director’s introduction 1

LIVING conservation

Institute of Zoology

Science for ConservationAnnual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2006/07

1 director’s introduction

IoZ objective 1

To undertake relevant,high-quality biological researchand research training

We maintain and developresearch links with Zoology andother relevant departments

We maintain and developresearch links with academicbodies, especially the Centre forEcology and Evolution

We run MSc courses in WildAnimal Health and Wild AnimalBiology with the Royal VeterinaryCollege and a MSC course inConservation Science see page 25

Collaboration with most relevantoutside bodies for our coreresearch interests see page 28

IoZ objective 2

To anticipate and respond toconservation research prioritiesidentified by conservationorganisations

Our research is influenced byorganisations in the CambridgeConservation Forum

Our research is influenced by London-based conservation issues

Research questions are influenced by our formal links with the Wildlife Conservation Society andEnglish Nature

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s ConservationProgrammes see page 22:• Bushmeat and forests• Carnivores and people• Deserts and rangelands• Marine and freshwater• UK native species• Island ecosystems

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection:• Animal health and welfare research• Reproductive monitoring

with ZSL

with Cambridge University

with institutions in London

with otherorganisations

IoZActivities

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IoZ objective 3

To communicate outcomes and results toscientists, conservation practitioners andthe wider community

We run a programme of meetings andpublications see page 8:

• Journal of Zoology and Animal Conservation

• Annual programme of evening scientific meetings

• Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation biology

• Technical publications to support best practice in zoos (International Zoo Yearbook) and in field conservation (Conservation Reports)

• Conservation Science and Practice book series published with Blackwell

• Conservation biology book series published with CUP

We contribute to the Tropical Biology Association programme andCambridge Student Conference

Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

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Institute of Zoology mission:To identify, undertake, and communicate high-quality research to benefit the conservation of animal species and their habitats.

HEFCE funded programme

We undertake research and research training. Current themes are:• Biodiversity and macroecology see page 12• Behavioural and population ecology see page 14• Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 16• Wildlife epidemiology see page 18• Reproductive biology see page 20We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 25

Science Plan. The major topics:(a) Biodiversity patterns and processesHow can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial,temporal and biological scales?(b) People and the environment in a changing worldHow can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongsidehuman population growth and development?

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Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Awards

Research news

Indicators and assessments unit

Communicating science

Funding

Biodiversity and macroecology

Behavioural and population ecology

Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability

Wildlife epidemiology

Reproductive biology

ZSL conservation programmes

Library

Education and training

Governance, staff and students

Collaborations

Staff representation

Publications

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This annual report emphasises once again the remarkable diversity ofresearch carried out at the Institute of Zoology and its impact on theconservation of animals and their environments through distinguishedscientific publications, promotion of research findings to relevantorganisations and the wider public, and the training of the futuregeneration of scholars and practitioners.

Among the highlights, the reader will find here news of a large DEFRAgrant for the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. The 2006Living Planet Report describes indicators of how well or otherwise theearth is surviving under the environmental pressures of modern lifestyles.It illustrates the immense benefit of an Institute working closely withorganisations such as the WWF and the Global Footprint Network inproducing outcomes that should advise policy makers.

The following pages also reveal a dynamic programme. A newBehavioural and Population Ecology research theme integrates studies ofindividuals and populations. These include the resistance of California sealions to pathogens, DNA barcoding success in the identification of knownand previously unknown biodiversity of the oceans, and prediction of thespread of emerging diseases, such as West Nile virus, to the Galapagos.

The link between the Institute and University of Cambridge’sDepartment of Zoology continues to be fruitful as seen in the wealth ofcollaborative studies, the strength of publications and the training ofstudents. The same can be said for collaborations with institutions inLondon and elsewhere. Altogether, staff, research students, honoraryresearch fellows and associates have reached record levels.

Much of the credit must go to the dedication of the Institute’s staff andthe support of the Officers and Directors, but also to the former Directorof Science, Professor Georgina Mace CBE FRS who has now becomeProfessor of Conservation Science and Director of the Natural EnvironmentResearch Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, London.We thank her for all that she achieved and contributed to the the Instituteand wish her every success in her new post. We were delighted to learnthat she is the winner of the 2007 International Cosmos Prize.

We are very pleased to welcome Professor Tim Blackburn as Head ofthe Institute. Previously Professor of Macroecology at the University ofBirmingham, he is also Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford.During the interregnum the Institute was most ably led by Dr Bill Holt whois warmly thanked for his loyal guidance.

Professor Sir Brian HeapChair, ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee

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ion The renowned philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus noted in the fifth

century BC that the world is in a state of flux, and two-and-a-halfthousand years on all that has changed is the rate of change itself.Human activities are responsible for upping the pace, and a significantconcern for biologists is whether animals and plants will be able to keepup. Many of the current key questions in conservation biology relate toresponses to changes in the environment, and Institute scientists are at the forefront of research into these issues, as the reports from ourresearch themes demonstrate (see pages 12–21).

The Institute has recently been coming to terms with environmentalchange within as well as outside. Georgina Mace left in November, after23 years of service, the last six as Director of Science. Her contributionhere has been immense, assembling a team of talented and passionatescientists, and putting in place a science plan that addresses a wide-ranging set of questions of general theoretical interest and highconservation relevance. Over and above that, she leaves the Institutehaving fostered a spirit of community and purpose that really sets usapart from most other academic organisations. Georgina was this yearawarded a CBE for her services to environmental science, and I wouldlike to take this opportunity to congratulate her on behalf of everybodyat the Institute.

It is also a time of change more generally at the higher echelons ofZSL. The recently appointed leaders of collections and science are soonto be joined by a new head of the field conservation department. Thefresh perspectives that this will bring give us the chance to assess howwe might more effectively capitalise on our unique position as part of anorganisation addressing conservation questions from scientific, field andcaptive-breeding perspectives, and bring closer integration of thesethree branches of ZSL. We have similar opportunities to forge newconnections in our partnership with Cambridge University, withProfessor Bill Sutherland taking up the Chair in Conservation Biologythere. So, while change can be daunting, it can also be a positiveexperience. As Hercalitus would have known, to stand still is really tomove backwards. It is a great pleasure for me to be working witheveryone here to help to take the Institute forward.

Tim BlackburnHead of the Institute of Zoology

ZSL recognises outstandingachievements in conservation andzoological research through its annualpresentation of awards and prizes.

The Frink Medal Presented to a professional scientist forsubstantial and original contributions to zoology. Awarded to:Professor Brian Charlesworth, Universityof Edinburgh, for his outstandingresearch in evolutionary genetics,including molecular evolution andvariation, the evolution of genetic andsexual systems and the quantitativegenetics of life-history traits.

Scientific MedalPresented to research scientists with nomore than 15 years postdoctoralexperience for distinguished work inzoology. Awarded to:Dr Angus Buckling, University of Oxford,for his research on the evolutionaryecology of pathogenic microbes andtheir hosts in order to better understandthe causes and consequences ofcoevolution between bacteria and theirparasitic viruses.Professor Matt Keeling, University ofWarwick, for his use of mathematicalmethodologies to analyse a wide rangeof topics in disease epidemiology andevolution, including childhood infections,foot-and-mouth disease and host-pathogen evolutionary dynamics. Professor Stuart West, University ofEdinburgh, for his research on theevolution of social behaviour, such ascooperation and conflict within orbetween species, relatedness and theallocation of resources to male versusfemale reproduction.

The Stamford Raffles Award Given annually for distinguishedcontributions to zoology by amateurzoologists. Awarded to:Peter Chandler for his extensive work on European diptera.

The Marsh Award for Conservation Biology Awarded to:Professor Sarah Wanless, Centre forEcology and Hydrology, Banchory, for her long-term research into thesurvival and breeding success ofseabirds and significant contributions to our understanding of the effects of changes in marine ecosystems onseabird populations.

The Marsh Award for Marine andFreshwater Conservation Awarded to:Professor Hal Whitehead, DalhousieUniversity, Canada, for significantcontributions to the conservation ofcetaceans, including the development ofbehavioural methods of analysis that arenow widely used to better understandthe social structure of whales and theeffects of human disturbance oncetacean social behaviour.

The Thomson/Zoological Record Awardfor Communicating Zoology Awarded to:Simon King in recognition of hisextensive contributions to natural historyfilm-making and public understandingand appreciation of wildlife.

Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Presented for the best zoologicaldoctoral thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: Dr Gina Galli, University of Birmingham, for her thesis Reptilian cardiovascularphysiology: from whole animal tocardiac myocyte.

Charles Darwin Award Presented for the best zoological projectby an undergraduate student attending a university in the UK. Awarded to:Helen Weavers, University of Cambridge,for her project Characterising candidateinteractors with nephrin, a protein that ismutated in kidney disease, using the flyas a model.

The Prince Philip Prize and Marsh Award Presented for the best zoological projectby an A-level student or equivalent. Awarded to:Louise Russell of Lingfield Notre DameSchool, for her project An investigationinto the density of freshwater shrimp inrelation to dissolved oxygenconcentrations within two loticecosystems.

Honorary Fellowship Awarded to:Professor Sir John Lawton CBE, FRS,Chair of the Royal Commission onEnvironmental Pollution, for hisoutstanding services to science andconservation.

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(left to right) Peter Chandler, Dr Angus Buckling, Nigel Robinson(Thomson Scientific), Professor Stuart West, Dr Gina Galli, Simon King, Louise Russell, Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, Marguerite Xerri,Professor Sir John Lawton, Brian Marsh (Marsh Christian Trust), Helen Weavers, Professor Matt Keeling, Professor BrianCharlesworth, Benjamin Weilgart-Whitehead,Professor Sarah Wanless

Disease dynamics and resistance to pathogens inCalifornia sea lionsEach year large numbers of sea lions arestranded along the central Californiacoast afflicted with a wide array ofdiseases. Many of these animals receivemedical treatment, making it possible toobtain detailed data on disease statusand pathogen load. There is evidence ofindividual-level genetic contribution topathogen susceptibility and diseasedevelopment in this species. For manydiseases, it has not been possible toobtain a clear understanding of theircause and dynamics. For instance,leptospirosis – a bacterial infection thatperiodically causes high mortality of sealions – was first identified in sea lionsmore than 30 years ago, but the sourceof infection, predisposing factors andmeans of transmission are still unknown.

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Over the year research undertaken at IoZ has continued to respond to a widerange of conservation issues. As a resultof this work, some of which is describedbelow, ever-more accurate predictionsabout population changes in the light of environmental pressures can be madeto inform national and internationaldecision-making processes.

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Another example is carcinoma, a highly-invasive cancer whose cause andpredisposing factors remain unclear.Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse investigatedphylogeographic heterogeneity ofpathogen burden and disease inCalifornia sea lions. This research, basedon molecular genetics, assignment testsand temporal-spatial modelling to searchfor associations between diseases andsea lion colonies, has shown thatmovement between colonies separatedby the peninsula of Baja California doesoccur, and could help explain theperiodic outbreaks of leptospirosis thatare observed on Californian coasts.These results suggest that certaincolonies are ‘high-risk’ areas forcarcinoma, implying the importance ofbiotic and abiotic factors in thedevelopment of cancer. This research isfunded by the British Ecological Societyand Morris Animal Foundation and isconducted in collaboration with theMarine Mammal Center, USA.

Indicator Bats Program2006 saw the launch of the Indicator BatsProgram (iBats), a partnership betweenthe IoZ and the Bat Conservation Trust,run by Kate Jones. Bats face anuncertain future with global warmingand increasing human populationpressures likely to impact theirpopulations. Monitoring bat populationsis critical to both inform and influenceconservation policy and to ensureresources are directed to where they aremost needed. A pioneering new surveytechnique has been developed:‘Batmobiles’. Cars fitted with batdetectors are driven at night to recordbat ultrasonic echolocation calls overlarge distances. These bat calls can thenbe identified to species and theirpopulations monitored over time. Withthe help of funding from the DarwinInitiative, Rufford Foundation and BatConservation International, iBats hasdeveloped projects with trainedvolunteers in Romania, Moldavia,Hungary, Bulgaria and the UK, and iscurrently trialling the techniques inMongolia, Madagascar, Thailand andNew York. For more information seewww.ibats.org.uk.

Impact of tourism on mountain gorillasA study by Chris Sandbrook hasquantified for the first time aspects ofencounters between gorillas and touristsat Bwindi Impenetrable National Parkthat are likely to contribute to the risk ofdisease transmission. These include howclose tourists get to gorillas, how closeencounters are initiated, how long theylast, and the age class of gorillas

involved. The results showed thattourists got significantly closer to gorillasthan the park rules allow (a mean of2.76 m, compared to the rule of 7 m), andremained close for long periods.Contacts with the gorillas mostvulnerable to disease, the juveniles, werecloser but of shorter duration than thosewith adults. Contacts initiated by gorillaswere closer but shorter than thoseinitiated by tourists. These results,published in the journal Oryx,demonstrate that existing rules ontourist interactions with gorillas arefailing and that the risk of diseasetransmission may be greater thanpreviously believed.

Behavioural and PopulationEcology Research ThemeA new research theme, Behavioural andPopulation Ecology (see page 14), hasbeen established to strengthen the linksbetween the study of individuals (inbehavioural ecology) and populations (inpopulation ecology). A wide diversity ofresearch activities are carried out underthis theme’s umbrella, incorporatingstudies of invertebrate and vertebratespecies in both terrestrial and aquaticsystems, using a combination of desk-,lab- and field-based approaches.

Four key areas can be identified: (1) the human-wildlife interface, whichparticularly focuses on the bushmeattrade and human-predator conflict; (2) the individuals-population interface,which explores these links in a widevariety of taxa from birds and butterfliesto amphibians and mammals; (3) monitoring theory and practice,which encompasses work ranging fromradio-tagging wasps to camera-trappingcryptic mammals; (4) social biology and sexual selection,which investigates a range of areasincluding mate choice and signalling,optimal foraging, and collective action.

Work in this new research theme isset to develop in a variety of excitingdirections in the future.

Assessment of DNA quality inkoala spermKoalas are listed as vulnerable toextinction in Queensland and parts ofNew South Wales. Loss of habitat is oneof the major threats. However, femalesare also plagued with the sexually-transmitted disease chlamydia, whichcan cut fertility rates by one-third. TheAustralian authorities would like toestablish a bank of frozen sperm, whichcould be used to boost the geneticvariation of koala populations, and whichwould contain samples screened to befree of chlamydia and other diseases.Although artificial insemination with

fresh semen in koalas has now becomehighly successful, with more than 25joeys to date, the freezing procedureseems to be a major limiting factor.Koala sperm nuclei have a tendency todecondense and swell following freezingand thawing, but it is uncertain whetherthis phenomenon is associated with thebreakage and fragmentation of DNA. In collaboration with the University ofQueensland and the University ofMadrid, Bill Holt and his team havevalidated a new technique for thedetection of DNA strand breakages inkoala sperm. This is the first time thatany such method has been applied tomarsupial sperm. The techniquedisentangles DNA from its naturallycoiled configuration, but if it hasundergone severe strand breakagesduring treatments such as freezing andthawing it unravels like spaghetti andforms a visible halo around the spermhead. Marsupials appear to lack theability to form strong cross-linksbetween their DNA-chromatin strands,which probably makes their sperm muchmore labile than sperm from eutherianmammals, reducing the fertility of thefrozen sperm. This technique has givenus a new insight into the freezingdamage undergone by koala sperm, andwill allow appropriate countermeasuresto be developed.

Monitoring for reintroductionReintroduction is a highly visibletechnique that is often used as ashowcase for conservation. Birds are amajor taxon in reintroduction projects;however, the overall success of theseconservation campaigns is poor. Whythis is and what we can do to improvesuccess rates are important and largelyunanswered issues. A study by JohnEwen on reintroduced and remnant hihiNotiomystis cincta populations in NewZealand is focusing on robust populationmonitoring, predicting viability underdifferent management scenarios andunderstanding the limiting roles ofparasites and disease, in order todevelop a science of reintroductionbiology to address these problems.

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(a) California sea lion pups(b) Monitoring bat populations forthe Indicator Bats Program(c) Assessing the impact of tourismon gorillas(d) Visualisation of DNAfragmentation in frozen-thawedkoala spermatozoa. Sperm nuclei(red staining) are either compact,slightly hook-shaped and containunfragmented (unfrag) DNA orswollen (frag) and contain DNA that has become fragmented duringthe freeze-thaw process (e) John Ewen with a purple-crowned fruit dove

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The Indicators and Assessments Unit,headed by Jonathan Baillie, was formedin 2006 to consolidate work at ZSL ondefining the status and trends ofbiodiversity.The Unit is a joint IoZ andZSL Conservation Programmes initiativeand is comprised of a total of 20 staff,students and interns.The five majorprojects of the Unit are the IUCNSampled Red List Index, WWF/ZSLLiving Planet Index, WCS/ZSL WildlifePicture Index, Regional Red ListProgramme, and the EDGE of Existenceprogramme.The IoZ is primarilyresponsible for the first three of theseprojects, all of which aim to producescientifically robust global biodiversityindicators.

In April 2002, at the Sixth Conference ofthe Parties of the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD), the world’sgovernments committed themselves toactions to ‘achieve, by 2010, a significantreduction in the current rate ofbiodiversity loss’. Setting this target hashelped to highlight the lack ofbiodiversity indicators capable ofmeasuring trends in global biodiversity.The IoZ is helping to address thisknowledge gap by leading in thedevelopment and implementation ofspecies-level biodiversity indicators thatcan be used to measure species trendsin 2010 and beyond. Two of theindicators have been adopted by thescientific body of the CBD for immediatetesting and will be essential forassessing the success or failure of the2010 target.

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Mammals on the EDGEScientists have often argued that somespecies are more valuable than others,and that the conservation of speciesrepresenting more evolution should beprioritised. These sentiments have madelittle headway against the conservationorthodoxy, which values all speciesequally. One reason is the difficulty ofestimating species originality in a robustfashion. A new technique whichovercomes these problems has beendeveloped at the IoZ and applied to over4,500 species of mammals. The study,published in PLoS ONE, found thatspecies which are both evolutionarilydistinct and globally endangered (EDGE)receive relatively little conservationattention. The results suggest howconservation activities should berefocused in order to prevent largeamounts of our evolutionary heritagebeing lost in the near future. The EDGEof Existence programme aims to addressthis issue by implementing conservationstrategies for all of these species withinthe next five years. For more informationsee www.edgeofexistence.org/species/.

Isaac, N.J.B, Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman, C. andBaillie, J.E.M. (2007) Mammals on the EDGE: Conservationpriorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS ONE2(3):e296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000296.

WWF/ZSL Living Planet ReportA collaboration between WWF, IoZ andthe Global Footprint Network resulted inthe publication of the 2006 Living PlanetReport. The Report, produced biennially,pulls together time-series data tocompile two indicators of the earth’swell-being. The first, the Living PlanetIndex (LPI), measures biodiversity basedon trends in more than 3,600 populationsof 1,300 vertebrate species around theworld. The second index, the EcologicalFootprint, measures humanity’s demandon the biosphere. Significantly thecarbon dioxide footprint, from the use offossil fuels, was the fastest growingcomponent of our global footprint,increasing more than ninefold from 1961

to 2003. The LPI demonstrates thatbetween 1970 and 2003 terrestrialspecies have declined on average by31%, freshwater species by 28%, andmarine species by 27%. The starkestindication of human impact on biologicalsystems is in tropical ecosystems, wheredecline rates are greatest. The Indicatorsand Assessments Unit is now working toincrease coverage of the index andaddress the discrepancy between dataavailability (more prevalent in temperateregions) and species richness (highest intropical regions).

Temperate and Tropical Terrestrial Living Planet Indices,1970-2003

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Loss of Natural Habitat, by Biome,to 1990 (as % of estimated original area)

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Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Montane grasslands and shrublands

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands

Flooded grasslands and savannahs

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

Temperate grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands

Loss of Natural Habitat to Agriculture, by Realm,1950-1990 (as % of 1950 area)

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A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitatingthe communication of informationbetween researchers, professionalzoologists and the public. We achievethis through a varied programme ofmeetings and the publication ofscientific journals and books.

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Publications

Animal ConservationNow in its tenth year, AnimalConservation continues to provide aforum for the rapid publication of novel,peer-reviewed research into conservationof animal species and their habitats. Thefocus is on rigorous quantitative studiesrelating to populations, species orcommunities and their conservation.Subjects covered by the journal includepopulation biology, epidemiology,evolutionary ecology, populationgenetics, biodiversity, biogeography andconservation economics.

Journal of ZoologyThe Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminentjournal dedicated to academic zoology,continues to attract an increasingnumber of high-quality research papersand reviews. Published monthly, theJournal promotes hypothesis-drivenstudies that are of interest to all readersof zoology, and provides comprehensivecoverage of the latest research.

Conservation Biology book seriesThis series includes titles which reflectour research interests. Coral ReefConservation, edited by Isabelle Côtéand John D. Reynolds, was publishedduring the year. Coral reefs contain thehighest diversity of marine organismsand as shallow-water coastal habitatsthey support a wide range ofeconomically and culturally importantactivities. However, their accessibilitymakes reefs vulnerable to local threatsincluding over-fishing, pollution andphysical damage. Reefs also face globalproblems, such as climate change, whichmay be responsible for recentwidespread coral mortality. Coral ReefConservation summarises the currentstatus of reefs, the problems they face,and discusses potential solutions.

International Zoo YearbookZoo and wildlife veterinarians areintegral members of the team of expertsrequired for wildlife conservation. InVolume 41, Animal Health andConservation, Guest Editor R. Eric Miller(WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo)brings together work on various aspectsof conservation, biosurveillance, regionalmanagement planning, reintroductions,disease risk assessment, faecal steroidmonitoring, West Nile virus andconservation medicine. Topically thereare two detailed reviews on the currentsituation for amphibian chytrid fungusand avian influenza.

Meetings

Scientific MeetingsScientific Meetings were held monthlythroughout the academic year andcovered a range of subjects, includingTropical deforestation: patterns, causesand consequences; Mongolia wildlife:market forces and massive declines andEvolution in the marine environment.Scientific meetings are free and open toanyone who would like to attend.

SymposiaIn October ZSL hosted an internationalsymposium Recreational hunting,conservation and rural livelihoods:science and practice, organised by Bill Adams, Barney Dickson, Jon Hutton,Robin Sharp and Kai Wollscheid. Thissymposium facilitated important debateon controversial issues that arefundamental to understanding the roleof recreational hunting in wildlifeconservation and rural development.

A second symposium held in May, Zooexperiences and the human dimensionsof saving wildlife, organised by JohnFraser, Carol Saunders and ThomasWebler, examined current research inconservation psychology in order toreview how social processes andconcepts of community influenceenvironmental action.

Stamford Raffles LectureThe 2007 Lecture was given by SteveJones, Professor of Genetics, UniversityCollege London. Is man just anotheranimal? examined the similarities anddifferences between human DNA andthat of our closest relatives, lookingbeyond comparative anatomy to askwhether the science helps us tounderstand what we are as humanbeings, rather than merely as ratherunspecialised primates.

National Science and Engineering WeekIn April we were delighted to host Sense-sational Science, aninterdisciplinary science event held atZSL London Zoo for National Scienceand Engineering Week 2007. Funded byNESTA (National Endowment forScience, Technology and the Arts), ZSLand the RCUK (Research Councils UK),the event explored how animal sensesare essential for survival, why scientistsstudy them and how this scientificresearch has enlightened technology andbenefited society. Each sense wasexplained using a variety of interactiveexperiments, including Stinky SmellPipes, Giant Spider Web and brain-

teasing Prism Glasses. Visitors also hadthe chance to meet scientists who areactively involved in sense-relatedresearch. Each day a different scientistgave a 15-minute talk and engaged inlively discussion about their work. Duringthe 16-day run, Sense-sational Sciencewas enjoyed by over 5,000 members ofthe public and school children.

Science for Conservation Seminar SeriesThis series provides our staff andstudents with the opportunity to learnmore about the work of visitingresearchers, collaborators and invitedspeakers. A wide range of subjects werecovered during the year, includingEcology and conservation of Eurasianlynx in the multi-use landscapes ofScandinavia and A molecularperspective on the evolution ofecholocation and flight in bats.

House Sparrow ConferenceIn February, IoZ was pleased to host atwo-day meeting with the RSPB and theUniversity of Ghent focusing on thedecline of the house sparrow in Europe.Topics of discussion included censustechniques and the problems associatedwith consistently defining urban habitatsacross Europe. More hands-on issues,such as measuring body condition,health status and immunocompetence,as well as techniques for trapping andcolour-ringing of sparrows in urbanareas, were also discussed. DariaDadam, a PhD student at IoZ, is currentlyinvestigating possible causes of housesparrow declines in Greater London incollaboration with the RSPB and theUniversity of Liverpool.

(a) Animal Conservation series(b) Carol Saunders, John Fraser and ThomasWebler, organisers of the May symposium(c) Professor Steve Jones presented theStamford Raffles Lecture in June(d) Sense-sational Science, Giant Spider Web(e) The Sense-sational Science team: Craig Childs (UCL), Katrien Van Look (IoZ),Seirian Sumner (IoZ), David Hitchcock (IoZ) (f) International Zoo Yearbook (g) The decline of the house sparrow was thefocus of a two-day meeting in February

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As usual, we received our annual coreincome from HEFCE via the University ofCambridge; however, this year 48% ofour income came from other sources,particularly the Research Councils andgovernment departments. In total, 54new grants were received during the year.

Alex Rogers received funding from theLighthouse Foundation for £87,300 toundertake a project on the deep-watercoral habitats of the Azores using thesubmersible Lula of the RebikoffFoundation. An additional grant of£126,000 was awarded from theLeverhulme Trust for an exciting projectthat will improve our understanding ofthe relationships between the occurrenceof deep-sea corals and the physicalenvironment, and explore importantaspects of coral ecology and resilience tohuman impacts. We also received a grantof £150,000 to initiate the InternationalProgram on the State of the Oceans (IPSO)from the J.M. Kaplan Fund, USA. Thisprogramme will assess how oceans arechanging and how human activities canbe managed in order to restore or preventfurther degradation of ocean ecosystems.

Bill Jordan and Kate Ciborowski wereawarded £316,700 to study how changesin the level of expression of odorantreceptors may be involved in imprintingAtlantic salmon to their home streambefore they make their migration to theocean. By increasing the level ofexpression of receptors for odours theyexperience as juveniles, adult salmonmay subsequently be able to use thesame odours as orientation cues in thereturn migration to spawn. Understandingthe mechanisms underlying homingbehaviour, which determines populationstructure in the species, can help inpredicting the outcome of deliberate orinadvertent releases of non-native fishinto natural populations.

In May the Cetacean StrandingsInvestigation Programme, coordinatedby ZSL and project managed by RobDeaville, received a grant of £1,053,000from DEFRA and the Welsh AssemblyGovernment to investigate whale,dolphin, harbour porpoise and turtlestrandings in the UK for the next threeyears. Scottish Agricultural College,Inverness, the Natural History Museumand Marine Environmental Monitoringare partners in the CSIP, undertakingwork in specific regions of the UK.Currently around 750 stranded cetaceansare reported annually in the UK.Renewed funding of the programme willensure that the national cetacean andturtle strandings databases and tissuebanks will continue to support a broadrange of scientific research activity.Incidences of entanglement in fishinggear (by-catch), current or emergingdiseases and other causes of mortalitywill be monitored in order to identify anysignificant threats to the conservationstatus of the species. For the first time,the CSIP will also investigate incidencesof basking shark strandings in the UK.

Congratulations are due to SeirianSumner (far right), who was awarded a fellowship of £10,000 in the first L’OréalUK Fellowships for Women in Science.Designed to promote the vital importanceof ensuring greater participation ofwomen in science, the awards are run in partnership with the UK NationalCommission for UNESCO, the RoyalInstitution of Great Britain and the UKResource Centre for Women in Science,Engineering and Technology. The awardwill help further Seirian’s research intothe origins of social evolution.

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Funding organisations

Amphibian Conservation Research TrustBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBRSC)British Antarctic SurveyBritish Ecological SocietyBritish Herpetological SocietyBritish Wildlife Health AssociationCentre for Ecology and HydrologyCharities Advisory TrustChinese Academy of SciencesCopenhagen ZooDarwin Initiative (DEFRA)Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Esmee Fairbairn FoundationField Conservation FundGenetics SocietyHeptagon FundHigher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)Howard Buffett FoundationImperial College LondonIsaac Newton TrustIUCNL’OréalLeverhulme TrustLighthouse FoundationMarine Resources Assessment GroupNational Environment Research Council (NERC)Natural EnglandNew Zealand Department of ConservationPeople’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES)QinetiQResearch Councils UKRoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons TrustRufford FoundationTanzania Guides LtdThe Fishmongers’ CompanyThe Royal SocietyThomas Doherty-BoneUNEP World Conservation Monitoring CentreUniversities Foundation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)University of CambridgeUniversity of London Central Research FundUniversity of SwanseaWorld Wildlife Fund CanadaWorld Wildlife Fund International

funding 11

Research Grants & Contracts £1,705,290

(Other Organisations £973,616)

(Government Bodies £254,370)

(Research Councils £477,304)

Other Income £165,090

Institute of Zoology Income, 2006/071 August 2006–31 July 2007

Total Income £3,857,652

Yellow seahorse Hippocampus kuda.© Ben Spink

A grant from the Royal Society hasenabled us to show experimentally thatparental body size and age impacts uponthe early post-natal growth rate ofseahorses; larger parents produceoffspring that grow more rapidly duringthe first three weeks of life than those ofsmaller, younger parents. We alsoexamined mechanisms of fertilisation inthis species and showed that seahorsesproduce the lowest number ofspermatozoa, and the most efficientsperm, of any fish species studied todate. These studies representcollaboration between the Institute ofZoology and the London Zoo Aquarium.See page 21

Core Grant £1,987,272

The Biodiversity and MacroecologyResearch Theme aims to describepatterns of diversity in the biology,ecology and distribution of animalspecies and their habitats at regionaland global scales, and to testhypotheses about the evolutionary andecological processes that may explainthe origin and maintenance of thisdiversity. We also aim to work withpractitioners to apply this knowledge insetting priorities for conservation action.

The costs of carnivoryCarnivores fall into two dietary groupsbased on the energetic requirements oftheir feeding strategies: small-bodiedspecies, which feed mostly on preysmaller than themselves, and large-bodied species, which prefer preyaround their own size. While carnivoresaround the size of a lynx or larger canobtain higher net energy intake byswitching to relatively large prey, thedifficulty of catching and subduing theseanimals means that a large-preyspecialist would expend twice as muchenergy as a small-prey specialist ofequivalent body size. Across all species,energy expenditure and intake both

follow a three-fourths scaling with bodymass. However, when each dietarygroup is considered individually theyboth display a shallower scaling. Thissuggests that carnivores at the uppersize limits of each group are constrainedby intake and adopt energy-conservingstrategies to counter this. Analysing thebalance between energy intake andexpenditure across a range of species,we predict that mammalian carnivoresshould have a maximum body mass ofone ton. Thus, mammalian carnivoresare relatively small compared with thelargest extinct terrestrial herbivorousmammals, such as the indricothere,which weighed around 15 tons. Thelargest existing carnivore, the polar bear,is only around half a ton, while thelargest known extinct carnivores, such asthe short-faced bear, weighed aroundone ton. This study suggests that thoseextremely large carnivores would havebeen heavily reliant on abundant largeprey, helping to explain why the largestmodern mammalian carnivores are rareand vulnerable to extinction.

Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M. (2007) The costsof carnivory. PLoS Biology 5: 363-368.

Spatial overlap in the worldwidedistribution of mammals, birdsand amphibiansGlobal conservation strategiescommonly assume that differenttaxonomic groups show congruentgeographical patterns of diversity. Forexample, the conservation ofbiodiversity hotspots has been proposedas a ‘silver-bullet’ strategy, where thedistribution of extinction-prone speciesin one group can therefore act as asurrogate for vulnerable species in othergroups when conservation decisions arebeing made. However, the validity ofthese assumptions remains unclearbecause previous tests have been limitedin both geographical and taxonomicextent. We used a database on the globaldistribution of 19,349 living bird,

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mammal and amphibian species to showthat, although the distribution of overallspecies richness is very similar amongthese groups, congruence in thedistribution of rare and threatenedspecies is markedly lower. Congruence isespecially low among the very rarestspecies. Cross-taxon congruence is alsohighly scale dependent, beingparticularly low at the finer spatialresolutions relevant to real protectedareas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat aretherefore largely non-overlapping acrossgroups, as are areas chosen to maximisespecies complementarity. Overall, ourresults indicate that 'silver-bullet'conservation strategies alone will notdeliver efficient conservation solutions.Instead, priority areas for biodiversityconservation must be based on high-resolution data from multiple taxa.

Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F., Thomas, G.H.,Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E., Olson, V.A., Ridgely,R.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Ding, T-S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,T.M., Gaston, K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006)Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatenedvertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96.

Mammal ‘tree of life’New research published in the journalNature on a new, complete 'tree of life'tracing the history of all 4,500 mammalson earth, shows that they did notdiversify as a result of the death of thedinosaurs. It contradicts the previouslyaccepted theory that the Mass ExtinctionEvent (MEE) that wiped out thedinosaurs 65 million years ago promptedthe rapid rise of the mammals we see onthe earth today. The research shows thatmany of the genetic 'ancestors' of themammals we see around us todayexisted 85 million years ago, and survivedthe meteor impact that is thought to havekilled the dinosaurs. However, throughoutthe Cretaceous epoch, when dinosaurswalked the earth, these mammal specieswere relatively few in number, and wereprevented from diversifying and evolvingin ecosystems dominated by dinosaurs.The tree of life shows that after the MEE,

certain mammals did experience a rapidperiod of diversification and evolution.However, most of these groups havesince either died out completely ordeclined in diversity. This researchindicates that our 'ancestors', and those of all other mammals on earth now,began to radiate around the time of asudden increase in the temperature ofthe planet – ten million years after thedeath of the dinosaurs. The research was carried out in collaboration withImperial College London.

Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K.E., MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer, R., Price, S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L. and Purvis, A. (2007) The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.

biodiversity and macroecology 13

(left)Estimates of daily energy expenditure(DEE) (kJ) against carnivore mass(kilograms) for 14 species, togetherwith the piecewise regression fit (blackline). Our model analysis predicted astep increase in DEE (by a factor ofaround 2.3) as a result of the switch tohunting large prey. The vertical linerepresents the predicted threshold of14.5 kg where predators switch fromsmall to large prey. Estimates of DEEwere obtained from different sources,triangles represent estimates based ondoubly labelled water, circles are basedon behavioural observations, andsquares are based on oxygenconsumption in captive studies

MonotremataMarsupialiaAfrotheriaXenarthraLaurasiatheriaEuarchonotglires

Our research in behavioural ecology andpopulation ecology has two majorinterlinked aims: to test fundamentalhypotheses in behavioural andpopulation ecology and to use ourknowledge of the behavioural andpopulation ecology of wild species, andthe human populations that interactwith them, to inform conservation policyand management.

Radio-tagging technology revealsextreme nest drifting behaviour ina eusocial insectIn groups of related individuals, groupmembers may gain fitness benefits byhelping raise closely related young at thecost of sacrificing their own directreproduction (kin-selection theory). Inthe Hymenoptera (bees, wasps andants), females are more closely relatedto their sisters (relatedness = 0.75) thanto their own offspring (r = 0.5) becauseof their haplodiploid genetic sex-determination system. Nest drifting ineusocial insects (where workers movebetween nests) presents a challenge tothis paradigm, since a worker shouldremain as a helper on her natal colony,rather than visit other colonies to whichshe is less closely related. Theimportance of this drifting behaviour andits implications for kin-selection theoryare poorly understood because of thedifficulties in studying it, especially innatural populations. We used a novelmonitoring technique, radio frequencyidentification tags, to quantify nestdrifting in a natural population of the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistescanadensis, in Panama. We wereastonished to find that 56% of P. canadensis females drifted betweennests, exceeding previous records ofdrifting in natural populations by morethan 30-fold. This drifting behaviourcannot be explained through socialparasitism, queen succession, mistakesin nest identity or methodological bias.Instead, workers appear to gain indirectfitness benefits by helping on several

related colonies in a viscous populationstructure. The potential importance ofthis strategy as a component of the kin-selected benefits for a social insectworker has previously been overlookeddue to methodological difficulties inquantifying and studying drifting.

Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007)Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest drifting in a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145.

The advantage of social informationfor group-living animalsCorrect decision-making is crucial ifanimals are to be successful at findingfood and avoid being eaten themselves.For group-living animals, individuals canmake such decisions based uponpersonal information they gather directlyfrom their environment (e.g. identifyingan approaching predator), or by usingthe social information that other groupmembers provide (e.g. seeing groupmembers fleeing may indicate anapproaching predator). These choicesoften relate to an animal’s immediatesurvival and so it is vitally important thatdecisions made are based upon the mostreliable information available. The TsaobisBaboon Project in Namibia has beenworking towards understanding howanimals use information and how thisrelates to decision-making in a groupsituation, by using a combination oftheoretical predictions with natural andexperimental observations. We applied a

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simple mathematical formula developedby an eighteenth-century politicalscientist, Marquis de Condorcet, toprovide a theoretical framework forunderstanding when individuals shouldmake decisions based on their ownpersonal information or rely on socialinformation pooled from many groupmembers. We found that socialinformation allows less well-informedmembers of large groups to reach acorrect decision with the sameprobability as more well-informedmembers of small groups. Thus, animalsin larger groups may be able tominimise the costs of collecting personalinformation without impairing theirability to make correct decisions. Thesefindings provide us with new insightsinto the use of personal and socialinformation in animal groups and theirconsequences for baboons and othergroup-living species.

King, A.J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to use socialinformation: the advantage of large group size in individualdecision-making. Biology Letters 3: 137-139.

Movement of a forest primate in acomplex agricultural landscapeAs land use intensifies, natural habitatsare increasingly divided into fragments.Once-continuous populations come toexist in systems of sub-populations withlittle connection between them – knownas metapopulations. For example, insouth coastal Kenya, black-and-whitecolobus Colobus angolensis live in 124different forest patches, separated by amosaic of farmland and scrub. In suchsystems, the degree of connectionbetween fragments is key to the viabilityof the whole metapopulation, andeffective conservation in thisenvironment therefore requires thehabitat between the fragments to bemanaged appropriately. A majordifficulty with achieving this is the factthat, while observations of movementsare essential to understanding thehabitat features that are important,movements are usually so rare as to be

unobservable in the lifetime of a normalresearch project. This study hasovercome this problem by enlisting thehelp of the people who live and work inthe habitat of interest, effectivelyextending the available information wellbeyond anything a researcher couldachieve by direct observation. In order tounderstand how movements of colobusare influenced by habitat characteristicsin the farmland surrounding the forestpatches, over 300 locals wereinterviewed to find out if they had everseen colobus outside the forests, and ifso, where. The results showed that 28%of those questioned had seen colobus upto 4 km from the nearest forest, and thatobservations were much more likelywhere tall vegetation was present, suchas mangrove, scrubland or fruitplantation. This provides importantinformation to guide management of thewider landscape, not just the forestfragments, to improve the chances ofpersistence for colobus in Kenya.

Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007)Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complexagricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 135: 212-222.

Promiscuity among femalecheetahsBehavioural data from IoZ’s long-termresearch study of cheetahs in theSerengeti was combined with geneticdata resulting from non-invasivesampling to unveil the mating system of this population. In wild populations itis widely assumed that males arepromiscuous while females are coy.Male reproductive success increases

with multiple mating but the potentialbenefits that females gain by matingwith more than one male have long beendebated. Mating tactics in carnivores arelinked to their spacing patterns where, ingeneral, males occupy large ranges thatencompass those of several females,giving males access to several sexuallyreceptive females. In contrast, femalecheetahs are non-territorial and moveover extensive home ranges that includeseveral much smaller territories ofmales. This pattern of territoriality isunique and brings females into contactwith several males making polyandrypossible within this system. To test forevidence of multiple paternity, and hencepolyandry, within a litter we used astatistical method that partitioned eachlitter into full-siblings and inferred thefather from a pool of sampled candidatemales. The analysis showed that femalecheetahs are promiscuous with evidenceof high rates of multiple paternity inlitters with more than one cub. Despitethe inclusion of 70% of known adultmales in the last years of this study theallocation of paternity was low. Thisseems to indicate that males livingoutside the study area contributedsubstantially to reproduction andhighlights the importance that highmobility plays in cheetah ecology andconservation. The understanding of thebreeding system of this threatenedspecies will aid in the development offuture management plans aimed at thelong-term maintenance of geneticvariability among fragmented populations.

Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant, S.M. (2007)Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs.Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI 10.1098/rspb.2007.0502

behavioural and population ecology 15

(left) Relative quality of social versus personalinformation. Plot of quality of social information(Is) against the quality of personal information(Ip). Lines plotted are for odd group sizes (n)up to 51. To the left-hand side of the dashed linethrough the origin (n=1) are represented allscenarios where an individual should use socialinformation; to the right-hand side of the line, an individual would do better to rely on its own personally acquired information.

(below) Colobus angolensis is a flagship species for the coastal forests of Kenya and the region is recognised as one of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots

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The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitnessand Adaptability Research Theme is todevelop and apply empirical andtheoretical methods to describe patterns of relatedness among individuals,populations and species. Our researchaims to test hypotheses on the effects ofgenetic diversity on individual fitness and population persistence and to applythis knowledge of genetic structure andgenetic diversity/fitness relationships tothe management of animal populations.

Selection on immune responsegenes in Atlantic salmonNatural selection by pathogens isthought to have a major role indetermining levels of variation in hostimmune response genes, includingmajor histocompatibility (MH) geneswhich code for proteins which recognisepathogens. However, there have beenfew empirical demonstrations ofselection acting on MH loci in naturalpopulations. In collaboration withlaboratories in Ireland, The Netherlandsand Norway we set out to determinewhether selection on MH genes hasfitness consequences for wild Atlanticsalmon (Salmo salar) in naturalconditions. We compared observedgenotype frequencies of Atlantic salmonsurviving in a river 6 months after theirintroduction as eggs with frequenciesexpected from parental crosses.

We found significant differences betweenexpected and observed genotypefrequencies at one MH gene (the class IIalpha locus, Sasa-DAA), but not at a MHclass I-linked microsatellite or at sevennon-MH-linked microsatellite loci. Theseresults indicate that the differences wesee at the MH class II alpha locus were aresult of pathogen-mediated naturalselection, rather than any demographicevent. We also show that survival wasassociated with additive allelic effects atthe MH class II alpha locus, rather thanheterozygote advantage. Our resultshave implications for both theconservation of wild salmon stocks andthe management of disease in hatcheryfish. We conclude that natural orhatchery populations have the bestchance of dealing with episodic andvariable disease challenges if MH geneticvariation is preserved both within andamong populations.

De Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S., Coughlan, J.,Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J., Jordan, W.C., Cross, T.and Stet, R.J.M. (2007) Natural selection acts on Atlanticsalmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in thewild. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B274: 861-869.

Maintaining species barriersthrough mate choiceDetermining the factors which produceand/or maintain reproductive isolationbetween closely-related species isimportant in understanding howenvironmental change might affectspecies composition within ecosystems.The grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneusand Chorthippus jacobsi are highlydifferentiated for male mating signals,and form a mosaic hybrid zone innorthern Spain. At some sites within thiszone many hybrids are observed, whileat others few hybrids are found. Suchbimodality in incidence of hybridsamong sites may reflect relatively recentcontacts between parental genotypes,local variation in levels of assortativemating or selection against hybrids. Withcolleagues from the University of Leedswe played back parental and F1 hybrid

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(above) The study site forAtlantic salmon study

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male songs to parental and hybridfemales, all reared under commonconditions. These experiments revealedpositive assortative preferences in bothC. brunneus and C. jacobsi females,supporting a direct role of male matingsignals in female choice. All femaleclasses showed reduced responsivenessto F1 hybrid male songs. Such sexualselection against hybrids is consistentwith the narrow width of the hybrid zone observed in the field. These resultshave implications for the geneticstructure of the hybrid zone and modelsof speciation.

Bridle, J.R., Saldamando, C.I., Koning, W. and Butlin, R.K.(2006) Assortative preferences and discrimination byfemales against hybrid male song in the grasshoppersChorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1248-1256.

DNA barcoding and speciesdiscovery in the oceans The oceans are the cradle of lifecontaining a higher diversity of phyla,classes and orders than terrestrial orfreshwater ecosystems. However, about1.5 million species have been describedfrom terrestrial and freshwaterecosystems compared to just 0.2 millionfrom the oceans. This may partiallyreflect the open nature of marineecosystems that allow large-scaledispersal of species across greatdistances reducing opportunities forallopatric speciation over geologicaltimescales. However, it may also reflectour poor understanding of the diversityof many groups of marine animals. Theneed to catalogue diversity is urgentbecause of the potential of climatechange and human impacts to causeextinctions of marine species and thefact that ecosystem function is related tobiodiversity.

The fact that each species has aunique sequence of DNA containedwithin the genome has provided marinescientists with a new tool to aid in theidentification of known species and thediscovery of previously unknownbiodiversity. The nematodes are a groupof tiny unsegmented worms that includeboth free-living and parasitic species.They often dominate the communities ofsmall-sized animals in the sediments ofthe seabed in terms of abundance anddiversity. However, nematodes haverelatively few morphological characterson which to base identification andresolving species of these worms isdifficult and requires specialisedtaxonomists. We have evaluated thenuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene for usein identification of marine nematodes.This gene has both conserved andrapidly evolving sections enabling us toderive information useful in studying theevolution of this group of animals and inthe identification of individual species.As well as identifying known nematodespecies our work has revealed theexistence of previously unknown species

occurring in the coastal waters of Britainand elsewhere in the world. We areusing this gene to study the diversity ofnematodes in areas of the deep sea withmarkedly different levels of food supply.We are also applying similar DNAbarcoding methods to study the diversityof other animal groups that are difficultto identify, including hydroids and coralsfrom coastal habitats and the deep sea.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,Rogers A.D. and Smerdon, G. (2006) Development andevaluation of a DNA-barcoding approach for the rapididentification of nematodes. Marine Ecology ProgressSeries 320: 1-9.

Meldal, B.H.M., Debenham, N.J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I.T.,Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G.,Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C., Blaxter, M.L., Rogers,A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D. (2007) An improved molecularphylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis onmarine taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution42: 622-636.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2007) Exploitation ofarchived marine nematodes – a hot lysis DNA extractionprotocol for molecular studies. Zoologica Scripta36(1): 93-98.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2006) Molecular detectionof marine nematodes from environmental samples –overcoming eukaryotic interference. Microbial AquaticEcology 44: 97-103.

(left) A figure from the paper showing differences in parental songs (top and bottom) and hybridsongs. It shows the differences between parentals and intermediate nature of hybrids

(below left) Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus)

(below) The hydroids Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi (top) and Halecium halecinum(bottom) off Plymouth, Devon, UK

genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 17

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The Wildlife Epidemiology ResearchTheme aims to identify where disease isa threat to wildlife conservation, eitheras a primary cause of species declines,or as a threat to remnant wildlifepopulations, investigate the emergenceof disease as a conservation threat andto develop an understanding of theconsequences of changes in wildlifedisease epidemiology, both to wildlifeconservation and welfare and to humanhealth and welfare, particularly wherethese changes are driven byanthropogenic forces.

Predicting the spread of West Nilevirus to GalapagosEmerging infectious diseases are a keythreat to conservation and public health,yet predicting and preventing theiremergence is notoriously difficult. Wedevised a predictive model for theintroduction of a zoonotic vector-bornepathogen by considering each of thepathways by which it may be introduced

to a new area and comparing the relativerisk of each pathway.This framework isan adaptation of pest introductionmodels and estimates the number ofinfectious individuals arriving in alocation and the duration of theirinfectivity. The framework was used todetermine the most likely route for theintroduction of West Nile virus to

Galapagos and measures that can betaken to reduce the risk of introduction.The introduction of this highlypathogenic virus to this unique WorldHeritage Site could have devastatingconsequences, similar to those seenfollowing introductions of pathogensinto other endemic island faunas. Ourmodel identified the transport ofmosquitoes on airplanes as the highestrisk for West Nile virus introduction.Pathogen dissemination through avianmigration and the transportation of day-old chickens appeared to be lessimportant pathways. Infected humansand mosquitoes transported in seacontainers, in tyres, or by wind allrepresented much lower risk. Our risk-assessment framework has broadapplicability to other pathogens andother regions and depends only on theavailability of data on the transport ofgoods and animals and theepidemiology of the pathogen.

Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H.,Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006)Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus spread toGalapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 1224-1231.

Invasive amphibian species and the emergence ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisIn collaboration with the Department ofInfectious Disease Epidemiology ofImperial College London and theUniversity of Victoria, Canada,researchers at IoZ examined thepotential relationship between theemergence of the pathogenic fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis and theglobal trade in amphibians. The firststudy examined the prevalence of thefungus in populations of one of the mostinvasive vertebrate species in existencetoday, the North American bullfrog (Ranacatesbeiana). Bullfrog populations weresampled across the Americas, Europeand Asia. We found that, with theexception of bullfrog tadpoles collectedin Japan, all populations of bullfrogscontained animals infected with the

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(right) Galapagos giant tortoises(Geochelone nigra guntheri)in a conservation breedingcentre on the island of Isabela,Galapagos. Should it arrive in the archipelago, the effectsof West Nile virus infection onthis endangered species areunknown, but could becatastrophic for the survival of these iconic giants

fungus. However, Japanese researchershave since shown that bullfrogs in Japanalso are infected with the fungus. Due tothe fact that bullfrogs are asymptomaticwhen infected, they may be acting asreservoirs and vectors of the diseaseacross a broad geographic range. Asubsequent review of the relationshipbetween introduced amphibians,amphibian trade and the fungal diseaserevealed the potential for trade tocontribute to the distribution of thefungus at a global scale. The number ofanimals involved in the internationaltrade of amphibians is in the millions. By the 1960s, over 140 species ofamphibians were internationally tradedfor the purposes of research, and theglobal food market may generate up to7,000 tons of amphibians per annum.Commercial practices also regularlybring traded animals into direct contactwith wild populations. An examination ofthe available literature on amphibianintroductions, many of which are thedirect result of the amphibian trade, andfungal infection showed that nearly 30species of introduced amphibians areknown to be infected with the fungus.The majority of species identified areasymptomatic when infected.Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis isimplicated in the decline and possibleextinction of dozens of species ofamphibians. Whether the amphibiantrade is responsible for the emergence ofthis disease we may never know, but it isclear that trade practices have the

potential to exacerbate the situation.Currently, there are no internationalstandards in place with regard to thisdisease, and while intentionallyintroducing exotic amphibians intocountries like Great Britain is illegal,introductions of exotic amphibians andtheir diseases do occur.

Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D.,Walker, S.J., Cunningham, A.A. and Fisher, M.C. (2006) The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. BiologyLetters 2: 455-459.

Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The relationshipbetween the introduction of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biology Reviews21: 2-9.

Understanding immunogeneticsInfectious diseases are importantdemographic and evolutionary forces ofnatural populations. This is becauseunder natural conditions, populationsand individuals are constantlychallenged by pathogens. Thesechallenges have led to the evolution ofhost immune responses, which in turninfluence the ability of pathogens toavoid host defences. Such interactions,tightly controlled by genes, areparticularly interesting for addressingquestions on evolution. From aconservation perspective, the increasingemergence and re-emergence ofinfectious diseases as a serious threat towildlife, particularly small or endangeredpopulations where sudden demographicdeclines could be catastrophic, warrant amore complete understanding of howresistance to infectious disease isregulated in natural populations. To date,most studies on the genetic regulation ofdisease resistance (i.e. immunogenetics)have focused on a particular geneticregion, the major histocompatibilitycomplex, involved with the presentationof infectious agents to the immunesystem. However, research on domesticand laboratory animals has highlightedthe importance of many other genes thatregulate diverse immune responses to

different pathogens and that operate atdifferent times following infection. Suchfindings urge caution when drawinggeneral conclusions about disease-threats from the study of just one part ofthe immunogenetic system. We proposea shift in the current paradigm by usingnew approaches involving (1) a case-tailored selection of genes relevant tothe infectious disease studied or (2) large-scale single nucleotide polymorphismsurveys of immune genes.

We have compiled a list of knownimmune genes and functions anddiscuss the challenges and problemsthat arise from our proposed approach,as well as solutions to deal with them.We conclude that this wider approach toimmunogenetics will be integral tounderstanding disease dynamics andassessing epidemic risks as a steptowards predicting and – potentially –preventing future disease-drivendemographic declines of threatened andendangered populations.

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham, A. (2006) IsMHC enough for understanding wildlife immunogenetics?Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21(8): 433-438.

wildlife epidemiology 19

(Innate Immunity) (Adaptive Immunity)

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Our understanding of reproductive biologycomes largely from a small number ofintensely studied model species, butnature presents a bewildering array ofadaptations with almost every newspecies we examine. In the ReproductiveBiology Research Theme we aim both toexplore and understand some of thisdiversity and to use some of thisknowledge for the development oftechnologies that may have practicalapplications. In addition, we aim to findout whether and how environmentalchange may affect reproductive anddevelopmental processes.

Sperm transport in mammals;what is the role of the oviduct?Sperm storage in the femalereproductive tract has been extensivelydocumented in a range of vertebratesincluding sharks, salamanders, snakesand turtles, as well as many birds andmammals. Some of these species storespermatozoa for several months or evenyears; in the laboratory we can onlymanage a few days unless thespermatozoa are frozen. How do they doit? We now know that the oviduct ismore than either a sperm storage organor a conduit leading the sperm towardsthe egg. We and others have previouslyshown that the oviduct responds to thearrival of spermatozoa by initiating novelgene transcription and protein synthesis,presumably preparing the reproductivetract for the eventual development of anembryo. It is also likely that the oviductis involved in sperm selection processes(Satake et al., 2007), either by impedingthe progress of poor qualityspermatozoa or by the involvement ofrecognition processes. We still know littleabout this complexity. In collaborationwith the Royal Veterinary College, theUniversity of Sheffield and GenusBreeding Ltd, we have beeninvestigating the role of oviductal plasmamembrane proteins in maintainingsperm viability (Sostaric et al., 2006),using cattle, pigs and sheep

(Lloyd et al., 2007) as model species. Wehave shown that cultured oviductal cellsare able to support sperm viability invitro and have recently found that oneprotein in particular (heat shock cognateprotein 70; Hsc70) seems to be importantin enhancing sperm survival in severalspecies. This work suggests that theproteins involved in sperm survival maynot be species-specific, something thatmay be important in helping to improvethe success of artificial inseminationtechniques for the captive breeding ofwild species, especially if thespermatozoa need to be transportedfrom one place to another.

Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2007)Prolonging the life of ram spermatozoa in vitro usingoviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility andDevelopment 19: 278.

Satake, N., Alhaider, A.K., Holt, W.V. and Watson, P.F. (2007)Exposure of spermatozoa to solubilized extracts of theoviductal epithelium apical plasma membrane enhancesfertilization in porcine in vitro fertilization. ReproductionFertility and Development 19: 272.

Sostaric, E., Georgiou, A.S., Wong, C.H., Watson, P.F., Holt,W.V. and Fazeli, A. (2006) Global profiling of surface plasmamembrane proteome of oviductal epithelial cells. Journal ofProteome Research 5: 3029-3037.

Seahorse reproduction andsurvival of offspringUniquely among vertebrates, inseahorses and pipefish (FamilySyngnathidae), it is the male thatbecomes pregnant and gives birth to theoffspring. Seahorses have a specialisedbody compartment, the brood pouch, inwhich the embryos develop, while inpipefish, not all species have a distinct

(below) Sheep oviductal cells culturedin the laboratory showingcytoskeletal proteins (green)and cell nuclei (blue)

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brood pouch. As in mammals, theembryos develop in close associationwith the brood pouch epithelium, whichis involved with gaseous exchange,provision of nutrients, removal of wasteproducts and osmoregulation. Wehypothesised that body size and age ofthe parents should affect the growth andsurvival of the offspring if the quality ofthe brood pouch impacts on the nutritionor respiration of the developingembryos. In addition, the fact that theembryos develop in a brood pouch hasled to a widespread but poorly foundedbelief that the eggs are fertilised usingspermatozoa that are deposited directlyinto the pouch via an internal spermduct. In collaboration with the ZSLLondon Zoo Aquarium Team weinvestigated (1) the effect of parental ageand body size on growth and survival ofthe offspring, and (2) the process ofmating and fertilisation in the yellowseahorse Hippocampus kuda.Theseahorses were obtained from a captive-bred aquarium population that wasestablished at Chester Zoo. Whenexamining the effect of parental age andbody size on growth and survival of theoffspring the old parents were seahorsesthat were over 8 months old and hadbred previously, while the young parentsconsisted of 3- and 4-month oldindividuals that had not previously bred.

Our studies revealed that directdeposition of spermatozoa into thebrood pouch is physically impossible, aswas previously presumed. In reality, thespermatozoa must travel a significantdistance (>4 mm) outside the body of themale, to reach and fertilise the eggs inthe pouch. In addition, observations ofcourtship and mating behaviour revealedthat the pouch closes immediately aftermating and that sperm transfer mustoccur within a time window of no morethan 6 seconds (Figure 1). Furthermore,the yellow seahorse producesextraordinarily low quantities ofdimorphic spermatozoa with a minimumsperm:egg ratio of <2.5:1.The entirefertilisation process in seahorses is

therefore uniquely efficient amongvertebrates, yet paradoxically involvesseveral steps that would seem tocomplicate, and even appear to prevent,the interaction of spermatozoa and eggs.Although we are still unable to describethe exact fertilisation mechanism, wespeculate that spermatozoa areejaculated into a mixture of ovarian fluidand eggs, while the male and female arein close contact. Thereafter, this mixturemust enter the pouch, whereupon thespermatozoa encounter seawater. Theseobservations also support the view,indirectly inferred in previouspublications, that sperm competition in seahorses is not only non-existent but impossible.

Even though the fertilisation processin the yellow seahorse is intricate, thesefish are nevertheless highly fertile andcan produce broods that exceed 100embryos. The old parents, however,produced significantly larger broods with90% of the offspring surviving for theduration of the 7-week study, comparedto the smaller broods of the youngparents with less than 50% survival ofthe offspring (Figure 2). The growth rateswere also significantly higher in the first3 weeks after birth of the offspring fromthe old parents compared to theoffspring from the young parents. Ourfindings suggest that male body size,and pouch size and function, mayinfluence the future fitness and survivalof their offspring.

Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect of parental age and associatedsize on fecundity, growth and survival in the yellowseahorse Hippocampus kuda. Journal of ExperimentalBiology 209: 3055-3061.

Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J. and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and the unlikelyroute to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse. Journal ofExperimental Biology 210: 432-437.

A 0-9 secs B 10-16 secs C 17 secs

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Mating sequence of a yellowseahorse couple; hand drawn fromvideo sequences. The time is shownabove the images and demonstratesthe duration (A) when the broodpouch remains open (PO), (B) whenspermatozoa and eggs aretransferred and (C) when the pouchis closed (PC)Drawing © B.Dzyuba

(A) Brood size comparison betweenold and young parents; box-whiskerplot showing the mean ± s.e.m.(boxes) and s.d. (whiskers) (F1,10 = 6.45, *P = 0.029)

(B) Comparison of offspring survivalcurves from old (open squares) andyoung (solid circles) parents. Least-squares survival functions (fittedlines) for offspring from the oldparents (n = 508, offspring from six couples) and young parents (n = 263, offspring from six couples).Survival of offspring from youngparents is significantly poorer thanfrom old parents (P<0.0001)

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Research carried out at IoZ focuses onscientific issues relevant to theconservation of species and theirhabitats.This work directly supportsZSL’s field conservation programmes,which are currently run in over 30countries worldwide.The combination ofapplied and pure research means thatwe are engaged in conservationactivities at all points along thespectrum, from genes to ecosystems.Here we describe how research carriedout at IoZ underpins conservation policyand practice, and makes it possible tosource support and funding forconservation work in range countries inpartnership with governments, NGOsand local communities.

Island Ecosystems

The Galapagos Genetics,Epidemiology and PathologyLaboratoryIntroduced disease is a global concernfor the conservation of biodiversity andrepresents some of the most seriouscurrent and future threats to the uniquewildlife of Galapagos. Endemic speciescan suffer when diseases spread fromdomestic animals, while globalisationand climate change increase the risk ofcontact with new kinds of pathogen,disease hosts or vectors. Island speciesare particularly vulnerable to introduceddiseases due to their long histories ofisolation. The GGEPL project began inOctober 2003, and the new laboratoryopened in August 2004. The project grewfrom an Ecuadorian initiative to establishmolecular biology techniques forconservation in the archipelago. Thedevelopment of this facility for theGalapagos National Park, combined withbuilding the expertise of Ecuadorianscientists, provides the in situ rapiddiagnostic capability required so thatmitigating action can be taken to controlpotential disease threats to the islands. GGEPL is a partnership betweenGalapagos National Park, the Universityof Leeds, IoZ and the University ofGuayaquil, Ecuador. Funding for thisproject was provided through the UKgovernment's Darwin Initiative schemefor the conservation of globalbiodiversity. www.galapagoslab.org

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Marine and Freshwater

Deep-sea ecosystemsThe deep ocean has an average depth ofabout 3,800 m and makes up about 90%of the earth’s biosphere, yet little of thisvast area has been explored. In recentyears technological advances haveallowed us to explore new habitats in thedeep sea including seamounts, cold-water coral reefs and coral gardensformed by octocorals (sea fans andrelatives) and black corals (Antipatharia).This year we have completed work onanalysis and modelling of the occurrenceof corals on seamounts with colleaguesin the Census of Marine Life’s (CoML),Census of Seamounts programme. Theresults of this study have fed intodiscussion at the UN General Assemblyon impacts of trawling on deep-seacommunities. We have also employedDNA barcoding methods to explore thespecies diversity of by-catch from deep-sea longline fisheries for Patagoniantoothfish in South Georgia. This studyallowed us to identify that this regionhas a high diversity of octocorals (>40 species) with an associated fauna ofother animals including echinoderms(basket stars, urchins and starfish),polychaete worms and even octopus. InEuropean waters DNA barcodingmethods have also allowed us to identifynew deep-sea species such as hydroids,previously thought to represent speciescommon in shallow-water. The richnessof species within the deep sea has beena surprise and a source of constantfascination for scientists and allinterested in natural history, but eventhese remote habitats are nowthreatened by climate change.

UK Native Species

Lead poisoning in red kiteThe red kite Milvus milvus, the subject ofa reintroduction programme to Englandsince 1989, feeds on carrion includingnon-retrieved shot game and is predictedto be at risk of lead poisoning. A recentstudy examined the threat posed by leadshot to red kites through radiography ofregurgitated pellets found under a redkite roost, blood biochemical analyses ofred kites destined for reintroduction, andanalyses of the lead content of the liverand bone of kites found dead and storedin ZSL’s archive. The results showed thatlead is a significant cause of death in redkites. Between 1.5 and 2.3% of pelletscontained lead shot, 37% of 125 red kiteshad elevated blood lead prior to release,and six of 44 red kites had liver leadlevels compatible with lead poisoning.The isotopic signature of the lead in thepellets was similar to that in the liverssuggesting that the lead poisoning was

associated with lead ammunition. Incollaboration with Natural England, theRSPB, the Hawk and Owl Trust, the WelshKite Trust, Raptor Rescue and theChilterns Conservation Board, ZSL haspublished a leaflet ‘Helping Red Kites’which suggests ways in which the publiccan prevent red kites being exposed tothe risk of lead poisoning, for exampleby ensuring that shot carcases are notfed to these birds.

Bushmeat and Forests

Indices of hunter effort andsustainability in Equatorial GuineaHunting to supply the bushmeat trade iscurrently one of the greatest threatsfacing biodiversity in West and CentralAfrica. Unsustainable levels of huntingare believed to threaten the survival ofmany tropical forest species, and mayalso have important implications for thefood security and livelihoods of thosepeople who use this resource. There istherefore an urgent need to developsuccessful initiatives to promote thelong-term sustainability of bushmeatharvest; understanding the impact ofbushmeat hunting on wildlifepopulations will be crucial to achievingthis. The development of techniques thatallow these impacts to be assessedindirectly without the need for difficultand expensive population monitoringwill greatly enhance our ability tomanage hunting sustainably. Theconcept of Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE)is frequently used as an index toabundance in fisheries but to date hasbeen little applied to terrestrialharvesting systems. This project isevaluating the potential of CPUE as anindex to the abundance of tropical forestspecies and therefore as a novel tool forthe assessment and management ofbushmeat hunting.

Deserts and Rangelands

Desert mammals in MongoliaZSL has been involved in conservation inMongolia through the Steppe ForwardProgramme. Through this work, whichprimarily focused on the Gobi desert, itbecame apparent that many of the desertmammals were experiencing rapiddeclines. However, the overallconservation status of Mongolianmammals was unknown, as acomprehensive assessment of theirconservation status had never beenconducted. ZSL in collaboration withlocal partners has addressed this gap byproducing the first comprehensiveMongolian Red List of Mammals as wellas Summary Conservation Action Plansfor Mongolian Mammals. These

documents are essential for defining thestatus of Mongolian biodiversity, raisingawareness and assisting in planning andpriority setting. ZSL is grateful to theWorld Bank for their support in theproduction of the Red Lists andSummary Conservation Action Plans.

Carnivores and People

Human impacts on carnivorebiodiversityThe presence of unfenced anduncultivated land outside protectedareas is important for long-term wildlifeconservation, since these areas providerefuge and act as buffer zones. In Africa,many such areas are dominated bypastoral communities, who have co-existed with wildlife for many years.However, in recent decades thiscoexistence has been declining due tothe replacement of pastoral systems withsubsistence and commercial cultivation.Tarangire Ecosystem in Tanzaniaprovides a good example where land-use change is fast outside the TarangireNational Park. These changes in land useaffect many carnivores, since theyrequire extensive habitats to survive.Understanding the effects of thesechanges on carnivores is fundamentalfor developing conservation strategies.Our study aims to investigate the impactof human activities on the abundanceand distribution of carnivores andherbivores in the park and in grazingareas and farmlands outside the park,evaluate methods for monitoringcarnivores and prey, and document the use of carnivores in traditionalmedicine and other cultural practices in the ecosystem.

ZSL conservation programmes 23

(a) El Chato Tortuga – GGEPL vet Marilyn Cruz

(b) Galapagos tortoise health survey

(c) Deep-sea coral community from theHatton Bank, North East Atlantic. C/O DTI SEAS Programme, BhavaniNarayanaswamy, SAMS, Oban, Scotland

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(e) The field team in Equatorial Guinea

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During 2006, 1,500 books were added tothe online catalogue, 4,033 journalissues accessioned and 2,375 loans weremade to Fellows and ZSL staff.

A trial online art catalogue, developedwith funding from the Michael MarksTrust, is now online and can be searchedusing the `switch database’ option to`Art’ in the Library catalogue athttp://library.zsl.org. A `ZSL drawingsand prints’ page has been added to themain ZSL website at www.zsl.org.

The journal holdings information of the Library has been uploaded toSUNCAT, the pilot Serials UNionCATalogue for the UK, and can now beseen on their online cataloguehttp://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. Launched inautumn 2006, SUNCAT is a freelyavailable tool designed to helpresearchers locate serials held in over 60 libraries in the UK.

In October Hadas Steiner was appointedas a Visiting Scholar to research thearchives on the Northern Aviary. VisitingScholar is an honorary title allowingprivileged access to rare items held inthe ZSL Library and Archives. Scholarsfrom around the world are welcome to apply.

A generous bequest of £245,000 fromConnie Nutkins, a former member ofstaff, has been received by ZSL for useby the Library. Frank Wheeler, a formerkeeper at London Zoo 1966-2006, left abequest of his books to the Library.

MLA (Museums, Libraries, Archives)London funded a further preservationaudit visit by professional conservators,providing detailed reports to help informour future preservation/conservationplanning.

A display case in the newly refurbishedReception has been used to exhibit rareitems in our collection, such as archivalphotographs to celebrate the 75thanniversary of ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, thework of Ernest Griset and a celebrationof the Linneaus tercentenary. Artefact ofthe month has continued to be popularon the ZSL website, also featuring rarepaintings, archives and books.

Library tours were given to library stafffrom the Natural History Museum,Fellows and Friends of ZSL, and studentlibrarians from Eltham College.

Interest in ZSL’s archives has continuedto increase with a variety of researchersvisiting the Library, mainly to consult theDaily Occurrence books, the 19th centuryCouncil minutes, Minutes of ScientificMeetings, the correspondence collectionand zoo guides, as well as historical andgenealogical archives.

We are extremely grateful for thecontinued help of our dedicated team ofvolunteers and the many Fellows andFriends of ZSL who continue to supportthe Library with their time, by donatingbooks, archives, zoo ephemera andfunds for the conservation of items inour collection.

(below)Edward Lear, better known for his nonsenseverse and limericks, began his career as azoological illustrator. This watercolour wasused as the basis of a colour illustration toaccompany Captain Smee’s first scientificdescription of an Asian lion. The illustrationand the article were published in 1835 inVolume 1 of the Transactions of theZoological Society of London

(left) Elephants at London Zoo, 1865, by Ernest Griset(1843-1907). The elephant on the far left isJumbo, received in 1865 from the Jardin desPlantes in Paris. Jumbo, a male African elephant,was very tractable for most of his time at theZoo. However in 1881 he became difficult tomanage and he was sold for £2,000 to P.T. Barnum, the American showman and circusproprietor. In 1885 Jumbo was killed in a railwayaccident in Ontario, Canada, while touring withthe circus. His skeleton, preserved in theAmerican Museum of Natural History, indicatesthat his height was 3.4 metres – one of thelargest elephants ever held in a zoo

(left) Number of publications published byMSc graduates 1995 to 2006

(below – left to right) Sandra Wenger, Chloe Booth, ZSL’sDirector General Ralph Armond andAnna Wallwork

(below left) Sandra Wenger (MSc Wild AnimalHealth) monitoring an anaesthetisedwhite rhinoceros in South Africa toassess novel anaesthetic methods

Education and training are central toIoZ’s activities and we have a strongcommitment to hosting research projects,particularly those leading to a PhD degree.

Our PhD students are co-registered at auniversity department but most spendthe majority of their time at IoZ. Duringthe year PhDs were awarded to TomCharman (University of Cambridge) forhis research on the conservation ecologyand genetics of the great yellowbumblebee Bombus distinguendus;Kate Ciborowski (University of Reading)for her investigation into patterns ofgenetic variability during the decline ofIberian Atlantic salmon populations;Khyne Mar (University College London)for her study on the demography andlife-history strategies of working timberelephants in Myanmar; Simon Rees(University of Wales, Cardiff) for hisresearch on the conservation geneticsand ecology of the endangered blackbog ant Formica picea and ChrisSandbrook (University College London)for his analysis of the impacts of tourismon gorillas at Bwindi ImpenetrableNational Park, Uganda.

Our MSc courses in Wild Animal Healthand Wild Animal Biology, both jointly runwith the Royal Veterinary College,continue to be very popular. Eachstudent carries out a project during thecourse, increasing numbers of which arebeing successfully published in thescientific literature, reflecting the highcalibre of students and the risingstandards of teaching and supervision.Project prizes in 2005/06 were presentedfor Chloe Booth’s study on the effects ofmarine contaminants on the DNA ofcetaceans, Anna Wallwork’s project onthe effect of distance and speed of chaseprior to chemical immobilisation onserum myoglobin in black rhinoceros,and Sandra Wenger’s work on thecardiopulmonary effects on field-anaesthetised white rhinoceros of usinga combination of etorphine, azaperone,detomidine and butorphanol. Of 180

graduates, 68% have entered the wildanimal health and biology field, forminga valuable worldwide network of wildanimal professionals.

In partnership with Imperial CollegeLondon, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kewand Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust,IoZ has developed a new MSc inConservation Science. The course isaimed at graduates or conservationpractitioners wishing to improve theirexisting skills. It is stronglyinterdisciplinary, covering bothsocioeconomic and biological analysis,as well as providing training in thepractical skills needed to succeed as aconservation professional. In this way,the course aims to develop abilities notonly in the analysis of conservationproblems, but also in theimplementation of solutions.

The IoZ annual Student Conference washeld in January. The conference offers an opportunity for students to presenttheir work in a relatively informalatmosphere and for staff and universitysupervisors to learn about the diverseresearch undertaken by students at IoZ.This year’s Daisy Balogh Prize for thebest talk was awarded to Nicola Jennerfor her talk ‘Insights into the matingsystem of the black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas revealed usingmicrosatellite analysis’.

library / education and training 25

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The Zoological Society of London

OfficersProfessor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President)Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS (Secretary)Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer)

DirectorsRalph Armond (Director General)Glyn Davies PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) •David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director)Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) •Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director)Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director)Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director)

ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee

Professor Sir Brian Heap CBE FRS, University of Cambridge(Chairman)

Dr Bill Amos PhD, University of CambridgeRalph Armond, Director General ZSLProfessor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Department of Zoology,

University of CambridgeDr Tony Fincham BSc PhDProfessor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRSProfessor Michael Hassell FRS, Imperial College LondonDr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge

Institute of Zoology

Head of the Institute of ZoologyTim Blackburn DPhil

Senior Research StaffPeter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and

MacroecologyChris Carbone DPhil, Postgraduate TutorGuy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and

Population EcologyAndrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, Theme Leader,

Wildlife EpidemiologySarah Durant PhDWilliam Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive BiologyPaul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVSWilliam Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Variation, Fitness

and AdaptabilityRichard Pettifor DPhil, Theme Leader, Population and

Community Ecology •Alex D Rogers PhDJinliang Wang PhD

Postdoctoral Research Staff and LecturersKarina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhDJonathan Baillie PhDElizabeth Boakes PhD •Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhDJames Bull PhD •Kate Ciborowski PhDBen Collen PhDRoslyn Elliott PhDJohn Ewen PhDRobert Ewers PhDTrenton Garner PhDClyde Hutchinson PhD •Nick Isaac PhDKate Jones PhDNoëlle Kümpel PhD •Rhiannon Lloyd PhDNathalie Pettorelli PhDMarcus Rowcliffe PhDAnna Santure PhDSeirian Sumner PhDSamuel Turvey DPhilKatrien Van Look PhD

Postgraduate Research Assistants and VetsYedra Feltrer Rambaud MSc MRCVS •Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVSIain McGill BSc BVetMed MRCVS •Fieke MolenaarAnthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVSNana Satake MRes

Postgraduate Research StudentsGerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MScSophie Allebone-Webb MResArnaud Bataille BScJon Bielby MScPatricia Brekke BScRuth Brown MScSavrina Carrizo Thomas Charman BA •Natalie Cooper MScIan Craigie MScDaria Dadam MScAmelia Dickman MScAmanda DuffusJon EpsteinEmily Fitzherbert MScNicholas Hill MScElise Huchard MScNicola Jenner BScAndrew King BScBecki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVSKhyne Mar MSc •Maurus Msuha MScCarlos Esteban Payan Garrido BScRobert PicklesSimon Rees BSc •Janna Rist BScChris Sandbrook MSc •Nana Satake MResBjörn Schulte-HerbrüggenJoseph Smith MScGordon Smith BScAmber Teacher BSc MResSusan Walker BScShama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc

Administrative, Support and Technical StaffChristina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator)Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT (Assistant Institute Administrator)Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Science/Head of Institute and

Senior Staff)Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator –

Information Systems)Breda Farrell (General Technician)Jenny Fulford (Editorial Assistant) •David Hitchcock (Senior Workshop Technician)Sarah Holbrook (Living Planet Index Administrator)Louise McRae (Living Planet Index Administrator)Julie Phillips BA PGCE (Administrative Assistant) •Mala Ram (Indicators & Assessments Unit Administrator)

Research TechniciansRobert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Programme Manager)Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician)Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician)Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician)Johanna Nielsen (Research Technician)Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician)

Honorary Research FellowsDr Andrew Balmford, University of CambridgeProfessor Malcolm Bennett, University of LiverpoolProfessor Michael Bruford, University of CardiffProfessor Roger Butlin, University of SheffieldDr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USADr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College LondonProfessor John Gittleman, University of Georgia, USAProfessor Rhys Green, University of CambridgeProfessor Katherine Homewood, University College LondonDr Rufus Johnstone, University of CambridgeDr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College LondonProfessor Ian Owens, Imperial College LondonDr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsDr Andy Purvis, Imperial College LondonDr Robert Simmons, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology,

South AfricaProfessor Rene Stet, University of AberdeenDr Simon Thirgood, Macauley InstituteProfessor Charles Tyler, University of ExeterProfessor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College

Honorary Research AssociatesTeresa Abáiger PhDBoris Dzyuba PhDSimon Goodman PhDMarcella Kelly PhDHeather Koldeway PhDJonathan Loh PhDValerie Olson PhDGiovanni Pastorino MScNilendran Prathalingam PhDSebastien Regnaut PhD

governance, staff and students 27

Scientific Publications and Meetings

Journals and MeetingsLinda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings) Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Zoo Yearbook)Lucinda Haines BSc (Scientific Journals Administrator)Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Coordinator)

Editors Journal of ZoologyIan Boyd PhD DSc (Editor-in-Chief)Nigel Bennett PhDJuliet Clutton-Brock PhD DSc •Robert Elwood PhD •Tim Halliday MA DPhilAndrew Kitchener PhDPhilip Rainbow PhD DScJean-Nicolas Volff PhDGunther Zupanc PhD

Editors Animal ConservationGuy Cowlishaw PhDKeith Crandall PhD •Trenton Garner PhDJohn Gittleman PhDTodd Katzner PhDE J Milner-Gulland PhD •Karen Mock PhD

Library

Anne Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian)Michael Palmer MA (Archivist)Marie Monaghan BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian)James Godwin (Library Assistant)

• departures

Hajir Al-khaiurlla Mark Ambrus Claudia Amphlett Julie Anderson Jaime Andres Cabrera Tzo Tze Ang Sayako Arai Alistair Auffret Elena Badia Juliana Berrio Holly Bik Chloe Booth David Bowden Brenna Boyle Andrew Breed Jon Bridle George Busby Damien Caillaud Nicholas Camara Claudia Carraro Jaya Carrier Bernadette Carroll Phillip Cassey Anna Chenery Sally Cheung Emily Coleman Esther Flores Couce Pilar Coy Melissa Cuke Olivia Daniel Tim Davies Jane Dayanna Guerrero Perez Angelica Diaz Thomas Doherty-Bone Emily Dolan Caitlin Douglas Kate Douglas Trevorne Douglas Boris Dzyuba Catrin Egerton Sandra Patricia Escudero PaezG Francesco Ficetola Katie Frith Jennifer GilbertSmita Gogoi Annemarie Greenwood Kate Harris David Hayman Judit Hidalgo Vila Anne Hilborn Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Ulrike Irlich Miho Ishida

Marianne James Carlos Filipe Justo MouraJanien Kamps Jos Kielgast Melissa Kyriakos Susana La Falci Julia Latham Yiming Li Nicola Lipczynski Jonathan Loh Alanna Maltby Harry Marshall Laura Martinez Veronica Melchionda Victoria Morgan Linus Munishi Lenke Nealova Deise Nichimura Margaret Nyokabi Kim O’Connor Ciara O’Dea Valerie Olson Cecilia Orme Jenny Paola Gallo SantosGiovanni Pastorino Hannah Peck Kirsi Peck Laura Pettiti Emilio Rendon-Franco Mer Richardson Agnes Rocha-Gosselin Judith Schleicher Paul Scofield Jennifer Sears Laura Simpson Sarah Stebbing David Stonehill Abigel Szodoray-Paradi Kelly Thurston Sandra Tranquilli Carly Waterman Hazel Watson Margaret Waweru Oliver Wearn Aidan Weatherill Ann Weddle Penny Wilson Susan Wilson Helen Womack Sally Wren Tara Zamin

Others working at the Institute, including volunteersworking on projects in the field

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sApplied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN

Sampled Red List IndexArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled

Red List Index

Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring batbiodiversity: indicators of sustainabledevelopment in Eastern Europe; Batultrasonic acoustic monitoringprotocols

Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation ofGyps spp. vultures in India

BirdLife International Global biodiversityhotspots; IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Bombay Natural History Society (India)Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures inIndia; Impact of vulture declines onpublic and animal health in India

Borugo Ltda (Colombia) Jaguar density,prey availability and hunting pressurein the Colombian Amazon

British Antarctic SurveyChemosynthetically-driven ecosystemssouth of the Polar Front

British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador)Building capacity and determiningdisease threats to Galapagos taxa

British Trust for Ornithology Garden BirdHealth Initiative; Long-term research onthe Gulf of Guinea islands

Bulgarian National Museum of NaturalHistory Monitoring bat biodiversity:indicators of sustainable development inEastern Europe

Canterbury Museum (New Zealand)Extinct birds and bird extinctions in theSouth Pacific

Care for the Wild InternationalComparative demography of elephantsin European zoos and range states

Center of Expertise for Rabies CFIA/ACIA(Canada) Impact of vulture declines onpublic and animal health in India

Central Science Laboratory Garden BirdHealth Initiative; Health surveillance forspecies recovery programmes

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) -NERC Management of bumblebeehabitat in agricultural landscapes;Effects of spatial scale on populationabundance and dynamics; Healthsurveillance for species recoveryprogrammes

Centre for Environment, Fisheries andAquaculture Science (CEFAS) Cetaceanstrandings investigation; IUCN SampledRed List Index

Centre National de la RechercheScientifique (France) Long-termresearch on the Gulf of Guinea islands

Charles Darwin Research Station(Galapagos) Ecology, adaptation andevolution in invasive ants

Chester Zoological GardensChytridiomycosis emergence inDominica

Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Healthand reproduction in elephantpopulations in Asia

Chinese Academy of Sciences NorthAmerican bullfrogs as potentialBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisreservoirs in China

Conservation International IUCN SampledRed List Index; Global MammalAssessment; Global biodiversityhotspots; Spatial patterns of huntingand sustainability in Rio Muni;Evaluating dependence on wild foodsamong the rural poor in Central Africa;EDGE of Existence: echidna programme

Consortium for Conservation Medicine(USA) Effects of climate change andglobalisation on disease emergence;Ecology of henipavirus in Bangladesh

CSIRO Australian Animal HealthLaboratory (Australia) Anthropogenicchange and emerging zoonoticparamyxovirus; Conservation of Gypsspp. vultures in India; Ecology andevolution of infectious diseases inmammalian mating and social systems

Department of Fisheries and WildlifeHabitat use of tigers in alteredlandscapes and monitoring of crypticmammals

Desert Research Foundation of NamibiaFunctional response mechanisms insocial foragers; Optimisation and socialconstraints in group-living vertebrates;Coordination of social foragers inpatchy environments; MHC, parasiteloads, and mate choice in desertbaboons

Downstream Research Group (USA)Conservation of the Yangtze Riverdolphin

Durrell Wildlife Conservation TrustChytridiomycosis emergence inDominica; Spatial organisation anddisease transmission in black-backedjackal; EDGE of Existence: solenodonprogramme

Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas(Spain) Reproductive studies ingazelles

European Bird Census Council LivingPlanet Index

European Environment Agency IUCNSampled Red List Index

Farmed Environment Company LtdManagement of bumblebee habitat inagricultural landscapes

Fauna and Flora InternationalChytridiomycosis emergence inDominica; Habitat use of tigers inaltered landscapes and monitoring ofcryptic mammals; EDGE of Existence:pygmy hippopotamus programme

FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List IndexFisheries Research Services Odorant

receptor gene expression in homing inAtlantic salmon

Forestry and Wildlife Division,Commonwealth of DominicaChytridiomycosis emergence inDominica

Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany)Long-term demography of the Serengeticheetah population

Galapagos Conservation Trust Buildingcapacity and determining diseasethreats to Galapagos taxa

Galapagos National Park Buildingcapacity and determining diseasethreats to Galapagos taxa; West Nilevirus emergence in Galapagos;Genetics, parasitology and ecology ofmosquito spp.: impacts of diseasevectors on biodiversity in Galapagos

Genus-ABS Ltd Enhancement of spermcell survival by epididymal and oviductepithelial cells

Gobabeb Training and Research Centre(Namibia) Spatial organisation anddisease transmission in black-backedjackal; Coordination of social foragersin patchy environments; MHC, parasiteloads, and mate choice in desertbaboons

Great Gobi Biosphere Protection(Mongolia) Regional Red Listing

Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring batbiodiversity: indicators of sustainabledevelopment in Eastern Europe

Group on Earth Observations SecretariatIUCN Sampled Red List Index

Harvard Medical School (USA)Anthropogenic change and emergingzoonotic paramyxovirus

Idea Wild (USA) Jaguar density, preyavailability and hunting pressure in theColombian Amazon

Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic models of Amazoniandeforestation

IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survivalby epididymal and oviduct epithelialcells

Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cellsurvival by epididymal and oviductepithelial cells

INPA (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economicmodels of Amazonian deforestation

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation dela Nature (Democratic Republic ofCongo) Development of a monitoringand training unit for the World HeritageSites of Democratic Republic of Congo

Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics of speciesextinctions

Institute for Animal Health Effects ofclimate change and globalisation ondisease emergence

Institute for Problems of Cryobiology andCryomedicine – National Academy ofSciences (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamicsof euryhaline fish species in freshwaters of the Ukraine

Institute of Ecology Anthropogenicchange and emerging zoonoticparamyxovirus

Institute of Hydrobiology Conservation ofthe Yangtze River dolphin

Interdisciplinary Centre for MarineSciences (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potentialof whale watching; Determining agestructure of cetacean populations usingtelomeres as a biological clock

IUCN SSC Global Mammal Assessment;Conservation of the Yangtze Riverdolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List Index;EDGE of Extinction: golden-rumpedelephant shrew programme (AfrotheriaSpecialist Group)

Kenya Wildlife Service EDGE of Existence:hirola programme

Kesatsart University (Thailand) Healthand reproduction in elephantpopulations in Asia

Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health andTherapeutics DNA damage and cancer:a biomolecular approach tounderstanding urogenital carcinoma inCalifornia sea lions

Leuser Development Programme Habitatuse of tigers in altered landscapes andmonitoring of cryptic mammals

Marine Environmental MonitoringCetacean strandings investigation

Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNAdamage and cancer: a biomolecularapproach to understanding urogenitalcarcinoma in California sea lions;Phylogeographic patterns of diseaseoccurrence in California sea lions

Martin Luther University of HalleWittenberg (Germany) Regional RedListing

Massey University (New Zealand) Sexualselection and the hihi

Mauritian Wildlife FoundationConservation and molecular ecology ofRound Island petrels

Ministry of Environment and Tourism,Government of the Republic of NamibiaCoordination of social foragers inpatchy environments; MHC, parasiteloads, and mate choice in desertbaboons

Ministry of Nature and EnvironmentMongolia Regional Red Listing

Mongolian Academy of Sciences RegionalRed Listing

Moredun Research InstituteEpidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels

collaborations 29

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales(Spain) Emergence of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwifetoad

National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation ofGyps spp. vultures in India

National Museum of Wales IUCN SampledRed List Index

National University of Mongolia RegionalRed Listing

Natural England Assessing the impact ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisemergence in Britain; Health surveillancefor species recovery programmes

Natural History Museum Cetaceanstrandings investigation; The Frozen Arkproject

Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN SampledRed List Index

NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

New South Wales Zoological Parks Board(Australia) Semen freezing inmacropods

New York State Department of Health(USA) West Nile virus emergence inGalapagos

North of England Zoological SocietyComparative jaguar abundance inColombian Amazonia

Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCNSampled Red List Index

Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) EDGEof Existence: hirola programme

Northern Territories Parks and WildlifeService (Australia) Bioregional patternsof extinction in Australian mammals

Organizacion Aviatur (Colombia) Jaguardensity, prey availability and huntingpressure in the Colombian Amazon

Oxford Brooks University EDGE of Existence:loris programme

Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Healthsurveillance for species recoveryprogrammes

Palaecol Research Ltd (New Zealand)Extinct birds and bird extinctions in theSouth Pacific

Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguardensity, prey availability and huntingpressure in the Colombian Amazon

People’s Trust for Endangered SpeciesHealth surveillance for species recoveryprogrammes

Poultry Diagnostic and Research CentreConservation of Gyps spp. vultures inIndia

Prince of Songkla University (Thailand)EDGE of Existence: bumblebee batprogramme

Princeton University (USA) Anthropogenicchange and emerging zoonoticparamyxovirus; Ecology and evolution ofinfectious diseases in mammalianmating and social systems; Effects ofclimate change and globalisation ondisease emergence

Queensland Department of Environmentand Heritage (Australia) Susceptibilitiesof species to human disturbances

Queensland Department of PrimaryIndustries (Australia) Anthropogenicchange and emerging zoonoticparamyxovirus

Romanian Bat Protection OrganisationMonitoring bat biodiversity: indicators ofsustainable development in EasternEurope

Rothamsted Research Management ofbumblebee habitat in agriculturallandscapes

Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCNSampled Red List Index

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCNSampled Red List Index

Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsConservation of Gyps spp. vultures inIndia; Garden Bird Health Initiative;Impact of vulture declines on publichealth in India; Health surveillance forspecies recovery programmes; The UKhouse sparrow population decline;Living Planet Index

Royal Veterinary College Maximisingsemen performance during and aftercryopreservation; Cetacean strandingsinvestigation; Enhancement of spermcell survival by epididymal and oviductepithelial cells; Optimisation and socialconstraints in group-living vertebrates;Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels

Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation Impactand sustainability of hunting inColombia

Salmonella Reference Unit, HealthProtection Agency Garden Bird HealthInitiative

Scottish Agricultural College Cetaceanstrandings investigation; Garden BirdHealth Initiative

Scottish Salmonella Reference LaboratoryGarden Bird Health Initiative

Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetaceanstrandings investigation

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute(USA) Genetics of caste determinationin polistine wasps; Hierarchical socio-economic models of Amazoniandeforestation

State University of New York (USA) IUCNSampled Red List Index

Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled RedList Index; Living Planet Index

Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use oftigers in altered landscapes andmonitoring of cryptic mammals

Swedish Museum of Natural HistorySexual selection and the hihi

Tanzania National Parks Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetahpopulation; National Conservation ActionPlan for Tanzanian mammals; A nationalplan for carnivore conservation inTanzania

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term demography of the Serengeticheetah population; NationalConservation Action Plan for Tanzanianmammals; A national plan for carnivoreconservation in Tanzania

Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) Anational plan for carnivore conservationin Tanzania

Thompson Rivers University (Canada)Dispersal, population genetics anddisease survey of endangeredrattlesnakes

Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in alteredlandscapes and monitoring of crypticmammals

Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia)Coordination of social foragers in patchyenvironments; Optimisation and socialconstraints in group-living vertebrates;MHC, parasite loads, and mate choice indesert baboons; Functional responsemechanisms in social foragers

Umengo (Mongolia) Regional Red ListingUNEP World Conservation Monitoring

Centre Assessing the effectiveness ofparks in maintaining biodiversity; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; LivingPlanet Index

UNESCO ‘Conservation in Crisis’Programme Monitoring and trainingunit for the World Heritage Sites ofDemocratic Republic of Congo

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)Enhancement of sperm cell survival byepididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

Universidad Complutense de Madrid(Spain) Ecology and evolution ofintroduced avian malaria

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)Wildlife immunogenetics

Universidad Nacional de Colombia Jaguardensity, prey availability and huntingpressure in the Colombian Amazon

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare(UFAW) Garden Bird Health Initiative;Cetacean strandings investigation

University of Aberdeen CET-LIFE, Cetaceanlife history, ecology and movements inEuropean Atlantic waters; Evolutionarydynamics of major histocompatibilitygenes in Arctic charr

University of Birmingham Globalbiodiversity hotspots; Sexual selectionand the hihi; Extinction, islandbiogeography and community structurein island birds; Ecology and evolution ofintroduced avian malaria

University of Bristol Evolution ofecholocation in bats;Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystemssouth of the Polar Front

University of California (USA) DNAdamage and cancer: a biomolecularapproach to understanding urogenitalcarcinoma in California sea lions;Ecology and evolution of introducedavian malaria

University of Cambridge MHC, parasiteloads, and mate choice in desertbaboons; Functional responsemechanisms in social foragers(baboons); Optimisation and socialconstraints in group-living vertebrates;Wildlife immunogenetics: understandingneutral and functional genetic influenceson pathogen resistance; Susceptibilitiesof species to human disturbances; Long-term research on the Gulf of Guineaislands; The Frozen Ark project;Assessing the effectiveness of parks inmaintaining biodiversity; Towards adeeper understanding of extinction;Sexual selection in hihi

University of Canterbury (New Zealand)The Hope River Forest FragmentationProject

University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia)EDGE of Existence: echidna programme

University of Columbia (USA) Effects ofclimate change and globalisation ondisease emergence

University of Copenhagen (Denmark)Chytridiomycosis in Kenya

University of Cork (Ireland) Cetaceanstrandings investigation

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University of East Anglia Management ofbumblebee habitat in agriculturallandscapes; Relatedness andinformation in reproductive conflicts insocial groups; Multiple mating in topiantelopes; Garden Bird Health Initiative;Pigs, palms, people and tigers:integrating conservation and commercein Sumatra

University of Edinburgh Implications ofdog-wildlife coexistence forconservation and public health; Impactof vulture declines on public andanimal health in India

University of Florida (USA) Habitat use oftigers in altered landscapes andmonitoring of cryptic mammals

University of Girona (Spain)Enhancement of sperm cell survival byepididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

University of Guayaquil (Ecuador)Building capacity and determiningdisease threats to Galapagos taxa; WestNile virus emergence in Galapagos;Genetics, parasitology and ecology ofmosquito spp.: impacts of diseasevectors on biodiversity on Galapagos

University of Guelph (Canada)Comparative demography of elephantsin European zoos and range states

University of Kent Spatial organisationand disease transmission in black-backed jackal; Emergence ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in theMallorcan midwife toad

University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (SouthAfrica) MHC, parasite loads, and matechoice in desert baboons

University of Las Palmas (Spain)Cetacean strandings investigation

University of Leeds Ecology, adaptationand evolution in invasive ants; WestNile virus emergence in Galapagos;Genetics, parasitology and ecology ofmosquito spp.: impacts of diseasevectors on biodiversity in Galapagos

University of Leicester Populationgenetics and phylogeography of theEuropean bitterling

University of Liverpool Garden BirdHealth Initiative; Cetacean strandingsinvestigation; Effects of climate changeand globalisation on diseaseemergence; Phenotypic andtranscriptomic responses tomicroparasite and macroparasite co-infection in zebrafish; Stochasticityin macroparasite communitypopulation dynamics; The UK housesparrow population decline

University of London, University CollegeCoordination of social foragers inpatchy environments; Jaguar, ocelotand mammal prey conservation inAmazonia; Investigating keydeterminants of human-large carnivoreconflict in Tanzania; Social andecological dynamics of the bushmeattrade: commodity chains andsustainability; Development of amonitoring and training unit for theWorld Heritage Sites of DemocraticRepublic of Congo; Matrix effects onthe metapopulation dynamics of theblack-and-white colobus monkey in thecoastal forests of Kenya; Humanimpacts on carnivore biodiversity inTanzania; Effects of climate change andglobalisation on disease emergence.

University of London, Imperial CollegeEffects of private ecotourism operationson a subsistence fishing community;Economics of wild meat consumption;Energetic constraints on animalecology; Habitat requirements ofSumatran mammals in human-alteredlandscapes; Global biodiversityhotspots; Macroecology andmacroevolution of mammals;

Susceptibilities of species to humandisturbances; Determinants ofpathogen distribution and prevalence ina multi-host and island system; Sexualselection and extinction in birds;Evaluating dependence on wild foodsamong the rural poor in Central Africa;Spatial patterns of hunting andsustainability in Rio Muni; Diseasesusceptibility of three amphibianspecies; Wildlife managementindicators for timber certification inWest African forests; Emergence ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in theMallorcan midwife toad; Ecological and genetic determinants ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisemergence in European amphibianpopulations; Ecology of henipavirus in Bangladesh

University of London, Queen Mary andWestfield College Population andimmunocompetent genetic variation: a field-based study; Conservation andmolecular ecology of Round Islandpetrels; Molecular and adaptive geneticvariation of ranavirus in the UK;Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels

University of Makerere (Uganda) LivingPlanet Index

University of Malaya (Malaysia)Anthropogenic change and emergingzoonotic paramyxovirus

University of Marburg (Germany) IUCNSampled Red List Index

University of Montpellier (France) MHC,parasite loads and mate choice indesert baboons

University of Murcia (Spain)Enhancement of sperm cell survival byepididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

University of Natal (South Africa)Dynamics of species extinctions

University of New Mexico (USA) Energeticconstraints on animal ecology

University of NewcastleChemosynthetically-driven ecosystemssouth of the Polar Front; Epidemiologyof poxviruses in squirrels

University of Nottingham The Frozen Arkproject

University of Oxford Habitat use of tigersin altered landscapes and monitoring ofcryptic mammals; Camera trapping as acensus tool; IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormoneassay service; Reproductive and densityassessment of wild red deer in relationto landscape

University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka)Health and reproduction in elephantpopulations in Asia

University of Queensland (Australia)Semen freezing in macropods

University of Reading Patterns of geneticvariability during population decline inIberian Atlantic salmon

University of San Diego (USA) Energeticconstraints on animal ecology

University of Saskatchewan (Canada)Cetacean strandings investigation;Effects of climate change andglobalisation on disease emergence

University of Sheffield A postgenomicapproach to the role of odour andgustatory receptors in Drosophilaspeciation; Enhancement of sperm cellsurvival by epididymal and oviductepithelial cells; Global biodiversityhotspots

University of SouthamptonChemosynthetically-driven ecosystemssouth of the Polar Front

University of St Andrews A postgenomicapproach to the role of odour andgustatory receptors in Drosophilaspeciation; Patterns of geneticvariability during population decline inIberian Atlantic salmon; IUCN SampledRed List Index; Living Planet Index

University of Stirling Comparativedemography of elephants in Europeanzoos and range states

University of Sussex Communicationnetworks in African elephants

University of Swansea Patterns of geneticvariability during population decline inIberian Atlantic salmon

University of Victoria (Canada)Determinants of pathogen distributionand prevalence in a multihost andisland system

University of Virginia (USA) Energeticconstraints on animal ecology; Ecologyand evolution of infectious diseases inmammalian mating and social systems;Effects of spatial scale on populationabundance and dynamics

University of Washington (USA) Long-term demography of the Serengeticheetah population

University of Wisconsin (USA) Effects ofclimate change and globalisation ondisease emergence

University of Zurich (Switzerland)Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisemergence in European amphibianpopulations

US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled RedList Index

Utrecht University (The Netherlands)Health and reproduction in elephantpopulations in Asia

Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetaceanstrandings investigation; Healthsurveillance for species recoveryprogrammes

Veterinary Services Division,Commonwealth of Dominica(Dominica) Chytridiomycosisemergence in Dominica

Waikato Institute of Technology (NewZealand) The Hope River ForestFragmentation Project

Wellcome Trust Sanger InstitutePhenotypic and transcriptomicresponses to microparasite andmacroparasite co-infection in zebrafish

Wild Camel Protection Foundation EDGE ofExistence: Bactrian camel programme

Wildlife Conservation Society (USA)Long-term demography of theSerengeti cheetah population; NationalConservation Action Plan for Tanzanianmammals; Investigating human–largecarnivore conflict in Tanzania; Humanimpacts on carnivore biodiversity inTanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammalprey conservation in Amazonia; WildlifePicture Index; Regional Red Listing;Kaplan Awards Program

Wildlife Institute of India Monitoringtigers, large mammals andhuman–wildlife conflict in India

Wildlife Veterinary Investigation CentreGarden Bird Health Initiative

Working Dogs for Conservation (USA)Long-term demography of theSerengeti cheetah population

World Wildlife Fund Development andimplementation of the Living PlanetIndex; IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolutionof nest-drifting by workers of thetropical paper wasp

‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian WildlifeConservation (Italy) Is disease anundetected extinction threat to theendangered Sardinian newt?

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Professional affiliations

Animal Health Information Specialists(UK and Ireland)Ann Sylph (Member)

Bat Conservation Trust, UKKate Jones (Trustee)

Biodiversity Indicators PartnershipJonathan Baillie (Member)

British Andrology SocietyWilliam Holt (Chairman)

British Veterinary Zoological SocietyBecki Lawson (Council Member)

Bushmeat Working GroupGuy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member)

Centre for Ecology and EvolutionTim Blackburn (Member, SteeringCommittee); Kate Jones (Member,Steering Committee)

Centre of Excellence for Invasion BiologyTim Blackburn (International ScienceAdvisor)

Cetacean and Marine Turtle BiodiversityAction Plan Steering Group Paul Jepson (Member)

Charity Archivists and Records Managers GroupMichael Palmer (Member)

Conservation InternationalJonathan Baillie (Member, SteeringCommittee on Conservation Outcomes)

Consortium for Conservation Medicine,USA Andrew Cunningham (Associate); Kate Jones (Associate)

Department for Environment, Food andRural AffairsAndrew Cunningham (Member, AdvisoryGroup on Quality Assurance, VeterinarySurveillance Strategy; Member,TBAdvisory Group; Reviewer, Statutory andExotic Disease Research Programme)

Frozen ArkWilliam Holt (Member, Steering Group)

International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald IbisAndrew Cunningham (CommitteeMember)

International Council for Exploration of the SeaPaul Jepson (Member, Ad-hoc AdvisoryGroup on the Impact of Sonar onCetaceans)

International Embryo Transfer SocietyWilliam Holt (Co-chair, CANDESRegulatory Committee)

International Foundation for ScienceMarcus Rowcliffe (Member, ScientificAdvisory Committee)

International Union for the Study of Social InsectsSeirian Sumner (Member, Secretary forBritish Section)

IUCN SSCGerardo Acosta-Jamett (Member, Deerand Cat Specialist Groups; Member,Veterinary Specialist Group); Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCNSampled Red List Index; Co-chair, IUCNRed List Working Group; Member,Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee;

Member, Regional Red List WorkingGroup); Peter Bennett (Member,Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (Member, AntelopeSpecialist Group); Ben Collen (Member,Red List Index Working Group; Member,Users Working Group; Member,Classification Schemes Working Group); Andrew Cunningham (Member,Veterinary Specialist Group; Member,Conservation Breeding Specialist Group);Sarah Durant (Member, Cat SpecialistGroup); John Ewen (Member,Reintroduction Specialist Group); Dada Gottelli (Member, Canid SpecialistGroup); Kate Jones (Member, ChiropteraSpecialist Group; Member, BiodiversityAssessments Sub-Committee; Advisor,Historical Extinctions Advisory Panel);Alex Rogers (Member, MarineInvertebrate Red List Authority; Advisor,Marine Programme on High SeasBiodiversity); Anthony Sainsbury(Member, Veterinary Specialist Group); Sam Turvey (Member, BiodiversityAssessments Sub-Committee)

Leverhulme TrustGuy Cowlishaw (Member, AdvisoryBoard for the Philip Leverhulme Prizes in Zoology)

Linnean SocietyAlex Rogers (Fellow)

Marine Mammal SocietyKarina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member)

Mexican Society of Marine MastozoologyKarina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member,International Advisor, VeterinarySpecialist Group)

National Science and EngineeringResearch Council, CanadaWilliam Jordan (Member, College ofReviewers for the Canada Research Chairs)

Natural Environment Research CouncilPeter Bennett (Member, Peer ReviewCollege); William Jordan (Member, PeerReview College); Alex Rogers (Member,Peer Review College)

Nature Conservation Trust,South AfricaSarah Durant (Trustee)

Royal SocietyWilliam Holt (Member, InternationalFellowships Award Panel)

SCOR Panel on New Technologies forObserving Marine LifeAlex Rogers (Vice Chair)

Sheep TrustWilliam Holt (Trustee)

Student Conference on ConservationScienceGuy Cowlishaw (Member, ConferenceAdvisory Committee)

WildlifeDirectJonathan Baillie (Scientific Advisor)

World Organisation for Animal Health,Office International des EpizootiesAndrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hocGroup on Amphibian Diseases)

Zebra Foundation for VeterinaryZoological EducationBecki Lawson (Council Member)

Editorial positions

Animal ConservationTim Blackburn (Member, Editorial Board);Christopher Carbone (Member, EditorialBoard); Guy Cowlishaw (Editor); Nick Isaac (Member, Editorial Board),Trent Garner (Editor)

Animal Reproduction ScienceWilliam Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Biological ReviewsGuy Cowlishaw (Member, EditorialBoard)

Conservation Science and Practice book seriesAlex Rogers (Series Editor)

CryobiologyWilliam Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Diseases of Aquatic OrganismsAndrew Cunningham (Member, EditorialBoard; Review Editor

EcoHealthAndrew Cunningham (Member, EditorialBoard; Review Editor)

Endangered Species ResearchAndrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor)

Evolutionary Ecology ResearchTim Blackburn (Editor)

Global Ecology and BiogeographyTim Blackburn (Editor); Kate Jones (Associate Editor)

Insect Conservation and DiversityRobert Ewers (Editor)

Journal of Animal EcologyPeter Bennett (Associate Editor)

Journal of ZoologyPeter Bennett (Member, Editorial Board);Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board)

PLoS ONEPeter Bennett (Academic Editor)

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesGuy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board)

ReproductionWilliam Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyAlex Rogers (Sub-Editor)

collaborations / staff representation 31

32 publications

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham,A.A. (2006) Is MHC enough for understandingwildlife immunogenetics? Trends in Ecologyand Evolution 21: 433-438.

Akçakaya, H.R., Butchart, S.H.M., Mace, G.M.,Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C. (2006) Useand misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria inprojecting climate change impacts onbiodiversity. Global Change Biology 12: 2037-2043.

Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw,G. (2007) Does the matrix matter? A forestprimate in a complex agricultural landscape.Biological Conservation 135: 212-222.

Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw,G. (2007) The Angola black-and-white colobus(Colobus angolensis palliatus) in Kenya:historical range contraction and currentconservation status. American Journal ofPrimatology 69: 664-680.

Bennett, E.L., Blencowe, E., Brandon, K.,Brown, D., Burn, R.W., Cowlishaw, G., Davies,G., Dublin, H., Fa, J.E., Milner-Gulland, E.J.,Robinson, J.G., Rowcliffe, J.M., Underwood, F.M.and Wilkie, D.S. (2006) Hunting for consensus:reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservationand development policy in west and centralAfrica. Conservation Biology 21: 884-887.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,G.R. (2006) Molecular detection of marinenematodes from environmental samples:overcoming eukaryotic interference. AquaticMicrobial Ecology 44: 97-103.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,G.R. (2006) Development and evaluation of aDNA-barcoding approach for the rapididentification of marine nematodes. MarineEcology – Progress Series 320: 1-9.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,G.R. (2007) Exploitation of archived marinenematodes – a hot lysis DNA extractionprotocol for molecular studies. ZoologicaScripta 36(1): 93-98.

Bielby, J., Mace, G.M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P.,Cardillo, M., Gittleman, J.L., Jones, K.E., Orme,C.D.L. and Purvis, A. (2007) The fast-slowcontinuum in mammalian life history: anempirical reevaluation. American Naturalist169: 748-757.

Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Beck, R.M.D., Cardillo,M., Gittleman, J.L., Grenyer, R., Jones, K.E.,Mace, G.M., Price, S.A. and Purvis, A. (2006)The Tree of Life: deciphering the puzzle ofrelationships between mammals usingsupertrees. In The Encyclopedia of Mammals:32-33. Macdonald, D. (Ed.). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones,K.E., MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer,R., Price, S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L. andPurvis, A. (2007) The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.

Boakes, E.H., Wang, J. and Amos, W. (2007) An investigation of inbreeding depression andpurging in captive pedigreed populations.Heredity 98(3): 172-182.

Bridle, J.R. and Vines, T.H. (2007) Limits toevolution at range margins: when and whydoes adaptation fail?Trends in Ecology andEvolution 22(3): 140-147.

Bridle, J.R., Saldamando, C.I., Koning, W. andButlin, R.K. (2006) Assortative preferences anddiscrimination by females against hybrid malesong in the grasshoppers Chorthippusbrunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology19(4): 1248-1256.

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007) The intensity of sexualselection predicts weapon size in male bovids.Evolution 61: 1316-1326.

Bro-Jørgensen, J., Johnstone, R.A. and Evans,M.R. (2007) Uninformative exaggeration ofmale sexual ornaments in barn swallows.Current Biology 17: 850-855.

Bull, J.C., Pickup, N.J., Pickett, B., Hassell, M.P.and Bonsall, M.B. (2007) Metapopulationextinction risk is increased by environmentalstochasticity and assemblage complexity.Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonSeries B 274: 87-96.

Butchart, S.H.M., Akçakaya, H.R., Chanson, J.,Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B., Quader, S., Turner, W.R., Amin, R., Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C.(2007) Improvements to the Red List Index.PLoS ONE 2(1): e140.

Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M.(2007) The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biology5(2): e22.

Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Karadas, F. and Hauber,M.E. (2006) Repeatability of laboratorymeasurements for maternally derived yolkcarotenoid concentrations in bird eggs.Australian Journal of Zoology 54(6): 381-384.

Clarke, A., Johnston, N.M., Murphy, E.J. andRogers, A.D. (2007) Introduction. Antarcticecology from genes to ecosystems: the impactof climate change and the importance of scale.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societyof London Series B 362: 5-9.

Cooper, A.B., Pettorelli, N. and Durant, S.M.(2007) Large carnivore menus: factors affectinghunting decisions by cheetahs in the Serengeti.Animal Behaviour 73: 651-659.

Cox, T.M., Ragen, T.J., Read, A.J., Vos, E., Baird,R.W., Balcomb, K., Barlow, J., Caldwell, J.,Cranford, T., Crum, L., D’Amico, A., D’Spain, G.,Fernández, A., Finneran, J., Gentry, R., Gerth,W., Gulland, F., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D.,Hullar, T., Jepson, P.D., Ketten, D., MacLeod,C.D., Miller, P., Moore, S., Mountain, D., Palka,D., Ponganis, P., Rommel, S., Rowles, T., Taylor,B., Tyack, P., Wartzok, D., Gisiner, R., Mead, J.and Benner, L. (2006) Understanding theimpacts of anthropogenic sound on beakedwhales. Journal of Cetacean Research andManagement 7: 177-187.

Cruz-Neto, A.P. and Jones, K.E. (2006)Exploring the evolution of the basal metabolicrates of bats. In Functional and EvolutionaryEcology of Bats: 56-89. Zubaid, A., McCracken,G.F. and Kunz, T.H. (Eds). New York: OxfordUniversity Press.

Cuthbert, R., Green, R.E., Ranade, S.,Saravanan, S., Pain, D.J., Prakash, V. andCunningham, A.A. (2006) Rapid populationdeclines of Egyptian vulture (Neophronpercnopterus) and red-headed vulture(Sarcogyps calvus) in India. AnimalConservation 9: 349-354.

Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Olson, V., Thomas,G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T-S., Rasmussen, P.C.,Stattersfield, A.J., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,T.M., Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2006)Human impacts and the global distribution ofextinction risk. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London Series B 273: 2127-2133.

Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Storch, D., Olson,V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T-S.,Rasmussen, P.C., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M.,Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2007) Topography,energy and the global distribution of birdspecies richness. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London Series B 274: 1189-1197.

Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Webster, A.J.,Jones, K.E., Blackburn, T.M. and Gaston, K.J.(2007) Environmental predictors of globalparrot (Aves: Psittaciformes) species richnessand phylogenetic diversity. Global Ecology andBiogeography 16: 220-233.

De Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S.,Coughlan, J., Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J.,Jordan, W.C., Cross, T. and Stet, R.J.M. (2007)Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon majorhistocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild.Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonSeries B 274: 861-869.

Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A.,Koldeway, H.J. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect ofparental age and associated size on fecundity,growth and survival in the yellow seahorseHippocampus kuda. Journal of ExperimentalBiology 209: 3055-3061.

Elofsson, H., Van Look, K.J.W., Sundell, K.,Sundh, H. and Borg, B. (2006) Sticklebacksperm saved by salt in ovarian fluid. Journal ofExperimental Biology 209(21): 4230-4237.

Ewen, J.G., Flux, I. and Ericson, P.G.P. (2006)Systematic affinities of two enigmatic NewZealand passerines of high conservationpriority, the hihi or stitchbird Notiomystiscincta and the kokako Callaeas cinerea.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1):281-284.

Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Nicol, C.,Armstrong, D.P. and Alley, M. (2007)Salmonella typhimurium in hihi, New Zealand.Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(5): 788-790.

Ewers, R.M. (2007) Deforesting the Earth: FromPrehistory to Global Crisis. An Abridgement(Book Review). Environmental Conservation34: 83-84.

Ewers, R.M., Kliskey, A., Walker, S., Rutledge,D., Harding, J.S. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Pastand future trajectories of forest loss in NewZealand. Biological Conservation 133: 312-325.

Ewers, R. M. and Laurance, W.F. (2006) Scale-dependent patterns of deforestation in theBrazilian Amazon. Environmental Conservation33: 203-211.

Ewers, R.M. and Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2006)Letter – Speaking different languages onbiodiversity. Nature 443: 506.

Ewers, R.M. and Smith, R.J. (2007) Choice ofindex determines the relationship betweencorruption and environmental sustainability.Ecology and Society 12: r2.

Ewers, R.M., Thorpe, S. and Didham, R.K.(2007) Synergistic interactions between edgeand area effects in a heavily fragmentedlandscape. Ecology 88: 96-106.

Feltrer, Y., Draper, E.R.C., Perkins, M. andCunningham, A.A. (2006) Skeletal deformitiesand mortality in grey herons (Ardea cinerea) atBesthorpe heronry, Nottinghamshire.Veterinary Record 159: 514-521.

Ficetola, G.F., Garner, T.W.J. and De Bernardi, F.(2007) Genetic diversity, but not hatchingsuccess, is jointly affected by postglacialcolonization and isolation in the threatened frog,Rana latastei. Molecular Ecology 16: 1787-1797.

Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) Therelationship between the introduction ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, theinternational trade in amphibians andintroduced amphibian species. Fungal BiologyReviews 21: 2-9.

Fraser, K.P.P. and Rogers, A.D. (2007) Proteinmetabolism in marine animals: the underlyingmechanism of growth. Advances in MarineBiology 52: 267-362.

Garcia de Leaniz, C., Fleming, I.A., Einum, S.,Verspoor, E., Jordan, W.C., Consuegra, S.,Aubin-Horth, N., Lajus, D., Letcher, B.H.,Youngson, A.F., Webb, J.H., Vøllestad, L.A.,Villanueva, B., Ferguson, A. and Quinn, T.P.(2007) A critical review of adaptive geneticvariation in Atlantic salmon: implications forconservation. Biological Reviews 82: 173-211.

Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M., Govindarajulu, P.,Seglie, D., Walker, S.J., Cunningham, A.A. andFisher, M.C. (2006) The emerging amphibianpathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisglobally infects introduced populations of theNorth American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.Biology Letters 2: 455-459.

Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant,S.M. (2007) Genetic analysis revealspromiscuity among female cheetahs.Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI10.1098/rspb.2007.0502

Green, R.E., Taggart, M.A., Das, D., Pain, D.J.,Kumar, C.S., Cunningham, A.A. and Cuthbert, R.(2006) Collapse of Asian vulture populations:risk of mortality from residues of the veterinarydrug diclofenac in carcasses of treated cattle.Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 949-956.

Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F.,Thomas,G.H., Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E.,Olson, V.A., Ridgely, R.S., Rasmussen, P.C.,Ding,T-S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,T.M., Gaston,K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006)Global distribution and conservation of rareand threatened vertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96.

Hoeck, P.E.A. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) Femalealpine newts (Triturus alpestris) mate initiallywith males signalling fertility benefits. BiologicalJournal of the Linnean Society 91: 483-491.

Huchard, E., Cowlishaw, G., Raymond, M., Weill,M. and Knapp, L.A.P. (2006) Molecular study of MHC-DRB in wild chacma baboons revealshigh variability and evidence for transpeciesinheritance. Immunogenetics 58: 805-816.

Isaac, N.J.B., Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman,C. and Baillie, J.E.M. (2007) Mammals on theEDGE: conservation priorities based on threatand phylogeny. PLoS ONE 2(3): e296.

Johnston, S.D., MacCallum, C., Blyde, D.,McClean, R., Lisle, A. and Holt, W.V. (2006) An investigation into the similarities anddifferences governing the cryopreservationsuccess of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus:Goldfuss) and common wombat (Vombatusursinus: Shaw) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 53:218-228.

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Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H.,Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006)Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virusspread to Galapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 1224-1231. King, A. J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to usesocial information: the advantage of large group sizein individual decision-making. Biology Letters 3:137-139.

Kirkwood, J.K. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Portrait ofprion diseases in zoo animals. In Prions in Humansand Animals: 250-256. Hornlimann, B., Riesner, D. andKretzschmar, H. (Eds). Berlin and New York: Walter deGruyter.

Lawson, B., Cunningham, A., Chantry, J., Hughes, L.,Kirkwood, J., Pennycott, T. and Simpson, V. (2006)Epidemic finch mortality. Veterinary Record 159: 367.

Lindenfors, P., Gittleman, J.L. and Jones, K.E. (2007)Sexual size dimorphism in mammals. In Sex, Size andGender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual SizeDimorphism: 16-26. Fairbairn, D.J., Blanckenhorn, W.J.and Szekely, T. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C.L., Jones, K.E., Cunningham,A.A., Sechrest, W. and Gittleman, J.L. (2007) Parasitespecies richness in carnivores: Effects of host bodymass, latitude, geographic range and populationdensity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 496-509.

Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2007)Prolonging the life of ram spermatozoa in vitro usingoviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility andDevelopment 19(1): 278-278.

Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Brown, R.M., Lucas, E.R.,Pereboom, J.J.M., Jordan, W.C. and Bourke, A.F.G.(2007) Effect of the queen on worker reproduction andnew queen production in the bumble bee Bombusterrestri. Apidologie 38: 171-180.

Meldal, B.H.M., Debenhamb, N.J., De Ley, P., TandinganDe Ley, I., Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W.,Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C.,Blaxter, M.L., Rogers, A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D.(2007) An improved molecular phylogeny of theNematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 622-636.

de Merode, E. and Cowlishaw. G. (2006) Speciesprotection, the changing informal economy, and thepolitics of access to the bushmeat trade in DemocraticRepublic of Congo. Conservation Biology 20(4): 1262-1271.

de Merode, E., Hillman-Smith, K., Homewood, K.,Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007)The impact of armed conflict on protected areaefficacy in Central Africa. Biology Letters 3: 299-301.

Oni, O., Sujit, K., Kasemsuwan, S., Sakpuaram, T. andPfeiffer, D.U. (2007) Seroprevalence of leptospirosis indomesticated Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) innorth and west Thailand in 2004. Veterinary Record160(11): 368-371.

Pain, D.J., Carter, I., Sainsbury, A.W., Shore, R.F., Eden,P., Taggart, M.A., Konstantinos, S., Walker, L.A.,Meharg, A.A. and Raab, A. (2007) Lead contaminationand associated disease in captive and reintroduced redkites Milvus milvus in England. Science of the TotalEnvironment 376: 116-127.

Phalan, B., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Balmford, A., Green, R.E.and Ewers, R.M. (2007) Comment on ‘Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developingcountries’. Environmental Science and Technology41(3): 1054-1055.

Pickard, A.R. and Holt, W.V. (2007) Contraception inwildlife. Journal of Family Planning and ReproductiveHealth Care 33(1): 48-52.

Prathalingam, N.S., Watson, P.F., Revell, S.G., Busby, J.and Holt, W.V. (2007) The response of bovinespermatozoa to bicarbonate and its use to assess theinfluence of added oviductal epithelial proteins oncryopreservation. Journal of Andrology 28: 407-415.

Racey, P.A., Barratt, E.M., Burland, T.M., Deaville, R.,Gottelli, D., Jones, G. and Piertney, S.B. (2007)Microsatellite DNA polymorphism confirms reproductiveisolation and reveals differences in population geneticstructure of cryptic pipistrelle bat species. BiologicalJournal of the Linnean Society 90: 539-550.

Rands, S.A., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. andCowlishaw, G. (2006) Social foraging and dominancerelationships: the effects of socially mediatedinterference. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology60(4): 572-581.

Rogers, A.D. (2006) New molecular approaches tobiodiversity assessment in species rich environments.Prospects for international collaboration in marineenvironmental research to enhance understanding ofthe deep-sea environment. Proceedings of theInternational Seabed Authority's Workshop. Kingston,Jamaica, 2002.

Sanchez-Thorin, A. C., Laurance, W.F., Perdomo, C. andEwers, R.M. (2006) Physical damage to artificialseedlings in relation to distance from tropical forestedges. Ecotropica 12: 161-166.

Sandbrook, C. and Semple, S. (2006) The rules and thereality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringeitracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40(4): 428-433.Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W., Workman,V.L., Holt, W.V., van Aerle, R., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R.(2007) Gonadal transcriptome responses andphysiological consequences of exposure to oestrogenin breeding zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology83: 134-142.

Santos, E.M., Workman, V.L., Paull, G.C., Filby, A.L., VanLook, K.J.W., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R. (2007) Molecularbasis of sex and reproductive status in breedingzebrafish. Physiological Genomics 30: 111-122.

Satake, N., Alhaider, A.K., Holt, W.V. and Watson, P.F.(2007) Exposure of spermatozoa to solubilized extractsof the oviductal epithelium apical plasma membraneenhances fertilization in porcine in vitro fertilization.Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19(1): 272-272.

Satake, N., Elliott, R., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2006)Oviductal membrane proteins modulate bicarbonate-induced boar sperm activation response by inhibitionof sodium-dependent bicarbonate transport. HumanFertility 9(2): 108.

Sostaric, E., Georgiou, A.S., Wong, C.H., Watson, P.F.,Holt, W.V. and Fazeli, A. (2006) Global profiling ofsurface plasma membrane proteome of oviductalepithelial cells. Journal of Proteome Research 5: 3029-3037.

Spence, R., Jordan, W.C. and Smith, C. (2006) Geneticanalysis of male reproductive success in relation todensity in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Frontiers inZoology 3: 5.

Storch, D., Davies, R.G., Zajícek, S., Orme, C.D.L.,Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ding, T-S., Rasmussen, P.C.,Ridgely, R.S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Owens,I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2006) Energy, range dynamicsand global species richness patterns: Reconciling mid-domain effects and environmental determinantsof avian diversity. Ecology Letters 9: 1308-1320.

Sumner, S. (2006) Determining the molecular basis ofsociality in insects: progress, prospects and potentialin sociogenomics. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43(5-6):423-442.

Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007)Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest driftingin a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145.

Sunak, N., Green, D.F., Abeydeera, L.R., Thurston, L.M.and Michael, A.E. (2007) Implication of cortisol and11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in thedevelopment of porcine (Sus scrofa domestica)ovarian follicles and cysts. Reproduction 133: 1149-1158.

Taggart, M.A., Cuthbert, R., Das, D., Sashikumar, C.,Pain, D.J., Green, R.E., Feltrer,Y., Shultz, S.,Cunningham, A.A. and Meharg, A.A. (2007) Diclofenacdisposition in Indian cow and goat with reference toGyps vulture population declines. EnvironmentalPollution 147: 60-65.

Turvey, S.T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the south China plate. Palaeontology 50(2):347-399.

Turvey, S.T., Oliver, J.R., Narganes Storde, Y.M. andRye, P. (2007) Late Holocene extinction of Puerto Ricannative land mammals. Biology Letters 3: 193-196.

Turvey, S.T. and Siveter, D.J. (2007) Assignment of theSouth Chinese Ordovician trilobite Calymene paronaito Neseuretus. Alcheringa 31: 173-183.

Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldeway, H.J.and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and theunlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse.Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 432-437.

Van Look, K.J.W., Paull, G.C., Santos, E.M., Tyler, C.R.and Holt, W.V. (2006) Testicular asymmetry in zebrafish.Human Fertility 9(2): 107.

Wang, J.L. (2006) Informativeness of genetic markersfor pairwise relationship and relatedness inference.Theoretical Population Biology 70(3): 300-321.

PhD ThesesCharman, T. (2006) Conservation ecology and geneticsof the great yellow bumblebee (Bombusdistinguendus). University of Cambridge, UK.

Ciborowski, K. (2007) Patterns of genetic variabilityduring the decline of Iberian Atlantic salmonpopulations. University of Reading, UK.

Mar, K. (2007) The demography and life historystrategies of timber elephants in Myanmar. UniversityCollege London, UK.

Rees, S. (2006) Conservation genetics and ecology ofthe endangered black bog ant, Formica picea.University of Wales, Cardiff, UK.

Sandbrook, C. (2007) Tourism, conservation andlivelihoods: the impacts of gorilla tracking at BwindiImpenetrable National Park, Uganda. UniversityCollege London, UK.

MSc Theses – Wild Animal BiologyAwarded by University of London, UK

Beber, R. (2006) Population density estimation fromcamera trapping.

Black, A. (2006) Behavioural and nutritional explorationof a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) showingsigns of marked weight loss and poor body condition.

Booth, C. (2006) Effects of marine contaminants on theDNA of cetaceans.

Gouveia, A. (2006) Factors affecting populationdynamics in captive Partula snails.

Kempson, A. (2006) An investigation into the spatialdistribution patterns of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis on a coastal Canadian island.

Lavers, A. (2006) The role of density dependence in theeffect of parasitism on the health and fecundity of theUK harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena.

Petetti, L. (2006) Genetic heterozygosity andhookworm (Uncinaria spp.) resistance in New Zealandsea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups.

Pini, E. (2006) Chytridiomycosis in the Caribbean:informing risk assessments and mitigating actions.

Snow, C. (2006) Non-invasive faecal steroid analysis toinvestigate the reproductive activity in the fishing cat,Prionailurus viverrinus.

de Stefano, M. L. (2006) How heavily has Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis penetrated UK amphibians.

Wallwork, A. (2006) Effect of distance and speed ofchase prior to chemical immobilisation on serumcreatine kinase and myoglobin in free-ranging blackrhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe.

Wardley,T. (2006) Welfare of the pool frog followingreintroduction.

Wong, W-M. (2006) The distribution of chytridiomycosisin Canada.

MSc Theses – Wild Animal HealthAwarded by University of London, UK

McMeekin, R.M. (2006) Haematology and biochemistryin a wild population of desert baboons (Papio ursinus).

Middleton, V. (2006) A retrospective study of cardiacpathology in captive wild cats.

Rice, C. (2006) The prevalence and intensity of infectionwith the respiratory parasites Linguatula serrata andPneumonyssus (Pneumonyssoides) caninum in redfoxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain.

Rosetyadewi, A. (2006) Patterns of chytrid infection innative Swiss amphibians: variation among sites,species and life history stages.

Smok, G. (2006) Correlation of ante-mortem ophidianparamyxovirus serology results with post-mortempathology and pulmonary histology.

Suu-Ire, R. (2206) Prevalence of Trichinella infection inmarine mammals.

Twitchett, M. (2006) Training of tigers for routineveterinary procedures: Investigating the efficiency ofonce daily versus twice daily training.

Wenger, S. (2006) The cardiopulmonary effects of field-anaesthetized white rhinoceros using a combination ofetorphine, azaperone, detomidine and butorphanol.

van Zijll Langhout, M. (2006) Cryptosporidium sp.,Giardia sp. and Balantidium infections in habituatedand non-habituated western lowland gorillas (Gorillagorilla gorilla) populations in Lope National Park,Gabon.

publications 33

1 director’s introduction

For further information about theInstitute of Zoology please contact:Tim BlackburnHead of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of ZoologyThe Zoological Society of LondonRegent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RY

Telephone 020 7449 6610enquiries@ioz.ac.ukwww.zsl.org

© 2007 The Zoological Society of London. Registered charity no. 208728

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