4slals As l*s8prltf eeasntlsU
a
iaaat taw<a vsra la
Mat&frrs iiwrts" (136)«
•<ft{
'^l-.li «'& ,•.
.iri'->!;.« -i---rv «<si^li^ ^mi^
Mttter atr^ l»tell«ct have the mmc origin,
m tills atsb^B«t, "c *«8t la m^me lii/ef>si«wi <!hj
MOOfWttUt QUI 9r4« A la f€i£ 1 *lQtOll«9tt«lllt(^
«• l'«flpflt ®t la i»tc>Tisli^ #i« «lio9«8" (137}«
"An id^atiUdx proeffsa oast lit^« tut out 8»tt«i» and
t^ mt^Il^t, at t^m •saw tlnt®^ fron & «titff ttiat
aOMteiiMd both** (130).
ilM?it&ln tiisHt iisve pdUitwl eai., tmt in dio*
•«««laB Katt«v, B«i|;Mii l« aeare tiian um»iXly faltiifal
to hie flwthod of iRtaltlon. He timu eyiribols to apeak
«f it and jtttwpts to ssake us f««l as 1m 4«e0 about it.
fh» ttstaphor sbout the vsssel full of stess under
ppssmirs is ««no«i8ble (1S8A). Sine* lostt^p is a flow
in the directioQ oi^ENMlte to the iji|^fs« «f life, it
is litosiMa to the drops which fsll back fr««i a Jet of
st«««. Another aistsplier, alto hairiiig to do with tiater,
9«Ms vvm that striking page in QjmW^ ^^^Wlffff
«iMnr« B««gjion is aisvussins the yoesmilit^r of porsonal
survive. 1 and whsre bs says, '*lifs es a viliole^ fron tbs
initial iii^pulsioa tiiit thrust it into the vorld, will
appear as s wave whloH risee and »hich 1q oppotsed by
the dsfissoJiag awrsmia^ of natter" (139) • ^e fe«l our*
salvos boms on hf thm riqr^iMie laotlott of his proso so
«n s voriteble nave of lifs.
,l*p
';»f ^
J.v»«-Ti,.;u^.3 : v4S:i,: ;<: . ^,A^- j.»ijf StS-.*-
«j 'ii'S.^i!- ^^'-«:_i^^J
It fcfoa^ -jifilMtpe have b««ii j^os&il^le foi*
Horltsalii Ito bsve sMsliied upo« a supt^riolal po^t oC
of tb€ ladivlduatlcR) of aattdj? •<> ev«a tUfragb ©aoh
iliKl«3iHEMada dlffe2*&tft thingiE b/ matter^. It eesieovne
JkutGntQstf i^i?lispa, enl^ to £«>«» «<bo bae spm»t 9(M»14«mthl6
%$3m v«a41ng toth ^j^loaoaS^pc. 7li« t«xt ^ y«f«9
to it io i^fffi^va .Syolu^i.0a uad *"^a3 a a follc-wo* "^e
iMtt«r that it (the rislug W9V«) ^mifu Qlon^ ^ith it,
ftHtf In the lut«2?sli|««« «f y»tA<sh It iit»«iHS9 iteeK^
ilMt ^d» divide it into distinct ICM^lviaualitiee.
Or tltms tik'S etupraat, ruauiiiis; ii^rcut^li Uu^o g«oai!«t«V8j«
8i;&aividl<is itself ii^o inaividy<'. Thie aulidlvltioi)
urns vagiMlsr lodi3«t£j4 1» it« but eouXd »ot tifive been
m9^e clea? without aattcx''* (X^O).
natter In ji^«jr^a<m» It Ib agfiioet autttsi^ that naa waart
•nd ie ''U sMiid* jp4u»«itd d« lA vie' (1^1 )• i'l^ ^tite
•«a «»»inftl8 at*« tjraipp«4 W ^l» s»ti&ar«, out est la
n^««8lt4 atet" (X^S^«
Hhat IlM«««tt IW0 cmllo^ ^tlwt iiiKPlvi<:)«<2 iiiov«atiit
cf 4e8««c»t «hi«l) i« nftteffiaXlt/ It&elX" (1^3) » ^''AX'itain
kM» d«ii09itK»ii i» « »i»iten«« vtaronS^ iP«tti»ioe«nit of ttie
etyle of bi« Meter* "tlotre iBo«)d« Jl nous est uu laondd
f«tigu4, Xe gevte emtet^ur y retonbe, Inas^, auv Xui-
»l ««tte elMit«, ot retour^ oett« d^ltente^ oc Xaisser-
Ikc^xmlly, ^ritnin 6wfu eot dev^etc- aHjwIi tin*
to « caawXammtim ©f liiprwn*c ^tepy of BStter.
liavlag glVGD a good <!*0eylptlof) of ^jhat ^tt4»x» in,
for a«ti^en (1*5), b« 9«MMiil«ee teU omi attttvtS*
W Mtytiir *!« w»l>l%e® 09 U laatlftye oe »« p^m pas,
ia.a« n»e»t <|u»tt» malm, m*m« €mitXlUm%* (14<}«
- m -
If tli« ppc^lta of witt«ip in Qmrgmn, )»«%(} •»
to Its origin and its funotion, did oot^ In i%irltain's
view, os«ylt proIcHitetf sonsKlsiratlctQ* %^ psi^asn of
*bo <l«n mux wmsh is »«so«listo« «liii tlii% of ii»tt«v,
eoald not bo given soeH sestit stt«»tlcin.
«tee fVBidsiiental dootrlnco la tlio fhilosoptiy <a
BoMgson 4©, of Qoamm, tiiet i^ GmsUvs Svoltitloiii of
»fo«t tcme, an 4Xan vital MhleU mmhrn^ owwrds stsd
t^pMSi^s aiM tHileh sysetos as it ffoos. Tii« mifopsotsUo
t«Kt oo this 6ubi(»ot txmi Qurmwu^'
f ^ii^a^te^ m a
atapiMxri a Wnd of ti^i^sphal dhaitt whleli^ ^leo we»6,
»«vei» lesvos th© mind (liir).
B«n»ionT. ofvositloB, wtet he was etmSattlm,
WM aMh ••Btury iaoshtitf.«i| «Im notloti of « imlveTSo
«oetiitlS«d i>y f!>«otasiiiMl laws, lae gtoat i»t%ht ••
&a0 ^Britain haa oald that ovany gysat phlloaophor has
M
aiti
H 9««itMil intuition niadleh t» Itself do^n net Mislead"
(X^6) *« ««£!< to «»• tlwt the uwtiit— i(s vitel, liiNLas
xi«^ ele09Sli>«d in pturoly »«ell0iii£itl0 and HBliHHiMedX
formOa*. This mft «» imigbt with «ihl«h %y&tai»
mm wmsv iB aftoovd*
Sd w«.ai aid lie toMw fftiit aarmoa imb wyinf,
tiKit it is diffittilt %0 pwmms^ one««lf %hm% it is
M* 1Hwi|Ss» niio ie ivsskiiig vbon Msvitais saye^ '^
tfur^e, QUI QcnotitB* I'^toffe aiins d® i»oitx« acd^ est
sttssi la 8a^3li«iie« #« toitteo eHeess. Mtt«iv <^« immm
t^OUt ctoSHqpS^ ImM^ aS% BWWytMMWt- , ^% l€ nowscoCNfMi f si
wm» #s6sy9ns d« l# simiMilts'* so luiHweiais^ sa sans
taeBi^p«««a»t« par us effort da aya^thia i»1»aXlaatualI<»,
a l'int^rl<?ur au »6^tl«, wem» w09h%m aoaa nstuw
iMMAilabXe # oatee 4ku«4a ••. i« vaiida KaMrial •«
y4saiit «B una imiireva^lla i»t«fl««tion 6u «««• yafegawrowi
aaa«ve ••• use ^ur4e aaoMa ^9Xlm fua nans avoiia i^arqu^?
at) Mous rTi»aRS« iliHHBi la tcnpa^ l*4aoal«ttaiit ^ devanlr«
U ahiggamaat, aet»il la z»isUt^ «»** (1^9). 1%et
Iteritaifi did not ene in poiiitino; out, that in tlie
evolutlaMif B0^pftgral«a aif Baawgaaw , a kind of atfUBticm
SKy twspSiPly ba 9t>t iMttnaas aiMtaia, tina, belos* jre^Xity,
and th0 41aa vital, oay )ia siMiftaiitiated tvmk a aa^afttX
in9S(«Uie af tesF tastte fMn eysati^ gyoAutKai (1^0) and
if w» ^
mknrn in Hi
i^msttk M^tit b© laa^©? thut tfm <ll»n vital aiidP i»tter
ai» fee** t»»lf©«ft»tl€me of la att»#© In «» •««? In
tlAr^&t fe«t sif^© tlt^ is b#it^, •»(! b«lir^ le eh»i^:e,
«vwR tl^9 r«3»f^ 1« »i#» onlr to note thst settf^r does
\mr9 9 ijlii©©, if only beeaese it tw r®l»toi3 to thst
irhicb ftBoencJs, fh* feiMliaefital tesase for Bei^«cm,
t!w? .fUT^aiasTJtal wsslity «Mgti is 0t3?t?t©hed oiit b^lon
all tWLn^s? i^ Is dup4e,
f%fit9if} !i8@ not eliCH^ to eanMint upisn a te^
tilii^, as ffep 88 ^ tf«ti aeteajfstii©, i® Bolltspy i»
gpeativ^ Wolutiog . ^mps^<m imyst **tlie *vifc6l pjfiiwipi©'
way iBde^di not explal© isueh, feat it lii at tmt% a eort
of label sfflxc^ to our i^^fKaBftwcs^, tm •« t© rewdnd! tie
of thie ^sfmeiamlly , whll© rastehenisB! lT»vlt#« ws to
1,,:.-; ' t-'^^' * •v--t»n-.^«» (l^S). ^.JfltAll) h»8 tttksm th©
th^oTf «^3ieh Bes*g9on hfi* •Xab««»t«4 qtfite (B^rloQ&l^r,
18 Indeed is Its <Jti«,
- VIII •
llirlt»it»»e 8t1»«l; on th« dll»fi fallis o« th©
8«fti8titaticm of ^9e«tsisii^ ttxt beinis* Idbexvl vme i«
iMid* of ttie «f4»ll«>kiioira Italiois^d t«9rt teom U^ f%vwn^^
<?n GhBBt^^Bwgnt. "*tl y • ^fl ot)8tts«n8iit8, «»i8 11 n'y »
pas de choses qui changent: le changement n 'a pas besoin
d 'un support, II y a des mouvements, mais 11 n'y a
i.u!.i; apiJ
-j.coascf asq 6' n d-nemsgrfsrio si rinegaerio lup assodo ob asq
6 Y' n Ix slem ^s:taem9V)L;om 39b b y II ,^ioqc:
CHAPTER ttt 49
pee n&6CQmtfm-i^rtt a©s objeto irrrorlableo tjui mt
SftsuvcMRt; l^& m<>irye2<jnfc »»|J3|>ilgQ'^ pas im mobile* (153),
1b>« %lifim eb-uyset^risea !?y f^j?ital?i «s "one of the
%cii#««t titto^ts »v©y B^<fe to <3riT« out being «w>
3?^laee It iftth t^«»0<3nlti@^ (l!>^^* Tb© Beei^fliQiiiaf)
^ets cosier? 1© the« in^sis^ the eietftp^iies of |«ap»
cteyjge" (15'?);, asi^,, in li^rlt^ln*t vHm, It |>s«9<?r>t6
ua i«lt!i *tin© tabstaait© qui »«e«t s»»s taie eho««, ue®
fiuil»st«no« ^ul n'©@t pis tme !Siil>$tam«. Vbilft un
®tr© <^ R'est ylfm** (l' 6)»
5^^!?r« is, th^m, tid betag^ ao l%a?ltain wmil6
chap»ct02d.3« it, «aa thst s*hi«jh ©.-rists ie only ^bong^^
end, for 3«j?i?a<m. ehBiK?© I0 deration oi? tl'sro. "La
(3111^ v^ellis ©fit @a q^ I'on st tc^i^cairs ai^^l4 i$
t«i^p»«, sale I0 t(!?jip8 p<ii^ 00»fte indlvietbl©'* (157),
ffesp-it-:? it^ Inftiati?; t>^t "St i« gtlbftsne^ wMgh
0har^-:s; ch^Tv-c tr :>ot g^^jetancc " (l^B), and tte»t
It !» thl« tfeej?l.i!j of tb# i«b«Ptantiality of tism
^^Moh a»k«tt Gf it a 9V9»tKi3^ 0n6 m»t Just a v«piV>odtio«v
©f th© i^»5rt, ^^^sHtaln h®s not fall«fi to ae^ that, "11
e»t l**b«oIa, «t cut i»b»©l« sx^n??!* <3«? 1«J>(8«bw», 11
ey4« fit m 9w4^ «« avAn^nt ... Fd««t£ 1« ttni^^ et 1*8
€^f9tll HI If
flifOMt m t&n% t«st«Hi 9oia9t* (l6o), 'Stmn #9b %e>
»K> <3[«©8tiosj of a C4«@at^ at dieti^^t fv<m oreaWw
In & phiXo&ej^ «»h@pe thore Is only one Idlnd of
li^yng ftiid is i^i«h th«pe 18 mo ai^tlftetlon between
1%le a^Xi$e @^|v»3.I;r to Bsumenldes for v4kxs ohsnue
wan illuiio^, sa It <^oes to l»<»ii8<m for 9#bQK» «l:aiQg«
X*9tV9 ocnR» i tootds eliee*^, quI QOt Is plue g^o^vel®
0$ 9tt« tW«<lpiM!t la p3U|« pstxxTPe' dee mxt±%4e, on pc»g«
l^x^taiD, mvm*t^l9m, «9i» tint B«y^iioB^ «aptteiaX«
2;f in hlQ l&taip yimv&, 4W B9fc 9Km9M«v liJUR0«lf a pen*
0mig»r« €!f ptBttioiQBt ajpt in agr pplndon iDh^trcnt in tb»
B«ijg»<;tf>iap n«t»ptir@l«s^ 2>ef^«on hljnsdlf has d«llte««»t^l)r
«»a« ta& oliol«« AgtiBi^ pttniihc'lffin" (163) •
TIAa «iio&«e •stinot paottieiiMi v««6 in dll probBt»l-
IXty mBde )iy B«vs«o« «e a r»«M3,t of his stviOy of the
^,i ti
CHAPTE^'i 111 $1
Christian asyBtlot, who plMet6 Ood outelde th« <tniver»«
of etonge nad who tho«N^ht of Him as an ultiioate and.
What affeet B«i^aoi}*@ religloue vlewa had on hla phllo*
8oph^ ef bttlng Is a aubjeet on which onl^ tboaa who
««"!?« eloae to hlsB in hie old age — for example, Mivltaln
and Qllaen •• can hopa to ten^aetttre.
If the ooq^aptlon of hf»lng in Baffgaan hae b«an
oi^an to the ^nger of pttnthffimn. It has yet, aa Mavltaln
has point©*? cmt In ti#o weslea «f reaant year!? (16^), been
on the May towsrcsa 9 coaoa|Plt<Ml of b«ii^ as ecec «
BeiMeoo'» Intuition of duration 1b r«fawffed by l^rltaln
aa 'Sflthln Unite •••a ganulna asqperlemee* (I63), l>ut
a "psyebeiovleal a«|><iNliM mm^^ *» avb #«t tlW ail**
phyaleal Intuition of belns* ^^ 1^ eapabla of leading
tie up to it. for Involved In this pairehologioal dnwi-
tioo and iniJlleltly glirao w it thav« la indeed
axifitenea, tha lx>redueibl« valne of baing, aeaa * Thl®
Intuition la thav«fore a path, an approaeh, to tha
y>»*a»tlon of airtatanea" (166),
Duration la not Just a blunting and broadanins
of th9 adsta of tiiae* It la an «ii[parlenaa which oalcaa
ua aware that threugh all ahan6;a and awyJitMant w« era
tha wwrn paraona and 9W9> "triumphing ovor tha inartla
of nattar* (167)* "Hara indaad ia an axparianea of tha
eonerata raality of duration, of axiataiMe oontlnulng
itaalf, of our daap pay«hlo life, in which ie enfolded
«
CHAFTCR IIZ 9t
of the act of being ••• Tbla «xp«vi«iioe of the lived
duration of the soul Hill tjmnatUKOf^ itself, will open
out directly not only tm QwrntXao, but on tSSiJttKKUU
or vether upon the sotiwl eem is ite pure oensietefwe
and its Intelligible aatplitude, will beeone the Mrte*
physicdl iotuitioi} of this aett to be, l^hia farther
step Bergeon <3id oot take" (16S),
Bergeoe did not take this atep beeenee* although
it Hay be true that he naa aearehiag for what Meritaiii
^*^^* ••gf
«
tM never fowtd it* -rhere ia oo eteape Id
Bergeon from the radical aiqvreesion of what Fiaritain
neant by being, 9Qd the inevitable remxlt we a that all
of the ftindameotal prinolplea whi«h lay at the root of
reality for F>aritain «rare for Bergeon noc^ht but
SmmBmm^ «t fletiona** (l69).
Britain's appreaeb to ai^ philoeqpdile poeitiett
ia alwaya rational, but it ic alao alwaya an l«tc«reted
appreaeb. The garifteat of truth, philoeepliieel aad
religious, miat alwaya be one and whole, without rente
or hiddeo pvelcete*
He ia very inteveated in the relatioatflilp be-
tween phileaophy and religion and he ha a not felled to
note that In a world In wbieh there ia no etabllit-/,
uut; amy snotion ano change, it will elearly be iaqposaible
'^*<»^»^
ii.s/ysv Ji^v- *
'J?T
to Niw aiTf dessMtlc i>r«neufiee«s«nt8. t^hat Is trti« mm
tli«e, will not b« twi© later. Fvtrything will b« In
flux and tiMWO will n«t only b« ne atabla lK»ii^, Itmt
no truth awS n© rational au|>9ert for th^^ Catholla 9alt^4«
"En ee Qttl ««ff»»riM» lee ©omiexlona vltalaa antra lea
i&4e» phlloaapiiiQtt** et la foi rallglauae, la aootliialoii
69 e©» iltudaa »«r la erlti<irti« <f« 1 'Intelligence, f?ur
l*intultion at la €wH^ barfttonlannae 9*l»ne®a en ettmt
^*mm wnUre IrriiHiiMe « . « i^ale a prendre lea idiaa
dane laor plelnc logi^jwa e^^eetlvaf A suppoaar <fef
eiqprttr vral«w»nt ooliiiannita ayee *^iiir-«#sw*a^ 11 faut dlra
Qt]*!! eet InipoMittii #*a^Yi4rtr atoc prlnelpea fonaiera
dv ber^aonltRie aanc earvrlr par li miaMi 9Wt erreura
gHxferglgtaa tfdnone4«» par We X laa pert«e de con Swm*
(170).
- XII -
Zf th® phlloeophy of Batrgacai rendare lR^>o«all>le
an^ pronemwantevtta of the Cbureh, It aleo makes unat-
tainable any mtlcmal knowledge of the a:sclat«see of Cod*
tf thla tmewle«g« of the asiiitMae of Ood la
for »%ritaln •one «ot 0e nat«r** (171), It la baa«»i«
in haa an iDt«lleet« By ttia twe of hie reaaonlnft
powarra and by evl(Nn»ee whleh he galna, "en paaaaet par
Mrs er4at«B!«ee mt noue «ftrtaiit <9ea aheeea qq*!! a
faltea" (17IA), man oanMa to a oertittuSe of the exlatenae
m
• m* »!• .
. ^yW*J7"i-
X'-
-M i-^'
cmjm&A III 5i)
df God. Hff 11*8, MvapMng to ftoniwiii^ in this beller,
"plua do evvtltude tfB'auemie ftutrn^ vdrlt4 d(§nontx^f
K»tfi4m»tlqu(s , selentlflqtte ou philosophique" (172).
MHMIHiflK Mime this 8tat«flt«f}t on two grounds.
Pliflrt, th»t Chrlutian phlloeophy can offer Batiefuctopy
ftroofi, and tM»con6 that the pyo|H»eltion, "le Fai9onne-
MMSfe p«it ddnontx*er av«e certltud* 1 'existence d© Dleu",
t» on* lfi!po»«d by the Conivegatlon of the Index (173).
ftoi^taln ttemm quit* aware that aoaie intellectuals
are ae^mful of the i»>oofa advanced by Christian philo-
sophy, Neverthelese h« consldejf's then valid and etreasea
the point that gvaee perfeeta nature and presuppoaee it;
"1 'lnt«%pit^ c3e la fol ne peot pa a etpe 1ft oft rafincfue la
aant4 de la yaieon" (17^). Ttie deatvuetlon of th<» power
of the reaaon In Be»s«oii ia alx^aya for l^arltaln the
ohief reiMPoaeb.
- XIII -
HavlAg erltlclaed Bevgson In hla early works. In
a Mamwr whieh he later oharacterlsed as beleff *too
fellcltoue in being right" (175), ilarltaln waa overjoyed
to find that Bergaon In the ^reat work of hla old age.
Lea P»uy apuroea de la licrale et de la R^lliarlon (176),
nanegetf to arrive by his own route at tonelualons which
on aany points very <»1op<» to Ills ow».
iUi^ ..
iV-*''Q^JtS^,
1<5 r^'
3 f-'f?
CHAPTER III "B
If, on the baelB of Creative Evolution, all
that een be said of the e]?eatlon of the woyld waa "11
sc cp4e, violi tout" (177)} and of God, that H» vae
Iflentlcjil flth a principle of evolution, \ui n'eet
pas StrCj qui r^esst pa« Intelll;:e»©e, qui u'errt iMte
?4rtt<, qui n»©Et paa Bieti oi Amour" (178), the» on
the basla of th? "Deux Sources", it eould be said, to
the ginjat eontentasent ©f Sterltain, that Bergson had
<fi««ovei»ed that Qod wat lonre.
It \f&s thyiMUli « l«ii«%lk3r ft«^ of the Chrie*
tlai) jaiyBtlcs, tjotably St. Tej^eM of Avila, aad ]>y the
tj»e of hl» own enpiricttl T?ietho<5 «- "11 n'y » pt«
<! 'autre source d« conxieiasanc*? que 1 •^spcrieno©*' (179)
— that Bei*g8o«} reached his eimeluiiion?. iiarltaln ha a
hlH for "that hi»nlllty by which the phllo-
»r in all thic beliovea thomm wifte haire iovmmr^
Into the realaj of things divine" (l80). Re also
quotes with satlsfaotiot) (181), a long peaease from
iJparson's Two Pourcea in «hloh Berjaon says that
Voaqalete nr/stlolsia is that ef tlie great Glr^rlBtlan
vTBtiee" (l8?). He teid Indeed hitmk auch struck by the
renarkable agarveoient araetJc?^ tht^ isystios in tbeir aceounte
of their ©xp.'srlenses*
Benjaon was s|»iMirently quite avare th»t he mi a
here eolwf beyond his earlier y^orita. He aolcJ naar the
end of I.»8 Pcu» Bourses that, "nous diipasaonc alnai.
.*»
rn '^f\ ^-
emivss iii ^„
sans <?owt«, 1&B conoluGlons d© 1 'Evolution Cj^eatrioe**
(iGiJ). ^i€ wya, bowovc-r, careful to aUdi, ''nous ne
disione rien qui »e pQt ^ti-s^ ooiiflimj un Jour par Xsi
blologlw-" (iC^). ^tapitaln, obviously, Vca«w too, what
Bergaon had alra^idy coarii*.awC(. lis ha a a«ii<3, "I obould
litw at 03EMS© to polat ©ut for ©o^ thi.»^- Umt Bejc^sco
h«yeln bi^ought ua aooethiag profoundly new dn z'elatlon
to liie pi*evlou3 wopic" (18:>),
It had Xtemi by a l9»gtliy stucly of ofsrsftXetma.
h%^nnins In 1906 aad culuioatloi in tli«i pubiioafcion
of l^Li Dgux iiQUt^g^ . thit ii^A'i^aoti bad travelled a road
wlaieh brought him ia to a idnd of apirltual accor(3
with 'taritaln,
Xo ji^i^^Bomin^' the? Ylap :';aritalii givae e short and
9t$mSlil»^ suBaaary of Lgg Peux &oi^ef > Xb In Creative
Bvolutlon, wher* B«rff«ai*s ideas are driven In pairs —the 61an atuS matter, intuition aw3 intolli^-eno©, vital
orcJar and georaetrlG order — «o in Ujb Paux ;>ouy'Ceg we
find • slnllsr bifurcation of ideas.
There are v^do aouveea of »u3«^lit/} presaure of
the oooial group and the attraction of outetandinis
intfivitfiialfi. iliece result In two typee of »owilltyi a
closeo iaorality wthiah la that of '^aocial oonfowaiaia"
(186), and an open worality whicb is that of "holineaa"
(1B7).
m
-.1-.
.»» 1fPT*'«i'Ttf'«i-}l :ff .ttiki^l
.:::1^4.M
CHAPPIK III 57
Thm feype« of religion ax% slmllaply aivld«<5.
itstle jrelijTion is a defenBlve reaction of mature
(fepitmcc? to ^uard naan against the fear of death and
to eoMIMmwte for the "ai- -ig mtrgin of contln-
«few?y b<?twe«n Irsltlatlve taken and declred effect"
(1^). Tfyrmrnic religion Ic "^bove all a vocation to
tho HQrnical life** (109)»
Tfee IntaTanii^ thing to Mapitaln — and in
fact to anyor>© — Is that Berg-aon, barrad froa an
•fNMPlitli to Chrlftlsnltr at the Intellectual lavel,
has, by the operstlor? of hi? e^m ^rnnlrlffal method awJ
by the uenj of his intuition, arrived a^ a knowledge
of what i'iari.t3in hss In thin connection called, "the
unique vriltie an5 th* t»»n8Cj?i?dene® of the faet of
Christianity" (190).
Bwffgi<9J l0 tjnlte unequivocal in what he wttys,
•There la nothing? to phcr, th^t nny of the great Stolca,
w»t even ti» Stoic who waa an eai^wev, coneidere<3 the
poaalbillty of layering the barrier between the free
iwt* Bnd the alare, betnesn th<» Roaian eltlsen sn^ the
barlMrian. limracity had t; n^ till ChrlS'tlanity for
the Idee of unlveraal brothei*ho©«3 , with ite Implloatlon
of e<|Tjallt7 of rights an-i the ©anctlty of the peraon,
tm b«eoa* operative,,, it be^an, nevertheleaa , with
the tecehln.3C of th^ '" .., it la ooe thing for
an idoa to be nerely ppoyewided by aagea worthy of
lO
CMJ?T«B in 5©
admijnatioK ^.*- ^. " vi'W itlf*','--?«rtnt vj'5i---n thr Idea la'
braadciiet to tb9 entJ® of uhe ei;.'th ii. ^gc over-
flowtrjf'i i«lth lev©, ltivold.a'5 love in return" (191),
I hsve quoted thin |»8«^«e at length in ow^^-r to Rhow
that .'laj^itsln has not exaggerated the opinions of
Burgeon,
r2iirlt8 ' '' "•" CK-Itigye of Iktrg^tor! "* position ora
SKjtfflXs »nd religion i» tm<lci frot?. two points of vie«J
^it of ite r«latloi3 to x^lloscphy and that of »n
ectiaatlw of Bf?rg8on'B iutentlorj.
It 18 obvlcun that, fron tho flret stsRdpolnt
,
?%ii^toin w«iXd have what he calls. In a restz^lned
i,3 , "a«rloua res^ipvetlon"" '"'/^f), Wevei^thcleos
,
:iv^pltaln c" va it a laatter for eon^^^ratitleti<5« that
3«f^0an hac lltfti»d hi? worellty to Ills metaphyjiics Bfni
that iia coosiduiT; It inpor^^ot to kno?* what wan is b««
fOM lo«tru^tlni him hcu t© fcahs/o, '*0n all tl»t
B«r9««ii CBd St. 'Phanas STe at one* (l^)*^).
Tht ioaviWDi^'i z<«8Ult is that juepsaau's ethi«f
ffluct 8rt«»d or f^Il on the vtlidlty of hie saetaphysies.
Btuce the w^^t^v-irt-pf.pR "ip «»{»8©ntlall-y a crcatlv©
4ynmlai ... ^nilcn D-va; o only urdar the bur-.ieai of
a d«ad welffht, ,,. the Tllrplnif hack' which la watt^r"
(19^) tlWf ethics ^<lll Kirror » slmtiar rtroc^t^le which
Ifl faintly AtJttjustlnlan in fl'jvour. within aan th«re is
n.'^
CMrmi J^Jk.Jk
the eonstant eoMlb»t ©f two a®tU3Wl energies t an esaotion
of ssplvstion whieb Is in acaord with the ^lau vit©2
•ad « $«iie« ©f obligation wJ^tleh Ifi the i:^0ult of social
ppesauFv and which is a diwg o« the cplrlt in the eaae
way that raatter is u 6mxinm7?6 pull In relation to tti«
#lan«
''ayitain, sirlth gyeat p«poeptlon, poiiatej o«t that
l»«t«r<a«ii th«ae two foawce, the •ptclfie task of molality
ha a vanishad into tain «ii» (193). mn finds hiatsalf
Invitad to take himaalf in hand by noans of a veaaon
whleh 1« unsulted to SB^^ulation anA a will vhl'?"-' H^c
DO elea^ uli^ioiVG sod t;o s«»k, ll« X@ eauftht h«t^««»
aoaial eatlvlty vh±0h is lnfa?t-i?ational and m^tlcul
«apll?atlon ?*hlch le 5«i«pa-r9tl«»i«l. Af- a r^gwlt of a
thtjponghiy aBjplrloist a^pvmehf only tiie opej^tion of
a non*B«jge«gilan Intellect oould be expects to ha^ng
Inteipnal omJer out of these two c<M3oeptio*js l&y 2?€lstliig
tlMM and aubconSinatlng one to the other In relation to
the Idea of an end.
The &pmt @aU<«p of life Is on itc mj, but
neither at the level ©f ©oclal confojnalty, nor at the
level of aapivation, la it poeaible for any dlx«ctlon
or end for thla eontinuoua aetlvity to be noted (196).
Slnee the intclleet exlata for the Bjanipulatlon of
Qolido^ in a world of flux, it oannot be eaepeeted to
have diaeemed the eKlstenee of aueh an end, if indeed
tlMve le one.
mkrvm txi
Hii^fealH ttofc#e tbat th^ ethiec of St.
ppee®»ts % epee.U'ic and sutosjcssou^; o4\-ie-."'* (197) nHileh
16 fmm3e4 ujpob s **af»lversa1 lietipiisreloal oipdei?* Cl9®)
which cotlets In a phlloponh*? of h&it^ «s dlstlfii^:;ui??hed
fi^oB s piilXosoph/ of suu;std6ti«gXlsed «h8i;^* Philo«>
soi>hle«ll3r cp««lcli^« tb® ^etisipihFOiei! of Be3PgJ><m and
the eihies batet? on it dOu3.il prove oo mo^ tboo imim-
tlefaotos^ aiK? ani»ati8f:^ii8 to ^'^ffltaln.
Iq (S«alit)g with jMliglon^ ^terltilin ^ommtidr,
Bei^8o» fejf ttM etrese tttilch 1ms* pl^ees ovi the faet thst
th« thought of primitive nen «|}«7@ tho ee^ie laws ae our
ewn, "only under different coiKSltlone* (199),
Thef} Marltaln 9imeB to th« M'BMI ob^tloi), uhieh
h* Miriier applied to noxQl&t tmrnaly, that «ilth Ber^mm
it it *«fv«p th<» miM s^poeefld of stfvering ind opposing**
(8<X», plua a f««y akh? di&ip9mv6 of the int<^lX«ct«
SiBe« Stan hat an lsiAgiii»tion« it is i»tUK«l for
hiM, My* ?'t03fltaln, to «oi»«ive layths and to ^lahoretG
then In eonnoetion with » atrntmrnlnt atid Boeial tfi^
of religloQ, which in any o«»ia« «l«r«)ys chotfe, "the
natuzvl tntygr of h«n rta»on" (201).
A ei«»tdtihy8lofs of boeoRxin^ i@ not miffldlMtt to
fesii a link uot»o«n citotlc rolisioci ood dynainia rell-
gionj which, isineef it ie above all a vocation to the
^A
A::^ 3--^^
^•lite«i Mw twe^ ciMHi B«ii|Boa does not wwognl«e th«
v»ltt« of s^fion as »ipU«(3 to ntetttpliyalee. Aw^ twist-
•»o»th[y M»iat» mittt o<ffii9 fiHa» lii«iil«i«o una tills ott^odl
A« MQi^«gr0tf iff Bm>smm*0 thmvy &e tteo w^Ueal lift*
wlwtlMr It 1» eousfffot tlMPongrh intiiitloii cat* ^ lilse lot©!-
a«et. >%rltaie point* ««« tHit tH* ffy«il»iW^ livit
f«l» th«BMivee ii^MUtd *%omv& the SiSf ©f a ermtive
w?8« ««fiolt«X3r fi«« «r »U ead^ but ow thf» eiKitmry
tmttv^ 0a lufiait* eii«" (aoaK
In otlstv ii<»itfs, tiM gmat Chn«tl«o siyetlet,
«toai« as JtevceoQ tvmly a^aito, fo* e0i}3i#«pa 1Hi» «rm%^••*. aid Hot 09Wit« imm tiia iMiata of « iMita9t9«ii««i
lMa«iit«K« Tti«jr btpftii mth faith and an »eef|^c»^9 ©f
<imm •m wtmmam tor %^ low of e 8i^ii»itt« s»d» nmtWiia anvyoaah woul^ b» ing^saibie few* B^j^s©©, Britain•laaply a^a aoa notes* A ]aaj<«> cJirriculty would i>e
tUat jrcw aanxtot »tay withiw phiX«9«^p|i^ «» tiiwBe %«fw»*
*«• ftwwiaffawial atHil ia Majpitaiwa aimgf««..
wawt with dcvsaon eilMttt tho roal natur« of M^etlaian.
Kaagavn litya oqratialam in to IHs 4Un by Making it "an
i«va«%ttoia ittto" <«Q3) to action. Bai«a«ti aaya
nx mIII'/, "9«npX«%o Bi^<»tlelffi8 1« ttt&oa" (^0^),
•tod *Wem &pmt nrt^iiSft »*» t»iN» gimwpaiXly i»ee>» m«n or
TiMi Btr^m vi^AMh iwiitoii pttt od 8<»ti<»» wis a
point ^^ii«li intvjfestetf ^ritAia pttrtl^iiXiirl^^ beoauce
!!• voata liiMMilf h»v« p1«c«m3 eoift«ngpX«tiof) first*
M»«il»iii hid no c^QTesriiQnlt^ to i|iie»tioii B^Btsoe p•l^-
«««Mlly on this polut and $!«« Bw?s«oa*e imply* ''ihr
MilMwytf ttot it ms itet In Hi* a&ixi to atuBert any
f»f1»li of action cv@r ««e%fi93yitlo&, iJ;-.. ^imr.? ^
%• My ttet ttm 9oiit«iqMAtioi} «f tht
• •o»tOT9latlo» of lov^ Mhlcb^ bcKsauoe it mmtm^
Wtftkim ttt9 sivliig of e«ir, s-equix^e an o^turfloM into
•«tlon. In 99em!f6»tme m$,th tbe Qbll^atiooe «»<! th«
O9i»02rtaititt«e of th« i^QRwiiti tad tliat tbia <»vttiid<mlng,
irtMf) it t«te»s piM§e, gives t«otiia0iv ^ ^^ ^^3.1 t2^»«»
fMMitlon of tlM9 tmmmm miaX, vm»^^m th« ««i.Xl «d wtU
•8 tbo iieiNNra 9f 1cfiii>ttl«di#'* (206).
Siat« tlw mtqr dlffiealti«& in tfm ms «f »
pldlMWvl^ feffoerd Wtiie«o B««««o» oiid ^Ssffitaia w«r«
iBMUwouiHwbl* ttt that level •* tiMt is. Id « Burg*
•oniOTi of f»ct — it lanflt h»ve 1»««ii a «VMt happiness
to ^'iaritain to tm^mAam thst hs sntf bis beloved meter
w^
CHAFTEH III 63
B( had at Idst *Hii«t one tnother tie it m«x« tvilf*
««7" (207), aw9 at the level of a B««irii<i^8ei of Inten-
tlmi <»» 0f ssjlrlt, s®eh hid "$ovmmf^6 uawlttlngly itt
tttch 9 nmnaee ts to eppawseh the other"* (?06).
'Smt mioH «f«s indeed the ease is bosme* out %^
the ^11 of Herwrt. 6«fs«o«s^ (tet«d Fi»l«ie*UB]!7 6, 1937,
an6 immtlowjd Hy «»3rttt»l« In SSSmS^Sm..MLSMt» ^^
ai«B0on h»d w»($9 ]mi»lie » s^ticm of tii« ulll i»hleb
]?«te<98t "Msr pofleetione hBir« l*^ tte eloeev ftitc? elo0«$> to
Catholi<?l8Bi, In which X c»e tho eee^lcte fttlflllawB*
of Jtidiri«R« I woold ha¥« beoont a eoinrert had I not
ae«ii irt pp«pRi?ation for rmrs tha f^^sidabXe iiav« of
0nti«»eeaitlm!! «rMeh ie to bve&lc upott the world, 1
iMntctf to ranln aaoes tboee who tonarretf will bo por«*
aaont^frd* But I hopo that a Catholie prioet ^iXi eon*
aent, if tho Cardinal Arehblshc^ of ?arie authorlssae
±tt to tOM to my pf«3r«va at w fimosttl" (209).
Ntritain adda a note to tha affaat that, •» lariaet did
in fact fulfill thi« wi»b, Mmvi Borfion diod on
Smmmt *», 1^1* («<5).
fhara ean bo no doubt that Bojpgton a#»o in tha
and, at laaet in spirit, into the Ohriotian fold. Ona
9aaa»ia partieularly in Ifet^^OLSMiii^ dAMlptiva
of a nratie, attoota this facti •?» the love which
eonetsaaa hint Is no lom^ar eiiaply tho lov» of ffisn for
Ood, it i0 tha :ove of Ood for all lion. Iliroiiffb Qod,
c a III ^
%n Vim »t»«ni!ftla of Co^:;-, h© loves ail jf«a«felBd «itb 8
dlvifie love" <21l), ^Thie u»douiitedly r«pi*€ t?l6
ChjrlstlaQ fti^syoaeh.
:nwt B««ses«» >(d@ at^Xc, vt ledet In 1932 ^«H^
he ¥fx^>t<? Ilff ^e fa^iy#tt. to tic ni£ a®if<?laping; veil-
jic ofB to bis piUlo&c^Uy of durstlon, can
3?ot<5ily iMf teAu rroa th® foll«»«i«g t'.<o tojctfi. ll«
as^y •*Cre»tlv« etMflPgjr 1§ trO b« Afstin^ «s love,
Matioct irtx4 uu^j, A-fe© la thie ewwrgy l%«elf, tboy
(b«l»si*) «iH2ld onljr spring l»te b«l»g 1» « unlver^,
aetf ttJ»i«foa?a the tjnlvcpfle eipareag loto bHm^ (212),
So^ Oc<^ ia Ci?^T;iV'~- tmeiv - ''c"-. In tills ©ase,
B«s||6«» i» tv^m to £'i/, •'thwp© 19 tjotblisi to pfffveot
th4& phllo«»j>li«p f2*cm fcllosring t© Its logleel «ow
elusion tbe ia«e *-iiic^. iclria ;;:u^-;c6te to hisj Of »
unlV9VM which li; the »tr» vlclble 4in<1 tai^hle (lepect
of lov^ «aa o* the w»sd of lovr , to^eth^sp with all 1^
ooos^QUMMMNB ««italle(3 of X^i'K* «$r€0i4>vc &isoi^loi;r (213)*
Tbajpe Ic a problcsi |>c»©®d W the ««ooi?a b«^i©«n
B«iitmi tnd !%irttalii« tl»t th«r w«r« eloaw tayf^Mv
In the early 1900*0 at pii^il aod pvof«0«<up, that thay
l«t*p haltf hli;hl7 div€^«nt ri«w«, and that in B«s%»
aoB'B old aea thay 'utiV again in «e«o»K3, aannot 1m»
doubtad. !^rltain hsa offerors hie omt explanation of
this npsMMWlMMnt by auiffastins that he and 3«x«aan
baliS alnllar inteetiana*
c: .1X2 ^5
8t, Tfeosfts by giving Bej^ison what mi^ht b© t«mQ<l s
*r«n?©i^nt' tiitejii>i?*t^-ttti« or »-ae there » ff««l »eetlag{
wsirks., the «sust Vt? ttet, ptiilocc^^hleally, thcly
s?/st««s« of theu.2Jht |«P»fiecit two aiiSOlutelF i3?w«©»cll-
eble cr^iiGiiQ& c-f 3c?««3.i-1iy, two €9p!pos«d afftapi^srsieal
dootptses'. .,-^cvci-%h.€'l<f«is, 'Wicsaee ©f B€rg«o»*e initial
applies tion of esmirltfal tffeatiaaras to the t««tl«onsr of
th« a^'£tlci^, •-":.- m oiis w«c iat«r ©o»t«sipittlv«
mxpevXeaeet .italrj «#e3pe able to cmso to
otfbifjt?ir¥ht.it sf3?R*9ffi»j, the imiBtttd .g90l»i# of »tlli;ioae
»ik3 iac/«tlesl ©^ip«si-i0ia««, *w ^.u. .., lo iddltloo, b«
ocmceded tl»t it ^as S«f|E8<m wiie aiov^d towfiVdK ^ritais,
»t Itaet m the ft el a c-f x»&li«lon« That he eenild not
have (loiw tbis wltii^wt ^^di-. -ti-i-i^ his phllo-
eophy aiist have fecon 90 Qlm» to a it is to us.
- I -
The oeneept of the p«jNion lii th« social phlle-
9m^ <*f 'Britain ia .lik# 9 = ^ » w^ieel,
!.
«ll th« support Ing spskes fit into It. s%5?ltsln has
c»ll»d this concept **the fitndas^etJtal sitbjeet ©f all
sc^ciai an.? -.vollticaj. paxi-. '' (2l6),
In the phlXcsophy of ->« the p«'i»»€m is »o
a3*tlfl?l3l and ursrtaM'^ •"s^'tarh'/^icsl
"d^tr*j1.t la bujas? ?our 1» phllc
If it be t;?u© to 9@y %lmt tht$ poaltloo of in
tHi^en foimd«<) pooltivtlv ©a th© tf, f the Catholic
Fstth «ind on a »t!»'^- '^*^^ A^.^iTnst.
Just as th* ehlef objeetioti to th® phi: -jr of iic^ig-
B0«, tB "^^icl tain's vlt ijCi-attonfility, so th«
lt» e»ph«»i* €»« th« validity »ivQ piwiiff of th« ii«ia»r*
e to tollmo^ ^i>it#ln*8 expodfclon of
th<* ?«iitui^ of mtnt to flve^ the orldlrt <af its ©aneeis-
civt) iti tht* phiitH»^i^?t3y of fit. Thojase A<;^I«ih>» it»
iB«t^ph:/-fflcal ectniGtltat-nta and fou»d»tlc»i in a pMlo-
srfT-hr ^f be-'wr*, a;? -^f^ll 5>?t it? ]!^l«ti<«i to the atjper-
rra^urai ^ight of divine - »'« It ts it««ait&« of
tt«M9 a&stined fcc tkx3 §.1 hia c*od , that man ©an, ae«ov4ing
to f^i'lusm, *ay cists; '^^ ',r^,.g:;; .^l-rhtt
.
??^ritciin has stiNPM«d '&ha^ hit U'^oMlsn la a
«KJt (iJl'v)> f-'^icltiiUi liS »y no nc-a»i; 4 slss'la'a roiiowtr
Of kqulmt, Ra has Db3ei'-'e<J th»t:^ "on n'€;st ^a;^ <5,;:-i'^:1
par«a q\M <lan« ie nagaain detj 9TF9tim^9 on f^ilt p^oiv .^i^
lul eaaiaa 4 urn 2S3r»«a«ia puimi l^a auti«a« , «ciimm vena
e: ^a«« ii«c- jwiijpa 4« ffotill^rjs dana un a«aia4?.l« dc
«; . ,^, ,iy<i^ji,,, qb aat %haail»ta parcre au'on a r*M»o««4l
a fe£'viiM^«r <Jan*j an aya%*!ma fal»ri<|«4 p»i' «« tr>diU'ltjt» la
v4rlt4 philr>»ei>hlqii«, aat li » a«»pp«l«t-ll gs^,
at pa«»tt« 4|u'di» v«at ahtumim* 1« vjrati... Ai*latol;« at
9alnt Thowaa it*o«t jjoer notia tmo li«!>«rt»iica privil%l<e
«f«ff ptti-c© <3W«, 9 eatt»» <3# laar t,api««wa do«115.t4 awi
iia du ir4«l, «<joa tjN&uvona ahaa aux laa pi»loal««a
<ft l'4chall« tfa valeui*a (frio« aem^tala aani riaituar
a 'eclft^tierae et lo eoofut ' vcut 1 'oi'^'oift tie eett#
- Ill -
'the 1-j, wheth»?jr ®s z^atioml, #« fi»»« <si? »» »ocl#l,
th*r« B$^ thj?^?^- tests -^ihtch fjseeuf cfvei* end ove? dptin.
2' aiii.<:« wu fc.fleQi,iv'{i sevfc'ji-sii. |..'iiiscc* wiiejk'e etey
!ag'j£t peri'- . '-uv -- -..'mt ii, a fiuii»«livt««\;
Individual of « *. .,u^.:" (i^Ji*). •.:.i» t«xt ii
•Iso elt«d 89 folio^ifii ''The p>if*'So» la utijit «tiici» i*
«ott ooble dod Bsoat perfoot to #11 ef nature ,),
cite H'oi^a of $%.. Tbcsiigw .'Itno^ai i^'^i *«*'<; wc** .; » , 'u.^i.-
p«rsiof) It tliat 1« DOvlest In tli« <«ihol« of i»it*u««.n
c R tf 99
t© Im In opposition to c.t*«i ttmyth^v. le i_ u .of
nfeole coraauaity j»e , th«? j:'3rt. V-esrs to the «h
INm^ texts "''^aeh iiK3tvl<3ual n-Hi^son it; a?©:; %q tit^
Itt XM %H,t«l-F! Q'^'^tee the t-h^'.t:
c«l »«aflet.v ty i-e^jaOK of »n6 ^5*
a^3ff«Q sf all that 1,t in him" (22^). In %« ?g,
<(i |-<
p ___ u-v^'.;:.- -^i'ivy, "'""^ "'^^"^E- text In
the;- '' to the body F"<*3Lltle
ace-. - - tf! 3ll tliat h® la ar«? haj?** (^f?*?). In 9
it c ..„v. ,.; In bu»>jkO|^. :i that rmn Iff »M
4irid has. mmt he- r»fers»«d t- Ocd.* (2"?0).
-i-*' .,,;...;. ,._.^...^.,.^-i-.',.-^ '^i'i^^^*^ a^aln uses x^'mine
1-91 <}0|]|lt t^'-y:"- > '^a'nt: "tir.^iias ftT^t i^ign;" t#«ir i?'.*-n-
•nf««*!9«i^ t(»«jt Xe .
"^. It Is fytfw
tlWW^ OftHQUOt*'"'' ?-./•:•'''.« -.fi'? i<»^1 tiMl*?-/ *Ki,vf_ "^'^Ji j'lt-'"* ' w 'hast
dcvt^LojpMKl Ilia ^i^tl-;' ' >in^
tl>€ person, »<»bl«h 4« the b««la of hla 8Jcot«l phlloac^phy.
- 1¥ .
litis dlstlnetlon ie, aecoi^di?^ to Mariteio, •«
olaeftiesl dlatiRctltas* (232), In wbieh there Is
"nothing new* (233 )• H« »l8he« by it Assply^ to note
two j>oXee in hueaan lieinss, individuality dn<S pereona*
lity.
% iHteson of individuelitsr man ie iiniGo^ to
antter (23^}* He is thought of ee e attaimr of o
epeeies and ««rve« tiae end of the eurviiml of that
iq>eel«e« He is eul»ox^inste tc that end and tends to
slip into a icind of smXtipXiisitj which is alnoet a
nonentity. He beeones ss It wei« *e single dot in the
IsBcmooe net»ox% of forces and influstres ^ ooecxlc,
ethnic, historic" (235).
^ resson of personality , aien is rooted in
il»irit* lie hss 9Xi expensiveness of beii^ which alloss
him, throiie;h the operation of hia intellect and his
will, to know and to love those things which he himself
chooses*
A stone is an iDdividual and is rooted in insaobi«
lity. It can neither kno» nor love itself or anoth^
being and it oaanot aove itself* A plant aay reproduce
itself 6va has ther«f<Hpe a certain t:^pe of interior
notion, but it is nevertheless asually i>oaod in a
certain place* ints and beea fom colonies and yet
the individusla exiat for the sslse of the iihole and
^t
a^f,
CHAF2KI IV 71
do m^t 99^ mtiB »9»rt tr<m that of tilt hlXl and the
hiv«« B«lo» tla« l9V@l of oaa tbaiw is no iq^irltistlitj.
fo '&9 npixltael i&eaiw, its tim phlXoiKiphy of
Kftvitaio, to bo itxaatorlalj not to bo oatlroly tiod
^owii to laottor, oi^oo end tiao) to glvo erltfetkcee of
"thgt «cpAooivoiMMi« of i»olQ6 uhieh« In s corporestX*
t^lHtvtl boli^^ 10 Uvkad to the i^int* (2^), Tht
aotloo of spirltuellty le^ in e teii#o, « noeatlve <am
for 6»Q, boooase^ oliieo tm Xb W tmtwpe immrmd In
aotorialitF* it ie aluaya cosier Son? hi» to asy utist
aplrittiBlity ie not, than to aay wbet it %9» »<ft«r#?*
thoieae, be dooa poMwaa a apixltyei natux« ^nxah is
a kind of liliM«tii« potior tihiob aUoMO hisn to abat^et
fron aatoflai conditlooa and to partioipeto in what
Ravitalo caUa "tHo ooMMnleationa of intoiU^onoo
and iovo" (237 )• Man ean, throc^b bia intolleet^ tenon
— end honoo intontioaally l>oeona «*• ail thinga* nan
oan, tlii!<ouigh hie will, iovo — sod honoo to nmm axtont
oonpvoliana •« tbo doaptat nvtapD^raioal iwalit;^ in
"Zt la ooaontial to p«r»oiialit7 to aaik for a
dielogiia^ and for a dialogoo nbapain x roaily eivo iqr*
««lf « aad iflMHPOia X am roally roooivod* (a38)« it ia
l»o«auao man i« rational that bo nooda othor boinga for
hia danrolopnont and that ha haa aaeh an intaoao ooad
for ocBBsssleatiea ?tith ctY'^rt*
1% %sf.
-- -nlcatiioB yjlth othc;;- -::?n is?
dlfflta3.t »»jj ntver r-ntlrely Stttltfyltss* that laan
.•--;:';: ci£ cs3JL«tf oTi to d€-3ii ssitii 3i s higher
Im^l than thst of jMloirsphy •• «t ths lev^l -of w^st
hC" calls *C'h3Pt?5t1ftr 'jffl ?!A<^'»r.'n'* fT! :^ ?« jtn Aft-.*ii
h»]S?en« In '-'i iin,*"-**© tuini to r-eli ".:? thotj^bt for
*T^^ m-.tti?*:. -n^-^f-r-.-!-. ^f. vrp,3.gtlv« tc the sbg^lute*
in isM^jn 5.:'•>•:!: it «•«» flas;? it«i fuinijsMmt* It«? i?ptri-
tosl fstherler*^ le t1i« wbol«? or«5©i» ©f " bavins s«
ofe«i©l»te ^lii?** (23-). js^tfi^.- "f-^-liiftB tliat, **th«?
c^ * X'&Tif C5f Ujc hussAti p«i'»oo*» dlpiity confriet«
In It8 pi*o|>«irtJ7 of retesatJllr ^ — nc*t i'ts s .yr^ttei*!
wiy aft«x* Vtm isnnner of all creature®, br -i j^^g^n
p?a7* ^t Iff tl3« lsgi.g<e.^f Gt^ , For aoa is epirlt «»d
the hwwn p«jm!or pro#«»^« fV<w Ri« if? Isannf? ««r pjfiiwiplo
of life « i^ntiiil eoul eap8i>l« of krsowiui:., i.^ini^
tnd of biitJc; wpllft«d by .^nse© t© jwijpti«?ip3tlon in tile
fwy lift «>f drw* w thet. In the <*f)a. It Vt^o^F
fjna lowe Hiia » : incus ewS Xmi^tt Ulauelf* (24o>, '."lil*
Iff th« rfo<ft3rt?je of th« flml eati»factlo« of th» ondlatt
<jw<»«rt «jf rton foe the s . ^ «^t '
f" ^M«^.^, ^'r#<5t, flnsl "-'" w«i»loBtlt^: -^—^-rifiion
with God Wmtdt (dNOft),
CHAPTER I? 73
f^w 996, the 8«par9t«d eoBKien c^sod of the tmlv&rfg
wBeeaS tmf ttm p«rfectioft of %tm <se4er of %^m vmiv^vm
(not cml? as the uDivere® of Isio^ee bat 6I0O ae the
unlv«rM of eplritn), ©nd thli^, for Itself, that Is,
fiir th« «etion (iimtiiAiit eiKf splrituel) i;^ whleli it
p«rfeete itmtlf snd aeeoapllthee Its deetltr/" (2^1 )•
Th«t thl« aietinetlon Mtweti) indlxrlduality
and pmemumXltf tma hmn mUmm^eret^oO by nam, miems
«hOB ^riteiii aentloo* Father P«^ro Daacoqs (8^2),
h»» vm«9 Iterltoln earaful to state that it muat not
h? aeijr aaaiia be conBtx«tied ea a aaperation, o»e ia
ranindad of tfhat BengaoD onea said about woydat "One
»y gl^aa ww^w whatever connotation one lileee^ ja?o-
inaotf an* h^^Xm W definii^ that mtmdia^ (i^3)«
Marttaln ha a taicen care to tSefine his tmsem
c^refolly enti h»«« ptOM^A oat that ^nrtiviaualltsr and
pareenality Qve aot two aepavote tni»ga« iiliasr are
rather two metaphyseal aapecta of the nat^ire of aan
and are inextricably iitterwo?en« Theve ia not in sie
aoe realitsr eailed w individuality and another called
ffr peraonalitsr« Xt la the wmm entire being which, in
one »€nm, ia an Individual and in another eenae, a
p^faon* X a» wholly an individual, by reaaon of what
t reeeive frm natter, and 1 a» wholly a peraon, by
reaeon of what 1 reoeive fron q^iriti Juat aa a painting
Xb in its entlrefc;^ & s^eloo-chooleal dompiex, by
VQ&BOQ of fell© colouriog BMiterXfils out of aliiob it 1«
lue^^ and a »iqjpI« of bmiuW W vmmem or th* p®lnt«*»»B
^^th@r IB it to b« «««ii^(Q<3 that iiidlviduolity
1« «& evil aod p«a?g«nalitr « go^. Xru« thouijh it
JWi' lj« that indivia-oclit/ i« ooricej^ned i«ith aatex»i«lity,
«.tid that too gr^At ooiMewtsmtioi^ <m this atsfi^t swf his
hmim ifi likely to icttd mn Int© in^lgejace and ©©Ijfiiih-
neeg, ;.
.
rtliole»8, "NifheB 0D« tellltt the Indlvlduel, one
also kill© th« pcxiBon** (2^''ij}, '•-^twifil li«}lvidu8lltj
1« not SQStcthlng evil in itself, €»>vl©u8ly as th» very
eooaiUoa of ous" ©Kisteocc, it i© acsaetliiu^ bood*' (2^16 )«
•S'C*a and in8tt«jf ai^ two aubetaotial co-ijrio«lpl©« of
on« ©n^ th« mme being ^ of a einsle snd unique 3?«»llty
iiboae oeiaa ia smn* (a^7).
% »«atoo of tbm tvmtmmti, pattly iai3.1o«c^)lilcal
and partly theological, isriiloU ^»ai»tt»io 'm& uaed i«
tffaeting the distimtian tmtmmm tiia ImSividasl aud %tm
pm9i\Qt It Kill b« adviaoblc to elMvity hia poeltioo
oo th© velatioo of thaaa two diauipiiij^©,
mvV»ia apuma the XOm of a doul>lo truth, ^jwhich the aaaie thiag mw be true in Fhiloaapi^, htit
false in Theology* (8*i8), &mj no^m mmv thla tiaa an
iQvention of "the oKdieval avarroiata" (2^9 )• Thex^
la ooly one truth, be it phllo«K3|sbleal oi- th«ola«io«l.
If Ood f»B v^itmniM to tt8 "tvstlMi vhieh exceed tli«
i»l»if6l 39€)|» of reo»on" (a^o)^ than "itumsQ r«seon
«nlis^<?»^ ^ fttith Hill in^vitablir m^lts^ tbmi 99
pipmaSJmem f)foa mbXesh to crisis) £'ui*tlis£' kno«tfl«age tuM
thus fcovi • ml^^oe^, tb«ology« imtf if ttMi^oey ^s
s ««l€f«ice, it iats»t ttx^afaifttf Id ra^peet of piiiioaqpl^
%lMi tmtttem of « a«^tiv» mle, sluoe the tSB*
fMf^spdsitiop esmiot ^ trw» in ,p}iilloecjphij, f»ltm in
A fui<t})«r preeieioQ which iiasltein bae latde
«iKmid b« a^«dt '^'fhe pVMd»s«e of ;^lo»oplisr# bow*
tmtbft tililefe op(» o«if««9itf«Bt to ttm vm&mntmx&S^,
wHiarate th» |RV«fiiwi«s et th«ol«8r •»« ttw tx«flil»» #•»
f;M»a to^ 00^ •»". xt Is tbm?9iw9 paain ti^t pbiio^^ii^
•nd tl}eolc9cr «V» «otijr@l7 dietlxjct. Stiti If phiXoiKq^hy
and thoola@7 ^v^ «ii%iv«Jly diatlnet^ thesr 0j?« not t^i«r«*
fore iqsi«:i«t«d« snd elthougU phUoeo^iiy i» of all the
tmmti 8ol«iice9 pi^«««»iocmtl7 th« tvm mimMte, io the
8«»»e ttwt it pg0eee0» Iby n««flMi of 9f«cile9tt« and laifa
ifhiett tf«p«nd on xio Boieneo ffHiMKlov to itself« it»
fV996m •»« thst le» lt« fsMStttfota to ewp •» !« Utiii%«^
Id ffo fo9 o« it is B\0*S9ot to thoolofp-, tth&eti •oatvole
It axtesiMny* (2^2) •
Odo of thm an^or wpiKMiohos vhieti i«ivltiln bes
MB^ of ]%MMMia?t4i«^ in oolling tarn en otostlKMite iS&vldQir,
m
C .1 XV 76
Has tbat« lie %n t^ct stpeurate^ pMloscpl^,' froa
If th« dletlnetlon betstvue the person stk) th«
iQdlvl^asl 18 ^1^^ id.th CQ^^e ad^tsmton to tljeolq^,
ti» ^Usaueeioa of tl3^ stetidph^sidai cQ»8tltae»ts of
thB pesfBda 3?e!aisinfi ahollgr gjlthin phllosc^sh^'-; that is
to oc^/« witiiiD tsisfii 4XvXsl<m ai' ptiildeo^^ kao^n se
eetapJ^-ii-icii,
It «il3.1 fwt br ni«e«er~«sf»7 t^i r-iv© a ca^lete
mspositioa of tuc iJ«i'i^^>.J^'o^ve a* i^id4.^XtaiD, but ooough
miBt be f»%0 to plac* 4» o<;>iitext m,c DOtl<xi of ttie
fM?»on, It nay oot alifosre be appax^sist tl^t tlie iseta*
physical roots of p^'toooilf/ ajr« i^ina'taat, l»xt tbcar
Xl« iB t}«iGiGf sad it Is th« eoootltutloo of being, in
the tvorle of sn^ phiXoeq^he]?, which (}et«z%d.Q«8 not oalir
his 6p««ttliitive pvlnclpXQtf, hut th« pxQOtid^i cooc^ptiops
tfhi«b d«pM}d 00 tbea*
The geoex^l 9u&joct of ^ietaptisreice fo«r ^iaritaiB
i« %«ii^ miL iTsicis" {2^)0 ''being as m^h, g^, ,
^n
jgUilnunft" (^>)« ^itioo tb« btfiag of ia«lM9lqr«ico
10 very difficult to d«£lo«, i^ritnin apps*o»eht8 the
»utj90t oautloasl^ by sftyios that beic^ i« "tbe object
per oacoiaxeoee of intuitioQ •••• but that thfit iatuiti<Hi
is iotelieotuol* {3L>i>A}* He then adde that he believee
that a philoaoqplier like Heidegger, who tfeeerlbes
cnkffm It 77
aagsish as "ir^h s esfsmstXe mspm$^mm» of nothtngQ^ss"
(fi3^>, ana oabriel l^^upe«l« «tll& tMes to 4$«i|p«ii HtMi
mmm ef e^^ln ^j««l facte saeh »« fidelltfy* (85f:>C),
Slnee it 10 •iiiir<» «0«.1«3P •« AttiS in thle psrti*
<mla;r fttse v^ipsr p«pti»«nt -«• to wmy «th«rt 1« j^ the
XmXm of eatft»pli3f»lt«t tlN»f} to (mjr what It Jj|t >%rit*l»
bfligii^ ^ Si^'^ng sn «w»ae3?etloi5 of tmriou* t394Hr of
beltig whteh as«e oft«R nietatHm for iaetft|4!i7#l««l b«in@»
Kf'ttpttT'tneol b«i?ie ie not l^ie !»»iti@ "«aSxM8le<}
In the ««n0lbl« «pi«!^^, the ^mmmme or nature of
j3@t»dlbi$ tMbngt^ (£56)* On ttm 0oiitf»i<^« *it i« i»«|j%
digcne*6<ig and isoiata^ from t!i« saoaibXa ^uiiddity,
l»«lii!f fleifetf aiP mieh and net apart in its paam iRtalli**
glble v«lu«e* (SC^7>.
H^ith^p t« it th® beiog; of "SrariouEt »ci@iac««
iBferioa? to siatai^iisraiaa* i3^), baoaiia* m th«>a« aeiat^aa
"beitig ia pastSaftiliftViiiaf* (999). "^mesr itiia eaiiliiMNl)
ata^ beinfj, for ell the eubj<Mrti» of tli« mlmtewt ar«
tHRlnea. TMjt the^ do net Ftttxff^ butns Ml inc^t ^t in
«« fHi^ oa it i« boit^ &t a mi^mmamif VJind* (260K
'Stm bein^ of laetiqitisrt^ies rauat aXao f>« eat apart
f»«Hi tua iMlae of logic* ltio«» wtio hBi?« e«wmit*©« tha
*fiBt»il mtim* (flfii) of c<»f«Mid«K gMtai«9«i('^ ''^''-' ^'^' 'c
haira attintalnatf tliat atioh a b«in@ ia *a laara vove, a
CHAffHa ir 73
liagulstio peaX6msa, or &Xne that It Is a unlvefeel
txmwt whiMie v«]i>je is purely lo^iieal. Dot ontologlcal"
(a^}« ^^aritain in ean^ful to note that th« being of
i««t« "mum^iSSSlSL* • coneeptwl b«lag, lunMly «h«t
Is knovn, precisely a« Irnosm* (2^2A), rests on antf
presuppoeee th« existence of th€ btin^^ of lawtaphysies,
«nd that tb* i^edtielple of contradiction, upon which
the whol« of lo^clo 6ep»ti6&f d«riv«« frora "the principle
of Identity I non est neg^are et gff3f.iiMire gi^.ul * (262B).
That It to My, thl8 Is lo^ld »8 isrltaln thinks of
it* He ie quite aware of the exletenee cf "man^
aotfema, particularly elnee Rant and Hamilton* (2680),
for Hhoa l«igie la a aolence "dlvoreed from things and
Independent of thmet" (26SD). in thia form of l<^ic
there la no oeoeawivy eontieetlmi between thought end
thlnga^ and pure foaros of thdi^i^ are the eub.lect
catatter«
The vague being of coramon cenee Is too sencral
to be the beli^ of vetas^siee. It la "infraHKrientiflc
or pre-aclentlfle** (263), b?Jt It haa the advantage of
being more unlveraal than the othera mentlotied. "it
poaeeeaea a certain r^etapHsralcal value in aa tnuch aa
It attalne the 9»rm objecta bb setaphyalca attains in
a different fcehlon, Cocmtm aenae la therefore^ 99
It were, a rough aketeh of aatapliyBlea'* (S64}* Hi^
beiofi of awnan aeoae la "merely e elaaa" (a<55)j it
J.
onifii V9 7$
It •the ?tioet s«n«ral and th« most convenient of the
cauesificetionB which we constantly employ and In
which all the otojecte of our thottght are an .>:3
Ca66}. It ie the reeult of a "eisi^le jjl^plfectlo
totalis* (867). But the being of aetaphysics cannot
be d gentts.
A leet type of ©ryor. In detefming the being
of aetaphytlcs, is c»ntioo«<iJ by M82»ltain sna that i«
•a aetephyeieel error* (368), Thie coneiata la
aaalgnins •»» the apeelfie object of aietaphyaloa
etaeocea aa such, and not to require? the Intellect to
proceed^ aa Ita nature cravea, to exietence, to £MM»
I mean faae ut exepcltaia . actual or poealble, which
... iKpliea that it returnc tl^rough the inatruawo-
tslity of the seneea to the actual «tlatenoe of cor-
ruptible things* (269). Thia la a •Platonle or
Scotict" (270) error.
r^arltain streaaea that "it la an intellectual
diaaeter to confound this »being» which la the aab-
4ect laatter of nsetai^aica with anyone of thoee kinda
of beli^" (271) which he ao carefully delineated.
The belns ©^ ^staphyalcs la belm^ from the
point of view of what it ia. it ia bein^i which la
0iq>le enough to include every type of exlatent. It
la not being which la particular, nor beino which la
qualitifed or quantified i nor la it logical being,
CHAPTER IV ^
a0r being which le the result of e total abstreetlon,
the mina Iff !!»(?« to tawjw T>»lns ^na "w* ar« tha« ?wde
ecmmtonxB »t csw® of th© liwjlf«ifje« and the gp«8tne»»
of t*^t» tnanari nlwi which ean enter the b«lng of ob-
j«ets only by gi«4«Ml ttages, by dlvcatli^ thtim flr«t
of thle, then of tl»t, ctojectlve det«r??ilnation, of
this en« th«t itwtura of tiMMlMLlitr, Mnaible flret,
them IntelUslble — physical, thei Intelllglbl© —oal^icnatieal which conceola what atill awalta oar
liipeetvlns" (272).
i*et«phy«leal b«lne 1» concerned with th© neces-
aery ^^nalplea of tha exietcnca of thlaga. At the
heart of being ie "the principle of identity, and if
the priw?lj>le of identity la denied yw can neither
think nor apeak, cannot Indeed exiat aa a thirrtdng
being, aa a man" (273). "Each beli«r la what It ie*
(27*?). "Phat which eislrsts i« of a deterralned nature.
If there were no exletence arnd no detctwined natures,
no diacoOTte wotild be poaalble, **The ppinelple of
Identity la not tautolosoaa. For there Is In It a
conc9S>ti»l difference between the atibject and pre-
dicate* (275). •The principle of identity la con-
cerned with being outalde the tnind, with the ln8)li-
eationc of being at leaat poaalble, 9tid la thus not
a law of thouijht b»t the firat law of objeeta out-
aid*? the* ralnd appr^iended in the intuition of
v.-
a
mukvfm vf ^
b«l?«" {276), •B#liis thu«. If i#e ae^ oay 8c, dupll-
qs^c itscll. To its tt»p«flt as perlted Ir erlatcoc©
It sd<3E Itt aapeot ae iotelllgibly <J«t«rraln^, »© an
»s«ostlaX auality" (^77).
I^ gttod ^ti> est . is is the first Judgs^nt
of feeing «nd alto tha fii'st principle of knowled^se.
It la th« aaaaftlon of an oteJectlTa ord«r and It is
also the lnt«llact*a aasertion of the a?««lity of Its
object, '•in tha sub.tiwt, t^t uhlali . we poaeeaa as
«tMnae or an lntelllsiV>le — In so far &n It la this
or that, 1» ao far aa It poaaaaaaa a nature. In the
vei'to Gxiatg we have the act of exlatlns, or a ai;MW«?-
jUilALll*>ie'' (27o)«
iKtelliaiblilty exists baaloally In thing* or
sather« tbere is an order in thlnna which la baalcally
Intelligible. If a tai»le la to ««Ut, it maat ^iat
In u eex'tain way, or it ie not a t8l>la* So the order
of the relation of eaa«Ma to exietenaa la a haale
kind of Qi4^, end thle la what tha ihPlnclple of
Identity aeana for Britain, Metaphyalco 1 being,
then, iB th*' forraal belnr^ which le the root principle
of belag and of kDowio^ esoByjlifled In the Principle
of XdenUlBy (279)*
On the oonoeptlon of being adapted bjr a phllo-
M9ta»r reata bia whole speculative philoaophy, and
'fr ,. f--?? ''"^^ T!iif?7
OR M« sp<*oulative phlloeophy. If he Id «oiMii8t«Qt»
reffte Vds soelsl philosophy,
It is Important then to add this fuz*th«a»
pjpi»ele$.<»}« laatjB, for Marltain is ano3,«i|el«aX ami no^
univocal, «ad it is a««3 in thta way tiioi'ough^njt hi»
whole phllof^opt^". H© 1« h«i^ followlT^ St, Thoroas,
MjBjpltali'j, in ^peaKing of iNfir^, ii®«« it siweys
relatively to the lev«l of belf^g with which h« is
<f©oIinr?^ €^«m thotiseh It i« Gl«iaTs "ofMs atK! thft 9mm
esBcntiail:.' f^-rlosoua conoepv, x»ia«t oi t>eii^" (;^)«
Xn »<!«!itioo, h#ins is • ti«®i!»ffo«Ti<l«mtal^
which Is to f^y that it eeTinot b« eat^^p-origed. ""rhe
reality which I attsiw in en«f by ss^ lama oi helm
id, in as flm«h a« it becoRo« objectified In i^ idcts,
3?ieh«p than the t«l#a , pn«^ -yr^mmn for iiultiplleation
in a raanifol<? of notions, noticR)» of unity, of good-
iMNis, of truth, Th«s« ere transcendental notions,
l^eh of then c.Tpre«e«e to th« alP'' '~'>thir^ but being
itsolf , to which it adds nothing eav« a conceiJtual
differetice, a eonceptuel 8«p«ct* (8dX)«
A» will be evident from the diecueeion of
b#lns, its two coinponente, eeiience end exietence,
although reslly dietinct except in God, are »o
iiHkeerelly related that yoti cannot have one without
IV 83
©Ml^othet'* "rhe cooa*ept ot -ralsteoca canoot b«
d«ta&hcid tx-Qs^. '^'^^ Q€me«p1^ of mn&tm&e, Ins«pajrable
txsm «ech oXAimi-, '\,h&v<!i t-^-^'o »i&«:^ u^;' &u<s 6Dk3 x;»q 9ai<ie
ectK?ept, eliaple ei '-'i intnosicQlly vcrlifa" (382).
*To Bay, 'thlt ^elng is or ©ri-^ts', th« id«« of
^•ii^ eiyst b« pre»etit. To bave %ti^ \&&Q of beir^,
the «ct of ^irtlsg must l"icve l>««o «ffi3»e« aod
gjnitt^ed in » i««gm«tst" (283) » In tH« nUtmmt^ of
th« Principle of laenUty *<3ivl<Jer, »o to
cpesk «i^er our eyee^ into two ooiK;«ptual oljjecte"
(2B4).
«4aii^ilMi0 t«o t^peei th^ "yfaft a tbl»g; le pj:lae3fny
•0 lat«lli6«5lo' (805); eaa the '
't^hei. which t the
•ttfejeot of aotion (suppoeitisa, p<?i?0on)^ (286), A
»»ppo8lt«ra If «n lt>aivl<l«tX nature «X)d moae of eal>»
cl6fc*we# ''^ th« looivldual natur® has a rstiooal
noda of aubeletmjoe, th^n th© auppoi?itifa lu rstlonal
aod tiMN^oPa a hseiat) pes^on. If tbt> iE>tfividuel
ait»tt« does not havt- u pfatioael taode of aubeiatenca,
than tha eiippoalttta la not ratiODSl aod not a parson*
Tha ptmmk ttit»y m6 far a a paraon can ba dalinaatad
at thla nXage, le & rational suppoaltua laada raatfy
fctr tha raeaptlon of axiatanca*
Doaa tha OfOda of aubalstanaa attach to aaaafooa
op to aactetaoaat Tru«, ' '^oaa not 8«3<S ai^'thlng to
««{WHBee, -^^t **" it atticbea to It, tout with vtmpeiit
to tb« imp9 which 1« co«lag« ffc« node of ttub«iet«oe«
p^rf«etai the Itsc :;! nattjre in ®:«eh a wtf that it
1* r«ed*f tx^ ocl{«t ey It^eXf and not by ta* «%l«itef)c«
of anoth«^r. An ttiliiiil d<c»#e not hav9 at) Individual
isetua?e which e«n ©xlet by ittalf and therefore it h«a
Q^ fltfil»'Siet«f}0«. 'o^hen th« m'ad« «(f Wi1»«l«t«iKrft la
Xtt^lMtl^ th<»ii the suppodlt la • p«4?eon.
3'«bsl?jt«mce sBofcee the indlvldtsal riatur^ esp*
«bi© of reeelvrtng jgg|£. Th® ^eit^me oj? pot«n<jy in
cftte»ti«Sf> **!»•« p«iR «t} «11« #t ^©1 fs-ljpe »ie« l»act»
«B «»i<»etlO!!" (l^7)« ttie eubsietence, «<;> to epttit,
Sft*6h«ini %fi[s«ther a?) e&mw^ «nd th# ii»divl^»i3l
ch»!»ct*ir»»tlef? rrnJ prtper«« tbiRQ to rf*ef»lv# e spe-
eiric €xlpt«t5ce. "Thcjp?? t« not-hirsr In p.nsr act of
•xii'ting which liiflts It "ft ecttc pi^amne^ • 1ft
-; Qu • I tme ©titre" ' . '*L ^ '?n$© n« fait
^i i.-'cii'tic <fe le ligr^.e «?« l»<s* .^<;.:: , die n»«»«t p««
««»«' diliiweiiniitlcn aw l*ea:simc«" {289). r-zex- c-:en<?i.',
acccrding to ^iaritaln, ho 3 ue^Ci to be defin€*d '*face
d 1 •!?>xi»t<»nc««'"' (S90), in mwh a way tlast it e«n o«ily
b« ;folfied to « p»rtleui»r 9aA9tmm9 ^ fViA%»iii piitt
it n»f50tiv©l5r an0 myn, "toiit« •«»«iaee ... a beaoin
d'etre t«rr:tlnAs? ^1 e^t«S <la 1 *«3tl«t«nce, fa«« A
S*iocl«t«EUs«y fSo telle r'uan.d ^'•li« n* |Niie«« paa
etra joietc I xam autre aasanea aubatantielle po«ir
l^aeevoir I'eriataneei «t alora, ainai tarmla^ cXla
llait«ni l^aaciataiwa A aol-oiiaia at A aa pvmv*
M
-yv
/V.'.i'?--i J.
;-'% {x^
mo<S® «ali«t4i}tl«l qui est piMol«iga»sfe 2a su'.-l,"'.cn.^C',
Saoalet^nc© i.a. .;-;. a vMas copaolc of Inde*
ir-:.' per »• isxisteaee, without od^iag to th«
enewntt®. The baels notion «sf ««IN>l»tgir»« *.3 th0t of
euts^tic^oua .^^l^, or ttiA%^mmmoet but '^d« Q'^tt pas
A atom is le«» 4i)4«ii«iia«iit than & plsot^ aitd t plant
1068 ir*«S«i- 'i bten « h-ls?6 &n$ yH all fubatct*
ttdng* »W9 d«p@n<NRit oa isitt^r tna time and space to
irc*
r. .^lii^r i» laai) Hoe© av^alatcnee x^»aeh
« relatively £(?vcno«^ typ® of iniapan-Jent*, iNseatifir
win ;iea a npirltml nature. Q^S heiw tha liig;^<ft typa
(^t tu&aijsteoca. Althougti of naeeaalty efialogieal In
nature, since It mi»t iSiffer 1« Qo* awi rata arid anl*
•»!», 0mj«l«t©nee ia the root e^ tha dlgaity of the
pas]?3aii«
Tb43 offlae of auliaistaBaa la to jnpndcr t\»
•ifiaooe mifflcioDtiy d^tannlnaa and aapaiwted fz^s
other a«^iK»<i« CO %mt it la raa^y to eofammioata
OBli' with th© cct o€ oatlatins which It ts eboiit to
ree^lve; "a« rantfra 1« mtura c*i aaa^m^e . . . tallement
pocetaaive 6e I'dKlatauca gu'alla na paot acmamiilmiii
mp;-
...oil <sti«eHe n« »olt tf^Jft** (293) •
flUft l%plt8t«. In noktr^ thiis distinction has
h«a hie «y« on the aethtxf ©f tstplalning the union of
Wmlmomv in the «»lMty^ h« ackndtft«dse9« *«8l» c*ett
en vertu <fe le natta**! <tl^n« «ll««igiRi« ipi»« lleii cette
«i®tln«tl«wi" (29*J). TPh«r« ere ^!&p«« aubslst^neds or
Pffjtos«alitl#« in tto« OoiHiid wMeh possesj? the mr^
»lngr«l«r notur«* ana the tmr^ e*i»t€n«?«. Britain hat
mi4e 9 clear stat^eei^ of hi a position. *L» Bai>«
iiiitone« ap]^i«tt alnsl eoteiae mi« sorte d *lnaivldii8tion
a« l»«atNme© j^C£ | l^op^jt ^^ ^*f?g^,ff|^ffi^;f , en cpHttatit
<fonc l8 llgne elle-i'«it»e de la nettire pouj* 8Jff3?o«tar
<in©lnue choa« d« t««it different, po«r fslpc 1^ ssut
da«8 l'e2rlst«neej t«BPt« <5 'Ire^lvldiction srt«^«? iJ
liK|eell« l*eca«n«« Indlvldu^e dans •• ligtM» v»
g 'aopropgler § «oi aeule 1 »i^let©n<r« ^s»elle r^qoit"
(e95),
- Till •
II tsnMi pb±lo9mfxir of b^lns^ cannot be cfsnceiv^,
1iiri»lteiD aajB, "cocne ime philoacq^a doa aasesseB oa
tme dlalectlcjue dee ©sr»««nc«s, -- ce qa© ^ •appellee le
feijill€tt<»n<?nt <?Mm litfre d'ittaga*" (296), It mtot b«
«(Bi>pi^ir«0 a» a ptHloaopkiy of airlatenc©. "Je dix-'si
tjiie ce QUl dilating© I won «»vl» 1# t: ne e«ithentl<}ue
id
W^£%
«^
'^Ti'^ 't
'
,;, .> f,;v<N *;. ;'*-
eniMiiv ir
ftg|Nntl«iair ipveoaoatt ft 3. *^^l9t«aee et 6 1 •intuition
wiKHB he sivee mifb ski is^pojptsnt i^lsot:? to exiltfteisee
et e tljae wii<m tr^^x^ art tmv^ BfiA greotl^r aivers««t
cxi«t«iit.laUet j^lmf^im* *^msmz tout© de suite
m*^i I * ^NHiiK iiiHiiN;>«» f<MidBBi«Rttl4w^t $ut6m^m
d*«et«odr^ le i!»ot «xitt«titiallffi3e« tmns tin oafi or)
afJtiBae la primiit4 ^ l>«idcit<P^'0« mla eomm
iagHqiiaiit «t aa^ivimt lea awHaiftaa ou aat«»*ea at
aaMia mnirastaat vm9 m^ie'^m vietoia?a «$a 1 int«lli*
BVmte at d« 1 •ir*t®lMgll?iU.t#| . . • <^ *«8t e« «pia St
a«Mi)«%z^ a«iat8a x *eitiatiilftl«Si««e authetitlQua. I^aoa
l»aytr© 999 GXi efJflwa© le prL-aaut^ do }.*«xlataiia«,
a«l8 evam tfttr^iaauft on aK^wW»tow«^ ^^«< a«»«MNMi oii
natures, at oORRHr «iai^ifa#ts»t imt anpt'^Qea <N^ita
da a^'ifitaXXi^anea at 4a X»l»t®lili;iM14t^; ... c'aat
ca <^3a Je ocina&d^pa eooma 2 *a3tistatitlaX&ffiia «j|«(«$"Pfia#
, • • aa? 0«Q;>9ris>«s X 'aaaafica* ou iyuM 1*^** 3^'a»fti*
vaiia mmprJUaax d» lalMa eatip 1 *a%iatanaa oti l«^aaa>
aaa #aQx notions 9m% corr^lativaa at in»||w«ii^aa
et ti» te-l e«i«tantiali«aa aa dtv«r« i»i'»flilBMJ* (£^)»
Msa^tain la« of eofom^e, thiskimg laainly of
mw%v antf ha eansoa^a tlitt for Snvtpc^ axtatetjce
doaa not aatuata aafthiwii *<pie ^ 'axltta, ciala aa
cmrrm iv
f?al» ri<?«, f5u© l*hagf5e «edt.et« main <iu*l3. n»7 a pac
da rjBture cwaoin©" (299). As Carti^ hejs asta, "c'est
taol (}ul maintl«ne S l*tt;r« led vsleure; ?i<m o» p«ut
ia»a«»»«r«jr coistx*© ?50i-«ift!!Wi , couptd du aende et de laoo
esBsnce i-^u- cc iS«©ati que 4© afc^g. J 'Si S pftaiiser le
Is only "an attcaa^t to dpa^ all tlr*^ consegtKmce* of
9 coherent ©theleitlc poisitlcm* (SOl), the r$s%ilt e»a
oBly b« "qu'II n*y a poe ds nature hi£a8ii»e puis
^*Xl n*y s pas de t?le« pour 1» coixjevolp «t <j»«,
Blmi ^fcet^t- «npptpi!a*, slew n»«fft au del intelligible*
{302). Aodi eo we are 1» an mitentiMlX«% world en-
tirelS^ aliim to that of Marltijiri — no e«««nc««, 00
Qod, no hiapan nature, and nothli:)^ intelligible*
For Britain, essence, vhXoh is lit^ed to
Intelliglbilltjr, 1© very Important , It Is intelli-
gible Btntotxwe end it "is coespleted or actuated by
•B aet of fm>1^|^.1g,„»fffF »»^h »<»<» ebaolotely nothing
to eaaenee a» eeaence, intelligible etructure or
quiddity, yet &e^^ "'^^rythiag to it in aa mmh as it
poeita it ffifc^,ff? ^fiytMff, or tlKlll iBAiltiJ-^* ^303). 'tbaa,
the act of exlatii^ is tlve act aaf MmS^k^m^M*" (30*1),
the actually of all foztta and of ell thingst. "The
aet of esciating, whlah ia not an eeaenee, trhieh la
m
iweither tlili^ ii6i» ^»t, srid v^'filch eoal^ !l«st b© called
««t oy en&VE^y og? foj?^ oa* perfection if the»e wo3?dB
wejpe unlvocal end could not d#eignete »om@tMnr out*
6i<3e th# whol<& Qs^©^' of ii'eseiitce^ the ftct oi: «u.@tl}|g
i» that which Is raost ©etuel and most formal* (30&)»
?iarttsln lii8l«t« that ^Thewaima, tr-r ^li^h h*^
IMMIII0 hie mn pMl^sop'hy 8«i »«ll «0 that or at* 'i-liaaes^
I© only tio b« UEQidM^retood in ref«r«gttce to ©sristance.
*^h« laetaphyeloe of :it, Tho^s Is eenter^'^, not upon
«Ni»«oe«e but upon e:El9tenc& — upoa the si^st^rloue
gMfbing forth of the aet of existing in «i5ich, «ccoj*«
dins to th« aaeloglcal variety of the d«@«MHs« of
beir^^ Quslitios snA iNituret mpe actualized aa^
rom«d" C306).
CkWl it *.;'.-• ^»t3®>3?«sa« 0ip®»tlve w af Earl»t«flee
end 86 «t«$h r@8ponsible for th€ exirbaae« of sUtidnge and all eiNsattipea (307)f *)'<eXim it that which
racist* ox* ii fibl<» to fisilfft, tbfit »hi@h «3£«2*cie)«e or
Is iible to «xexH;i«« «3d.et#f»«** (308). Bjti^teiice th«n
ie o» ©ct whieh coeipletee «»»eoo« 02? intelligible
ttjfuetuire*
Th« Qii«8iloB of the poesjitollity of the con*
e^ptmllzotXon of ^i»t«ace is alweye one to provdice
diecua&loo. >'ia3PiUtln hoe eiiid eetegoricfilly, "there
ie e eorM»ept of esiciete^e* In thlff conoept, ejciatence
1« t»te«n lit eignifieet^. ee eianified to tlic laind
n^ 0f th« c<^eid«pi ol «Ki»t«oe#, bat of ifea i'mX: •" .
•it is sc-i ei* i.iM cone«!Pt of «xi4lt«i««, it it e^
miiitc .-^ii&li ii^mif the aei«jo« of b«in« t|pwt«*
(310). •/.i^o It is ii^^«rtii»t ^ Bote ttott althoai§0
othev fielGae«a m« coatti^^e lis 03?^«^ |» |Mi«lS(
t»!|t id liim V&V$ »«ti OSS' ^XlttlSOtf^ i$ll)» lilBQs ^"^^
emsinpt o£ tOiXu^^tmsm oftWMKi ^ ^Mr«««he<l ff«ft ^MH( of
tiHi#t:«C9« ^«i«tseas« la ^im^m tm tjctttfo*^ of «^**
flio natuiNi of *!a«o le varitain 1» o^ «n# which
le el«««e Id u^oi^ itself a«^ eitt off from t^ stipiw*
Mtiomol* iSaa hft« B©« f »«lf»^o<Jloaoa, self-auf-
fi<?ai3»ife im%iiiE%-, but; <Moo wtaieh Is g<8i>fyii0w»t t^poQ <^od
for ltc« er«Kitio« as<g llrfi *i3Hd* ao ps^G»d Qtlicri<lft«
lii^ t(W ^wXtdiXk, t^ overXo^ tboe* tvathts vhtoh hurt
1»«on elv^w !jfy ^^veiftfcion afs# t© aoeept *an anthi?«>-
poeCTJtrlc «««of!ptri«i»» oi' m»n ana of otalturw" wl^ich ie
CttttrSEH IV 91
*tt*t peewliarlty of claseicisl huKienlaK'* (313). Ac*
r*«iilt€!d in NaXXix^ iiit ovoAtort k^ in the anyve
oc ds&siti vi^litar** CSI^^* ^Imi b«i^«f has 6»x§^m
t!i« giMd of aen le to b9 wvw^ by Inmtlc^aalit^*
**A «i»«i# ^mfom>Um tiiliiiigi xir? aimi int«iiii£«fio«"
(33^3) htti a»iB«n« nitli ^i« x«»«at that "rmn »X&am,
8o< tim&agiEi \idmmlt 9X000, ^mkm o«t blc MXYatioti"
(3^)* *rhi« enlvatt^ la a««ai9U#i«d BatismXl^
Tl^llfBli ^^'^^ eisoe SMS io t«iil7 uXooa and aata tnil^
alalia oely if aod #imi not ai^at" (317).
tNm!« w(»«tf« «i|^ taftira h^tm wntt«» o^ ta
a ei*i%ia%mt, but aa an afflsiaetioii, kgr *7«Bo*iiio2.
Swrtra, Ka haa mi^» Sttum i»e $pim of for2ovi>e«««
«,« ve i:^an only t^t Oo^ ^oa not «9d.ot am! that
wa hfiva to t9m ail tha e<«i»epMmea£; of tuia" CSX^)*
**iiid«otf, avoi^irtM«g ia p«mi^m>lMXe u cod #oa« not
calat, aod a» a xwsolt aa» ia fosaom* bacauao
naithilP witliio his &<»:' iiitlioilt doos lie £Xva «flr*
tteUig to ojl&ag to" (^9)*
Far othaf i« tho pooition of Maritaio ifbo
iaaiata on i^t ba oalla "an <^fa^ banee nat«re aad
ii
.1 am:. ."fSj-
« x «•
Thl» opemnfft© if to Qo6 and to i^ev^aled icnow-
X«d[S«/ »c «ell a« to six knowledge of whstc
p]*ove<fi0no0, *Alc^s^ Quolqu'll (1« philQ«<^^) con*
ecl3L«s <3« la i*ai«^^ 11 s«*oofed« tc»i4o«u?s «©lo?i son
enslyeamt 1« dcanMif p»m wma/tmtep t nm prlnclpe^
cmtolqgl^pee, et irrN^pvnt d son Itweetlgetion dee
e8o»«« lfl« infosQgticme <|u*ll tlent du th4olQigie!}«
ecuasie, ji d 'autre taasmxi^e, il lui Intlgx^e e«»llee
(|ta'll tient du biologist® ou do phsr«i0ief»* (32l)«
It 10 upon this ei>b^«0t, the diff«i^<mt klstdis
of kiK»»ing »hleh mp0 opcm to fa(i», that i^ritein has
wrlttcMo hie great Scvsaa, Leg 0ftg?r48 ^ ^vi^A.y . It
d«»li< oot only «lth %e^ H^^^^ ^„ ff^y^,y? |^1i^,qmt^>
but 0i«o ^th ^fii iffart^^ <^w pff^tf maimfiit^Mm^^
fts th« two laaln dlvliricmj? of hl8 wortc »r© calltit
Hi* ttttled elMipt#iP isi tiae eocorad division is ^liii«
9fid vtsdlnds OS «M» as ind^dd tfc^ @i!*& Gif^att x^OEslndid «"
<rf th(B tj^et238»t of the oosae 8u©j©ct& lu_ - ^- '. .
So ri«ld of 90««ibl# laioiilcd8« is to h« l«ft out in
the fall detrclOBewint of tfm nst«r« of saen*
ell tbeso dlff«PMrt ts^peo of lBiioifl«die«, and
i^^ *i^.
f r,(*i»» ^ *«j.\i
«»
•>
4
*& y«y
emr^mi iv 93
1 »<fSt«3?nlt4 — dans l*lTit«'lliG<>tiK:re f?. . tiv® «t
protigue* (^3). 'i''^ ::*.-. ^v-t- ^*i*j.vi4 uiotapi^elei
irvodere^ •c«©at IS ^ or" (32^ )• It ie^ eeye
^rit»iln^ a i^nc? of ostural theology »bicti atiMOit
te <feel with v..^ i'li?st Causjv yi' all t^^ ie, •\rcdlJl
•ft gsvndeur). -lie €*veille 1© dif?l3? 6e l*un±cm
l*o»5r@ vmum de la £^3Ult4, ot mm ;
d© l'i<!kJc* !'lle ncr peat ms le satlsfsia?©* (3as)«
«fhloh is 8lo«ig the line of z^oll^loo QXi6 t}ot alotc the
lln* of ne1irir5!r-rs1.c©, which osn bt^lng ue elooe to th©
touebei^f \xm douceur de Dl<9u* (^7),
Zs aeliiMMitJinie tti^ notus% of tmi» lea all ito
•lasillttxle and in e#tt-i^v- ^itt. t-^i/^ '!»*^iy» *-.- 'ftTowliiaad
berth rstiorsal snu^ ©ypi^-i^atiasiial i^iiicii is agmi to
hid, Britain ac<:«pt8 «nd t«kflrs into occoiDSt the
dOGtjpioe of th« %»miodl«f twture of mn* fMa doetx^oe
If
<J,.^. - » ! »- k • — »
of tim fftll «iMI mmmBfUm ^ mm m^lm vm to
!%» aGHv« tji«toiPle@l ©tat© of c«ltui?e»
paw»w** taif>Ma^> alio mm !•*<»* «« watmw ^^tm«
•it i» ^cNlit^le t© e«MNiive In the tt«irtoo«t « el'rlli*
sttiofi ifl»ich «nits«« «11 awB i» ft*w» »«»t^ i»tilf*I
imlfiy of ft ««n«MaNi3i 3liftt# cKXidctdtflid lii eeooifd»iis«
wltb pBO* i«i»»oii» «ftia» h«8Mnr«p, ia • fiction b©-
0««w# IstoMMltisr is ite% in a 6tat« <^ puro natti3?t£ it
19 in Miw KUte 0r a mimm alii^ ^ft faaxao ea0
tn »siffm^f^ f I
**"- ^ittaia {»oiiita out
t: lan aacii'aataa a vaiy aei^ly jawrfwaaea for
aaianaa aa m^tm wiaaon. «iliai««a «fia«aBi in Ita
pmfm^va ettmiotaa a atate of onlty aitli a«a fl»ai)
flMt tail cannot •van tea m»Q&a3tim6, mtvm^ baa
t« «o aitb pevtiatsOev Unow^badga aaH haoaa ina^tife^ly
wi«b a toKMlaii* fl* «»a aavanr af i>oth ««e« eotf
«aia« Man ^^nsaa to giira op mitsr wi<^ Ood i» oc^tf^
to aa^c^aadaKae ani to ^tK»f hom QMd and w%l. ^ikfme
,^
mmflBKk XT '^
vie cm ii5d«rfit6tt« tb« ppofeand s«»e«i ill «teleh It
tet tffipdm" (330).
iK'ijsinsl els ana fehe a«fs?iveti««j or i?«a?t«l« ptt««e
»«w NMPitftii} the p^nommm th» point ^ tm« fwif*
B'aboUjNii 9e f6X% Hue l*hco^ in» trm!ve 0£iti0 l*4^ty
eet d© 3?»0Qn«ifitti» 0« <i^ ©«t* (331)«
(1953) » ^<»«9 a««^kp»t« <m» plm^ i» l«R«in n©ttw«
Mteleh 1© ni»rf«!<j%«a Hsr o»lg;lii»l sin. H# «s3r«i
1E|» «V«fy 0M»t pott ©f»»ti'W it!l»0C<!Sfi6« fSKi«t» %&
mm tfipMN»* tt iMit it9 fi«n&^atf» lii t^ pnMtest.
It «aci»te In a p3i#o« »rtiieh Is ««» «««|>-««®t#a that
m iapMt of t!ia t«wfel«», tipXits, ^e««, or faii-
iix»ai ^tmm mm wmmim im 4mm%n of tvm «fin,
paaaicm, and ifmtlBct can ap^l it» oiit<alQsl< i«-
tii^ty* *ri thla place thaaw 1« »© eowfllct or
iMPMie ialMwan awaaea aod sma«ii, l»«o«uat t}>a#a la
no dlvialosi. All tlv <;#««?» «f th# aottdl a»» Hvoiie^
' 3 XV 96
to m5lt!y#«. thiB plao€ 1» th© <»»1;/ one tshot 1» net
«|iteh #0lB»9s teian nettm?* (331A),
and th^jogh he be btit •^jst 1i? <m« «ir>*" (3!©), ^«*
>Ti» tbi«, la ««h»s?» »<»dB, 1* mttxfft}. law •n6 %»
^'^mi^ f cteoo xs tihMi av«x^ beiag ti@@ its o«m n0t»i£«i
Im, »« wftll ©« it ha# lt« C3WI ©«©em«* (333).
Ddae*lfi@ the i^r^t"-^"^119% ^jm Jfeart.*^® ©nd r>Mtf5««soh©z^
mvm wAm»m& turn »otion 0§ miKmtX imf t& mmu &
H)0mit, idther f©p eo«»eiwatlir© «p for yerdlntlcoijpy
l>«j?pQ8««, thesr h«ve pwt It fof*«n««S in po flw»»-
itiiaiflg^ end «o m^iSLtmsp^ » i«Nm«9, that it 10
aifflciilt to «we it rtm wfthefnt ««**to«iil«K dUsrtiwiiit
HitavnlL letf In th« s«>vii?e in «llfeill «iffllwiii
uMMi it, '^10 Miifcla «b* b«tit0 of fttiitusB •• tlieiy
v«P3r muinrme 1»* (333), »»< i« »ot to to© •eo0»«ivcd
ftft«7 the iMttem of • i#ritt«(i e^^m^ m^Mam^ to
all, of which sn^ 5u«t law should be e trantcrlptlon,
end which would determine a i>iri<!^ end In all it®
especte the nonae of human behavlcmr through ordlnence*
Boinwsedly prescribed by Kature and a«aaoo, but In
reality az^ltrerily and artificially formulated" (336),
^mn has a human netijr« Btt6 natural laa for
T^rltaln la Just the nomial functlenlne of that nature,
"Since I have not ttrfm here to dlscuaa nonaawaa -«• I
am taking it for granted that »a admit that therc^ la
a hix^ian nature, and that this hinasn nature is the
name in all men" (337)*
2n lecturing on the subject of natural l8'4 at
the Institute <5f ".edlaaval Studies in Decaaiiber of 1950,
VMirltaln b^^en oy stating that natural law tmj ba
ecmsldered from the point of vie^t of its being or frora
the (stsndnolnt of Its imo^mbllity,
Cntoioirlcally, natural law la related to exletanee.
It hae to do with the nors^l functioning of natux^ in
an esrietlnjE world of oont*nir!<?nt actions, •t^^sain
eltuatione ore ranicthing ©xletential" (33^), Any
existing beii^ has its o«n nett»>al law, Ita oim normality
of functioning, "Ar^ kind of thi?^ esdatlng In nature,
a plant, a dog, a horae, has ita own natural law, that
Is, the norraality of Its functlonlQ.^ , the proper way
in which, by reason of Its specific structure and
•pacific ends. It "should" a^lMrf* MiMNia of belnc;
i^tti«p in its gvoiftb or in lt» b^fmnmiBf'' (339).
"Slicsiild" in this connotation, 'Britain
points out, mm only « i»il»phy»ieal maaning^ in the
mmm in wtiieh »• aay that gf^od ajrae sho«l«3 be able
to mad what ia inrittan on a blaatdMax^ at a maaonabla-<i1»»a». Onc#, hammmv, we coiao to deal with aan,
mm id a frca •gmalb, "ahoald" noma to bave a laoaml
M««iiiJag« lUa prohibition of tmipdar is a px'ecopt of
iiatax«i latr* Tha ganaxtti and of hoeaan oatura ia to
•xiat and thw«fov» mm^et if agaioat natunl law,
Matyml Ian than aa applied to laan ia "vir-
ttiall^r coaxtanaiva ifith tbe whole field of nattiaral
awility* (3*0).
r^ritain 4099 not mean "that tbe yrapar re-
tfHation fox> caah yoaaible boaai) situation ia con-
tained in the haoan aaaenoe, aa Lai&aia believed
Utrnt evavy 0vent in the life of Oeeaar waa ocmtaiiMid
bafovahaad in the idea of caeaar" (3^1),
What ha «iaena ia that nan haa a mtional
nature and that by maane of aspavtanea ha maw eom
pftagMwttvely to know laom and noopa of tha unwritten
natural law«
The ml9 pa?aetiaal priaoi^l* of natuval law which
aan have in coanon 9tt& hold infallibly ia tha a«»*
aaptueii7 aelf•evident principle » we lauat do coad
avoid avil. "rhe notion to be avoided ia eomiaatod
ftf^
fcr- ^'Is.-u'i (5'??' «"f!
ffl ^^
with evil ttnS tb« notion good ic ccmneetod with
the lcnQiiil9i§« Ql" tb«B« thii^e t« do and not
to do Is « prQgz'««slv» tinE'outi'i in smn. "r^to^mX Jmn
&« «ti umiritti^n Isw. ;en'» knowledge cJT it tie^ In*
ereafi«d llttlt by X^^tl^H ## «lin*(s aotnal c(m«iiii»ie«
p«iiet£«t«d tats* 8 al»d^ i'^jia^tain thioics, i«Xll »« bav«
a roal ^lor»aa«n«« of natural law.
Humn ipcason cosies to kxtom U8tu£«l lav not
*h3r way of rational knonladga* {3^^), but throi^h the
gaidanea of lnclltiatl(»}, by co«g<miality and con-
natux^Ut^* i>^x<itain notaa that <^t« Dlioiaaa did not
oajr thia apeciricj^lly, yat ^^aritain offara sevaraX
taxta in Mhioh st« ThOBiaa aupporte tMe position. "Thla
ia, in S39r opinion^ ti)« real laeaning iiaplied by St*
Ttionaa« even tboogh he did not ua« th« v&ry cxpxHiaslon
tfhan traatine of liaturaX lav* (3^3}«
A OHIO owy taava »o knoMladga oS movaX acianoa aa
auohj) but ha ulIX oftan navarthalaaa, k»o» loatinctlveXy
what to do«
'Sbiwt aro threa ftnadattantal lUGXinations which
9r9 comaum to maoi fls-at^ an inclination to piraaMva
hia own baiag; aaeond, an inclination to proajraata and
praaaxva ttoa i^Mraiaa^ and %blv6, an inoXinetion of nan,
aa a xatlonaX boing, to know truth, t^x^itain baXievaa
^.:•.£.•*-!,«;,;. m ^ t'kn/'S . .if-f .?, _. : -t^A ^svc, f.r'ifcft, cf**;
tlwt •!! tttpee of th««« inclinations s3ck?, in msn,
genuinely hoaan and volatea to Ma rational n«tar<?.
If th«0« inolinatlonff tre poote* in nsan, V«w
«r« th«y to he mxr^l^ knoim »ndl scparstr^d frcsa p«2»-
v^rted tendenel^e? Mgritain Bnmmtp* that statiptleal
inr<»iiiation, since it la ^ntix^ly uneoiMi«90e4 with
ralnim, cannot be of much aai?, but that both history
and anthn&polo^ as*e ofi»ef?ia, elnc# isan has 6t(VDl9p96
hla m»9l <»oneeiene«, which ia hie knowlad^^e of
natural law, "within th« double pxwtecting tiaaue of
htaasn inellnatione ond ht^«n eoeiety* (3J^6).
apBwted that *en imammt maonmt of relativity
•nd variability is to be fotwnd in tha particular
nileff, cui»t«ma, awf al^ntlard)* in which, aaieng all
pmapXen on ttoa aei'tn^ haaan rwaaon havf mxpr«Bm6 its
knawl«<9g«, cwen of the ttoat baaie aapeetfi of natumil
law* i^7), neverthal^HHi msn hee a natural inclina*
tioD rooiMrf in ntsae tmmv69 ap^profkVUt* human «n«J»,
Han mn th«a«? ends to b» Imown? Tho»e are •jESSJto
g<niilp» which in the iaraeoaity of the httaen i^at have
S«iaed vaaeon m bee^idnir aware, little by little, of
the regulationa that have been noat definitely and
AMt generally recognised by the htman Mice, atarting
fyen the laoat ancient social comraunitiee" (3^8).
If there ia eoRie eoRformity in the baaie in-
clinetiona which Bian diaplaya, it ia beceitee nettirel
CHUPTIR t? 101
law If? based ors divline levt. Because of the e.-?lt»t«nc©
at (50^ as Firet. Caoee c^f the Unlvcpse, this lis for
^sntalT5 3 nhilosophieal truth, not merely a theologieal
obaervatlo«,
Siv#ry la« le « »ork of region, and natural Imi
Is thiS* itorfe of m^lne H«sp(5ii, ft Is a t>artlelt>atloa
in et^eml ls«* If thle werr> not so, nstursl lav
ntmlS <ml7 have the g\*8rar}t«»f> of htite»n wisdo»» The
haiaeti f^eaow 1? nr>t th^ ereator of nstux^l let*. "It
is 4MiM»tial to lav to t»e s» or^derr of geanwap ; en<9
n»t^»«l lew, OP the norrnallty of functioning of hiruin
neturo fcno*m hv tnfKnrlddg^ thrr^^jgh inclin^t-.i ,-.« , i^ latf.
Mn#ln^-^ In consci©ne«, only b-^cstise ^«it«re &i^ tlm
inelinatlona of netui^ ?!aanifc»t an ov6mr of r«i»€m, —that 1« of PiVint? He^gop . Iiatursl law i« law only
bmmmtf it la a partlelpation In Stawnal !*«• (3ft9).
Ae ttich It le intJv#3»«al, Iwariahle and Immtateble.
A f«i»fch«r point followa of necefraltT} that the
4IKi»etar or notion of law s«i«t be awslc^^ical. Since
by 'latfj* «<• think w»«»lly of poaitlve or written law,
w© ar© apt to o^^erlocite the fact that law cannot, with
ita v»rl<^ «»«« be a unlvooel cooe«ipt» If It ia to
apply to Ftemal t4iw, natural law, snd positive law,
it auat ba an analogical QGnc«*pt,
Juat aa natuorel law ia groandad in Divlna tow,
ao potltiva law ia grewtded in natural law. It ia *by
nT
iiv.--
a^-
'(•M-- -).
vxvtm ^ m^umttX l«u that Um hm ^ UatXmm and
pesttlir* lir» tiik« od tl^e £'ovc« of Xt^, Qta Xwi^s®
MmsmeXv9B upon tlie cc»u}&X^kj«" (3~>0). M<>y^«2?, it
19 aa «««» to 8t9poiMi tf»t ^eitlv@ lam it **« aiip*
ts^VMQffl'^Ti 'iixnuQ^ oft ii*aa ;i .. u.:>... 1. ..''' (3t>l),
Another* fa*«ei8ioo whioh : . :.uln takes th« t2xwibl«
to »&k«, is th9 dletlr) . cosESdn law o£>
Him Law of i^tiosid ana i')»i^a£'«ji l&^^, c&smm iiSk^
41ff«ra Svmi aatux»l Iftn neisOj^ *lM«ifi«^e It Is MSSBSB*
aot tturangli locllsistlGf), but tfavoogh ttw dooogptiyl
ii»[pflli|^ pf rttftt|o^. or ttoough x^tloiiai U3)o»l@clg«^
(3i>a). It l»8 to do iiith po8ltl'7« law, although It
im not oeoesaarlly wrltt^ into • «od«, «tK3 th« limits
end auti«@ with »hich it deals »xm ooone^tue yiith tiie
fi»it pi^noiikld (to do good and avald «^viX)'* in a
i^^fayy aantHBr* (333)* % aontxmat positive lav;
d««la with tm vigtits ADd diitlaa Mliich &v% oo»B«ot«d
with the first piTiBtifla but, "In e eoBt^UK^Bt niantier"
T^mm 9raoiaim» ava xm^ taiy :'«rltaln with a
l^mm to ittlitfflic tt}« rlghta of the hu^o pex^on
ifhleh aipa liaaad upoo nature I latf, "The dignity of the
btMBQ peraoo? xIm escpresaloti bmaimi nothla^ If It doea
pot algtilfy that by virtue a£ oatiuwl laitf^ the btsaan
pevtRfm haa the xlght to be i^apeotad, 18 the aubjeot
of t^hta, i^oaaaaeea rights" (333).
mi
mmrtm vf Its
Wttm n^vitnln "th« aotio» ef FLgdit and th«
Xr .«^i} b88 i» t£«tl3 a ftmdiisieotsl ana limjlieiisble
ol»lls8tl<Mn to do good afid ovoid «vll, tb^) he im»t
t>o ollloitod to do thot@ thlriis l^lwoMgh i^hioli be esn
ftOfll his dMtlfi^r. Xt is beeaoM mn it e p»rt
1^ a osHMt^ ontftr ai9^ a eMl^ of Ood ttiot h<^ !ia0
?i9itt0* "Bvory i^,ii^ poa-aeaao^ toy ^n is s»o«ae#»«d
anSr W ^rtue of the ri^bt i>oaaaa»«i ^ doi9« which
ie ptspo «ruKtloo, to ««o tbe oi^@z> of Hia viadoe In
1^800" (^7).
{4aritelD points out that hiatorioallj^ it sme
the influ«iio« of tha goapei «r!iioh siade the dignity
of mm aai^Mt. "The eooaoiousnt^ss of tha jpiglkta of
th« pmmm mmlly haa it« oviisln i» tho coiio<^lon
of won and of natuxiel la«f aatabllahad t^ e^:)tiirio8 of
Chrdatlsn Phlloaoj*!?* (3^)»
In ^toaliog with the i^tita of taas^ .%xltaln i»
prepavad to aet doum oartoiia nghta aa haale and of
Tha ftmdwaeiital ri|>^^te of the htssan paraoti aa
waich arat the XPigl^ to oxistatMa, the rigiit to personal
liberty^ the i*ight to the s^iraait of the paj^eetlon
of xvtional and moa?al hmmn lite, and th@ riirht to the
puraoit of eternal Ufa aloags tha path vhieh eonecieoca
^K-S
OHAriEli XV loll
Othmf rigbts hsv& |»Ka«pwtt0lveI|r g£v»^ tip as
tfc» «oiisci0ii6o Of wan he« det'-cl«©«d in accord with
wtiat Hiritsln b6« «>alied "fclK . :
.
::. t o
intelligeae^** (3^0). mn, hotmmn :o@0e#9e9 an
laiNill^et^ exists in a lamfeiex* dlffc^r^'ntt to tho
tNi«ir» h9%m liim» i^?«9«nd«tf in hie mtm?^ ea e
x^tlcmel C'js?«it«ip©, «i^ hie fs^the^kim «t^ his risbt*
4mS^i996 in life vtlth hie fello^fs in the world of
fiiii»i •iMi b«0«uM tmt m^mf9, open to axi i^img,
could b€ &nd^ in t&ot, tmn «levttt«iS to a mipcs'-
n0t«i»l destiay, ia»n «l»o Uws in a iforld of eplrl-
twil hop* — th© hapm of n«ir«'3>«iidit^ lasloo with ©od
In #tc9c*nity*
u«^
it-ii
in ^tmtm'er a- j tz'«at«? In his phllcwio|?isr
of xae-n,'"*-^
opjxjiiiv,* . .H^a^a^^w . i..^.^r©«6e of
«??„> - - ^t^ wss as C-. Jiie^? Sri? the t'
fl ^: ,' In X -asi»« h« . :
aa -- ^ 3 wmi capable of ^siasrln:^ aixs! laTritss
Ooi. rtm tsfrnt^mt "^' ".'-"'^' ^?Avveo lio v*i tic- cstce|»»
turn te ti^e ffal@» v# «?« told u^at mea la £vm, b«*
Jl^iKt h« 90iNP«fHMi« *ifmmm, Im smieh liberty » i^i-^sie
•ffiiMdiK t^ ^t^muBmnnM of fpiNBdiss «m ¥i3tm»««>. mm
aMof «3te|««tio« to the T&j*«»£y ««• ii^iiTi oe ii5i*s «sai>^«*ft
is %mt ^mi% @«t 9 wid« giOX l>«Wt«B fzF^e^ota 9n& mtmf^0
"On fhs one hnnd ttWKWf 1?? thr? cftne»wt nf nritnTi^ #frtlx»«»ly
Infinite .itiwi of phmomm mj^s^t to the
Evil t&ff rten^ C6»oot fc«t iNft Bbiolutal^ ii«9Bi«t« froia
tiltt or#«t» of !listta»«*
function of . , ^ ,:ki iiiii«e(ed«ei* 8?id fc® liss fiMfiwJ th€
means Oi doios it kn th.& pr^^^Q&oigiiy ax i.ii' ... ^
0<«rt0r» *Xn pX&«>e of apposing the ard^je" of Fr««di«
to tf^ dir^cr »f Hattiw^ or» of '^i<?f.rsr., the? phllarcfdir^ ef
is*, sfijoass uai'e*® ai^isw^i; c©ssi"u«Jifj|. uiea, .-../::/.
thf- faiS9«if on the l«tt«3?* (3^':..K *-
not an vi el«@9Rt ti^^s^at mi tim j^^^tm^^^
by th# i?r03E?jl oon?^'.^imi«tiesfl| it ii^ ® tMuf pir<9^^«£' to s
««Pt£9lo fftta^> i» sifiQi^^ to tha mtxm&l or iiit«IXi@e*
tttsl xmtijst&* *^t^ «r%toi« s^ot of fp^eii<m IX^sm in
vftll ie ?tot oe« which, foai' MsrltalD^ ?>e«a« to he psH79«d
to e^.t.^'^* r^ viapl7 m^, *^ «hBll not aieotiiits h«r»
Ite «8(i«it<mcr«f »& «««b ol* u« kaoifft W mpmPimm^ tim
«aclt!t«t»r<« of hie o«m fi?«iidl<M*' (36?)*
i««^t©lr, ' - , ho»«v«i>^ papti^^vd to sftty «rtwt th»
irlll le 0ii0 *to i^KM that •» liit«lX«&tu»l b^itig l« ol*
ii«eettBl,ty cnaoi#«d »ith fv^Mdjors" (368)
•
*aIi« tflXl is an Qii^«tit«^ e poi««r oT desire fta*
i#.'-S*/wv,*.
i
of Inellnstlon, ei^nting io th* noul i^rittsai »«igHt«
«hi«h «tts«ct the t9hol,9 <»f itj Its prl»o»91a2 aet 19
to love* (369). "Mow, ell »p|H?tlte lit rotAwf in Unoif*
Ins OP a»«3P«n#«e* (370), B©t^ >^*»*» an^ antasla |>o«««»«
« ««ieltl¥» sppKStlte, wt?lch d«>rH»»S« on th* kne»fl«dg«
of th© ff^nffef , btrt raan has in aiUdltifin a p<wer «>f
9plrlt»al app^titlan «»hieli is r«ot«d In his l»t«li«et
BfvB which 1» known as th* will,
tt t» "by fiwnt of thlt eplrltwl «i>^tite that
nan 999^9, not only individual and particular ioodi,
iHit alao, ^ aeana ©f the ah?trdctlv« pewer ©f hla
lnt«?lle<?t, the 0o«d (371), "It 1* haeaui^a th# will
tsia t^ nature a i>3;»«il7 for th« infinite and baeaoaa
it ten<f« b7 nature and n«e««a8ni7 to an infinite
CJj^aid whleh ehall fnlfil it« 9?rr* ration that th«^ will
la frea in faee of ^vary s»irti7ui.sr and ^rtial sood,
of aversr sood that na ©an t«k« and rwaaura »n$ that
la Insufflcifwt to tfsrt^nat th« inflrtlt*^ eSMsaalty of
tha will to lov«" (372). ^a wxlJ. then io ^trltain
19 nooaaaitat^d aa to ita final mtd, Mhleh la tha
ifadf and fra« in raapaat of i^artietslar individual
gaoda. »a nay daoida to «ill anr particular thinsr*
tart wa ara aimally fr«# not to will it« FraadCM of
alieioa raata «o ttia casbioad action ef tha «iii ai-sd
tha mtallact.
fer>?i^
m femm by «Kp«n«tie« that if» here sn •!?>
fimt* oapaelt?' f«r i^f'^* C^'^) ?*rw? that r^o «?spthlv
sf» ean alua^tk tMnl^ of s gr«8t#r or ?Tjor« pcs^terfitl,
c«p tm5p« b«iHatlf!:i1. thlfr- tlhsn that ',?'hlch r*??? Tw^f»''«s.pf»,
INNSli if we ere wis© cmsi^tJ to #©ffir^ ,.«-^:--,-i-v-^ ,,,-.-.
all thirjftf , s lli^.tlf^pif>"
vfi oj^mm oat I".,
Qujp will 19 iw3llelt«?a r^ fill e.tae9 »fsd it
4«iA3f9 mw thin^tf *lf» its o««i **»plt«* <37^). Ifc
iff miT lnt<*il»cf; rrKieh, in a »TH>e«ilaiti'?'*» wi^r. r^r-*?:?-
t'-^rr: '.':•:•* •-'j,;£^c'u c3©iiir«^ le good 1« on« smy eme not
1« p-.^-'::h«?r, *th»t it i» at one© 9<j<»ept«bl« c>iKf not
aee«otsM^* C*??*'.^ tr^ cth^r wor^p, the i«t«?ll«elJ
i^M»ein«a tne set or th« will, 9?x5 act? »s a f<3tt9ail
and final cause in r^%&ti.ism to lt« H«?t»rth«le»^!,
th« «p*«Mlat.1*/f» jua^^nt ''^ «--*^«' l.titalleet does not
m<we tha will to a«5t. •ThiR rniwia?* a jawetleal
<la©i«ion, a pwactleal .fiidsjraerrt of tha Intellect*
(376). It it the will »fMch nmr^if tha Intcllaet as
an afflftiattt caoaa and whlah wovaa It In tha dlra<?*
tian of en act whletn Is *th*> act of !!!y hirsen p«x*»
aonallty* (377).
•t'aata libra, 06 l «lnt«lllr;antf« at la
vol<mt4 a *iinpliQQafft at a *amralappant iritalatnant
OKAfTSS V 109
t*mm l*««tye, ««t »in«l e«»asa« l»<^lsii' InetsTita'n^
o& 1 *l»dii«i«iitiotlots actlv* #t <»<M&aBti?le» <S« la
volt»ttd e •«K««e« k 1 *4gaxti tfu iogvoMttit Xitl aiww qui
la d^texittfM»| 2«3 t^oiianM fw pent M«n mnn tm .1fvr;c^
d^tomlMar par lai« #t per celui^ol plutet «|i3« pasf
311&x«t •i*l>it:p*« c *e9% «iM>« tOQt an s^ni m9»mttl»ll9»
l*tMrel«t dc lo volenti jr a !.• priaiat aar ettXl«0*cl«
et lev tl«iife »lliH"iiitma Mitti «on ini^t^wmXtrntl^m
aetive •t dasiaatnec^ immo croa aaul 11 pmit latxr
4memr ^Xiaaoit^ axtataatialla" (37t).
Vhla la a laog t«xt« SMoit nean^ whila Qoattns^
baeama It la froai a little twaiip taoilfc a»d it atataa
adaoinatly tlia aaa^liaatatf valation of thi^ mtallaet
t« tlia will* nr«a »ill^ ttoao» ia btamd em tiia aKi«*
taaaa oT tlio ititallaet in nm (379) and it •mfstotfta
both a fiPtatfaa of avaraia^ •» to will or flot to tfill,
afvaa with 9«mif9et to do<4 •»•« and fvaotfatt oif apaal-
fiaatioD •<» to ehooaa ^^lat ana villa
«
A '&
Sine* "ffget f. -^^ Q^ huiaatJ^ will"
(380) le 138 8©d <^n l?jt®ll««?" .
'.* It'
;^t to
6a|iLif»«T tHist it iB i»«H&t«*d In Ti«t»r«?. tr\ l'>»
9optiy os: :- ".n, tbers i® no gsj uet-ween ii-ec^e*©
and nature . '^.<wy «r« Intimately r#l6t«d aa<5 n^j^ltsif)
uae, iyhf-Mixn to call th#» b.^r-»..'» .fr**'^?^?©©, «hlch i» ttiat
fjNtedksra of ep<!mta«eit3r,
*?•.** v,^ j^Aftr.i^ lai^4sly *abi*€nce of con»
tf^Miist** (331), **«« s l*ir«J l8 fiMMt »J»» It li3 not
m a ease* ' ). "Fll^; n*ii^pllcjiJ€ pot 1 •»!>««»»
''- *>'5«#«Bit#, tsals aeularaient itr^^-^^n.^^ f^« eontsr©lnt®.
c»«»t 1« pouvoir d«agir «» v«ptu Cie sa prasw* tJi-
m intern*, et aano ftoaffrir «e
i«l>da40 J>6r m) ag«nt ^ttdrletir" (3 .
FrewJora of «s>6otati«ity theo is the furn3ajswfrt»l
principle of being nvtd of act in all ereal 'ngi
and «v«n in 0<y?, It '« ^-^-'^ "^asic aetl-nty ^^ ^^ing
lyy which thir ^e towai^J tb^ij* etsds. *La ostoi^,
ats sene sr' .iliclan, ©«t »n -. , ttr# It
prineipo d*actX"Htd d* c«lu.^-- .., tooXo aatiix?« eori-
p6rt€? done un <s«rtal» minlsiam 4« ap^jotan^ltd* (38^K
re &T9 di5i;r««9 of »|>««Ttaneity which eor*
respond to th» dagraea of being. " ^^^ "^it Qua 1«
ia4ta9l#itii« '1NWtt^«^ <«t ana r!i«li9«y«l#li d«« <li«an»ff
mi
*s^$
? lU
|HPMNMi;eioii ou 6c d«#eJtDt# I |iiai*tlr <$<» la ^^ouz'c^^ 6e
l*%t3^, irt die eom^«]mio» on 4» rwKmti« vckps eett*
"Oettd lib<irt4«'2^ ii^H«t %9ii6«» »02*t«e <$«
dagrte* (386). it if ^t^ismmt to not^ that latfe^sr*
mil<:eou«i7« **yt Bi®t »8%«2V^ ei*« pine i|U*ime «cm»
awtntatioe, whi^h in 9 i»^ of xt9 stttvw** Urn mp9
hMf9 •t turn Xw$m% ^mn^ntm Qt nprnt^omiW* (S3i>»
qui pm»m •libtfwiwRt » •** <^% i *ni»««« ^-ai vol©
*3.ifaff<iiMint » ? e *«»t«4Mii£^ ots 6^t4Xmmwt% mulm&<m%
«tix tMl<ir««*itifte it)t«jr!i«tt d« X«uz> tittlnii;^. ^^iid la
natort apirltueXXo, «11« cievieat ft prostfaaairt parley
llb«iPM d *1.i!0^NHi4aw»«t ]^jp antAHfc oU* tie «'v»i«i9te
Otis k iflint tm e« »Nidre ^etXirmmoft sol miwn !•
i M yoiiiNI<r> "^ eo^sw or tout li:x9ivloit»itt dana 3L*dot«
c|u*(Hi ^potftt&t" (389).
All erMt«a iMiia^c h»v«, on an as«*txilng ccKle,
'mi prliiei9« MKtieal liit«rt>« 4*8cti?it4" (390)*
Xnnnlnsta ob^ets «pNMi«at the flr«t ««i»HM? of apati*
tanaitir* 'i^tie living ccspoi^i os^sBuicas oi v«g<?ta%iv«
life which have an *aetivtt4 euto^onetmictiva at
•H<j©-|>^*««t^o«n«w^ IW«1pape S U vl©** (391) and 3?«-
pfiaaimt the Immwt di«vae of mmtmtii aetlon, aeoiij^
tlia aecond ^siraa of apODtafwlt^, t1}«7 a^ »om ^raa
that} an atasj 1»^ lem tm0 titan 9mm$Mm o«ss«l«fa
whleh haira aenaatlooa and, in a<»ia mmBt i^itt M!il»iili
eaiia an aetioatlva mate, ^n aniisai ia "aoaoira v6qI$
9«v i« 6t/b(Xp9t ^^< e«tt<« foia e« »a aont piua i#a
aatioM ttfanaltivae aoaro^aa atir lui par la nlliau
Qui z%l«iit son aativit^f ce aoB% «•« cAJata ptapqm*'
(398)* Alao aninala tMHW *la aannalaaanea p»&pve i
i'inetifiot" (393)« »otf thi^ flttr l»« aoeaaivatf aa
oaaoyyin^ the thlxtf ^agraa <>f i^««^m«lty. Tha fotsrth
dagvaa of apontanait^ ie *eelul da la via intellectlva*
(39^) and that to wMoh a»» l»alafi@8, "11 cjowiatt ea
qu*il ftoit et la fin tfa aaa aataa ocmsw tallas 11 aa
d^tanHiia * litl««sQna» par aa propva activity itital*
laatttalle, laa fina da aon agir. X.'h<Bam<», ai impar*
faitawant qua ca aeit^ eat vtainant at prc^racaaiit imi
taut (una paraantia)" (393}*
fif
*2C'ap
*f(i •$<;
^^>^.^. *^
It i« b«e8a«« last) h®e toy nature thlJi liberty
<sf epoet9»l«t7« expr»»©cd i^^««lfloally fe^ hit r«e?»-orj,
that he i» «tole fco p«mi«««« fJNwdm of choi<?«» it i&
bis sotlvity 06 e s?»tlcmel l>etng whleh ihows itMli'
m his efeilifcy to ebooe«, withlo th« 13Mt« of th#
IM»B«r of tft« tt«it^ ^Hch h© p«Mi««i0««, wtiat h® wUl
*t 18 ts^ th« «»» of hl» .iot«li«ei thsfc he sjgfe^
fchots« ehoic«« »htoh cosw to eoiMitlttit« lilc ptamos^
silt?*. Ub«rfe^ of ^epm^mlt^t «» it i« ps*«««i}t In
^tt, HanfitMiin ©slit llto««l!7 <^f %ti^«pmam0e* "ear,
en itiga* %m^9 m^ U Xibc«rt4 d* eholx pesiiisseiit la
ptfra^aanalit^ «t t&m Xm prlvil%«« ^ ia p«p»oo»
1« llb«ft4 4e 0poat«n4it« d«vl«fjt iib#j?tii d«iTid#©o»
«fatK»f* C^?>. *^ tffsdt Q«« p^mmmi%%4 #t lib«<^
• V •
fros tlw point of viess of aehitviMSieat Ito tH« #»veX-
<^pm««t of E»ti fey «««ii« of th« «»• «f his pow«9W,
''nMtnltt ftftt»r> oftllfS it lllMMPtjf of »tltOiK»^, U@ «s>fiy»
%l2Bt mic is i^ne ftfMiiQn in tihieh «iati i« noiit
'na
vji^ ^ wild ami ^hme 1% mmm emmipatlim aos
_;>,., V .... .-. -;c'y«ii^l«ae®, *«« slmXX sail it l*p®«daa
of atjtooaiag and fapefidao Cff «9rult53tlon* (399). It
m^ cUoota«i what ^ will i- ^ of ^il^
l»iajivcj«i teat ei^ler <|tti v« «iitmr d«tw l*dtM« «t
f devN»iiv« <i^ fats «ilit8t|i* li s«Xon l»«»ti^ in*
/at. :ierit^l» b«li«ves iw tl>© 6!S^l«t«nce
as % byo&ii »&ttii:*9 ana h&u mlA In tbls coimeotlon^
"e«t»tc} t^ttxjpe est ip$9ii«» @t «n o« nmm •1X« e'lsapoc«
A nou£« Qdae i»9 sous la 4«im(N>c 9118* (^<XL)« yet h«^
ftl&o |QK»#^ tliat tl^iiir« i« • Mume S» tiMeh Ut>erty
'*a»jp 1 *}»»M» #«t im Cti!« to tso«r«n«iit| t *U » *9q^
««l«x>t i^s, 13 n*% rxm, tt U i^tr0« e« <p]*ll «vaitfi
U Ittl Smt (»oafUi4i!ir 8d» tto^* (^03).
M^ vlcM Ift^ OS til* m^tnQCf etiftmgl;^ r»*
nlBl«Q«iit of tt»it tmU W tn ttheiet ftxl»t«nt4*ll8t
Ilk* £»8rtr« titioy slthoui^ ti« wiU »itadt th^t "tl20i*«
4<«« txift i» universal huooc QOoOltlao'' i^Oli)^ yet
Ml
,;»* *Tff.
yillX uStlt^ that "th<sre ie no tiamtt oatttre top sm
fee 'oaiaes liirafttll** C^06). ** au Is m?ttiiHi| (glee 1»ut
nhat h« ffia^0 &f hiiuNiIf • Sneh is the fiv»t priR*»
If i'»eri •>•:. la ie able tc a«;;i?«Hi !»slth J^urcz«
that^ "^n iatt«t iii» hit pervoeallt? a» woll as hln
t€:£!:t: of a ^p^"* ^^9i«^
fifth aagre* of tn* tre^^ of ^Knii^iieit;,-
,
^'W3f dirf«e«st le ^^rltala *!i ^opld f£^» tlmt
of s«rtr« «ib«v» MSB Juet "tti»^ up^ sppsftro ^a tht
CK»«ii«* (^)Q9)^ and iiti«E<e tim osOif dirfe^m»e 0«t«f«««
!il» aad **8 patoh of m>8a^ s pita® of j^jrbe$«, or a
08ullfl<»i»r** (^10) 10 ttiat im "Xa at the 9toz*t a
plaa imieh ii» awara of itaelf* (^11) «»• «v«a) tl
"tb««» la nothing m haairen*' (^12)*
For ^i^teln tliava la in haavvn a Si^rcaa
Umlnt »96 h« aaya tt>at h« hava In taa a kind of
"aaiplntlon d ZHatt" (^x:.). "Xna^pendanta dane aa
i«clii« m4tapli^al4|U0j du f)Kl% <}ii>eXla aiirglt d9»» la
K'.
/J^ .
WSkWW^ f 116
t96atitp. Qwmn t»i« mil?iHsouoe> Intel ll;.5«ffnt*? et <f«tt^
41* Ijsi liberty dc eha,;jK, la p«r»omje, coRiside^'©®
dsDs la pu2^ lis»e d« ft»s iitpirati9»8 t3niiiiN$9»^i>»
t6l<»fl on ti»i3ssrjat«rt!ll#® 6e pmimorme^ Ammtn^^ pAnwH
A pcisoer fi dea d^;r<$« de plu» ma pJLui? ^im;^^ de
iox<f»^ '«>11«» 0« H^tmf^tetut &^m i& z&im^ 4m !Nmti«
la virltil, c*mt ©« Mmi setnl <|ii*ell«'8 tpotiifeiit
S^fur a^eceai^lldmmiVK* (^1^). Hsn man )»e ftetlsflad
ODI^ 1)7 "««lui ami i^4i e«t la I4l»«pt^ d 'ii^S^s:)*!}*
donot ell*-«^MN# iaNsi)&t«»t par «0l* (<»15)t
{^16) of aclilevl^^ this jsatlisfactiofi^ tor ^leh laen
iengt. This wtml^ M by th« route of tiMvo^i^ and
tnntiumtitta^ b^ nhieh :e4»i«italn fWMiiMi nokifi^ b«iii@
univodal In all lit #«gv#6»^ 6Dd oeceptliog a pan*
theiatie met8phsr8iea« «t)«f«li7 th««« woaI# l>« t)o
diffavanera l>etii««ti tha nature of mn and tha isettira
of Qod, **0n 3Ms@»»ia tw»jt«p«' e^aea, t> la fatoo d®
%l»o»« ou de Hagal^ e««»i»i» ^tae taodiaa «»i d«a p^aaa
^« aa r<teUaatioi!i* C^ir).
"a« cowti«lr«, la vrele a»nl!!ape d'e«t««itfra
la eoncpt^ da la liliert^ rapoa« eur una phllosophia
<^ ^ **y|fti .
«t <3 *#tr« ct da la
m
ffw? flTOl ««8fp?»6 €>r tiiv« iio ^
Situ eft lth3?m, p3.ti« «9c»e%ifips««t ^t '»*^- ^'^'^''
9mmt^9int«* («il?). Jt will fee p©i«a«l# JTw i»«rwwia
0Hm$ el54M! |?Bf^«ia»«sirtf i la r%9^m 0^ mm, ear mvo^nt 1 •««»«?«!© «lifi«« U er#«^a?© #ivl«n* !«*«»*
XiK»7{i8te« amJ usr s»en« of "tsie #lviiil««tl«i de
I'tnai-riau" (^isa) tf«t; acweaee* o«« Uimt fe«v« ei?-
t«i».?#s-?i at nn awfch»«i|*oe«stferl<f vi««i ef lilMM?1^^ «0©m»*
diii:;: to ^hictj *i*oo 9»ej?t lilfeff* «|«# »i l*oo o»ote*it
i^fp. p»f««itt of th?.» -Hew iiaw« hmmi m&»t asifor-
mnptw la the iKsolai i»«s3aia* I'OyttJSln notwt thtfs a«t
9«eKiwi** (1«ft); "la cJigpsFitaon th^<w*Jini# »* s»wtfi^p»
d« l»1ld4« du p«wi9ori9»l>X« «t dw %*1M9 <»• l»»ttt<Mc^t4,
-.?
in^t, et <J^ la vm&w^ ' vm
:'sttx»e - '*.^^- plf^f ':. tisis mie sort©
it is fi' '. rmn hfi» f3?^e^<5m
cnlf r»r '5 to feenas to*
dots ©f ,;^ i« OR to* sji-oiitiaBwit;^ ef
the lntc-llc.-:ftfi-;- n. nattsrc* of it^n, ttsat
Han hat f* : «f s^lcs ^Ith ,? to:
'jlsr
m^^ a» '3-' 5' «oci0« Ev^a ;i«p«j, a© r^;?" i^sr and
0l)oo&e mi''^ .; &^ dlt' hit iMt'vU''@ i^ mi^ %n
t-nr^, a ly^-? tt^i^t it Ittt^-v-* ^.-iM-^r rr^r*^??? thi* 6ftajt, *f?*t;
iiO true is this tov r. :% he »9r»,
r,
- VIIX-
C' : i>i*oblesa of «vll lis
n«»©s»ai?ll7 r©l9fte<f to the «xr>«»'nm«?c of ftv^f^'-rf;.
^Britain states this ttiet forcibly «h«n i^ «eF«#
•• fwe orROttw©, fwturally iSQMKcabl^, would b©
«tapd«« b« uaagt explatiattan of ttM «gttttiii» of evil,
9n9 that estplenefclcsn r<ej?t» in th© wtperlefjee of
It Is is^ieiftstit to not« ttot ©vii for ?^i^t^Tin
is not a positive b«lns. "svil ie n©ith«i» en #«*«noe
nor & natuz« nop e fossa nop sn «et of b«ln^ •- wil
la an abe(»ne« of h«lngi it is vnst « lacp© iMigistlcm,
^"* 8 P^yiyt^q>n i the pi^lvotion of thtt £jooa that ffhould
be in a thing" (^30). In this viw ^ntsin le
follo»rt.nc; St. •stwraas, who dr- '^ "thp f:re!5t th««»s
oadff clasdcal b^ St, At^jettw?* (^<31).
Britain ie not mylrm that «vSl <*o©o not
asdit — "Evil does «s;iet in thinfjsi, it lis t«pnbly
pgmnmit m th«" (I132) — but that it i« s "n«?to-
phyaioal aanat^oalty* (433), and exlists only in and
through good •©» a 99i«»lt©« (^3^). All b0i«® la
good in 80 fap 3« it is (^35).
If oni» aitca th« rmnaa fop the oariatetictr cf
avil, the enairap gi9«n ectmn trcm a t«yfc of St.
Thojaaai •Fepf<jctlon of th<» imlveri»© d^iTrwndf" th??t
th«p« ba aoRia loaQtiality in thinga, ao that six d©-
gyaaa of b«lnc and of goodnaaa taay b© filled* (I36).
^sM
(9|ttJMjni| If %ltt
(^3TK ^'^inu».2M ^jQ^^ »^:mmBt *^Eto«« and iitt,iiii»
fio^ All s€tiv« goo^t 0om t^t in l»«et ^itit me»»6
ta tf^ i«63le, but m^ «|3iHi &• iNMIt fm* isteii pm!t
einen f!s«ces irtril entf thet !»!»^ i^msdi itenid bffi la^it if
i.^^ UM mo^ p!@£mit CTvo-i.*
l^l£ii^6#lt} It e«i««na ^ 6dtf l^t im &Q99 sot
»fteii his m^fSmmt±GSi to t»« iiHifiiyitiil «§ agMMing
mmiLsttBn tamtam* (kkfi)^ Tim pmMmk «if mtX tSt^susM
moml memI i|a«iteiial iwtlatioa* <9^ eiMited s»mmmii» t«»
(MM m^fi^ibm 9f>6i mm Qo$, tHii^li w^iMtm to tt)«
An fti^itione3» jm»«ob f<or Mi* i«20««ae« of
#vii is iM«siiM Q«i Mi«^«tf mm fv^ m ov^or tmt
ha islgbt alioo9& fxpet^^ %o lov* Ei. ^« ^itbonfe fal-
lible jfiftMiaaei t^)$r(» is«» i»« oo eiwatad l^raaSoai
without ojNwitttf £]?««d«r:} tHova 4^D lit no lova la
!i«^(ial rviaaiahip i^etaaan Oatf and «vaatu««»2 uiaiMDt
lovo In aiatttal M«MNK[»ilp tyatiweaa CkMI ana emMtaae*
)l« «i<«^ 10 this «lMfts«i*» Vkm «c»KSfMnMd nith
tli« ai«ft|il!qr»leaX w^Vsm^dim for th« iiiriitiii# «r
not tM9 exr ttsftt «rt>w9^ but ttw 0««»^* (^3)« •&# «iae«
it J?all«w« tha^ fe« mis^ »»» 1» f«ct ««««» «**«»
«lK»o»# «h»t «|34^ 1» m\X^ OrOir t!s« «*ivi»# i^Ul 1«
Q<:)d knous «vil t^ !««« it i« «»< net •«
•«elit iMTt "in tlwi iNiingi tli»t it iMnWf «f ^ tUf
l^wdi tiMit It aof*«ft@" (^M?),
Ml
'M t:
VSL' JStJjI
v>Oa?" '^
i" ; s<.
mttm of mefk «f ^« tetiai* iow^mMl in m%t«9 i»
^rmsiSsm «Kr.l sting tj«t»i#«w wttwpwi* <*5I^K *toe «^«
!Wife i« ttet wlwt if « s«K»^ for <«i# atti^w •* i^
t^ tf«nrti0ptt#Y)t of e ' ««> mr^ W m^m ^MWKS
Itfl flmlit^', re»iilt i« tft« deir^jnieti<3^ of tna^lMHr
itimS an r?il of i^^i^,
« hiM«D aile^^iiia, t»«e«Q0«^ if «mi ef »etlaii «i«f««
dii« to a «iKf«et of tt!9 «itl ««• in t;h# t«i9' at^isw «f
tlift wiaa. '^^ th«« evis. aiHsion wowl.^ not b« tmily f«*©.
It would ii« ii«t«mia«d ibir t tf«f««%iir« «tili» it, on
ISm* «rth«» hiifid^ tl» »<?tion of the will in truly tr*^.
*»•
ie l^jT »t^ ^- ^^^^ of thie 3RiX« %i^% liiM? ^111 geta
mw mhtmm* vhi^ «Q^M>it« l» not aetiiftXl;? ocmi^Utor-*
JUlB ttm man, *hmQm>& tb^ 90^1 is 9^ iii»Xi^S96, Mrfor timt mi»%^ Xm 1% «ibl<i» 9<JmAm^lif io t4»lR» th«
»<««q^iXC«tf is^ loot thG« t&ii tWOft HlMail liiV* tl»» imX#
iH^J* iMklni: »% tlm smte* (436). ths «r?ll ««nMi itt
t»ut l»ceau»e of t^ ii^«m9« «f th« anil , ui« abMiwc
1& *otitiliflr « piiMitiMi nor wn «vll^ b'ofc 9 ixesf^ and
Mr), mtfitftitt mU9 tM« the •^SSMt^K^'*'^'^ i^^f
fc*^rt*f ;ffc»-**;.fc^iSrk*«»' '«fc'*nkVdi«**i*»i***
.^f mwtmmmma^ wtmmm, "^Wa, tern %m $0X0
f»et that ^mt^ 3«ts with U> %mm9» m |»4iwti«it
•?!»<» i'lret r.aaaieE ppQff&tleff "the roe-5 propiar
Of erll m -^^ •tin fliM^S^." <*»€2).
lts«l? alowe* C*«3)f ti«t It i« mftm^mBmm'^ tn
iHAat'saw^ Itn^lf < * Iwfw givMi taw attti^v mm «o©»
«Ca««liiiit »«iii!«, t«»ftt>tfUy to «I«3^UM I and I?,
tf> tin?- si !W>t.Se!i» m w<ea^ iildj«li svi p«w*
2^ «e«at4»» oi^mMW
;?fj^4;v!r *i iffp.
P ,t>.a 4A'
mknm v "Mb
cms). fh€ mmtmtl^le ^h@ta»tiee 9^10 follcjwea
iwNi jLii wm 4tmi» «e faithi yiiiiiM>tifr tig Hi*
tor *^Mi»oi«tt«bi6 tlit*a^£e«:i °«fiii0att* {^)»
HilOiitiHa 9« "a tUMK^^iiXofias^-* f^T0>i ttmt of
tPMtS«« tm th« mf|^i»** C^73L>| «n0 th# ^^iol / <«f
fooatf %% wmmmm ^ tvtablirti 1^ rei : of
flHHiiift|i|' «ii0 ftiiat iltt«i e»d« « v»tJURiie fttt4«s^ to
f.» mt'-'f^ s*ms
fclMf tmts^ mluU-^m t© tii2.B v©is;^' i^m^ - -^®
1^ ^ e»ll« the t«i^^^^'-^" ^-^ "tii«?oi. ^pes:^
tjl^roy out theal«^ fel^a i . to m •""' a'
itft l^MHft>« '^IhUoifii^ hUX neve? tiMlsr -
frod all <Jero*Bs$iig ®«iwlt««>e to %m thmlfs^ml ^
vaA'oe proper to thtolo^^ »i>a tbespcfei?' p«^^««^© i^e
tt<sx«)ir% »w«9ii»l of ite it}t:i!9fiaX«i)«e i^ «;<!f^p«i<i8<!«} with
sue aijsdoaa that ere iilghas* tlian it* <MTL ).
<Jtat38.lK, but It ie lui'eqpiQaP' to tt^i«9MN«l aaedos.
i^jTiwuiii »«»« tfe« i»ttfflp «^ bar assflngi *Thw<» 1«
«?»t«t53i.eh«># i?» ttil»«l«g^^.!» ih'^t
' f'^f*
IMS 1« tms im aw «^ ^» aivisiose of phllo*
!» '^.-'i.. ' Is in fis<?t i» ti» «t«te of Ifelltere n»ljiap«
i«hleh i« «i%h«fS' vi]i^««i 01? I}««1^ and viirjUfi«d t>y th«
gy«e9 of OtiTis^ 8i3d 1^ mas^mmsi^mikl #illMi <%f ^li*
imtuml f^o^a^s of Icfving 0od effl«®«iou8ly above ell
tlKHirs?. ns^r-s ill Mm fla?f»* uet of frcw^csEi he 1®
the -aocal g<K?<J a« s«9h fop th® foafw*! <:^^t ^ Jtl«
fitiffltd®, to ^5®t» hi« lif© a«i«ii»««Jt to fel*» a£9«ifii go©5>
or the ^^0^ @£»iMi SQT ««B«eR3« end to s«»trtle cm thin
r^eiaaX bl« d»ilb«««tloiJ ©bait hlE^eif* (^79 )«
'diolqg, '•:;: : ''x J3» ^eil «siSHPe. fcoat thl« ^e»o.x>lp*
aiMMiB&ii^ thfst the fK^ist^eotlfil i^<$^ltien» of fallen
mk9T
tfttb im» #f>ifelo|!i^«!«)t fif «i»f} in sotie^. It i» lir
t^ »i# «f both t>hff Mh^p^ oT atHJi end lAw lUiVIr
of «>tit«naRV tw t«et«l ilf« t!!t»t «»» »%t€!»|st« to
mMm9<t 111* ti#e ip«lftt«^ «na«! ei^fi!llMti«»-j haje* t»««
lew dUd l>€«titti#» i/kov#«
If llbi*ptif of 4H'^«« 4« m»t ttR «fi« In ltt#lf
md is *i^Ui» Want ftie «»• 3« li)>«»t4 4 'isRiltiitlf:}!!
i»fl:3re* (^103}^ i^*e^ ^^ti ?i«il* «c^pij?« in tsv^^T to
Viai9h tel« 2««t end or nis ti>iititii<lc » ««i ithi^ he
»itr««^ lenonff ^, iboHi 1^ rcttwon e»a uy f»itls <^6^).
Hew, «•« ««w»t ««te# hf » ?f?r^ tosUKWN th!*« 0n6, whleh tilli
tM aefeKL«viid only ntwtit ^^^ ^*** ^^^'^ f^espmttwr, *! »lrfteJLii-
g««e# hnifliitt© v«jn» M.^i* (*8*'?)» »Tid tj® wj&t do it la
« 8<3cill2 ilf« i*v«# b(«?# 'Tffl earfch. wHp«3W» h# i» elm*
MtMvty of ehol<ye it th« wwrimi «««d, una lib««^ «.f
$f» tJv mn^ fteM«»tf<»i» t«f a life lfv<p<t In eofWion
#1 #«^ is iiiMRrt4 83 mm 0m %i.bmp%4 49 9h&ix on 6t
^mmmmsM poiitUfpm, 9mmm6^$ pie^(em^4>9, &XqU9,
p9sm ^ ^#cipi ««im^ i» mtmm «t ahmi i« 2JUii»pt#«
ttt Nlirltaif}, in «ooi«1ir« *flmB tsUit r^
•i^pl»»ii iwtimliy tf^ i^m meiJUl llfot 1% ti» ^ tfi;........
tiMdJili mmm to tw wHt^iNl to otli«r i^ttl«ii i» ss^^ijpituia
«««iMiii»Hi #t int«iiU0t «»a of ndni" i^m}^ "<m»
(|MIMHMK» tl4.» ii»tiir« isMm iwtoam} •«! <f«iii»timst
•««ofs^U»l»«f ^ifWiBH • «e£% of rmwmi mnQ will« tnd
ffii«27 9m9mt9$ t0« »iBii i« « politic*! 99^^mX, ifiii«li
tittt tli» tmmm vmm&n ewmwim pBAXtA99l lit*,
a Uf», not «nl^ «ri^ vtgaiKl t« tlw fteU^* eci;<*
mmXWs ?*ttt wltb siiNPix^ ts» the «1^U o«WBW»lty* C*!^).
It is Wiiemu^im ^ (MMi* tmt tlii0 iMi^ an
tilws mvi» to mipplr t«« with n 4i«a:i«m of it bero9««
tmsih. irtiUe iMvitKi «!(^ intsiiisiiMt m^ ^ntr win
4nilijp»3^ fsmw to wox«£ 113 ti3a« ^te»ti«ii)^ (%o)«
1^ it It rnimtta;^ ats Xitr ...
* 211
film t^Miistle %«aet9 wtOAIi MM<lfe«i» it ae^tutwM^
%« m!^ t«» 9<«ttli« o«t asi di0«itti«ii^^«t is^ <0mci«ioB«
«f «»» is iNMHl«tgr ttni to ^« mn txtml #•#§ i tmvm m*
ffii^iitf iKi tli» Ali^tiQattim of tH* i«diiri<t«tl and tli«
It Is tmwm ^MM« twstt tiKt HtJltain Haft ««««io!pod
tiiA tlitoif of tiM rafi&ttmnMLp of tbt iieraon to «o«l«ty
iihi«ii i« *^»oi<|iio eiio«« #• vlnpiiiifNiMMit ««Ri^X«i»"
(^91). mn X9g OR tho o«io twndj ptrt of • sooiol
n 132
stia an »vicV> l»fdrier to it aiad bouod to
9mt« lt« eiJdfi, «rc8 %o ; up his life fo? ?.t, if
thBt b<s iKsJtweBrjr, Oi the oth«MP hBud, b« 1« a p«iif9«e
with oa iMisa?^! E?vxi,t a^j^, «t> mKsh^ of acajw? ii:^?©3Pt«i»j«
than si^liit^ itl90 1» the ^m*ld. ^^,fE ^m. ^ fMBlii
politi4|ii«^ v^e^f 11 is*«0t pes petPtle da Is eoiaii?Ji»iit#
<|ui cir li. ^'' s r^ lux ;J&s; asjaos «;ul ch^EW^MXl^
dolt s^^irrtrt nm date SaaB<«*fe^^lf «* «^ t^.mi f»# tBioprrt
Htrtttln elp» : that t!M» eonaon
good •« «»el3i e<»it«itii« ..: - ^ JBlwm* if *.t
ii«x« siB^l^r find ^k^Xu' coiiti^tiae of ta^ox^ssi
0O«d«^ It dould aot t * th» i«^c^fi©<? of
hce:S9f} lift* -- •?!»>' *'^*''* '^*"»**' /*fwr«»ri t«P^»«tl*^
in<Jijf«M?ti««it a la fl; * aog h«aao»* (*!^)> ttiet
It 18 i«orth3r o? effospt «r»a mf^^*'*^'.**^.- t% »if\/mW •^«fv-
Iwft al«o make It po«i!i%kl« for Ma %© liv« i» twffh » way
and <m p*ilXo®qpii£r —' fcHe p^. / cS' tiie *«
l^<»t^or« It le- e^ecapitis So the etsiai^ie^B i*hlch
3yj»2^ ©lit §m»«as®l ps. ? as a s«l^ to fcb^ fcams*
U^ fe«ls that saiii!!^ «^ %be ^ijffieultles of ^h#
9Mit thz'^t «rG»turl9« l)»^@ «n«<!m: )i»««ta»ii# mtti ins® txl@^
to min Ms- affair'"- --^^.tlKmt ref««imc'' •" ^'V^ '"•'
laeon® of 9«h5>i ea^hi?^oe«»ta?l« # .'int**
Uy tl>e isa»o«7 of tl>® «^t7 of t^ Mia^Sie ^®fi, F- ^ph»ars s!»f ©ei«j)t4«1i» ©iik« have trt"-'^ ':'•> m^tltutc*
X-eaton fw faith m $ wtiiTim. pa?li»iFM>, 'itw a?«»«lts
l»f« iMPi8«ii »» well »« *& l^jtffoyel o* ili^s #iti;lii,^ v.,^
tjnjth" (^^).
piiiK'lpl<? of the i'ilddi® '*«|«ffl 1® posuibl©, and tiist tlw
beat that h^ ean hope im? in a »»m Of&rt&tian aoel^ty
l6 '*« tmlty of ori«oteti0B, »«hich proeeade f»aa a
eci^ton aapijEWtlom •.. foa? a foosa of eoKSESon life In
¥IM awin point «ld«h coiMMSRit t-Ssi^ttSti i.« ttmt
«te aw tMiHiiilMR 9^01114 i)« %ii«ot«««ji^ «ad net a«liiv<»»
iMiiifiiRi tnw ti^jlneft oi* aod &ms tii» Mngi or t^ wm%^^
tAw
iMifliiil ^ ]||^
pm^m»ilt^^ m% or # ^siA'e® sthsmMm mu into itw
tjTtf^ q£ CiiffigUMn 9^JLt%j&uX «oal«^, Mlmtm^ ecM ir»$r
ttii.1^ of ite p@a?t^ti3UMP ^i^tii»i^^ iii2]«t m^tmm ^mmM»*U^ t-D tm 18 the faet titet tlie supraBMi f^mmml wlmXplm
i(»ap4rt7 of hiiit<3ric«l elirmt«ii. So the $ri»»lia««
he ts&ium-£- ct'^Xima, nor iwpMi fer, t^cir viiiraiitiiiiB e
xHNUwe to I. .. i.«^ ^%«rs» ^i«i mtmm^i& earn
'*Xt 1» iMvt « Quc of a taittttflaX i?e%«am to the
^^iMl* -^m^t ^^ ^ 4sm^im %3ms^umti0m tmm their
Iai)eM0^« end l9ii« 8*i4 Um% be «oiMdd«v« it a hlMmUmmai^inat Q^ to want t« i^tium to the peatt ''xi y a
HOC e<^a 4a bXaapliiiaa ao^ra la gouvaivaaot #a Klau
4t«Q«i i*li.. ..*©, d voulcdr x^ptDurww? 5 an 4t«t pe8»S*
(50S).
£« vi4Ni oi timam aataearlaal atetamata^ it i&
luiitgyaHlv <— at laaat ^ th» tM^av <»f aiad oC fvof
.
V, u, v^j^o^cn ^ to 9m^ tn astiii* «^ laa antltXidf
In It be aliMwataifiaaiM flariteis a? *tti« »oat 4i«tiiMmish«»d
aaid iitflmnmm of the nco-^h,..'.;, .'i»
talsa us iHiak to tlia wmtHmmX
(311 )• ^3P<^<sim9i» ^iilt«i^wcMd x» aoULetii ^n to eay \;i)at
4ii$i.
CHAPIlSft VI 137
It ie ^«*3r unwBfvlfig totf m^n to Xooic n% tb« exc©!-
lenees of th« p»»t, aa^ Wmwb Frof* Coultoa proceeds
to saif ifjst in •ngr ca»« *l» o«eifort, fv»«dOBi «w}
dignity or mn 4va?lm ^^ H&dd^e Ag^ «««x« higDl^
to iilMt ^ntam tiaa metmllsf «ti4«
While iiai;*lt6ln*« iat«rpi*«ftation of flw4iaavail
yi^it#S!r« $» i^il^ ^^ tmmm «« ^ontU^p thot th® Onm;^
«9« o«v«r wmiiy txtumr^tt^s xn polltloal pome^e, but
ammm^ It ooly bF default and in tii« intereat of
iMilntaiiili^ «e«w (5ia)» wiy l» far tpm mamfmmHDivai^aal a^eaptanea^ nm€f%ilmtm9, tha erltlclam
of Papof. coulton tmmm to b« ^pai) to th« uanal ob-
4«ctl<m» attaadtfit oo hla wo»te, of asitl-Catholic blaa
and lalaiiaa oi avl4aoae«
hXom ««^tb ttia 4|oaatlQii of a rotiopn to tba
atandax^a asitf «Miy of Ufa of ttia madia Agaa^ the
jpvoblas g€ tha ralatlon of chux«h and atato aooeao^
In tha waiting and aataaant an tlie vrltli^ of Mavltain^
to bava 4m»W99d eonaldai^bla p7oado«nea. Fortunetalr
ba baa tekaa tba ti)Oiibia to naiw MLmaalf abiindantlir
olaax* on thl? point*
Eyrm tbouffb Marltoln can wi?lt© thot, "tbara
ia no othav autbantio and truly ai^pxvoationai
t»nlv«rt!»«aUKa than C«t^lioilei»«»" iSl3), e* m iwopiise«
that altts«tt BOV«rtlgnty V&te with 6«»« ana not In
eowrel0«ty, th« »ov«i!fis»t? of th# Sr«t<»» (>!*).
If we artt wh© i« to perileli>»t« i» thlB »«r^E^
•ienty her© feelow, tt» @ii«ii«p 1» t»»t tb«r« 1« a
and that two iiolveifiiamiBaw «Kl«t. *©w« iwilv^i^^lifRn
«««^8 it» sM?iwrt»l« «r uBHtgr in own iiS«»«lf ,««»*
fdtliiw* 8» tlve «iU ftfKJ ttXtlmat* «««* (315) and
ftlttwugh it to at«^«fi arni hiwtnlt»J^t9 in oa!«i»ln,
y«t* iWBWwa without (q^UiMWl iiU«0iMM«t it 1« »Pt
te «rja in »n »nti-»iarao« t^vatm. ""^m 0feH«r iifjiv«p«
aaliffA i>«^ff t!»e unity of raiin tvm in* fattHNr of
extettwa; p«i^P««tli« r/«ry oatui^i div«M?iilty, It
i«ie«e abw« th« wtlooa t!» feroe ii»lv««iX i t«te
trtilAli 1« ttw Church iiu« 1» «rtiXch mn, W B^ip^pmtmml
t«tte«, «tt«l»» to tha tjf^^am of tbo «<«» of 0c4"
(516), Th#»« two vmlvmfmltmm »r« liaplooably
oppo««« in pj»lttclpa« owS ^^rltoln 1« wtattgh of a
pi*Q^lM« to have feo«i al»i« to ««lte» in 19S«, ttitt it
wooia ««om that th« tiaic wmU ««»• ^*on only ti«
onlvoMaXlM of AntlehJPiJjt »^^ the u«iv«raalifca of
Otu^at win !>« laft fseias •»«» o^JW i*«*^ ^^ earth"
(517)*
Tha aoltitlon which sJarltain offara for thla
vary real tflXaiatia la that which d«nv»» fjpoa, and le
m fitaHL." >t»l>.
.r^- «A:<s^m0iitiM» 'v'i.r?
* -' JlJtXa' v^..iiA.*SS'i'4'&
J U l- c .a*."
0fmUlm6 in embryo io, hX§ ^Xatlmtlm of th« ladl-
Tiitttl and th« p«iiiiO* %» to#9 ooe s^Xatlooship ao
aa individual to tli« Bt«te aafl •ooth^r as a pamon
to both t.l3« et4tt« dod tl^e Chux>eh ana ultii^t«l^ to
God, ''The oQMBOD cfOOd Of elvlX Uf« Is «u ultls«t«
end, iJiit «»n ulUsast* «ad 1» a x«latlvc B«nfie and In
Th& 0bsoltit(& ulti!30te 4»^ of %h& tUMMS 9tt«««» ia **aod
eaaaiwii iixs o5«o i>ei;-iioael llf® and «t«r»«X telle* to be
p«rticipat«d in by awn" (319). "ii***® 1« ^b« «^*« <>^
tn« diguity of the haaffis person as «»11 «» of th«
. ii«?e alflo iB tb« root of the di^ oo aiid
rftl8tic3i of th« pot^era «3ceraiffttd bsr th« Chtiveh and
ttM £tdt«,
:%9tt9%ti h8» b^«» at p9i»fi, prlmXpAlX^ in
tt ay Bot Ctteaag»fi and la ?'t^ ^li<f 1^
to delioeate tMs {'cXstlassbijp with aar®* It
»««a8 to ne that tha Isttar boo^d ia' ;^v '»• mtmf
and ^sellow lo ita aps^roaeb to this mi«*3tion th^a tha
tmsme, although it caaaot ^m. sa^ii^*^ %^'^ - -. x£ a^v
ftsndttMRtal diff^iiipl* i» tba thaoriea vbiab thejf
pr^swRt, aycapt pojphapa at ^me noint, to which 1 atiall
r«f«r lataa?!^ Thora ajpa t»o ta^^ts i.£i
vrnich «iva iiibat i oc^^ida;!,'' to ba tiba boat 4
tion of tha aatt#9«
?3.a is1r-i &^ Jt'*4*f /f«^''
;» ^ A^:
imrnii. .wvv
i»v 3*^;
n 1^
«@gr nature th6 l^otf^r pol.i«l«» i^iich
strietx^ to t}** natrtaral orfJ«r, 1* only 9emmm94 wltfe
ttMP t«Bi^(»»l Uf« oi mm 9na th«lj? t«^0aE»l emmxm
good, m thet tfiii^cawl sfmJm tim body politic » &«
90fi9 imo aIXI tiett insisted, is folly ai^oDCoous; th«
St«t«« the niodevn State « is rnider the 90MM«d o^ no
i»irlriir mvAhtxetw la iti« otm oviSev. But the ar6«e
10 mmmmX life le wvmvlQV in iteeir to tite ov^dex*
of tiBpoMl life" (321h "But ppeeieely beeauee it
le i^i«ittMil# the KiaiieR of Ood le of a better and
imjWi iHHniw MMi tlie «;l»f{a^na e«tf r^^t^lies of the
earth. Let a« reooea t9m the mff& •waj^eriority
engr aaei4«otal 9mmmmm of dorainatimi ax^ has»»
iMri let 08 ufideapstaM tfHa «ford i» ita pare a9!»—§
It Bi«ai>a B bleiMKP plae« in tbe aeale of veioea, a
HHHmnp dignity. 'i?lie aeeeiMS gWUfftS JiaUaclj^la to be
«|«t«d^ tfith ?«aipact to tbe p^bliHW «• «9« examiiig^
lym^^l » over the body politic pg t>>t,.,ft<aM* (522),
Sinee the dlMMb and the hotiy polXtle caimot
««vel<H' i» conpiete iaolation fr«» eoe another, it la
a Qtteation of ^eteawteiiv hm tbe ainM^nority of the
Obttveh le to be ererolaed* It la not by »eaiMi of
direet power* ^Maritaln a^Klta that there probably
were thoae who, in tb* mi<Mle ages, aanlfeate* "eaeea-
wam Ofniaur a in '.mn and the wrl6^ i^23) and Mho
^H
p^
&f tM ^plirltaftl" (33^). "B« that as It v*y, it nttst
not i»e foi^ott«ii that tli« 4^tid6« ef tiw 6l^«9t
wmmw ev«x* th« t«B^poi«l ii « 8H»f« th«o3Lo^eel c^olea
•ecoi^tf^ to "sarltdlBj^ ai^lrlttial and indirect* In
^••liiiii «fith eplvltvmt nmtteitB tim pouter of tlt« Qaiemih
it ©f «oii3!»»« 4ln»9% «bS It <mly lftt«aw©iK?i *in tem»
IMMI »8tt€QMI IffllSliWt W^m%" (^^h tfmt 1» to »eT
«tM4Mi tiiia #iMatiirM ^ til* UmifomX pmmf ajre eusii
•» td «9uii* tliN» likelihood of 9lti to th<»w gov«rxHBd*
JBtei S^t« ie iJ«t tPttlj^ ©ftjry«d if 6te«J i« not ««PV(»S
first* {5ST)» **?H« €^U%» 139 c «nu£« a xd^»t oi sutl;«>'
jpity ci^^^f th« i>olitic@I or tiie tMvoiwl itsaif « tiot
b«estMMl Of |H»liti«lia. t^npi, fenjt beeausre of the
VMitl^mt of thd epiritisal i» tesq^es^l ssBtt«rs sire
iM»ISv«$«# '&y cue c^jeet «?lr^, tha sirGAMmsc cr r^
fNMHoci «f aid" (528)*
In th« Kl^tfla At*« tikie th«€wy ma usoalliy-
oailaO, in .'t, £&«rwrd btvS £t* Tiioisap,* *th« dootrina
of ttw tNo awordff" (589 )» ano sinea tha writing of
BollarmiiM and ruaross haa !>«aiii deaerib«d aa *ttie
dOOtrlno of thtf Indlreet pcw»r* (<^30K S^^laritain «K^«
ttmt "t»2.;» ctoeu^na la timi>M»BBaaoX#* (931)» Hit ha
^ii-"^
cmrumi in i4a
»ii^ tmt uae efipiJuaatloYJ ftAkefi vaxao«;te typical I'oif^
i)B r«fex^]id« «o %h» hliftiiHiiiiii iiMMIlTI ^ iblMMilk
ili'fllliliillfflli ^^'^3!^^^%^ »hi«h iai» 4«v«les»i9nt of rmn^
kind is p«ii9ing" (^33)* aq tti« sai^lil^ ages *tlM»
4ilfti iiilil3.<»> o^ tl^ ^»od3r polXtXa »n such »& oot
iiig»)« "''^'i^e r>^«im •«« Ic not « isMral, but a t<^cyi»p
lg«» . .4 order of t«i;'£<»»trlsX (tivili^atlon aod oi
toB^noi. coci»t:f nsD s9ix>«a «<»pi»t« aiff«x>e£)ti«ti<m
i,%f^&U, amtifiiia^ t3^ Uw tiMi|»«l'8 v«x!7 <$ifitInitio 2
b«t»««» @od*B ana cattMu;>«s ^mmXsm* (&36}»
Hayl«8 #«ta^li£h&HS. thia 0ifftlnetio«} Giid' t!i«
f9«t that lt« c^ppXieatif^ ia •asio^ioal anf 3^laiiv«
tn i!i«lK»i<^ aaMlae^ ^iantai&,if..a«ilo«a to sXlaj
tu'^w^c ie»ra wtiich, i» vxcii of tiMi biatev^ ot t»i«
t ^ ar* apt to ]sio Avonaad W ttw thacwr of tlH»
Be iMXicrvee ti^ui. xt* oaa iHMcsat <mt.»^^f th«
"crucial »ae«t«" (537) of «o<«?» tlvXll^tion, "tivst
ttum tills, "i'rvtfdon oJT jiiiQuaj*^^ evtm at th« riak of
I^t
f. \
*£.? i.
*,.? ^^id
ii*W
-mn ill
*mfW, 1« the nGBm»l «<si^itloa tiof mm to g«t
tn 4^9^^^ CO %liet t99«§0m tn i^mr^h tap <?or? ^n %h«*lj»
^JMMI tn i^iiirfa to Il«tee» to thi* memmm ^ thet aoi^«t
ilMKaa .I'gmiam" !i»RLt«le*» ensatriee^^t p»p«r, ^Vho
jMlirtiiliioi^ (^«» HWIiiitiif IM Tliiiiii t ^ «^
ijgpcwMNi ^t mth «:i:i Ma ponci?, t&mm^B mm he 8d<^9
o«n h€ no inl»9l«]msi&« taw»wl« p«p»€m«, hattf^^Mp nmh
MiMi* fMPtain 10 no* fer i%<tl»t> tli» b»)>!d« <Nr in*
to teNH^ to tHo i«t«»t tHot tio kacMt it* (5%<lK mui
iBiMcilMi m»»Bfla «2oo to poaitlool «oei«t&«s, tihioh,
U* t^i€Sijf nciaANNm tvNBtSty boi^lovo ilii God, ^ooduf ^>&
oliSig«0 to *tlio veeopi&tion^ «ot t« «cwds oiil^^ l^it
ill ••««& fat, ta tt^ «ai«t«i»o or cm* ($in.).
¥liilo^ *tli» fifeite two fio ootherit'j to InfieOe
onr fiitli %ihit«e«vo9 tipoii» oi* mtp^t on^ fiftith wtittto*
cSfJ
^'Miititf^';:^^.:.,^^ itlj*-CfiKil
R
^^ - *
*ar
i *^ :
it hB9 9 dist^ to eo^ eocietl*^^ 2^ll^<xts
&» «uIt«iV8i» whli^ti ;?#J^& the &<a^Qn gocidi to tol«Nrt#
•Mmre ana w«i!i to ^.i:p#l cir pr 'i oWxeaeti ^hleh wAf
•Im 9% **t^ <lc. Ti or tec^ laaf5«® of oo-aBson 11?«*
(5^3). Kt»e« "the rijisl ob4«8tiv« of law Ic to mtA»
flitti isMNiXl^ ^^^o<5* (344)* fine? siflce there are In l^t
mai^ c .3Sii r.. J» (gmm^, th«f Stct^ ^lU tXmS
it ««»e;y«iilt»»t to utiXXa« ^a «@tirii? i^^U#«ti«)0 of tli®
l>Xas«li<^ iT. sa^ of tfe« p- "' th«
ItfasMnp #vti*' (5*^)*
ymnt^Ui 5o«« «C't u^ui. -^^-..t^ ti^t h« It t»i»»
p&v^ to to" .,' ell .of »hatef«af
In fiPlit tc avwi'. -/ila iUiat la, ti - . 3in eif
th« »<: - the pttri- r, or
«lt# dl _.._^.,;;lon -^-.^ cc^ ...j), the e<Kn«3]ii#»X
sppuKT^e) W8;?i! et worship j^tore oi? lec^ iTt frots i
^"^^'^ ^^''«> ti>€ rtt#8 of thr tiBf^lthfta mstyjii tol«3»tadl,
is'ii, x-iKa»fi lyiliHiK tijts^ht** (S«*<S>,
Xi} this <(»<3C»i i& hai f}tiot«d Ocyilml
Wraii^ilg*« tmntmn vmif tc c... ncr "'if oathoiiini
iMwad b« p:^3po»«d, wjfb ttie > «oi»9tx«iat £^t
four iNrtfciiiHwi «iM» ^raii&« iH2t & smMi f^itii .^ »
mr
^KSpmPltf^ l»««ful to (Mi t«df IMMl*.* If thft 09tho31c9
t#«v0 toaorvew the •Xapci'iAi x^i»«#* in tlneve Id.iiBt'ci^
tlMor vml4 ne^ mm potltl«al p<niNNp to iBiol«ttt tht
divided and hereditm^ ¥«li||l«o« «tttt« ^ tts« pt«fgiXe»
«• %roiiia mit Kiiut 0B# of th«lr Cliuz«h««» o2> Coll«e«s,
Miles' tt« • ndfKji^ty** 8«»li «t»t«n«iit is vaildi net
mAw rov ssgWndy but fov mfmnf fx^MMfom^ioviog
eountr^r* (347)* fisx^tsiii *ntmmm «M0 ftwaiiit If
•Mti^ tliat ipf^m if on^ 4ii# single eltls^n «i«iM«it«d^
IM i»«ia4 Btlll he fx«# li« #«» eOf »i]# ttiat eirvn if
«itXl^otts mMLtr i«t«niffii^ *W ««etiit« te ^le tafviii
or wHmlfiir •!« of tNr Apivitnal fMNir ^wiltf b« een-
*«iv»l>l* in « (^irifitianly insplMitf iKmawntit
Wtmt ddiMi nstltiiii wmn ^ • Chrietiisnlf' irt*
•ydUrwl diOQCYenidUr iid»l«^t ii«r« sssii} his v.i«ifji «««
eaeQ>l«l;«l3r ton«i«t«ot with his g>iiiiiwint»I phil<^o->
pldlMi prmttlmm ms6 mw ««|NmriN«t tspoti tilE eonti^t
}!• ie naft iH(t«NHilM« in •«ltiiis out • ««t8lle4
WUMiViot fop MMh a 4Mieiitf ^ hut in givittg; *ttiie
flliltlB»toe g4«Mto»l« d« i*ltann« et 4» It vt«* <!^9)»
. t'x^.ii.A^i.f'. mmum-' %.^ri p-y.'i. tit'
U.-i>:
W 4ii- S'n/'IH'V; mi.^/-^.,*i«.i».-.-u.;<* 9,i
it;!. Hi-
A €'. Ian eoeiet^ sJ>o^3tld, mitit&ixi i , ate 9t
steiK^Xiiy Q&' U3€ dl^ut7 oi" tl^ f^tximn person ^ vinlcli
^&y }^:m% approi»n3t«X7 Ij« e9ll«d« it 0«^iii to ia«,
the t^mt nf mn Int^ss^-l firs^riipra'* (''>-*0), Ha t^fnild
like s ff^vtvaX of a i^h^^^ta^t^ ouii^ape esd ^&t»s(^
S4mi« of hiiaati ^Ignit^ which C!wlstl0i:dt|' ha© bsK^igftt
:'^i?ital» ie sn:!^ too ^eU inttj?* that t^tsMi is
vei'j Xltt3.« hop« for tl)« e«t6i»Xi9)»«iit of th« Idntf
<^ 0O«i«t^ whl«h tm desinHi. *Th9 hope of the omdmof 8 iMH Cbx^stlaa «fe is oui^ eivlljUsdtlc^ le to ai:^
siiiid e ho^ foip s tfifftstit futicp*^ 8 v«2^ dlsteist
fBtup*** (5SS)» '-Britain says that^ if fef thl© tww
<;^riot«ti^to« is aM«Dt *vme 4immivotX<so totslL« «t
*r©* (533) ftpora •iwnnrltod*, e»09t^-dljpe 5e
^Mpvioe d*aotrul pow** **" "'©n propi^ oa psdvd
^*aiitrttl* (55^), thm it eo» ease ouJy %p3^» la
gran^ UQttl^tlosi spoodl^^i^ue* (53D)s that 1« to
s^y, "» le flu ^« I'MstoJjw" (556) •
Ilev«rth«le«8, 0hriffi>tiflf»8 ehoald strive
eetlvely foa? Clupdetlan @ool«ty« "Th* Chrietiaf}
18 o<3^ 8t»it IIP li^ 9 ttingcNjfy frcxR whleh ^mto i8 no
Isant. Th« soli^lon in tim vpiritml <^d^^ tho
O8int0 have tatight liim« ie a love otXHsiigar than th«
poMtiw of h«aii* Xb tua tanq^oval orfar alao, i hoia^
'i?
'fsJ^ .*f»
i^s^m^- MM -'^ssm^^-..^
nm.
tticre i» a eolatl<aJ5 It ean only be found by &iAm
«beta» fey weeptltui the pl«k« of m^ creotl^rs free-
ecri ., in t?^ Initiation, Iti the ?till«et poiselbl©
»«fwi« of th© «or^tr, ox & poHajf ^*^«h !• i»tiPi»»
CTK? «»» fas* %h# f^tt*«t, lio»«iv«p fer off it mst *>«»
ClKiS»litlan o*^e3P ^ t«M«h, to y.12^ mi«6, ttv? natiisn ©f
ioti^78l haB»filaiii mpemmws tJ^ <51»timti'«^« cherssc-
t«jp« (^7).
gvttisei ChPl»tl8iiB to «sr«« in th« pf" ' -^1 eph«r«.
?r^ t>«intp !3«t hatfgtms* that th^r v^t lm9t hav« 6
iMBSls or a@?p9masss^ xb "ics dc^gie* (Je 1« fed* (558),
end that in addltiwi they hsv« th« b©n«fit of •lee
«|jp<«etion@ Intellewfctif^iir^-*, tm%^3 le^^ «?lrfK!tifm»
int€ll«etti«!Lle6, 8p&cui3U.7e8 «t pgratlqu^c, r
nell«!9ent d««m^tt pay aoa^" (359 )• At aiw rate,
*1« prciStei' tro^il Qui p^'trmtum i eheeim <?r nofii«.
If It le difficult to s«t 6^fcf?smsit enong
Christians, It is aoably dlffi^'^ntt ts i^cft fi,-?i*er»nt
betwwB ChrlstlAtii and ntxi''Ch£'iii\,jjin&
.
ffe#l9f howfwef , tirat thif? iti iKMNirihle to a 1^
'^l
*k'
'' \ . y
#I8Z<«« and et a i»?e«ti<»al l€<rttX« As «vjUNme« Imi
poiwUe t<f tli-f'"•'•"''' *''*5''''*' ^-"^ ^"'* ^''**^ '^?NKs at?''* t--^
lent
•Thi* tna-ti^ '511 the ti^o
fi«» St th*^ t!"^ ,'iO-
tvscj^ 1? it Is fco deseno i'it-eli, ssaet «volve *ltll
cum i>nilo«oi;*7, itn c*m "
^ ©w&biiug it to
r»«?tt?i5t?* w^^-anTc f^i* fr»««<f?r'' i^irji^ t** ^^ffmd itself
s jQln5?t ti-iOice «ac3 motsXd uae d«s3Et3cy©iic lib««?tii^ t©
<5©f?ti*05r fjMsw^^^im anS f^rjsrti : .Bo «»celet;? es«
llv# «it!Kiiit a tueio e«>««Mi ltts?!l«itic«i end a bssie
eoeiaQii £)eilt!)i" (!3€3).
But th© phi:" / tihich deT^ocj?aey n««a«
m&W e* i'- "«uii '«]?##^ 8^ ^M&j^mi, isJ:^ uul^ to
the tfi^|»9t<9l Of »««m54SP ojid^r of earthly llf*, of
^ii1ft«?*ft nr%/^ ^f.-r^'^'^.T.iff^'^.rm^ t*^)f^^)^ Tt Will be a
Hl^
•A ».n
1010 «©y «Sli**«a? wi^«asr is their tmStmsot-y c.v^fs.
fll© 'i" tJMag i» tl:i8t thi:;;? nu0t *1" - .'K. ;;,.-.
g^me^i !s«sw» <?$g»it7^ 3^0cd-;3i.«, bj?oth«sa*ly l.*---^'-
.
^f» diMioaij^ v©ln«:> of iswsl gaedl'' (i>^K
fHi-- . f««le tli»t *th* t«sg«ag' of the
laoiiini a«»ooracl©8 is *e«t th«5?' li»¥c 90t ;•.. 0-
^«<Migh 3XK^ iso* pertly tlaPog#»- f«8«» of t ;t
tiK* »p«50<« of ^hteh c-mW hsv^ l><i»m.j :3
tlii» 4«iiiMViiole& hey@ i^llod to back ^ pol ' 1
iiae «»©«» oo&e «o«j«it ' 4^^ ' '.«*Sil«stiQSl
"the BftffcMilon ^f tlX' p... )
(DTO), aifirf hr-. ©eii£? ttist :-t. , well titfflt
T'ttr
a^ mm mm. imUm^ fMt i^mt ave n^^ »% imm »%
l^t *;*'-ui?* (573)- entail} •» iia»iw>j? euiS s^Oiitlcm
%u mi wsS^mnf}^ pm&tlmlg li difficult, mm* *tf
it 18 trti# tl)i3t thffi i^s?iritml r^nt^^m^tim nC tin
for tlw* l»<»aii^ of siviXlsi:. , %hm 1% 18 ©iear
ti^t ir*m^ Bsthagp tlswi t!a?Biits t>f riolemsre a»tit b#
m^ «sii«t i-fith cn»l«t, C, :!3 mt0^ <^i»t 4«lth
Smfcm $9 l*»m tfc «» U Ulnsa?*^" (5T6), Xt wlU
5^«i?f.taln, uR)lilr0 tli« emmmlBt*, aeee »ot
li«vt«lli«»leQHi, he tfo«^ f^ei ttmt the 0t0nd«9d« of a
-jfcfwff
*,# &rv..
— \mn fl*«»c certain® jaanl^re^ (^76) •
tarlsalss of the eoelaX cc«5^mlty, fssol^t totsii-
t«,rlstilsK55 of this p«iltls-al ftate, jstk? notl^^siRl
tti« 8W8MI grotsQae, ^^h«y sH tend to #tiit n»n In oei
hliSMCLf »»<? to «Mst@blt^»*^ hlf? mi<?@ w^Rlelv ia thie
life* ^ey all ^Mitpot' xa <3S3ft s^^^ otr &oQ!S^aae ^ibm
dl^jsjifcy ai»i3 l.lfe«iPty of tt» hisaais |>e3?B<^-, ae «
ei?€^t?a?« Etft<^*^ ^^7 <5-o^ ^^'^ intm6^ tot
•it le Qo\y. .-: .\_ ' o netUTtt f€9? laeo, ne f-'-'r^^
of ttoe ea«e as^ecriss, 0II equol b«f<a?« Ood a:*' ^^.^^h,
to ^^^ pi/it^i.o t-ArtTir. of political pouti* *- t<iol» of
dlcvatoi?, tiM? osiXy \smmn pmfmm mxmB ® flo©^ of
<s0fgmiXZ!e<li elave*^ <^ tools of pit«9«tiell^ po»«v^
the oBly pdult asiong a r^loent of ehlldy«»* (57^ )»
!%riteln*8 *»e» ifegixm of eivHiflvtiot),
fre«i lf^ro@ the ille of o(»|)dt8ll@tic imtet^lalian! b&
iMill a«j f«w?i the mmi gj?«wat«r Ills of *^^^ '=•<•? =*^
meiffEi 911(9 C<xxDunls!Ed'^ (3O0) is to b« ^a pliiu^sllsra
founded on th« (^l^rdtsr of the htiadft person, end
tt«tobli9b«d on the beelp "* ornpletc «?(|t»lit:^ of
civic rl^tfi find effective «»®»p©et fw the lib<Kpt4«0
of the person in his Individual and social life" (581).
(Ibc '^'1^1 lexooa bffs xeooxvxDax sxri cii nosioq
15t
r#*itftia 1368 ^^m pmft\ . .„„the pmememum of %lie ^mu» « aae stWKSted tliet,
**»o 8T»5 the ! a a«« evwrirtMPt •Uted' CsdB),
msa t^t sxthom^ j«e«e diff««> it» «e4MWB«» eon* i^i
iTtf«9pi<»> as mieh, !l« unia 6j^jsa 2»c?s«<t tlatt, la iniiie*
fe^ X93S, tfe^ Fail© Pt^«U*ay «aMl«BMtf mmt%<'9maMLm,
i^arltaii) hes dieted his as tto^i^at "rt ts a Bovatui,
aitfeis«salU;«3 la tSMK^eep^abi^. 4^pliltu»l37 we are
3* (-383).
ie basically qnaotiiii}» ^[lia t«i||^ la t^it laia J#i»
mif^ nest s r«^? tn thi» l^xdc^^ai aaaaa of tlia »ra8#*
¥«r ojQU' 1^13% ^n zuiiu'a garaaapti ala«a of ««nr«3bO»aan»
^^«** ie »c v lagportatioa, ar«ii that i»M!t
favotjs*©* In t!iir ^8^;>a9t» i#m«h la pwa in m^m* the
»««e soiTQ srzup ^^^oii ii^^iag jua «ie«9tlaii| inlwtiMfaii ct
blood have, in the wwp99 oC i«iat<wy, baas aa ale»
•l^flaaiit afiisnr' th^^ sn §gaeff^ o&wf hoBMiii jji' mniia i
ailaea^ ecicsrviisuj uava gooaiiiaatf that, 1» rwi*a f)««.
aant hlatarlo st^c^ tA»6 iOem af fata iiiniiiiuiaiiiii to
aa aT»t!mitffli.?^^^oloeiaai sigallty^ to no mA^ «r
•Wteoo', iAK sscawly to tjTiwa «r nwBftoUtlea* $#»•
tfttead 2gr bletorKi and social aanHUona" (sat))* zt
&a not a ^uartlon nha^ieiF or not ite IDai ime, but
ii^itbiv CMP Bot, aa inaifcuiii of bonanity, they a«a
.1 xBxooa Dns ieubxvxDnx axri nx noei-:
*^ii sua iise ii^ji^jj x'sgsaoa ii£«0 wm^i^iftitr* alilet" iWSiSi}^
mutS %mt sltHoQ^ i^«»& 4Xttm io iiiiiloiwil], ^oimi le»
%nt&Amf a« ??»sch. !i# fe.^ s^%m> not^d %)iit^j^- in .ItfjittBi*
mm mt B mie Xn t. , mem of ^i» «<««.
t.>^:.-- ie itc ;j or mssr te^i^rt»n0«, mm tliat ?3ioi?t
«ifl99tlfe «aQ^ tlmi %B mm$ «<^i» faMMll ilPil«Mi«
no at»tflraii«8i.pri(; jiiuji sMUt^^ t» oo anlty of
•blooa', but ss©i?®l3/ v> v/ii«» «r •««ntaai«iefi« IWNH
is not « ^" i mtimm ornot «« jUHt JnHit '^'^
W'
mM^S^^A tG the 9mm n^im «» ^^^^m pm^^* *'^^
tiwt it &e^m€m» tiliBt iB iiimm-tifmfiM%u-^X^ mssm i»
mm, itirv i:si^u«$t m0 Ida Mill*. "ai«4i» 49tm^f^
^cwi0l«t^ «oS4^i« ana as^f t^^^h «;?« teieae^tar^ @ul^
«0«^imjs&tr'* Xt l»ri^^ t^ sMm^ «i$9Qfi@ all
^W !iotf©« ^ b83?l»a«l®« m%%Qh %Vi^mt&a tl»»a t(H^r#
,M9giil»'«f all. Tm .«•* it x^ve^ l^m to m^oIq*
«ft«^ nf th«a;» fp(»0 ?riii «fi.ii ^mMm tiMn t4» ««9Aiit*
ISit}, "'^JXCKia t^<nauBit«c« ^^^i^Kirin^iai^* t^«ii3.i»4Mii
CC^atltnr, i^j'ittlo b«ll«v#« t»»t "ii« l»v# «B^;^Mtf
lMiit3r# tiift «««»@lfl« ©r tiiti iJi- ail ^/IrtMi-e of
fti»ft%r» *9%«Mr i» t}o ofth«ap iffinr f^eM^ «• t« gala our
4iii,.l|ptl« end the eo^e of &t^hK»^, m ^€U && a
umn^ pm9m SGsf the w<a*xa*
'* mi *
.' Jewlr'i a.* uotWewiaa-^, sod »o X,«>S8 tl>e inOfi oi
^i:>nc^V -v? i^ijv' r<4t:u ^ss2 b»t; It i» the Esitaglelifiti^
y. -K., .•p.iri* cc tiic . : .J^*a4 tn^ii^h born-
This i£i not to 1^'/ tMt ^u^t^lsi t% ai»tai%
tofpa of the i-- .^?lel goo^a*' (591),
#na tm pBtti*s*n0 his tiiswwsr ai^ ^ -i'J t!M rrfsp^-
ord#>.^ t^ mmioig^ tim iii*«g»l«^ s^ ^mtxm c»f his pes?*
»gii.i^'U^', cmi coptaiu t.|Jisjss» .<a«?©©v«a? aa i-*ij; cgsj-
L . ../ u;> • ^« »n«3 io saljj«et at to tJs®
fazuffi ©t jp«»flM3ia ftQiS **» i^*«wiflid not b^ hin^sj^d l» tM.«
woi?<c. Il« jpliOttld own i.i^. CMS tOBUS iS' pose^ao©, om,
elnce tJiic i» £ict oStmi 90«iidU»l« la «*r a^j**, tw «Jiouls3
m
cmmm. n tB
9t at thins ^« ^%mim, Wt of a feasa of oetlvl%
* 'aijeoelstlve • <5«m«i?«Mp of th» sirens of pj^'jctlcm,
ceiv© *8 «oeiai rj©3?8»t(»e to the hwitm'S^'m i«t« ©etioR
of iriMit i9 fttiMtiitiNMiUf mid imllismW^ t^ v^^f^pmft^
.nri, ei»e« sen It'^m In » «oe«»il%r# «!^» ss 3»
ififlivia<i»i| l* toot«!« te ««rre t*i« ecrtsosi good, it wmt
not W l^9^Bofct«B ttssrt *th© ii«e of tfc« goods lifMeh da?©
ittMviaai]^- pe<s««tiiii mmsiW tm^m «!»# ecoaon good <3^
all* CS9^), *Th« ««Bwm gao0 le li tliiai #fchic«Ily
uiiiiliili •idwwi^t %m gr«at«t« 9«»i»iM# ^«f^lopisi@Dt
vvJis
Wii
lt« iie jk;>4ji^^ ©at u»v ...'' ' ' *'
•'
,
-".^"ttng
t.'. -i, as m^m' tj^ ttiw 'j .in
tlWlilililr ^^ '^$$«K»«<J ^S'Oir* (601) • mm t« aM»fc
in tii^ »&i» tsfir th«? $<md«cm9tioi3 ic? tmt the %dm timt,
M^ hb lilsts w:' 'i s?»f®3P©oei> to lay, x& ^i^msM a»S
«S ;3^dd lay tM Pcq|S#0| tbfit Is **»«? the mppX%99t'im to
sKifliXs 9»d politico Of ttm el»ia to absKJlutse im&s^m*
4miO00 •»» t|j@ m^m»l iti |SP©«%1<?<? to e^isXt &w con*
It li ^bi^oa!$» fi«2: -n ie th€> s^s^lt in
and cooAaBioa it. *ftm tmm^ ^ tooui^toic umifi-
ft %m
t^a^M^'iaii'lXi:-t ': t'fffc^. law's* «avxfltv<i^ ?-'. ?-%«»» A f>>%/'('1 ?* t :->i^ <"..?* ;:Ji*S"vili»^
^«S^ t^?>€» '^ .7 is the- t£:
-3** (60S){ and titc ") 1« sfhisli w<3i3a»,
. :''.t«!l'n ^mfi^t tf» f»?*e waasn rule <«• atSK? h<*-s?s»
:J
*tl>e hi£7Jble v.ii^^cas of hey hoeic: ' "O). I» M©
C^i_ ft hirismlsra, tt Is* to b«? ?mde2»iSto^ tuftet hfsr
do 5iet hft-tre ttie ««iae i^€ :'5*', i!s to "hftw
<M|^aeli1sy of jidghtfi iu <s^.- ' lug ecsto^m^ ^ith t'l^
iK? 1 of raotsdmaK^* (610) *Th® woj^ »ee«c4*
m
^v
^<B^^< ^^'^ail^^g vultia, ^imk 0j9m bm^ W %^t9 rmy
(611)*
fflnc® '^2dt©:ia hats oev^r e®sec«l td fli|Wi>lE »fiS %o wel%ts
wmm mistl %w*-^ '. to m^ 4mm t$«o of tm fm m^m
ifift mm 0^ tUm lm0imiAm m»^e^ ^m^l^em it la
ifi the #«p^«t not igitstirm at t^ mieSm0* C^U8)«
of $«git^« lui i«i^fettB« ii0;s pam&W;if tBe0sim)$f m ^
4;^l%1.3^ Kml ^S^QH^^ttlM^ iKiltlSdyR AOMHfti!# flMMMNMV INSHttMNl f^lMI
wm» 0t Imr •«eM&Mii%« xo isMs ^t^^miptmm^ #it i«
"W*
Ijl^^iaiifUml im meit tt %mmm 0mim%;im^ Mm mmWdm^B jfiLm vi^ Ui ^)m ^n ^ b niHMI'tt mm mumm
is li^ ^tm }?mm3Lhi2.t%%m t 9&$ ^m^ ttie» miiiii' mmt
'2tm -g^mms^ &% tli$ «»# ^f the «<»Ik ^efttti
tsiM» feJ^iK^iMiftliii ' lilii ijitti oar life will In? b«tts
em&mmtm iiiiiPtii.it W»m ctT WMdal mmmMa^^Lm. 8»
"-"W, i^'.'- > >':
n 'Aifo
. ..-it Man fffliMr *iwtn iiwiwwi Nr 'Wi* feii4«»«»
« iT-SJdS.u.nW.:
ilMI^^ Qi
t3« ixm^ ayai^«^wiKl«Hiy* i<S3Ly) t^ti th«w i«
MK»#i t^^'-^-^'V* t« f
t^'if fir
m m y&t
«n# «]^s>i^i»:i iapesK»?ti^r -^ -a^n* (610)*
»o«li e«i#l«i£ tiiMi $<^i^l@tt <H3maKmitr ««i$tMiaiwd ti^
il^iqpljtt «fho beeea© mmsm of tt '. ^/«« m hiiyt.atpy
love ^l»a»«ilv«® a« ^Im^ immf m '" '"^!«si§lv»ii
to ^1 wttb « MM «^ |.is«wl^%S.e tiAu'Wf
,
^'7)«
•hN* rw all ui -s-isfc tiM? imi^j^M^ ^& tf^ S ©<»i«tiri
it #oe« »ot cx^.0d titM^ tf&mmM 0f th<» iMilWiii'ii3t
x<i niu b9 »cHw« t^t mi i a^Hi not mm^
9ftit«y «lii fflsrth of the Iterti^srftl St«t«» &fsS ttie «o-
'St^l U:
I'M ? ;
«:
I Q.S
..;:':;si f^-^f^t^i SfUi^jex* as *§ ^j?^ <l4ii;i4i?t ii . ..<i»
''
-^pl^ fiP<9 tlj© ¥Ci;: :;-;rU;:w^^, th«? llvlfl^
iinia«f* $fi^ 1 .jg «i4 fir tUm
ammmn ii|.
m mimtM*M lim^ it ^^i ^ «« «««^ to &!»• ms
f$«ip«itt<i# %mm tut jjifljiliililtwo ' af toaaot} t±tm pmt*^
f«wi»6l t»m iMMlr «^ «^it lim.@« tfsod wsImmmi aoI t^i^
t«ia^t««l iNlWMfew«ae«e» it« isitii«ae nod it* gimti^n^
m$m0^ «PNWti«R Hiiil^tiM^ w&««<fe3» or mssmt veoti*
sixMKi tilt $t»t» in t pHEft <«r ^M iMir politic,
^otn of tlHK twpiit ttMi (tmmm food. *fii» i^il» &t
«iilr tiMit 9B«t «f ttit lMi# p«ftitit «i«pt«itair taM«r»
m$ mtik Wm m^M&mmw ^ %m; t(m pvmmmm of ttit
--fcl --^ '-
7f.A^
mmm m%imm ant iiiiii .pin^ . liHl Um ^.
miim^m *^mm^m$ pmm W «i«i«i ^ iM» mm mtmmXg
iwaKwiifrlt «'l|^ ai9S 1^ %U ma timl mm*' <63l)»
to it aai msAmmd ^th %<m&st m - ^. .'.w m^ w t%®
ma »x^0i (m$ tm iMB mm mki^, ^u^ mOr *t^ 'f^isgimt &^
sHStdliit* (o33)* ^t i» • mmv ^i^s^^ ^ i»lrip^.iX^
tmmm «»-,.jw ^aiivjutoa i« fur ^» ".3«d5r pjm*.^ ^axi
m» Itoir 9«ilit4« in f^ %fm tmsmn pmmm m « ^mmm%
HH «» Jut li^ He sMMiii §m ihft IHBi««» '-^^im itttt« i«
jMtf «C t^ iiiiwwiiiiiiifttfrm «f «b« at««i» in ^jM^f. ^ j^«»
mHim **• liiMiipNst wvp^s^ £r«y mam Mho ««« "i^^Ntvrfl
^l
0msm n -ill
t. ,/ life, of .-^ or . .:. .- .ilvA-JS
m ?m^f^tl«n is d <?i-^,:^^, -r r..^;.w ^-' --"
c . :-:\ thMSSt «« « i»a^v .J tQ»
?.*e]k*-" : iii?*^** (636 )«
^ OS© the t .'0^«i'«ijpii^ ^« 6»tt» ^#i$*iMi£.* tbm
or t^«f «%1ife whleli tut ^^t9 mmlfmi f'Kvtn lOm fe«"5^
figiJ^ iio t^m cpi^tum^ p&sruB sua poi««r a9in9.;U8 «if %te»
relatione l^e^^Mtten ^tatim'' ((}3T)« ttm% %:iia lis an
aija that .^ •• w3a:t "pii^ji^vAeai $*Ml»©©i>Nr a«^
in^i^gu^^ . , . -lisesas* . etstmMimtta ia it« ggiwliin mmAm
gss.n.iea^ w if w imm «» '^^ -^^^ C^o)«
miu *"
/^im^^^r* (^^>» '^^u^^f s jrai^t to
i^gig^l ana iffl^'^lftiaiilft 3?lsht« S«e«ea, a »l#afe to »«i
QV^ m^iim$ (gBffftlililrf ^ Jtt... - ^^ ^^ JtS^
it® tis« «t all. -.li»« a«Rr«a«i4»'o^yt ^^s'*^* ^ *** ^••^
^^f..-..^. -^'^-^^tabiUty,, \m rJl#^ fe« te« QS»«3Pwl, »t»t*
^vwjp it iii|#i»t eoszKisiiS* (6^«i) »ii^ siaesji ^ «fff«t 4t
18 *V4t imm Mlt^ tfac eaa»«^ of Aliafia.-tffeiwa*' )*
f^i^tain f«»l«? fc!»t ill ^-^^i?^ t5aiitieBl riiMNi *t$M»«
w X67
fiiaS iHl'lllilllly tt« bii lHs-ii^j««? %^ m^ <>U€^.;»t# t»sr c^5-i<??Jt»
t^TMNH^ |^S)» *wmm 1* tte f<s?«t^ fey »ae^t?« ->^ ^?l$t«h
iiiHifeMKKN^ to atitiKBPl^ *»!« in it#tlf ar tet "-* msiwim
not tJi» iml»£l8m« of »tj- .".^ iiirt .
imjuei^ Sim t»m» ltmmi$B%tm ii) i»«i%lti^% i^^m!! ymmm
0mm act <felie# Bier) ir> itmmstmm^* (^«).
* %»ltiiitt £tl>4«6l^ «ta«K!iga;f t<» ia^4*»^<?^ntri c ->•
et^tm ia€ OmomniVff rnxmNmrnd in t^i^ id«» that
o£ mas ill ^!H3cie «,
- ' '''-'
Mtl«9 !• •) n'^ * *
«
9S/$ &^ Mimt %^fiC it is '3 to ': .' In
fa«t ml^, is ane v?bt«?h ha? "^
.^ - iain,
AH ttlii; amm^i^ ..i,tJi^s^'A-..^. J1"^fT,i „^,teir I .it^^li iiiii8i3>
ilBti I
i
ifitff ifi'
-sj e f;' ;ih:.ch, b:/ it« xmtt
of ths tcaK?,•
ancJ bgr iti? lack of ©IfitofiaKi-
tMf!te that th« !?tjure© of elvll isosi^ 1» »o^ ^^, tint
saJLsl^ tiasife '«itiili© its ©QOj^e i# 6o#, it vpp>M% lt$ ^wi
aass3«is^ SHid ^smt t^fi^sxmm\^ a?^ Kseam d«le0at«« of
*,., . •iic- ».sj»es c«R^ iB oestaln fo2*ai? <sf polit?sr#
appo.- ..-« to tr*« taaffe of S3.' i^ oy'er th€ ptsMid
on {3^M^^ UBt fr .LOW* (6'^),
•msi: ?^j3ri-t3l« h^st i5®«!tt Vm <lanc«ffi« of the poei-
mt •^ > •»> Ji?. «•?./ .ti.j»,. <^:- •»»»*-.?: *. ? tfjt.'k " ., i4,a
mi^ni *% tm m* dli»«itii-, ,..,;., .., .... ... ^^y, ^ }itv# mi
fiiort %.. ' mm and tfiMosFf 1 |H^|»9 "^^ t.!ieii in nor 9»*i^
wim tiiiii %m^ fvo» mm
&m pommmm^ of «b(ii2> i^i|^ to g«f4Bi>a ^mmeSkvm Us
tMs fflfhi iHod It ia <iiajr ^iift mmmitm ^ this sdigrit
18 on Uv3t notion ojT 3?«pm«iMitttti<m osf vl9svi.<mmM^ms
)}3f vi^pttie of iMch the mn^sr s^l^it of th# immp1« to
x^« tiMMMNilir«« 18 «mmmtMiia ^f tti« offljeiAXA s^tion
the ^:^^v- -sivc c:-;-'^ea, tfwt ell the tfm«m ^ P«mm
tl- •H'-^''ie aj?e ms*. ttie ^M^m ^^ ^<^* (@9)« •iMi^d*
• in the lu^HM 4ilRlv»e fvm tH* ii#i to i?ul«
pti9gi%9 nviB ishmf t^i^ ma^ %o« «» —
^
arafaid fr«i |l»»
1HM99 X», X fMa.« i»9t ttt»a « ehiir4y<^ of
«ii^«ie iirs'ol^ed lo th^ two poiuts of vies* oti ntlfc^;:>»
•nd %hfs e«l»r frc» fjffi jiff IJH iSWrf i^«^ *««MiiM^t;?
to pollfti«6l ®e©i€^ ll«e» froB bel««* (^)« «8irtlt«4»
hAiB^ 10 l^»» U%U» iM»m« m»c>«<<Ml it) 4tliiW)&«iai •
ttMMtf «f »ii«iica«i«ar «i^^ «^ve» it t» ia«i«i^t« imm»»
is 6otf, Isnt i»«ti0i3i fl^te it ill • 4mmmU« noeivlr »iM««
it» «ltjuittt« fimetifiii} i« t^ i«ed timt mm t^Mwvtffi tiMr
SWwEii^f^ii iiftifflS;.
ii^l^p» ^sle <sf hi® at%ii2?«. It i^ fee -n hi« •
Icxtos t^ Uj® ^^3.«f!8etio!Ei or ';.; -j® lis
Finsll^, it it tm&mim mn liss a ^^^mmm a«d «j w%Xl
%hBt he -f^-^-^*^ to itsr© in r--^^ « ''•^-^ ^^«^-*-I'-o vma'''- ^.'^'^ full
!::v !» that $M d€«#i# Fariteiu last not , ia par iilos**
Ei;..v.-'..'i««i| the' ia«isaii?g ^f ^^ept^ iw od^a? to Ij#
eloe« hmrnn jpisa@«o in <m itmltf btit to i«»9« it ^^m
to tho^se tMis^* «^hl0lj# ®ltJiQ«ig|j tljj^ ia?e ais^ovi^ jp^asow,
0^^, «r^?- .,«^, '/^^'^^ aaotmtit sti^lwat ipt&mia* ^^^^ gKje«i>te
mn Xivm in e ;-•:. *?iifta, Isfl o«© ^> -xel^. ttwi?t
g«o4 ef ?!!arl««^ ill llia«te ?i# ^i«st r ^-hSor of
•H««M«y> HWpitikSii hd« lift «it the ««WiHil jni»i»l«if
^JHBgMmi^ ***** ** *'* *^» ^^ i»H-Rtijf tMg 'i»»«<! o«
b# jri^^Blif ^i^^bN; ^^ ^^ ^3^' ^^ imM IMbiMMt lilt
t^ fwtair* ^^ ««m©ei«, the mi0»mm^^, «>• iiwaH!^*
m
Lm !VIV
it lOimtta t>«a.i«9* in 0<Nl «• «ii» g|^9ir «f all 0C)oi$
3ja«Mn^ wadPfie !«¥»% .^' nee or ffel^* to
li^ am ^mm % ^'< l.r^,
a Sif<li HawKI It) <..> v'?(%^^) (»f imlHk?r end ts£sc v^iieit si9$)
«Mli0 i« i» Siii«r mmi^si^ • «»f« «s*flft tfftteh t^
@«i««t9« «t tMf W6i.«l# iMt<3 the «t#^tl3l ^-' '^«
i^» lift! 6€ mm, %t li»9 ^0011 tli# ipieltfl idiJMlioti of
fM? fcbe lAfe ^ thip ip<sri!^, he tn sr^t siot a ^^ of
it &m<m$$ail$ t'l? 3li tlurt f^ hdi! end! le.
l»«iB t«ii^Ke« 1^ **8 l»Q«ei$»e liable*' (6^)» tms tm lies
m
ppe^ftd tut ^»M%^ wtmi^t»i^ty*
m mm ma fei» mm$ «I8 w«i*ei w nfe© l»« h»«
tMnidag «f h^^lf «rt XeesJt lis warn mmmsa^ yAtm h&
fi^Hfiy to © !-!iss±e8 nMjafe he* « a ?»»«;« 9isr»«i, tacwt
«sd to «(^eti h« 9«#sin9$8 his Xlf«* C^SI^)«
l%«lt8JLis I* «• ^ tfeoi* f«r wffsara the «g|p««>-
wsf me <3i 9mfmm^ms *s Ji9a?a lalaif $va ft B»«iE Hwapfe*
ff.^'?), miS h^ has «tXle©a*tos*a»d tshusi Umt mm wlthc^at.
175
wsa^ix^efrKMn
5* mi*
?VI
176
mash » ttroii^^i- '^lartc «8 %im% jsJ
i- "^^ * .-.uj'/' i.'j'imsw^o 4^i^o6« Mn ho^ and et—n Skyfc® for iii«t»»e«
w}^ ^_ 0b ee^ •¥•« toi,
n,- ;^iasii tsieafes til®
' t falam <? 0ile«^ i* lOits cmmii« pie
a« Mtvvl ^ I%0l3^ pdbf«iil« mm94m p» Hmtmwt
•4 i CM «<wH ittMNnKliB* !•• MUK di«H; tmttm U
tm^%mi99m*
OiitMi p<iye ti^tlmlf %o I4i9w*mska for %«««^ni IdaHM S iM fi»«t« % nil i«piitfi«I, eoU, •«§ «»|INI«
dV£
nrmrt emmm t 111
t,- :. 'i 'J ,k* .i.
te»-^-^¥»4
foy one xu
of i«K)5 for tsftf^
If ,Wtic^k*. ?>. .*
^,^!'^
tiiHp,
in Fri
: .11 n^f|i|ij|l, III Htl .pttiiUM
.1 he ami (i^le-iffi be^s) ^o Ke^''"- '
. they »es^ *«2»3?lad oa
t-imi in"
is l»te«
-f»« tito twrtc for M»
aeias iw^ lie aa^t
, It io a."
'
*_
•lO,
TI
MO'££St CMWBft I 178
23.
p. 137.
jr. ?»i>ltttln.^l^^^^ X4»t^r«f>_ft i^g ,.I»P» . The X©«tt w«j?<3e of ti-di (jtmSI!!^
f^flf » ^* ^'-^rrs© .^yyi^ (?».rl»« ?%««e«BNi 6m fhfanoe.
«D« j& i4'J»"i;i'iWii l?Wifciiair'h
px»c« of hie imp^X^ and sayis that it <'ic ;;-at
tote* pU9m »% m$m^nerv9 a« 3lQ«|«|yta?« **«cmMe«3» « 4ts i»«>i'^ii4 par taw^ap d»fit le« iettyvs
1^2&)\ ''r.doB wsii^ tfeait wotro ptrdiln a toit2^»".
tatt«
28, ^* R»»it!«iu, Uts QmnSmm Aaiti^« tl. p, 272*
ft«» the i>»<a«s M^ W «• ^i4t«lii amd with an4B^«(3uctfoo l»^ J, ita%^(lieif toapfei FdntHeoii»«*», 1?^73# j>p« ---'^.J. ^*Ptaf f©3p aof« tl»o «
IM 9mAe» wmm ^ to ^taic* tff etrrt ctf art. »»Mmm^ ^«i6Vt« of aittiioirity, a ©ert oT~
iffifmffillfl «h«p^;77 to imWillca 999 Blogr'e).
30» MiM«k*» P» ^8.
33. a* Mavitam, S9« 07l««fa/
0\-'I
179
37* <jt>e,it.. p» 21,
39, H. 0l4Sris93c, T^
ion.
i.
®ieta and »wh5, 1937J# rimfmi^W *^» ^-^arttslo,
44. J, ms'ltalii.
P. £2.
sm« P* ^^o
^^» ^»«cit >. p. 109. *:%• Italics ojp« milt»ln»«.
*9A. Qp.clt ., p. 1.
31* i^Q*£|Jl*« 9* 33*
tT"J »r«s» &V0e
awni vdviiA Mt ib«oiuns«t t»«fii»9«i}a6«$t^ a tout*iKp4sl€mc« mia»«p^bl« 60 ee ^^onctltoer stir (See
«1 l*or» iwat, e*iiitx«ddlt pavof la raisoo'**
eYx
J 180
f±i»st Iji gJMB^Il II II 111 h mUtk^ 1938*
*i*/» - 'wye ifi !??9nlff-si .*^WJlltr^ ^
':.;f?t3TK T1 in flnltt.
notion of the iaflKlte e«jpli«^ than • l»il»# ^ta wit, tJw? notioD s^ God befoaws that or ny««lf•*
iwribe b©^ it notlsiiMi •x«e «i»e « «t»tae
to «i1a it ®» apir^ Utee as pd@slMe& m^^iyca.* F. ^1 (the l^xwUst cm 'Anh ^^«^eif«^ I m, tt^^ •-— -noigKScr - :"^- "ii t£i»a«l^tiORe folte = ./ io t .lae bImsI^
I«^ tleii do tee asor®i3©Bt» «^ s -v- -u. op othe^^Mtti^ froB thstj^ it« iw%. jil itP tjh«el«)so ti»t it Is mt tt all ii«a#«»2nr for .
- «8^j?J«Bdtxos to Qnm^lyQ It in nt^* otfeeas* s-oua,w^pttlve cHp sawiiitiwt!. »03? amr c^^hasp prdtneipXa^AO^ioe aad lire, tiwn it^liootf atid tte spirits,a«« in motion b^ the fa«at t^ the f%»^^ wtdlats tmwmcfmtlmmll:; in it© hassii, ana Mtiieh ia «r amar« 00 aiffsi^fit ;»€b an fis?es in inonisiRta
^* ps3^*$ p. 1531 <^*©<!ntatioo VI). *tJstu»e alao
tJsirat, ©te., tl»t I an nift onlar iad^ in *wfej«l5r as a pilot in a w«iil, b^ the:". vj»y^JS!?^? im^*--- to it, and ao tw I9«aic so iistesp**mnislm W4. .- tisat I aam to ft«tR&oe@ wi.th it
08l
wmm% mmmM' 181
4t - <«»- .
, -L. 'Xji!^ Mu.JM.£S
LQi
IMBMIt n 182
mi), p. miT
m.
6 1 I9. ^1^-«»03, X^IO.
1^ iSbMML.» w* ^^^m
.4*arlf.f^b^.^§§af?1i'/W .T.
(ligWJOM t
'SSjE
75 • A &006 «xa«^l« of B«iigBe»n*fl taethed of trusting
!a*taph:^8ical <|ue«tion» 1» to b« found in hl«
einctmpiem of the probl^-^ ^-y^i^ch alwasre occtjrs,
80Qn«r oar later, to an^f phxioeopher worthy of
th« nsmei *'i9h«fiee eora#ii it, and bow e«n it b«
untJeretocxf , that ansftMn- ^v-ifst.***** (Tf.^f>j«.?
Qgt^»ott> qyefftiye FvQXiatlo.n -, ¥oi%i Uemr
Holt and Coiapatiy, i931, p. 275). nan.tain taya
that this quf»tlon, "poupquol quelQue ehotn»
exXBte, pouj»Qttoi 11 7 a d« l'#ti^,* (J. !=arltain,
U Fhlloeophle Bagg>oaiaim# . Paids^ 1948, p.3l}
1» fundoT:^ntal to a philosopher sixS ocewra aarly*
Ha diaeueoea B«r£jif«m*« traaitaent of the Qiaiestion
at a<!HBa« lai^th. Bergaon aasMi ba«k to th«
pawjblasa again i», Tha 1^ Bmreetf of f^eyallty
IM ^)lftMg-l<i^ (Lendont ^enillan and So. Ltd,,
1933), p. S15 whara ha aaya, "w« hava ahom) alaa*
yifmrt Itat part of loataphsraioa movmn, eonacioualy
or Qi}e<Ni8cioualy, around tha tjoaatlon why %tx^<m
thi-^ axlets — why »8ttar or aplrit, or Qod,
rather than nothing at all?"
Stawart E, Dollard in "a Su^snary of 0«rg*
a««il»m» published m tha Modarw aahooliaan. Hova-
rabar 19*2, vol. xx, no, 1, aaya that Bar£;aoD*a
Motive in hia laataphyaieal apaeolation unia to
raaofiatruGt tha bri#ga brOlean by Kant betwean
nataphyaiea and aeianea«
its' "^rs^- ' ^^^'.: i.:L-st4 '%
»»,
*^
: cauima XXX %m
"iovkt Chavl9» Bcri.hner*a 3ona, 1946), p. !>3.
77. ^Jiii» lo iiBI1g^a>!^ l^M %iiM> sextain quotes
thasG vfoxtie oo p, !^3 and in a footnote he »^nt
'^rheee worda weiv pronounced by Bengaoo In hie
X«ctur«8 in the Collie de Fx^nce," He Ki^t
have noted that tbeae words Mere aleo lirltten
on p, 199 of %b» English edition of Craatiye
Evolution (Hew Yos^* iJemy Holt and Coi^pany,
1931)* ^^^ corr«»p<»}denoe la exact, "in the
abaolute vi« i.i.v@ and aove and have our being."
78. JacQuee Meritain, mfiffffltffiS -T-f ^AgWff P» 53.
79. Jae4|iiM Kantaln, ;?# mi9fftgf4,t INMBEiJilaWIt
(Fariei t^it)!*!!!* ?• T^ul, TroiRilN'i^e Edition,
19^Q), p. XII,
82.<:^,fc
gt., p. V.
^3» Op. o^^>« P» I*^?. ftpeface to the third edition,
^. ^,t-c;^t.. p, /!
33 • Xb^d *
S6. Ibid .
87. 9g,> ^-n., P. LXIX,
8^» IM^»
<•»»;•• :»%»y^
'* * %\
9G» T©*tiDo?i5' is i^j^.^i' :.. •
'
-^ lest pfiiut %t
O^orgfe lier»®2^ Sbat*. It 1® Itit^r^fitln^ to net©
that Sba-^, =>f?^d %ae 51y -.^oi-c ltift3r«Bt«d
Xii ^«Su;^ tvec-Ueulfii' i.^u in attainins tputo,
bat who h3<5 nevertheless a special ^ift for
seeing the at ,te» In the b&llefe of 3t^*pii,
shottlil jret u« pyepsred tc accept a phlictG,.;:.,'i'
rfho bfilleved fchst Intuiticis wac adre f.1tt«<5 to
8.?hl,«v«» truth thsii X'Gfiftcn, If thenr : s
thing Sl*aw prided hi^saolf en, it »aB on isting
our rational. Xn i.. >ir skfetctetg
Shaw say© on p, 77 1 "And :io, as Bei^son Is th«
•sts'bllfih*^ phllo®ojihc'i» of najr »fct, I »@t tasytwilf
4osm ar a ."r»«?atlv^ ^?*«:)TtJtl.onl,st,**
1110 only nirii; tiiat ^imn wmw h»v* hft4) aegr
reservetlon« abcmt thi« philonojihy, eoB«*e on <ih»
«aiw ipiiffo -rheif^ h^ call« hlaeelf , "too old a dog
t-o pick up rmsi tjlcli9#*
91. ^eipitt ^^«ntalti, %f#m1^m *^it 'pm* P- 53.
93. Jae«n»f hanteln, I^ Phllogophle Bei^8<mienne.
p, 2(A. t^arltfilti h»» ftald thet h« f«lt that
B«]^80D>e Inspiration »a» nMitaphoraloaX. rm l±
^[tt« 1« ll«n par lo^eX M» b«i^»«d rattach« >«a
&
II''--' I ' 'i^PTEE III 2M
prtncipalet th^yei; ft la doetrlne ^olutioimitte
«iyt lee th^orl^e b«2^»owl«)r>ee, d notr© dvis^
ph^Riqw*? <3e Xa i»4alit^ #t d* 1 esprit."
to set th« foliowiog two textet
VoX»a«? JU, jjc. 1 Ji3s quot^ •intf^tl^rj evec M,
Hiigsoi}'*, l^ \rit Catholijiue, voi'jsiii^ I, no* i{3a,
•SWmsjT 7, 1933, p. 1, "it «as i*-a^ the icJol&ti?^
of 8cl«nc© that 1 fir«t &et out oa jay iat«llectaal
•« msttsrlble th# t^tfi/issiy*!* of bloicji^ that vte
"Smt^otm UiQ ciQ«a«pti.on v>r e vital Iia$p«tu0 Qtid of
a ejpaotlve «voXutlcm. A« m^ 8«t it out at ttw
beefltmlug' of %m Isat <»lHi|>t«i:>^ thi» coneisptiot}
\ms uy DO saeaa* » hypothe»l», «iiieh ee ofln b«
fo«n4 «t th« lM«i!R of any Bietaphyeieal systarai
it Mae a cond^iaatlon of fact, a stxasdi^; up of
mmaXn^u up***
>«(«.<^i I
«tr
Ho^ri^^j Qmrms, tit 187
95* Hwsrt .Berseoo, Creativ Eveltitlon. p, 165,
la«M.Uty to ecmai-^i^ff^ lift?.* This pesmge
1« glvew In Italics in the tert,
l>^. ^,i.„.m »# P. r>3* "Our lntg?Xli;?eneg, as it
teiref t||e l^ii^^ 9f,,„»lte?,. ^f te ,1^M £,^M.
mAm% the uiK^gaaig#tf solid/ ii7ii» p^mms^
1© »l»o given lis Italitfg in the t^sjrt.
^* Ob*. ,^lfe.. p. 306 *Wb€i;n0r n© «ould thlnfe be-
ecKlag, <M? e^j*»8 It, op even p&ra^iv^ it, wc
h»w!l7 «c srrrthlfir tlm th«n set goii^ & kind
of eio^Bietosyspeii incjidt ae ... th« mol^a;^jB|
l^^.* The liri^t i5f««B(8# i8 giv^n lis it»ltc« lu
the t«art, in sJwsrt, "l »lnt«llls«»e« immtti^ Ji#
pwt fttw fa»aa px^odult de 1 •Solution, ««««t
S «1lrr tmr in©traj^?»t p«i?tlculi«p febri(|u^ pop
1 evoiutioi pour 40is b«»oii»i partl«a:ii«re*
P« 16).
ioe. QP. e^t^.. p. 180. "me lorn ll ©et Urns ^id«nt
qw» pow tin* t#ll« phllo»ophle 11 n»y © pitw
auotm aoywn tfe ntontrcr par 1« raison, d 1 •sia«
dwi ei^tiiv«o, l*«Ki«rtenoe d« Di«a, isi «{} p«iirtacit
IV
'• ^a
du ecHivcmeinft, puia^ue, pour «Xle, C9 qui •»«
##« ifci?©® nmxvmm, p&lm^im, pom? «Ii^, 1»
tumpfmn m IsS^^Hlit a« ltt.Um$me, nl en partant
««& #tf«6 emiM.fig«i}ta, m^9^^, pour 9lX«, le
^evmiXr et le coii^ne«nt ti*ont pos b«t»>iii die
ptt9f«<9tlaD^ pttia^aey pmir «XX«^ Ib paXmrntK^s
l*otH3r« dl«0 Qhoe^B 69ciet« par «c4^ •#imi iiii*1I
iMilt mta Ue«oi.i} a *im€> fin powrsoivtw 9*1^ tUMi
epttUgm 4* 1 *ia^« do d^^cpftwi «9iy4NNi« tea*
III*
ion. .QiUt*
106. juyi|[»
100, MP. cit,, p« 300,
7 !m fft .i5*r1^'« f?ft '
i^iS'
UJ
113. ^. c.lt .> p. 130.
Also !>• 130 ... "11 m iNttit p«8 y avoir d«
ttiW«iit*e» 11 m 9«»t i>&8 if avoU? d«r 4^aKmd«x«i'»
tloR, mw«m;u'U exlttc 9fs»e.l» poor »cmr
I^Mif a^Mid ••« )ii«Pt», l)M)., »m^^^* "itaif Visit
t MWtr to «s[ph«eise 18 isHttt i« i^. i»«ine V3«^ tl^n
•mrl^iisg «1»« t^ili^ |XINI0^«> e»eh oe Intuiti^
»»« thttt ifyfei^tioti la ifitcsll«ot^l •«. B«li||s
do(Hi not pjpo^tm^ th* Urt^jitlon swli as l l»«v«
AMMiSM It, by mmm <a ttMt iinMNI «f «i«SMiM«r
vMiTh ^iHiia^ & violent r«#iam of tii« irill upm
itcslf of ubicli &t« fivpiMtt «p«»)Bii» imt mMUms it
fvom tM iiit«ii9ct ma w mmtm of • oaM«s?«#
•n l.a«i« ilw a«c»«p«, 0£* ool^M, of &«litw
tm
»>Yaj|
0kth this.' ii}taitl<N|#|i>
li^» <^« ^It *-* P« 133*
XX9, ai««t*t ^^i^taif), ifiltB liiMH imf nrunn (^^
mm ^^*
9«aei4d9« fi «««1i ««rtoit)«« ^htmrn, eXX9 nts lea
125* %* •l^*/ 9« :^tt
It Is om.'ious lio odte that nwem^m. In spite of
tlw mw tfitt0ti« ana li»itine t^ng« ifhloh be
flays aiKxat t^ v[ii>Gj.Xm:u %u tmn, t<au it'tt my lo
mt
..**«,. ...\..;^|.,V,.*f,'j ."'*(' .#.'v,V.'rt»;-***%*'»»' * »•
-^rf,...S-,» .-.fy.f
idMi ^ ii in tm
m%n el»s»«tei-ieti»3, and w« know that them te
t€v ow uf , »«» " . ' / trn^ -it mrm&t
T, t*€ Mm o»lir to yc«a the f«:kU<9«ti«s
3 i»«ili«« thftt^ if tho above etDtfiiseiit
..
•:-«a »aBi»1^ii^ «»&ieh B«^eo« f«lt in-
iuxc.*.y»i'x^' i-o )»« Uni#, tliie t«xt i?epi*«#iit8
tiljlft the iiJt«li«ct ij., IB fii« |^lo»o|3fel0«l
isfistmt '^it (ta^ i.»*i«lll^«?ie«) was piemi4^ for
Kx>ecu;j.ri-;'>a o» A h*»|li@«» plane, it emhl^^ «*,
®t fct» 23€»etp to eoaeeiv0 i>a#«iUlit.i#e> it <^oe«
»ot attain awcr i'yiiiAWi;'" w-^-'i?* eit, p. 3Bo)«
Thmt T^^siwsou had fi^esafc* awsi^ewMise of tb© isssuape
oi' 4Uv\. .->& i)i iss taeaet to veaeh, m&j
>» »ee« lf> the f lag t«sst t»k«» fi?ofii p» ISSi
of ..,„ .,- „^:.. ^ . **0«P VWBte »td 1>0' 0ftysl9«
f«p «1I ^ar civlXl^Uffls**
tm. -^ •%intain. La ^iioaophi* Bmmmmimm.. p. IJT.
130. .^ „.,:J^.> p. i^5£.
131. :^UJ,J^» p. 13^^
138* 0^-t ,m*» P- 137.
133. -;U.,S;l^«* P* 71*
r.
ItO^'jli*,- i C«W=FA*iii ^.A..^ %^
- - ,.'
»
c:ros,
*. r^crc> (Paris s ; uxl^ ^ii.ciiii, 19^), p. 22^U
137.. 'J.. p. S3, "
.
'S, B©Js»o«#
^,„„^^^*^ P. ^^%
141.,
^(^wm, l^aiKtei..... ....^9t
1t^3. lienrl .j^irgma, C.,, _ ., . 27Cwp7l.
f^-- this etstfSieRt in to b« focma ow p« :' -if
.:^ with ®#«w»t«yi aw* Katt^^p^ tlw reality
^,^j|4 «fK>«j?®« only tiy i't» e<«j«©«tlo»
vlth that */*'-i':'^ajgygssga.,** Th« Italics sj?©
iii'.*,it
t<9 ism mm tvmmH^f imt^« i^h» irnmal t^c««
Iti? s^nitf on %hi pl«sst» «tn lm«tna#s mHanUt^'^
©IK? tb^ ii^l« of Iw^aaiiityi io »P»c# a«»3 4» tixm^
t» em immm^ Bjnm ^U^^ius IwifiUNt and ^•t^ocNi
iiad l?f^^dtitf «iefe <Hf **» in nm oveipwheini?^ chaage
«fel# te hm% <^mm tmmpy m^iw^m* »»» 9Xmw %^
the. h^^sif of &f9m K««at pl*ilo»oi>lil« i«9r«t)«B
lt)«icHt •« Banims tit2f «ifigi:«« it o«t m a
ev«^»fhe}Mi# th» wdjod 9%%b tt» em/%%^mitm» With
%im^ %#% iMIlVl ifitMMAfli Mtdffh t& lts«lf
<»oet r>ot «l*l««f5, ma t*«* laimtlon -o^o Ni
tmmm^^^^^^^m in iM^ ia » meat o^M^«r <^
«M«Ni is ecmm0mitmi6t in n i!ii«ti«le«m» p«»bap«.
tt9* • fa» key tracts in awiipQWt of ngr tfettlMMiHiit*
ftl^ s waol© i» on ©volution, tii»t It, »i*^
,»
f..r,vtf'.
I^ne-Pai-
QHArrnn in Wi
11 « f«at *¥h« «i^3^ le ttwt «• eh««g«
witbont oMttuff, tfi^ tliat the «%*%«
tUiiy is notlilBf but i>Min>» «h»
fwnel) for *Bt9t9* i» '(^tst* 0«i« r>ot
*#l»^«« BiH^^M») do«e not tulk %n
h» #o«« aee t^ latter iittiii^t but in
iNHiBt «^ «titiii« And of p9ff9mimt«^i
9tat««,
ill. r» 7t *fov a tonieifittft 1»«liMg» to «3dL0t
1» to «lM]e^» td •iMras* 16 to «»tiiv«»
to a»t«Pt is to go Of} «p«fttlng oiiifieir
IKIIliiill*
Hill l^ rttet<»?«<i ftiid Itito aoiNMiVBt
wvmfmiSm ^^ ^ r»dolvoa«"
V« n aSOi *^X1N» lapeiiHi of llTo, (l»4lMi 4«
l» e iM^ of ojraiMim**
i^» I*. 3^4i *fteo flus of tlJttO it th« jpmUI^
it«olf,**
vt?, P. !Mlgi " — it l» tlio tltm of tlaiii, it
is tim ww&w tlmz «f Mie jradi***
«iii» »* 3^ot *inf iwwiiifflg tf iHWii miMttfgt ^aiiigfqw> Ho dn» »itti m$ ^tXfeite
fhio to«t i« itolioisod liy B«ffi0Ma.
V'-£
I cmpwE III t^
ix, f* W^i %at «ihat ea» i iiiiiiiti-<t MH^ttT
ftni m»9«i^«i$ tii«itffi«iT^f Tint ptiilom^^lser
1« QfSX^ £if» ie«»@^imiti?« i|?e^oa« he «»i3^
gut tilt i»»l:;i^»ffll. w'->s*i!9 si»ife l«i-«k into a
iiiniplt iXmx, & 0im%tmi%tw (^ fla^iitg, &
to &lmtf90sp v<e»I H^Witicm tii^xre «fli«9» $.%
i« «%1IJ. i^aspe ts3s«fwl fco finfl It, in tfe#
wm'3^ &i Hift And <^^ emim-%mmmm «»...
8»tt«r/">tbe rtttlity wlilti) ijUS^aM* ^^"^
#lip«ii «»9l? bsr Ite «otiB9$tioi) with tliBt
X, !*• ^381 •wfwit t» iwfti 18 th» eontinsB}.
wMeh le diMMitlon it»#l,f»*
)lti, F* iit '^EUHNitloii 18 t^ etmtiiiuoufli 9»0Qmm
or the pest nhicti gntiie into the t^xUxm
•00 ifltiLeli «tf«U« ft» It B^vmm99**
xUl. r. arai *— « pmXiMPopliy wtfloli WMJir in
iiQMitlon ttm veyy «ttiff of s^Mrllty***
iMUIdMiXHl MUM liftj|mm|AAm|k |t|w| tMMf -jUUB^.-
V. P, ?/n **T«nili f •vnimt aittoHr ^ {>ck»s« tout
ec x'evlvlfl^ en t>ous« tlfei &ea90 43jm
f8a:?f 'f.;.
..*iK- ;<*i*y^WyK^fiaHV«'
W
t,'\^-''
mrnrnt mhifxm m
111 Outfit v»6i« - 4p .f^ffljii iiaimit <»*
r»^is !• t&s^ Di^^ti etta^ iodiviJiible**
]llllfJBKiBSAtl^^l%» ^* -^^^*
3^» iiitiitli*' I>^"'' "'Actuate.
it ! ."^ life, 75, fr^ififlwi* 0r««tion,
Mi ^p'
tJSimui.
iK
mmmmtiz m
m. <?• WMCtifti-
.:. . ^
•?!'??•.. p. -^9.
M* «3r. Kftyltt:^!)^^ i|^ygRlna„ 'J.,.,^^
^
p. oS,
W^^ ^« llw&«8li», lij"" -'iift iMIilMiffiiiilllW
ifRi»<m^ *:': fttrcr ti!j»jt-3, done J»<«»tS«*t ^ Xa
176. It 4« lot .-^...-.Ir^ '^"^ n--!*-*^ t.n a le^t^w-e gsl'r-s'n
immml ««f o«t«a»«t» 191.:, ...... . ...^^-aaouy p«t>*
3AlAitd« i» FlN^^n m « ccdJl«ofeicn of #»<^^
«lU«tf> **t.»KiHKjafie aplHtuelle" (1919), thnt he
faiilK»ffi » nt«tii*r»»f««' •?M^^ clearly p»wft.pBP«« oiw
V,S^[,#*i.T'«SWifc-
t oiiMnmi nx w&
€4r ti)9 tmim pQAmto io
»i»^.-: im^9 mmm #» M^tn^ «^ iiii»t uttptt^sij^eoa**
X77*
w^*
mw0^ e«{]K d<xite I*li^»9lssHi isvmtJjr «^ sSjbi^
««n%iiis ttm X9(li «ai$iQi»f ftiUPlei I^nmhwhi tJted*
t
*" -i * *.
mmm$ mmmtn
ittujyyi*' 1^*
aL9e«
1.97.
198.
199.
800.
SOI.
aO!3.
s, ^^n%»t», mmmm ^¥, ?^m* p* ^>«
tor. iSU-S^# P« 3.13*
unit it is m^mf p^9Xhl^ —« «jl^l>esi' f«KP tlw latii
l^iie«m«0 €£> for citlistre "<i« to ^tlaet^ «sef too
f^p&l «i»9 eontitstiMid «« that lM»ts»e«ii f^««kt8.
»ittf^g»l!iili«», it 1ft i»t«i?«ill^ td s^ <9tl^
@dU «rb<»tll«iP oi? iMTt th» f«aiiN0yi|| t«Kt fVQB Jj^
j^« 27M!7<^» Kiii' ii@t i«iai«iit« thst Bmm^ wiT
tti« ««if&s«(i idtfi e<s9itfii»ed tn "'tm 4ipap4cibt
iiaifoll' ©jad wMefe tot illi»CWite««0J^ S«^ ^"^-^a -t*
taNI|» f^iNltei? <!»# ^ e«ptitttdt |Nsi3l9S<9ilii^« 9m^
flo nttM tinp» ^*««i yttiMmMMMHstt ft i|ii* si
wm
-tf«^!toV#.v/A<-/' •-
iio^nii GMPmi.
^^Ipim , ,iit,tifiwi fm, (^«» T^^^* (nm^if
'»} T
1*^5
jf^iiwl^ffl'f^f^i^i.riiii., I al^i^iaMiS
(Napltfi P<ai>n»ii9 Aul^li^^ i9M?)«
•-^1,
(^««r ¥08% « r- 'm 'm^eim
-«j,'>_»yvriJS5AV • -i."^' -'-->" # '.-'^^-i f%
ffm fflgi tta ifftf ((^!&4M^0j I3l^ir«i^«^ of eiii^ago
^.1!^ (llew Tm:*tst
'*>/•
*i...^-
wm»t mmsmtf
^ e i3*e«t ^*im ^tfw% poisst m t»X3B^ mtscap®,
Dt»tl*« ^ Bfeaau^yr l^^€), p. X?I»
mm* iNbu Tiieol*, 1, 9« SB, «• 3i ir«ep«5fiKj«o; to bt
|<Sft«Ml It) . .^. l>^9« j^aiSLe wyiu^g of 2t. ftt^m^M
ifigiggii^ (tsen tQ«^t madOii iiouae^ 34)^!>)« vc'u i«
0««r£»f9r Ba«»$ ^l» cemvmtvr ?«»»* 19*»5)# p* u*
IB « foo-?»iofc« feh» 3P»f««MWW# to St, ThaaftB le
mm^i ciiftwim tf wm
fffT*
9SB*
233.
mei^ism mmmtfif T^^.iwmm im.^mM
^^g^ngtiifi ^vibt^pf in^7)j ^. '^.Ut.
m^n^m ^AV^is t»i%(»igitv oi, r)o& &m 9 itmmm't \ms&
i^tiSjo^ all ccsrsN^ial iMsitnsre »»• wb^.** xt its •©
antf t^ m^fH^ntiMl tmita^llit^, ma «tvi4i.t^ i^sp
ant? I*^34^^-^ . p. ^8, ana the itdlioe «f«
4W^V^^A4^Wr T» ^^#i^^^W^ ^m l^ffl^V **^ * INtf
i^i^
«i
HO.
*si! in i». ft lAMiiigiMii iMft^ iFHt »t tut wwic
Al» the «•«« tlia* .
aa.^:j.j^t^ , p* ii« "—•. '.f5,r vision is ^bagpe*
tmanm-mMm ^M^liiteiy «vairy sort of @iNsoti«^
*>• Si»
411109 «»Moe« Itiwrlf , tlie iiaes(«ite0 o«M«l
aftl, qip^..cAfc^ . fo«tB?5t© p. ?• This lis a vmm$ltimmm
1?»49» %ritoils ^(«o'^*e mm mam In «|y«>i?tlou 1^
r_,...' ?i#ti«««!^«g *^?i^,iY^^ f^ %^<a;^# Archies
fkix- .. 8l:x> : . . t^^ctwiisn, c,p. tot*
r€»Ot!B£iit€' Oe ^ 0*
g|^||jl^^^ (xjim^mi rm&Bsn.Um «^ ^o*« 193^)#£»* %^*
yj* "c,
848. Cocqu«fl Britain, ^^ llJiilllliliyiffH^^ ''
f»-
8*->3« Op* git >. p. 96. "In r«»llty, hoa«ver. It
ii»0 with thcolQgy^ itaelf that li* brotee, when
ht hr<ikm with ^noXastielsm, whieh is tt»e
tr»4iition£)l theologs^ of th« Church **
•5^« QB' «it>. p. 1^2.
855 • Jaequw I'^aritsin, J^' ^;e to Hg
^
t^ptealQ.i? Ul<m
Xerks Sheed and 'Mv^t^ 19^6), p» iS,
*56. Op* elt «^ p* XB»
^T. Cjp, clt .. p. X9»
»8» Qp, git ,, p, a5«
«6aA Op. <?lt >. p. 33.
t*^ QP» Pit;, , p, 3^.
a*2c Op. ext ^. p. 37.
t«jsn Ml«t)tlfie **lf Nap* imtf«ff8too<! in a
unlvcreal fl«iiiM» an a p«rf«et, and c«jpt«lfi
\mmiU(kms toi»#i#%« m the «t«dct aen»a«
knonXfidsa by caa««a m^th^y it la afroi?!d«4
9lilt«8fl9fay of nat-tjupft, or l»y RWftaphysleal
266, *>lii>
a68. -4j|iN*-«A*., p, 37*
fi$9. ^i. , .«U ., p. 38«
270. .J^iAJ*
271. , .ay>,iai&i ,, p« ^3m
272. flJp ,M .<A» ,, P« ^«
tT3. fiip» aAfr ., P. 90.
ZrH, 9p w.i »*t ., p. 93,
275, iMpif i tt t t ., p. 9^.
876. <»» a*t ., p. 9*.
877, -tt|hr-«4*,, p. 9S. ^ritalfi raateta thiu aasia polot
In iwiwiljiiiiwot an*' ^'m r-vinfianfi (aaa 276 for full
imt*r9n9*)» 9p^ a^^-CT footnota. "Tha principla
«r idantity haa a algnifioanca atiich la not
•a«««»tiai> w ff<^ylatlva« («vai?y balsig la what
it la), but aia« atatf prliaarlly axlatantlai ( »th8t
whiah ttxla^Of exiataO."
nonet omamn vr tfl-
(!l«ii Toix^i Psnth«of) Books Inc«, 19^6 }, P«9^«
879. Aseaoee ?^«ritaln, A l»i^f^c« to ^-letapl^gigg
.
I>« 31 • Liilkta to th<> First 9rl»eiple ojv nrhet
^x-ltfils eaXIis th<» i^her prl»eipl*t of i^p«eiils«
tiv« rMi»«is> nftvitl^ ^wuffleient s*«0f«f}, finality
9ni dtttMiitr*"
890, J8ei|tift« %j?lteiii, If^f^ffM^ i||^ ^^^ ^^^^f1>ffl^»
8ii. ^»QtHHi bantam, ft ff^m^ ^-^ %<^^Sty?^<^Pt
PP» 90-Ql.
tm. Ja<t«iiM M»rit8ifi» ^ty ;ii||^^|J^<^ to miWI^tp. 151
•
•87* Jaetiaes MtrltQla, Uttf IXf*^ <^,
Sayelr^ P* ^T*
«9i, .2aA-2li»# pp. 8»f-«.
t92. %> ff^t., p, sua.
a^/':^ >.,-•*;? -itirnMSi W :
-*i^x^^nT. ..*if^'
«--^«"v,.
•^^*
9^. j«c<!uefi %x^t»i£i, iM,ft>giBtf ittf .Urn ^^fflimtt
300, ^. --tro, 4.^i^..^.-- ^y mm ci^gigt
GelU3^4?a, 19^3), p, 7T.
301. jrcn-?ou.i :43j1;i?e^,
|^ifti^atl8llia {Mm ¥<a*kf
3C&. ^>n> cit. ., pp. 3^-37.
307, or)^ eit;«, p, 43* "It i« the attpwrsboii^iMe of
th« 4jLvln« »0t of «*3fl»ting, »«p«i?el>iin«*ino« In
fpur* aot, whieh meiilf«fttt ite«lf i» OoiJ tliiseeXf
{a IB r«9v©l»ttoa tetehttt ue) by th« plwiwllty of
ttw d&viiM fWMMGRift i»» rMtron ig of Ittttlf ^pHrllfied
to imoir) by tbt f«et that the v^zr oseisteno* of
Ocd ^e? intellisexio« nod 10 tjOV«» and ti^r th«
ftet t^^t thle esKl«t«M« l9 fvotly creative."
308. Ofit ?lt .. |>. 34*
303. jaUjUi.., P. 33.
^|i|l|*l|lfiilM I I iiimp«W*WB»fW»»-i«.«('»»«™p- •
VJV-i . V Jttrtx^'
» .-'/-#:-" "- i-ii
™.-vv*w««*U"4iv*i--ifc*«V*.-, W-* 1
Ito f
aio, iM£.
315. ,£au.Jiil.., p. 3.
31?. ^^i,y:^|.> P. 6.
3l8« J«ttt»»?t)ul driic, _!!__ 'U«r^. p, Sfi,
319. ^IfcuRll..* P. 27.
380, ^*^«.»uA* '«?ipltalU, ^Mf,ff^1r^^>y^ $P^ ^PUU^Mp
323. .., p. 10.
3315. 2lt.Mk** !>• i5»
32<5. ,2u, ,a^> P. ^<^.
328. J^^'t««« !%iltain, tir^ Qginlgn gar ghsrlgg marigg
(p5^t*^y« Llbiwrljrt© nm, VJ&S), p. ^r>.
S«9. ^ . .'[email protected]» fttta Polltlot. .9, iSflL.
330. j.^-'tn^.- ^arite..., y.WTK? ff^? ^^'®#« (t-ofi«5on»
331. •?'^ \n, t.ee t^^^v tfa f^volr, p. xll.
%^.-
,J
vontst esMffiiR iv <I3
33XA J.:.co-rr -^^'It-rn, Jm^Un ^^P^%m lU^
333.
.^^. , 1951), !>•
337.
i.l'>iiji*i jOIii*
p« 31
p« 32
. . S3
p. ^p. aa
3^1,
i«i»
*iitt«a!«l law is eoiSEttacivt
ifitih th« ^holif field oT mtui!*al iso^l r«^l8tloiui^
th« idttale fi«l^ o^ oatttMl mcamlX%j»*
>,^-f.
.a «. ?• ^» "The only pireetical knowledge
all «er' ^•' -•« •^tiirelly end liif«llli>l;r lo
80 a )i^lji'»«^~id«it principle, lntelX«$tii8lS^ p«v*»
oldvttd i3sr irlJrliie of the ootKjei^te involved 1»
%}mt we W8i0t ^o good aiad avoid evil* fhifi la
the $s«eiEble aod tbe principle of oatttesl law;
it ia not the leu Itaelf. ^-uml lav ia tbe
eaaesfble of thiaiia to do and not to do vhleh
follow thevefiK^ in neeeaaary faahion*** Iq the
U^i^C ^..i.iJ^^V 1- U"i\' '^ A.C.y
tmm$ mmmm rr ml
/fti^|ia..<^..Mii,n . p» 36, the full 3:*ef«x?i^t4Ni for
tttdeh io ||lv«f} lnnD^ S^^ there i« ® pe9«ft@«
whieh M^ tlitioitt idvtttieally th* mem tXAm*
3^3. Vgt.„ffM>* P» ^<5*
3^« Op* cit* . ffootfselj© on p. 91*
3^* %ft SM.*» ^* i^^*
3l?* 05^.*.. c,lt >.. p, 93*
3*®* QP> eife .. p. 9S.
^* Q^» <^l-^ »« p. ^«
350. c^.. «,
it «« |>. 99*
^7» Ja^Jlil.^, p. 38*
1$0« Ttii,8 io ft plii«&@ «fhieh use iiftittf ligr i^j^ltain in
ft Vi0e«nt l««tiiif«, ?%wsfh ^th, 19^3 # at th«
Iiifititut« of i«ftdlft#v«X 3ttidicft ftfid iflidLeh I not«
ftft ft nmttmf of itit^rest*
' "trr© ajMT tlM cMfjf r0f«tWBC©a In mvlii&lfi T<m the_ .ji'?cfe of this ci3ept«?J?.
'-'-'• •' ' ''~~ ^ ''
,:.|.l (Mllwaukeigt
|gflffjj^,!fT^..y^j||gt^, ^^^ ^^^^ l^otheon Books
llile IKK^ dXao oontaine tti® ertiele In r^x@«'^il
w#fi# It:
•Q^.i^^i wW '•» '' iivW'
10^1 t
36X. MG^m» ^i£i<i.uiBp TiiHiwii ill .^yri mKmafi
(i««fes iiHii* Ohiirl^s Sorlbm**! -k»>», 1936),
3$3« l^^ «
!IS4« Ci$) p. 6«
19lS)* P. 95*
p* 6«
^« 6-7* "'i^«» lnt«ll««t tthieh iil>«t«net8 ana
mm0ltm»& t)t« ci&jeatlv^ torn tit B«ina abttvocte
MMI rmo&i3M99 alno th« obJttctlv« rofm of
-^\U*- ***''' .*.«.->-•••>.».J u.-j*i'**(>«»f-*
i.*n<.-,*r-v/ «i<j|*MK.'^ •-JiH'. iyi«*i»—,-•
^..
3T2* mu.£3^., p. 7.
3??. muii^»» p» s,
Haiinl^fly (Thrift P»ul a»rtaftiis^ 19^5), !»»•
p. 10. ..,'*fr#«^«(a l« an imiliidiabXe |!irop«Pty
(t^MfOlOf ^^ ItutQ of M(ltfi»«V»l
fW. im^irr 4irltdin^ f|1,3mrtetfl , ,l!i 'ffltfi M^ffltf
.«
.,. ^4 5 i
«
393 • Md*
p. 95.
«o»« on^^iRcrs mnuiti, ggingims <? '.ant ,.isau.Mi!iii
H<3^. J#iiii»F»iil Sartre, JttHMlllllfli ^^^** ^<**^*
Philosophical Ubwjpy, 19^47), p. ^5.
HOT* M^jOk^, P* iS.
413. JacQue-' .-.:'ltai», •spoofciiidit^ et In^aj*©!^^^***,
*f'*.f^t^
k ^i. A^ ir „»:
WHi
^ ^J^ Ci-tTA-^Mi T^ 'iti^^'/* *
--»*•II Bi iMii iii.»m ll.iiii
* Ir <:'• >•»'•
445» ^ae^ttes -iu, 1_
p, 110,
.'5ft! ?«?}9 tK>t ime a4«8 Of evil* xt is vm who htve
ef iiyii . p« 21, •!» th« woi^Id of oatui*9^ ev^of »gti.oqi almrfti pjpe-'K*ijK>os©» anethoif mrtl —
153, iSUJtl^** !»• SS*
^5C. ^f, J'tt>, p. 27.
'^•^"'•'.i:£^f'if-^'-.'/'--^.'90^*''^'- 'ft><t--'.crffVr-—'^T»'.*'i..^ • '^'-'jj^Mr^-''';--
&H
mmt^M cmwmt ir
^&T» MSt*'V
^0.
if72.
4T7,
*r78.
• jr ^
%f ^It .. pp. 7S-73*
flSlM wWHdl
, P» 71,
Si ciiAPTsa VI aas
The following ar© th» bo«fet by Jae<|uef f>'tPlt«ins«hlch contain the principal ©xpooitlon of th«subject of this ehaptor. It hB« not be sslbl©to detlgnete (specific chapter* in theec , , .3beeeuee the eutject of thl« chapter Is co broad.
Pt geiyaoip » Ttxaaag D»Aquin (Parisi Paul HartmannEditeur, 19^7;.
FreeaoKi In the '--Qr- orld (fie^i ^orkt Charlesscribner»a Sone, r)3fc),
the aighta of an (ixjndoni C^irf.^y Bleat TheCentonai'^ Preaa, 19-^5 )
.
Sort de L 'Hor-ae ( Netieh^t#l s Lea Gahlera du fthdne,s«ri© Blanche, Hdltlont de la Baeonnlftre, 19^3).
I^e MMMW^affi (LotMSont mottfmf Bleat ?he CenteMiry
^hoXffiUoi^^ end Polltlea ( London t Geoffrey Mee*
;a!? tT»^ t&t ^fQ|r<g^^P»^?o« ^» Grlveralty ofChicago Frees, 1951 )•
The iMya that are not Caeaar»B (London* Sheedand -Uix-d, 1932?.
|he ^TOi ^^ fteaa^n C»e« Yorki Charlea Scribner's
%*^ ^^^g|g? ^^ Chax-ieg 'aurraa ( Parle t Libralrle
Christianity and Dettoeyeey (tendon t Ceoffrey BleatThe Centenary ?roa«, 19^3).
Antigen!tiara (tondoni Oeoffrey Bleai The Centenarsr
Ransoming the Time (New York: Charles Scribner'sSonsTTWETT^
n* • •
mw^t cMArmfi ^n z3W
(PaplBt Paul Hartmann Fdltrir, 19^7), P. 21^.
^©2. 9Pr git *. P' 217.
its. tMd >
«i8^. Op.dt ,. p. 195 ... *1« beatitude- (eela, »11«
le salt ddJI par 1« raleon «»t psr la fol)**,
*65. Op* elt >. p. 195,
*»^« ^« clt .. p. 209.
^67. Op. clt .. pp. 909-210.
#88. JiB?fiti*R ^^arltialn, Fi'a»aom In the odgr?) Worl<9
(^w Yoj^t Charl«e Sertton«*»e Sone, 1936), p. ^9.
^89. J8e(|o«8 '^arltaln, Th# Hl»Thtg »f M»a (l^tuJont
O«offr«y Bl««t th€ C«nt«tjarj^ Press, 19^*5), PP. T-8«
^90, Hanrl Bet^son, T^^ Twc S^yycgg of •norality and
Ji^lfKloCT {tondoni Mac -lllan ana Co. Lt<5,, 1935),
p. «36.
ii91. Jae^«i! bantam, Sort tfg 1 'Hmm (Ne«chetal»
X^a CBhl#i?9 &9 ahen«, s*p1«^ Blanche, Htfltldnn
^« la R»c€rjnl%re, 19^*3)* P. ^1«
'^^fi* QPn c^^ «* P- 3». "i^ Itallce »r« i«anta3n*a awf
the text occura t«lec otj the 90ia» page.
193. Ogft ff|t., p. 61.
'J^'*. Op« fit., p. 32.
493. Xbia .
''07. Op. git ., p. 60.
im
ac
&!.'<&
•«:
mmt§% cmtfnt vx salt
O«ofrzwy B3.#e: The CentorsAry Fr««Q# 19^6)^
p. 16?.
300. J«0t{u«ei Harltain^ -^?^^ilT^<'^«^ ^"^ yoXUlee
19*9), p. 17.
901. J»t«pM>« Niritalti, Maiaaiil«a# Int^jytl (f»rl«i
f«rraiiitf AttM*v» 19^17 )> VP» Bl-BS,
5«* Qp> cit .. p. 32.
503. J. .'i-tein, 'gnwi l^iaanUsi. p. 23^»
5««. Jtetuo ^torltetB, Mipi^ fiyy tvig 3taf (Cthleagoi
rh« Unlver»4ty of Chicago Pr«B», 1951)* P. 179.
505* ^T, rltain, Hp^aiiWMi I»t^]«l« p. 1^5
•
30?. Jae<|iM« imntain^ -fbe IMi^^g t^t age sot Ga»«ag«»
(tontfoni iih««fl and vaj^j, 1932)* P. ^•
set. J. ^^ritain, fUmtlint ^f!tlilT^- P* '^^ ^^ ^2£i
.^SJsiifiSBBft* P* 51* >'©i?itali> a««© th« mtm woic*dei
"noua iMiMMais <|«i*il y a une «^ort© iS« bHaiqHti^iii*
eontv* le goiiv«E*»a«nt de l>iau dans I'hlatoire ft
voulolr rtftemfy^ ft on 4t»t paaa^."
509* G. 0, Coulton, *!rh« Hletorloal Baeteground of
mHtaln*u HundRiam*, Journal of ttw Hjgttwr »f
IJMic, /, 194«, pi>. ^15-^33.
5M. . Qit^ .* P. ^1!>*
>i .'.4
/^>^.A*^i'<>**-*>r/t«t-Vi»>«- -<•*»•> **^.wift,«i*i-««
t '^ m.-^i!.'rtu^»/iM^'-^
Tftr^it'rr^^
HQlillt ffiMffnt 7X
511.
512.
513.
51^.
515.
516.
517.
51S.
5X9.
520.
9»1.
522.
523.
5«<l.
523.
526.
587.
516.
p, xli. "It ««e wmder th« cc^«tr«lnt of the
n^eeaslty of the tlcws^ th© eocial oonditiomi
0t C^^ydnlism, aod th« fearful ^KMmoe »hich th«
imperial ^espotli^ held over the liberty of
ti^te spiritual, thet the ehareh nee foiled to
heve 9uch enex^tle reeourne in th« ^'l<5dle Agee
to the exeiwlee of 8«eh e right,"
Op* cit .« p. 91.
^UJSlk'* p. 91.
J. Meyitaln^ %^,ffiF^ ^Jl^trf, p. Ill9.
AJi^., P. 153.
J, Miritaic^
p. 12^
•
Ott* eit.. p» 3J6.
<^« giro P* XI.
pp. cit .. p. 12.
*©
mfSE&i GHhmm vx tif
530
531
532
533
535
53i
5m538
5^5^0
3*3
5*5
5*6
5*8
5*9
550
551
55S
9Si ^X%'* P- ^3.
J. ?4aritaliJ, mn end tti« n«t^. »• 156.
p» 161.
pp. l6l«l62,
pp. lT3-i'A.
P* 17**
P. in*
»• 169.
P# lb''.
-Pit,, fil.tr«
Op* o^t.
Chsrl&t Sax^lbnea^'e ^ohk, 1932 }» p* 217«
553. J* Hoxdtain, % W«fl«» * yta«Mi« B'^aula. pp. 213-21^.
(PariBi Ui:w«lrt« W©»# 1986), p« 9C:.
561. J. i^i^teitj, T^ ffjMf ^ ^^•OB-' ?• 171<
562. Sidney lloolc^ Hff^ffoa. SwUi »9Vlm.
(9mM Torfet The John D«y CkinfMinar, X9^0), Cl^pter
19*9>, P. IT.
56T. I^Jli.
5T0. ^. W«lfitfil«, Of fimmxmm I ThqUMIi l^'igt^# P- 2i3^
572. V^,
573. J. Warttalti, .-^|piii«tiei«a and goXtMafc, P. l62.
•^ SI
v|^.<AW.''«UfWV<J«j A>.Jk<!F^4ni«:fi>«r j«Mr. sW^MfjaM^MnwuiWrat. ^ ftW>W»t#»WWW
W
WIIm^l*l•
p. 21^.
578. 9Pt fl^.'^ P- 213.
«!•»« 1^ Q«a^Miftxy Fjpe»«^ 1339 )« P* ^*
p. 107.
583* opt clt .^ P. to.
5^* ^. <^itL> . p. 15.
391. ^^. -'^fe^^-^r Trair Hfmntfriiff- '"- ^'^^^
593. i4U-&yi»* P« iQ3«
fm» ^T>. qx%,, p. i&s.
596. <f-,i 9^^,,.. P. Afo.
:^Y. «{« »;ant«l», aefaelatlcm^ f|yf Polltlea. p. 36.
jnyAt !&». »
I '' » .- w,„
^*A« -^' v^t; .^ S># X53«
c9V^%9l'XM mmms^, l Bhml6 like Ui 8<W tsfo
t^lHjHitiii _ ::^ht^ flyet 1« th^t t-M3»itain do«i!F SfJrdt
t:!» influ©^* OS' e«<isaotaic lactors, siiiiiou&G m6999 K«t -give t^«^ a pmmisv 9^o«, On p. 136
^xli i^UlQh I %n tiiQ 'isxMi amm, to (3imi«^iti) pl»y94
ijy tto« ©conoKiie factor i« h;l«t<53?y, it Is not
d«i]p«r •BFCMB^s ot eultoi^^ @ikS «lNS^in» ill tvom
tha lM|»XioaUo&« of the splirltual an$ th« tan^o*
ml m 0lvUii£»U€f), that I shall wi0t m fml0%m
Itta umma i@ tbat t-iarltain la ««i • 9W^l^^»
OB p, tl!> ?^ %« «?ia the gtata. lia aa^st "eooa-
QXmatXoaB o&4«o^ot} i® a timgic illusiioo« no
laaa t»vmful to iiiatiee than bllfsd o&adii^jca*''
601, J* %rttain, frm- mm^Wip P« ^78.
t CmVTRR n 232
%*> git .. p, Pi.
634* JJUjt^*
639. <^j ,fM>, P. 29.
^i» iSifcJs4k*# P* ^»
653, V^,y.,illl,>, PP. r*-73.
«^Si «q(
U.;
ismFSm VI 233
IPI* op, elt«, p* XI
•
fit. f\:» clt., p* X31.
411^ op. elt*, Pm X30.
Ml* Q|^* #it*y {(« X3'B»
^3. %. e%%4, P* XS5»
"'^Sll ".n fxi e^
f|ii0 «»M t«xt mini alaost iwt«l fw i««Ji3 in
1
#^1 •« u-
**:*' '^^•wV^jV^ /r(*;»i»rf»»."#*sK%.' .?:|..*Liais4,^iBI^?«^i=
If.f ?y<*r«:; «C*!: ?»ft>*Tir ,-tv
SjTV .-.,_<
4^uii© n.# lt06 -ifts t-1 :o sad feia «if© anO
), Hhlch Is Bloy»p JoiSTRSl ew9V^
®fi «tJt3?T i^'OS' *^tai« llth, X^0€ (pp* l86«
lM$f%l^fi«, e«^lul 4» <fd 4eia»e ftaiw aiicm
vell^ pttxf«is d« e«8 trois #tff*«« aliiite
f^^«-'i^->t"^ vV.'.i»i#is »« «i.r.-jv<rv»»'»^/T|iKffl!v»"*tf**'»#»;"Be«to»l»ii^y«F',.'vi««v*5**'*«j«^'»*4iwr;.«/wi»
l<
«M» '-'
d« i'>.i*Hi ... !*lBip»a !««»«»» J<«ittn« et
.W?oS}irWJ^« S''»*-^ «»f!«?t- r«a8«<a en
m* d#i ^' * d4iil4€^ '.lit Jean
L«ipiii^« a^NMes) sod ao«y X94a)» p. i73«
thfl^^ ijf ft <^«Bd)S*ipM£^ oT the lmp%is^^*
w^i!^ f%rit«lf! etaai«« MolQ^ ««<•»
J«.?n# 2*, 19<t? The ^rital»« «#t mt for *• aii«*t#
a;?jHt.'!r<N! at I4i ralette on Jtiwe 26«
July 8, 190? I4etiii?fi to 1P»ri»,
237
|i|l« ^, X907 mmlimm hm^^m ^^ ^«^ ^ ^^si^^
at tbe V0^imst of P^uy, to carry Ui@
iMife of F4g;ti9r'» eoo7«r«icm to Dos»
Bullitt, ti«n#d(lctin©,
; :/ 19t)S Tiki %»itaio» 9i»» li««k to 9mm^»
gf«phie Ueniem ©«a a mctioffwry of
a iP<#lo^ of thvaa aF«a^a«
IM»« 1910 HeiiMiil pHl>li8»M»a fela firet phlloeo^
tshie&l article, "?.« Seieno© ^lo^pwr «rt
i|ft,« 19X8 ^^ffltaln i>aga» t^ tSpitiMt «t iMlP
Otoe* !l« 1913 /l»lt of EroMt rat«lM«i «iiu ^^aala to
ar'
or^i
F«b«, X913 P»l«ht»i wit r«eaive4 Into tbt Chasnh*
Jkj^l air«J Mey -Britain g»v© leetux^e at tiie :"^it
l^^t« of 19X^ l«MPi«ai» g^if« a a«sltte of l«0tf»n» at
09 u m%X9tt0AiB ft«#«fB«*"
1 .aritalB «ms t^de a rjpof^atfor of the
Faaiatr of WhXlvmfiag at tn* iMtitait
0ati^ll^^ «• f)ixia« H« p^iiatstd
^a ftipat l»«aii»
i9l^ to 1915 MarltalD ^v« hi© uaoal leeturat at
tisa ^irtlttit aath6li^<»« ae wall ea a
iiilii of imtmf^ m Qmemm fmioaap^
t»m Xitttlwr to Motfavo ttoac*
1915 to 1 .. -^ ?ia»itain tat^ht at the Coll^a staaitli»«»
aa wall an at the Inst .1tut Csttioii^ratt*
1916 to 191T Maxltain alao tauslit at ttia fotlt
MmAmUm da v«Pfialllae»
i»n. 9, 1917 WwmiWiM Miiitc«<l o Imt^;^ HmWmaaAXlMrt Which infenMMI ^m thnt
Hit M.irtM9« i^o »«rv isiMi nrBti««ui-/
of tb» Iiis%lt<tt Cothollijae wi8h«d him
to wyft-'^ .-. -ay, n^ &e Phllosq^hlg foa?
kpril, 1917 ?«ailtialn ^a t J »®««pt©d fey tht
atnr aft«r p»wle«» w^m^xm stroteh-
^i^ssss afjo heavy *»«>3*
laosad to go ^ with lila t?v
May al, 1917 v^s^^taln 3Pe«€itir«4 ni* ^»o»i»tj tfoevojwr'l'*,
w» honetsawsy dc^mwi firoai 'aba amvwwites
HimiiiMi m «o«e, • mmmh lB»tl%wti»,
(s«« at tha antf «f tislft alM,,'W»imiigy»
tiw aitatioR for tha aa8V««)«
^ii« 23, 1918 HWBltaia waa neeiinatai a mmmw ^f th®
?* tl^/.- •$•!
IBlH to 1^^ MiiAtslii WOisttt ««tt9»«9 tM the
IliftoxT of ^aaam nuioMVtqr at
1933
fhiis »«« hi® flp»t JMrarti^s of l««tw«*
^.'r.>n r^n tM« ^-^.a-* 5f the WStey.
Atlll*^ 1931 *:i»i*it»^n irnvf'-' ?^r l^ittiiM?? st the?
Sii«tatitf«y, Th#»« X«etu»«», ^'' '
»fith tlMi' «^<iltXoii of ot
*
.A. T.., ^ i:-.
JC*». to AMpll i4ft«S,t«itt sav<* e ac3Pl®s of lecture® st
th« Ift«titttt« of ''^.U#v«l St»<flec,
Toronto, He aXao l«etup<»dl diirxn^ tm
a<jad€iRl<j ^«sr ^S »t tli« !?
alts' of Ohieago and at crolussft5-a.
Jan* to ''^v^^ mtlUtm «a^*^' * •••^•a o^ laetm«ff at
th« tnatitu^i^ as mH»ey&j. ^'i^^ac^es^
T«ir«mto, :*. in thla y#»r r»cti-iv«d
Ita Po«tlfi<s?»'s {Jh«a?t«i».
•it ^»
iii
i^^
JWe* © ''^psrt.l save & mslm firiP 1.
e% the l^ontlfl««S Ii»»tit«it# ^
to 19^5
.lUiPltalii Xectajpe^ st tb« ?ft»lverslty
6f %io»^ dud et O&liiR^ia. Sujrim
the aeed«ale ^eti^, 19^1-
fer about tlupM iiHs^eii 6t a tim/^ 0t
tl^ «'08tlfieai Xv >t« of ?4«#la«¥«a
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