instrumentation and control systems etp 2005 – brian vance this material is based upon work...

InstrumentatInstrumentationionandand

Control Control SystemsSystems

ETP 2005 – Brian VanceThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation (NSF).

DigitalDigital

Using calculations by numerical Using calculations by numerical methods or by discrete unitsmethods or by discrete units

In digital technology, the analog wave is sampled at some interval, and then turned into numbers that are stored in the digital

device. On a CD, the sampling rate is 44,000 samples per second. So on a CD, there are

44,000 numbers stored per second of music. To hear the music, the numbers are turned into a voltage wave that approximates the

original wave. http://www.howstuffworks.com/question7.htm

http://www.m-w.com/

AnalogueAnalogue

Of a circuit or device having an-output Of a circuit or device having an-output that is proportional to the inputthat is proportional to the input

Analogue DataAnalogue Data

http://www.klbschool.org.uk/ict/gcse/theory/hardware/analogue.htm

http://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Define+Analogue http://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Define+Analogue

Can be any value within a defined range. Can be any value within a defined range. An analogue sound level can have any An analogue sound level can have any

loudness between zero and the maximum loudness between zero and the maximum recorded as well as any frequencies between recorded as well as any frequencies between

the highest and lowest recorded.the highest and lowest recorded.

Analogue Data

Can be any value within a defined range. An analogue sound level can have any loudness between zero and

the maximum recorded and any frequencies between the highest and

lowest recorded.


Examples of AnalogueExamples of Analogue

A traditional watch face is an analogue A traditional watch face is an analogue outputoutput


A vinyl record is an analogue A vinyl record is an analogue storage devicestorage device

The two big advantages The two big advantages of digital technology are:of digital technology are: The recording The recording does not degradedoes not degrade over over

time. As long as the numbers can be time. As long as the numbers can be read, you will always get exactly the read, you will always get exactly the

same wave. same wave. Groups of numbers can often be Groups of numbers can often be

compressedcompressed by finding patterns in them. by finding patterns in them. It is also easy to use special computers It is also easy to use special computers

called digital signal processors (DSPs) to called digital signal processors (DSPs) to process and modify streams of numbers.process and modify streams of numbers.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/question7.htm

BinaryBinary

Relating to, being, or belonging to a Relating to, being, or belonging to a system of numbers having 2 as its system of numbers having 2 as its

base (binary digits 0 &1)base (binary digits 0 &1) Involving a choice or condition of two Involving a choice or condition of two

alternatives (yes or no, on or off)alternatives (yes or no, on or off)

http://www.m-w.com/

BinaryBinary

Binary (meaning 'two') is the ones and Binary (meaning 'two') is the ones and zeros that computers use. The reason for zeros that computers use. The reason for this, is that there are only two states an this, is that there are only two states an electrical circuit can be in. Known as on electrical circuit can be in. Known as on and off or 1 and 0, 1 for on and 0 for off.and off or 1 and 0, 1 for on and 0 for off. By grouping 1's and 0's together, a By grouping 1's and 0's together, a

computer, or electrical circuit can computer, or electrical circuit can create letters numbers and 'True' or create letters numbers and 'True' or

'False. Every bit of info in a computer 'False. Every bit of info in a computer has a binary code assigned to it and has a binary code assigned to it and

the computer knows these, for the computer knows these, for example, the letter 'A' converts to example, the letter 'A' converts to

'01000001' in binary. '01000001' in binary. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/interactive/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/interactive/

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

Integrated circuit semiconductor chip Integrated circuit semiconductor chip that performs the bulk of the processing that performs the bulk of the processing

and controls the parts of a systemand controls the parts of a system

http://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Definition+of+Microprocessorhttp://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Definition+of+Microprocessor

Examples of Examples of Microprocessor-Based Microprocessor-Based

products:products:Home appliances: Home appliances: VCR, Microwave, etc.VCR, Microwave, etc. Cameras: Cameras: still, video, digitalstill, video, digital Automotive:, Automotive:, Comfort control, ABS,Comfort control, ABS,

communication Engine control, Trip communication Engine control, Trip computercomputer

Vending machines Vending machines Industrial equipment: Industrial equipment: Robots, Machine Robots, Machine

tools, Quality testingtools, Quality testing

http://www.hitech.technion.ac.il/~bucher/mechatronics/course97/tsld014.htm

Fuzzy LogicFuzzy Logic

A form of mathematical logic in which truth can A form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1

http://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Definition+for+Fuzzy+Logichttp://web.ask.com/web?o=8001&qsrc=6&q=Definition+for+Fuzzy+Logic

Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle

the concept of partial truth -- truth values the concept of partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and "completely between "completely true" and "completely

false". It was introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of false". It was introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of UC/Berkeley in the 1960's as a means to model UC/Berkeley in the 1960's as a means to model

the uncertainty of natural language. the uncertainty of natural language.

http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/fuzzy/part1/faq-doc-2.html

Examples of Fuzzy Logic:Examples of Fuzzy Logic:

Fuzzy logic is used directly in very few Fuzzy logic is used directly in very few applications. The Sony PalmTop applications. The Sony PalmTop

apparently uses a fuzzy logic decision tree apparently uses a fuzzy logic decision tree algorithm to perform handwritten (well, algorithm to perform handwritten (well,

computer lightpen) Kanji character computer lightpen) Kanji character recognition.recognition.

http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/fuzzy/part1/faq-doc-3.html

More Examples of Fuzzy More Examples of Fuzzy Logic:Logic:

Regulating auto antilock braking Regulating auto antilock braking systemssystems

Camera auto focusingCamera auto focusingAutomating laundry machine operationAutomating laundry machine operationControlling Video camcorders image Controlling Video camcorders image

positionspositions

http://www.usfca.edu/~villegas/classes/992-6275/6275ch18/sld043.htm

Neural SystemsNeural Systems

Artificial intelligence used in systems Artificial intelligence used in systems to a variety of different things to a variety of different things

http://www.robotbooks.com/robotic_lawn_mower_robot_vacuum.htm

SensorsSensors

A device that responds to a physical A device that responds to a physical stimulus (as heat, light, sound, stimulus (as heat, light, sound,

pressure, magnetism, or particular pressure, magnetism, or particular motion) and transmits a resulting motion) and transmits a resulting

impulse (as for measure or operating impulse (as for measure or operating a control)a control)

http://www.m-w.com/

Examples of Sensors:Examples of Sensors:

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/ITR/vorb-design/smer_sensors_pres/pablo/img5.htm

ActuatorsActuators

An actuator is a piece of equipment that An actuator is a piece of equipment that produces movement when given a signal. produces movement when given a signal.

Actuators are used in the computer Actuators are used in the computer control of an environment, industrial control of an environment, industrial

automation and in roboticsautomation and in roboticsThere can be tree types:

•Electrical

•Hydraulic (work by liquid pressure)

•Pneumatic (work by air pressure)

http://www.school-resources.co.uk/Actuators.htm

Examples of Actuators:Examples of Actuators:

A valve in the greenhouse may be A valve in the greenhouse may be closed to restrict the flow of hot closed to restrict the flow of hot

water through radiators and pipes. water through radiators and pipes. Another motor or actuator will lower Another motor or actuator will lower

blinds to reduce the amount of direct blinds to reduce the amount of direct sunlight.sunlight.

http://www.school-resources.co.uk/Actuators.htm

Stepper MotorStepper Motor

A motor whose driveshaft rotates in A motor whose driveshaft rotates in small steps rather than continuouslysmall steps rather than continuously

Stepper motors are Stepper motors are electromagnetic actuators that electromagnetic actuators that convert input pulses to output convert input pulses to output

motion. They are different from motion. They are different from ordinary current (DC) motors, in ordinary current (DC) motors, in

that, when energized by a voltage or that, when energized by a voltage or current pulse train, the step motor current pulse train, the step motor moves in incremental amounts for moves in incremental amounts for

each pulse it reads.each pulse it reads.

http://www.m-w.com/ http://www.m-w.com/

Examples of Stepper Examples of Stepper Motors:Motors:

Stepper motors are commonly used in Stepper motors are commonly used in computer peripheral equipment such computer peripheral equipment such

as printers, tape drives, and disk as printers, tape drives, and disk drives. Additionally, they are used in drives. Additionally, they are used in machine tool controls, process control machine tool controls, process control systems, robots and other industrial systems, robots and other industrial

applications.applications.http://bits.me.berkeley.edu/mmcs/PROPRNT3/STEPPER.HTM

Synchro MotorSynchro Motor A system consisting of a generator A system consisting of a generator

and a motor so connected that the and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative motor will assume the same relative

position as the generator; the position as the generator; the generator and the motor are generator and the motor are

synchronized synchronized

http://www.mywiseowl.com/articles/Synchro

http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=synchro http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=synchro The The synchrosynchro is a type of rotary electrical is a type of rotary electrical transformer that is used for measuring the transformer that is used for measuring the

angle of a rotating machine angle of a rotating machine The synchro was developed during World The synchro was developed during World

War II as part of a servomechanism that War II as part of a servomechanism that was used to was used to synchronizesynchronize the movement of a the movement of a

gun turret to a control dial. gun turret to a control dial.

Examples of Synchro Examples of Synchro Motors:Motors:

Defying gravity, this window-climbing robot toy can easily Defying gravity, this window-climbing robot toy can easily scale smooth surfaces like windows, mirrors, and file scale smooth surfaces like windows, mirrors, and file

cabinets. Using an ingenious system of four powerful suction cabinets. Using an ingenious system of four powerful suction cups, our cups, our Wild Climber Tree FrogWild Climber Tree Frog’s precision release ’s precision release

capability enables two feet to disengage and advance while capability enables two feet to disengage and advance while the other two support its weight. The synchronized the other two support its weight. The synchronized

movement is a marvel to behold. For safety reasons, do not movement is a marvel to behold. For safety reasons, do not use on ceilings, or above head height. Requires two AA use on ceilings, or above head height. Requires two AA

batteries. For age six through adult. batteries. For age six through adult.

http://www.terrifictoy.com/store/tree_frog.html

Open-Loop ControlOpen-Loop Control

In an open-loop control, the sequence In an open-loop control, the sequence of commands in the program is carried of commands in the program is carried out irrespective of the consequences.out irrespective of the consequences.

http://www.school-resources.co.uk/Automated_Systems.htm

Examples of Open-Loop Examples of Open-Loop Control:Control:

Switch a microwave on to defrost for 2 Switch a microwave on to defrost for 2 minutes. The turntable will turn and the food minutes. The turntable will turn and the food be microwaved for 2 minutes irrespective of be microwaved for 2 minutes irrespective of

whether it is thoroughly defrosted or not.whether it is thoroughly defrosted or not. Program a toy robot to walk in a certain Program a toy robot to walk in a certain direction. It will follow all instructions even direction. It will follow all instructions even

if there is an obstacle in the way.if there is an obstacle in the way. Switch a sprinkler system on to water the Switch a sprinkler system on to water the

garden at set times. Your garden will garden at set times. Your garden will continue to be watered at these times even if continue to be watered at these times even if

it is pouring.it is pouring.http://www.school-resources.co.uk/Automated_Systems.htm

Closed-Loop ControlClosed-Loop Control

A closed-loop control system is one A closed-loop control system is one that involves feedback to ensure that that involves feedback to ensure that set conditions are met.set conditions are met.


Examples of Closed-Loop Examples of Closed-Loop Control:Control:

Any system that attempts to maintain a Any system that attempts to maintain a constant temperature involves feedback:constant temperature involves feedback:Central heating and air conditioning systemsCentral heating and air conditioning systemsOvensOvensTropical fish tankTropical fish tankRefrigeratorRefrigeratorFreezersFreezers


InstrumentationInstrumentation

The use or application of The use or application of instruments (as for instruments (as for

observation, measurement, or observation, measurement, or control)control)

http://www.m-w.com/

Examples of an Examples of an Instrumentation:Instrumentation:

Thermistors are thermally sensitive Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors and have, according to type, resistors and have, according to type,

a negative (NTC), or positive (PTC) a negative (NTC), or positive (PTC) resistance/temperature coefficient. resistance/temperature coefficient.

http://www.thermometrics.com/htmldocs/proserv.htm

Examples of Theristors:Examples of Theristors:

Engine Management:Engine Management:Information displaysInformation displays

Climate controlClimate controlCircuit protectionCircuit protection


More ThermistorsMore Thermistors

Found in Appliances:Found in Appliances:Washing machineWashing machine

DishwasherDishwasherMicrowave ovenMicrowave oven

ToasterToaster


Standards AddressedStandards Addressed

Standard 2 Standard 2 Benchmarks Y, DD, FFBenchmarks Y, DD, FF

Standard 3Standard 3 Benchmarks H, JBenchmarks H, J

Standard 17Standard 17 Benchmarks M, O, P, QBenchmarks M, O, P, Q

instrumentation and control systems etp 2005 – brian vance this material is based upon work...

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