institute of natural fibres and medicinal plants l. … · institute of natural fibres and...
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Sustainable
Przemysław Baraniecki Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants
ul. Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
1
products from bast fibrous plants
for European knowledge-based economy
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world population – 9 billion by 2050 = depletion of fossil resources
Limitation of European economy growith
The European Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) The increasing demand for a sustainable supply of food, raw materials and fuels, together with recent scientific progress, is the major economic driving force behind growth of the Knowledge Based Bio-economy (KBBE) in Europe over the last few
decades. The bioeconomy – the sustainable production and conversion of
biomass, for a range of food, health, fibre and industrial products and energy, where renewable biomass encompasses any biological material to be used as raw material - can play an important role in both creating economic growth, and in formulating effective responses to pressing global challenges. In this way it contributes to a smarter, more sustainable and inclusive economy.
http://www.bio-economy.net/reports/files/KBBE_2020_BE_presidency.pdf
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The EU bioeconomy already has a turnover of nearly €2 trillion and employs more than 22 million people, accounting for 9% of total employment in the EU. It includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food production, as well as parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries. It encompasses the sustainable production of renewable biological resources and their conversion, as well as that of waste streams into bio-based products, biofuels and bioenergy.
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Ddefinition of sustainable development: To act in the way that „…that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs…” Brundtland (1989).
SUSTAINABILITY – what is it?
The postulate of sustainable development has been presented in detail in the Agenda 2001, being the conference materials of the Earth Forum, Rio de Janeiro, 1992. In this document the whole world was called to undertake every effort to ensure sustainable development.
“…we do not inherit the land we have it on loan from our grandchildren” - Hawaian proverb
"The Earth is not a gift from our parents, it is a loan from our children" - Kenyan Proverb
"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children." - Indian Proverb
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5
NATURAL FIBRES
PLANT ANIMAL
BAST LEAF SEEDS FRUIT GRASS
Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
Ramie (Boechmeria nivea)
Isora (Helicteres isora)
Ananas (Ananas bracteatus)
Sisal (Agave sisalana)
Abaca (Musa textilis)
Curaua (Ananas erectifolius)
Cabuya (Furcraea andina)
Palm
Opuntia (Opuntia galapagos)
Paja (Carludovica palmata)
Jukka (Yucca sp.)
African Palm
Chambira (Astrocaryum chambira)
Cotton (Gossypium sp.)
Coir (Cocos nucifera)
Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)
Soya (Glycine sp.)
Poplar (Populus tremula)
Calotropis (Calotropis procera)
Coir (Cocos nucifera)
Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)
Bamboo (Bambusa sp.)
Totora (Scirpus
californicus)
WOOLS AND HAIR
SILK
Sheep
(Ovis aries)
Alpaca (Lama pacos)
Camel (Camelus
bactrianus)
Natural (Bombyx mori L)
Spider Silk (Araneus diadematus)
Goat (Genus capra)
Horse (Equus caballus)
Rabbit (Oryctolagus
cuniculus)
Vicuna (Lama vicugna)
MINERAL Asbestos
Glass
Mineral Wool
Basalt
Ceramic
Aluminium
Borate
Silicate
Carbon
WOOD
hardwood
softwood
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBRES
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
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COTTON
35,74%
WOOL 1,56%SILK 0,14%
PES 45,25%
PA 4,96%
PP 3,68% PAN 2,69%
FIBRES IN THE WORLD
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FIBER COMSUMPTION IN 2009
(*) Oerlikon Textile „The Fiber Year 2009/10 Report”
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Hemp Flax
Kenaf Nettle Catania, 25. July 2013
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Well developed fibre bundles
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Price development agricultural raw materials and Short Fibres (nova 2009)
Hemp and flax: Technical short fibres on the EU market
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Fibre Young's
modulus (GPa)
Strain to
failure (MPa)
Ultimate stress (%)
Density (g/cm3)
Average
diameter (µm)
Stinging nettle
87 2.1 1594 na 20.0
Flax 58 3.3 1339 1.53 23.0
Hemp 35 1.6 389-900 1.07 31.2
Ramie 20-128 1.2-3.8 400-1000 1.56 50.0
Sisal 9-21 3 to 7 350-700 1.45 100 to 300
Glass 72 3.0 2200 2.54 5 to 25 Source: E. Bodros , C. Baley, 2008
Properties of single fibres
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Fibre Diameter [μm]
Spider Silk (Araneus diadematus) 2 – 8
Silk (Bombyx mori ) 10 – 25
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) 15 – 22
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 17 – 24
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) 13 – 20
Nettle (Utrica dioica) 18 – 20
Sisal (Agave sisalana) 15 – 30
Jute (Corchorus capsularis) 15 – 35
Wool (Ovis aries) 20 – 30
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Hemp
Kenaf
Flax
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Crop Fat Protein Carbohydrates Ash Digestible fibre
Hemp 25-38 25 25 5.5 5,5
Flax 41 20 na 3.4 28
Kenaf 20 20 na 6.1 25
Chemical compositon of seed [%]
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Fatty acid Composition Content [%]
Myristinic C 14:0 0.1
Palmitinic C 16:0 5.0
Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 0.1
Margaric C 17:0 0.1
Stearinic C 18:0 4.3
Oleic C 18:1 c9 20.7
Octadecenic C 18:1 0.6
Linoleic C 18:2 6 17.5
Linolenic C 18:3 3 50.9
Arachidic C 20:0 0.2
Eicosenic C 20:1 0.2
Eicosadienoic C 20:2 0.2
Docosanoic C 22:0 0.1
Composition of fatty acids in fresh linseed oil
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Fatty acid Composition Content [%] Myristinic C 14:0 < 0.1
Palmitinic C 16:0 6.1
Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 < 0.1
9 Hexadecenoic C 16:1 c9 0.1
Margaric C 17:0 0.1
Heptadenoic C 17:1 < 0.1
Stearinic C 18:0 2.1
Oleic C 18:1 c9 9.3
Vaccenic C 18:1 c11 0.9
Linoleic C 18:2 6 55.3
Linolenic C 18:3 3 20.7
Linolenic C 18:3 6 2.5
Stearidonic C 18:4 3 1.0
Arachidic C 20:0 0.7
Eicosenic C 20:1 0.4
Eicosadienoic C 20:2 1.1
Docosanoic C 22:0 0.3
Tetracosanoic C 24:0 0.1
Composition of fatty acids in fresh hempseed oil
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Fatty acid Composition Content [%]
Myristinic C 14:0 0.45
Palmitinic C 16:0 20.12
Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 1.6
Stearinic C 18:0 3.18
Oleic C 18:1 c9 29.2
Linoleic C 18:2 6 45.9
Linolenic C 18:3 6 0.69
Arachidic C 20:0 0.49
Docosanoic C 22:0 0.26
Tetracosanoic C 24:0 0.12
Composition of fatty acids in kenaf seed oil
Significant sterols content
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Fiber-based products
Chemical products
Composite products
Energy products
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Agriculture raw materials STRAW FIBRE SEEDS
Primary industrial raw materials
Secondary industrial raw materials
Non-deseeded straw
Deseeded straw
Seeds
Chaffs**
Biomass/biofuel*
Biomass/biofuel* Pulp & paper Whole stem mats*
Sowing material, Agro–fine-chemicals Animal feed Edible oil Food (Para)pharmaceuticals Cosmetics
(Para)pharmaceuticals Agro–fine-chemicals
Fiber-based products
Chemical products
Composite products
Energy products
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Fiber-based products
Chemical products
Composite products
Energy products
Long scutched fibre Short & Homomorphic fibre Hackled fibre
Hydraulic sealing Carded yarn
• Technical fabrics • Decorative fabrics • Cordage • Composite materials
Hydraulic sealing
100% linen yarn
• Woven and knitted fabrics • Garments • Table cloth • Bedlinen • Decorative fabrics
END PRODUCTS
Composite materials
Hygiene products
Primary industrial raw materials Retted straw
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Primary industrial raw materials Unretted straw
Decorticated fibre
Nonwoven
Insulation Composite materials
Pulp & paper
Cordage
END PRODUCTS
Fiber-based products
Chemical products
Composite products
Energy products
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Fiber-based products
Chemical products
Composite products
Energy products
Secondary industrial raw materials Shive, dust
Insulation Particleboard Solid biofuel* Composite materials
Substrate for mushrooms
Construction material
Animal bedding
Pulp & paper
Furfural Pectin Hemicellulose
Plant substrate
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phytochemical properties - Magnesium - not less than 0.5%, Caffeoyl-malic acid - up to 1.6%, Chlorogenic acid - up to 0.5%, Flavonoids - 2% (kaempherol, quercetin, rutina), Chlorophyll - 2,7-5%, Mineral - about 18-20%, Silicon - 1-4%, Free amino acids - 30 ug / kg, Fitochinon (vitamin C) - 0.64%, Protein 20.8%, Fat 2.5%, Cellulose 18%, Nitrogen-free substances extraction 30.7%, Ash 16.6%, Carotene 50 mg%, Vitamin C 0.1-0.6%, lecithin, secretin, Beta-sytosterol, folic acid, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Fitochinon (vitamin K), xanthophylls, glycolic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, serotonin, tryptamine, betaine, scopoletin (coumarin), tannins.
phytochemical properties – Lectins, Steroids: b-sitosterol (0.03 - 0.06%), b-sitosterol-3-Ob-glucoside (0.03 - 0.5%), (6'-palmitoyl)-sitosterol-3-OBD-glucoside (ca. 0.003%), 7b-hydroxysitosterol (0.001%), 7b-hydroxysitosterol (0.001%), stigmasterol, campesterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one; Lignans: secoisolariciresinol-9-O-glucoside (0.004%), neo-olivil (0.003%), Neo-olivil-4-O-glucoside (0.004%);Tannins; Ceramides, Sphingosine, Fatty acids (10E, 12Z)-9.hydroxy-10,12-octadien, linoleic acid, 14-octacosanol, Hydroxycoumarin: scopoletin, Monoterpendiole and their glycosides; Triterpenes: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid; Polysaccharides: arabinogalactans, glucan, Silica digestible, Fenyloetanoidy (homovanillic alcohol).
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Non-deseeded raw straw Biomass for bio-fuel
Deseeded raw straw Seeds
Dew-retted straw Shives & dust
Technical fiber Short fiber
scutched tows
Short fiber
matted tows
Special carded yarn
Weaving Carded yarn
Bedlinen fabrics
Decorative
fabrics
Cottonized fiber
Special carded yarn
Weaving carded yarn
Ropes
Long scutched fiber Special carded yarn Cleaning material
Combing waste fiber
Carded yarn
Bedding material Insulating matarial
Paper production
Felts
Threads
Technical and
decorative fabrics
Nets and others Ropes
Long combed
fiber Special combed yarn
Spinning waste material
Weaving carded yarn
Paper production
Bedding material
Nonwovens
Nets and other
Sowing seed
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Applications for Hemp fibres 2006 (EIHA 2007)
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Applications for Flax short fibres
Flax
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Hemp Fibre Applications, European Hemp 2010, 25,589 tonnes (EIHA 2012)
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Hemp Shives Applications Europe, 2010 43,621 tonnes (EIHA 2012)
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Hemp Seed Applications, European Hemp 2010, 5,991 tonnes (EIHA 2012)
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German Automotive Industry – ca. 30.000 t Natural Fibre Composites (2005)
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Textiles - Garments
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DISINFECTION MATS
Textiles – Non Garments
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Agrotextiles
an environment friendly, annual renewable
base layer for the plant industry replacing peat
(fibre)
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Automotive Industry
Fibre
Non-woven Fleece
Finished Door
Naked Door
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Natural fibre composites
wide range of application possibilities
Scale
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Bast fibrous crops contain 25-30% of fibre, holding about 70% of celulose
Annual growth of cellulose produced by hemp exceeds 2.5 times increase in
cellulose extracted from trees
Pulp and paper
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Construction materials industry
(fibre)
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Insulation made from fibre:
• help to save valuable energy, consequently reducing the negative impact on the
environment caused by energy generation,
• contribute to the reduction of CO2 emission. During growth phase plants bind CO2,
thus removing it from the atmosphere. In order, up to 1t CO2 is bound in 1m3 of wood.
This gas remains stored in insulation materials for the whole of their life cycle,
• help to control the air humidity in buildings - the natural fibre insulation can store
relatively high moisture.
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Construction materials industry (shives)
Catania, 25. July 2013
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Construction material based on
shive and lime. „Innovative
Economy” Project
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Animal bedding – implementation for
the comfort of your animal
Chicken farming
EU 2007: 48 000 t
production of
hemp shives
Animal Bedding
Catania, 25. July 2013
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Mulching alternative to bark (shives)
Catania, 25. July 2013
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46
Uses of some fibrous crops seed
Flaxseed
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chemical
cosmetics
food
pharmaceutical
paints, varnishes, lubricants
and diesel, cosmetics,
edible oils, dietary foods, bakery products
Hemp seeds
Catania, 25. July 2013
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Research gaps:
• new, economically feasible fibre extraction and processing technologies are necessary that will eliminate weather dependency of retting process (quality)
• cell and tissue structure of a plant is very complex and still many information is missing which has straight impact on efficiency of fibre extraction technology (e.g. on efficiency of enzymes).
• better cultivars • lack/very high costs of research on medical applications • legislative and economic incentives stimulating broader industrial use of
fibrous plants • nettle – virtually any issue is a research gap
Catania, 25. July 2013
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INSTITUTE OF NATURAL FIBRES AND MEDICINAL PLANTS
ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b
60-630 Poznan
POLAND
Tel: (+ 48 61) 845 58 21
e-mail: [email protected]
www. iwnirz.pl
Thank you for your attention!!!