Installment 11a. Loose endsInstallment 11a. Loose endsabout A-movementabout A-movement

(Chapter 8)(Chapter 8)

CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax I

Projects for todayProjects for today

Review PRO and control, with some Review PRO and control, with some additional evidence for PRO from additional evidence for PRO from Binding Theory.Binding Theory.

Look at one other place where CPs Look at one other place where CPs appear inside other sentences: clausal appear inside other sentences: clausal adjuncts.adjuncts.

Look at the phenomenon of “V2” Look at the phenomenon of “V2” languages.languages.

Look at the structure of predicates like Look at the structure of predicates like be happybe happy (familiar from the homework). (familiar from the homework).

Unique Unique -Generalization-Generalization

*Dantes accused.*Dantes accused. This cannot mean This cannot mean Dantes accused himselfDantes accused himself, ,

and isn’t good on its own. We concluded and isn’t good on its own. We concluded (back in chapter 3, p. 81), that (back in chapter 3, p. 81), that -role -role assignment is constrained by….assignment is constrained by….

The Unique The Unique -Generalization-GeneralizationEach Each -role must be assigned but a -role must be assigned but a constituent cannot be assigned more than constituent cannot be assigned more than one one -role.-role.

So, presume that’s true.So, presume that’s true.

PROPRO Jack tried to capture NinaJack tried to capture Nina

Here, Here, capturecapture has two has two -roles (-roles (AgentAgent and and ThemeTheme), and ), and trytry has two has two -roles (-roles (AgentAgent and and PropositionProposition). Intuitively, ). Intuitively, JackJack is the Agent of is the Agent of both the trying and the capturing. But assuming both the trying and the capturing. But assuming that the that the Unique Unique -Generalization-Generalization is true, this is true, this can’t be:can’t be:JackJack can’t be getting two can’t be getting two -roles.-roles.

SomethingSomething must be getting the Agent must be getting the Agent -role of -role of capturecapture ( (JackJack is pretty clearly getting the Agent is pretty clearly getting the Agent -role of -role of trytry), but we can’t see it.), but we can’t see it.

Conclusion: Conclusion: There’s something we can’t see There’s something we can’t see there, getting the Agent there, getting the Agent -role of -role of capturecapture. It’s a . It’s a little bit like a silent pronoun, so we call it PRO.little bit like a silent pronoun, so we call it PRO.

PROPRO Jack tried [ to PRO capture Nina ]Jack tried [ to PRO capture Nina ]

PRO must be there to satisfy the UPRO must be there to satisfy the UG.G. But something must be there in the specifier But something must be there in the specifier

of TP:of TP: T T alwaysalways (except maybe in Irish and (except maybe in Irish and Arabic)Arabic) has a [has a [uuD*] feature to checkD*] feature to check (the (the ““EPPEPP”).”).

Since Since Jack tried to capture NinaJack tried to capture Nina is is grammatical, we also need PRO to move to grammatical, we also need PRO to move to SpecTP to satisfy the EPP.SpecTP to satisfy the EPP.

PROPRO Jack tried [ PRO to Jack tried [ PRO to <PRO><PRO> capture Nina ] capture Nina ]

So, we have two deep principles of the So, we have two deep principles of the grammar that point to a need for PRO in this grammar that point to a need for PRO in this sentence.sentence. Unique Unique -Generalization-Generalization EPP EPP (T has a [(T has a [uuD*] feature)D*] feature)

PRO acts a bit like an anaphor, in that it PRO acts a bit like an anaphor, in that it must must corefer with the subject of the higher corefer with the subject of the higher verb (verb (trytry is a is a subject control verbsubject control verb).).

PROPRO Here’s one last argument for PRO being there.Here’s one last argument for PRO being there.

Jack hoped [ PRO to see Kim ]Jack hoped [ PRO to see Kim ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would be safe ]Jack hoped [ that Kim would be safe ] *Jack hoped [ that Kim would find himself ]*Jack hoped [ that Kim would find himself ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would exonerate herself ]Jack hoped [ that Kim would exonerate herself ]

Principle A:Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.binding domain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate himself ]Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate himself ]

Jack hoped [ that Chase would exonerate him ]Jack hoped [ that Chase would exonerate him ] Principle B: Principle B: A pronoun must be free in its A pronoun must be free in its

binding domain.binding domain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate him ]Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate him ]

PROPRO So, we have pretty good evidence for PRO, So, we have pretty good evidence for PRO,

despite its invisibility:despite its invisibility:

We believe T has a [We believe T has a [uuD*] feature (EPP).D*] feature (EPP). Every TP needs a specifier.Every TP needs a specifier.

We believe the Unique We believe the Unique -generalization.-generalization. No DP can get two different No DP can get two different -roles.-roles.

Binding Theory reacts as if something is Binding Theory reacts as if something is there serving as a binder.there serving as a binder.

Subject control v. object Subject control v. object controlcontrol

Subject control verbsSubject control verbs take a nonfinite take a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher subject.PRO must refer to the higher subject.

Gael tried [ PRO to disarm the bomb ]Gael tried [ PRO to disarm the bomb ]

Object control verbsObject control verbs are ditransitives are ditransitives that take an object and a nonfinite that take an object and a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher object.PRO must refer to the higher object.

David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ]David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ]

Persuasion and promisesPersuasion and promises Not all ditransitive control verbs are object control Not all ditransitive control verbs are object control

verbs.verbs. Though all object control verbs are ditransitives.Though all object control verbs are ditransitives.

David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ]David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ] David promised Sherry [ PRO to run for office ]David promised Sherry [ PRO to run for office ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to be allowed to continue ]Chase asked Jack [ PRO to be allowed to continue ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to get off his case ]Chase asked Jack [ PRO to get off his case ]

Whether a verb is a subject control verb or an Whether a verb is a subject control verb or an object control verb is an individual property of the object control verb is an individual property of the verb. verb. PromisePromise is recorded in our lexicon as a is recorded in our lexicon as a subject control verb, subject control verb, persuadepersuade as an object control as an object control verb.verb.

ECM verbsECM verbs

ECM verbs also take infinitive complements, ECM verbs also take infinitive complements, but with an overt subject (that checks but with an overt subject (that checks accusative case with the ECM verb).accusative case with the ECM verb).

Tony found [ Michelle to be charming ]Tony found [ Michelle to be charming ] Tony found [ that Michelle was charming ]Tony found [ that Michelle was charming ]

Jack expected [ Tony to take the day off ]Jack expected [ Tony to take the day off ] Jack expected [ that Tony would take the day off ]Jack expected [ that Tony would take the day off ]

Raising verbsRaising verbs Raising verbs have no Agent/Experiencer in Raising verbs have no Agent/Experiencer in

SpecSpecvvP, and take a nonfinite complement. P, and take a nonfinite complement. The subject of the embedded complement The subject of the embedded complement moves into their subject position:moves into their subject position:

Jack seems [ Jack seems [ <Jack><Jack> to be tired ] to be tired ] It seems [ that Jack is tired ]It seems [ that Jack is tired ]

The time appears [ The time appears [ <the time><the time> to have expired ] to have expired ] It appears [ that the time has expired ]It appears [ that the time has expired ]

The President happened [ The President happened [ <the P.><the P.> to have a to have a pen ]pen ]

It happened [ that the President had a pen ]It happened [ that the President had a pen ]

Verb classes, againVerb classes, again ECM verbs, ECM verbs, e.ge.g., ., believebelieve,, findfind

I believe [I believe [TPTP him to have told the truth]. him to have told the truth].

We find [We find [TPTP these truths to be self-evident ]. these truths to be self-evident ]. (or (or holdhold))

Subject control verbs, Subject control verbs, e.ge.g., ., attemptattempt,, promise promise KimKimkk promised Jack [ promised Jack [CP CP ØØNULLNULL PRO PROkk to avoid kidnappers ]. to avoid kidnappers ].

KimKimkk will try [ will try [CP CP ØØNULLNULL PRO PROkk to avoid kidnappers ]. to avoid kidnappers ].

Object control verbs, Object control verbs, e.ge.g., ., convinceconvince, , askask I convinced herI convinced herkk [ [CPCP ØØNULLNULL PRO PROkk to drive to work]. to drive to work].

Jack asked KimJack asked Kimkk [ [CP CP ØØNULLNULL PRO PROkk to avoid kidnappers ]. to avoid kidnappers ].

Raising verbs, Raising verbs, e.ge.g., ., appearappear,, seem seem I appear [I appear [TPTP <I><I> to have missed the bus]. to have missed the bus].

Jack seems [Jack seems [TPTP <Jack><Jack> to need a nap]. to need a nap].

Before we finishBefore we finishembedded clauses…embedded clauses…

Another place we find embedded clauses is Another place we find embedded clauses is as modificational adjuncts.as modificational adjuncts. Pat ate lunch [Pat ate lunch [PPPP on the hill ] on the hill ]

[[PPPP by the tree ] [ by the tree ] [PPPP in the rain ]. in the rain ].

To express reasons and times, we also find To express reasons and times, we also find whole CPs adjoined to our clause:whole CPs adjoined to our clause: We discussed adjuncts [We discussed adjuncts [CPCP before we finished our before we finished our

discussion of embedded clauses]discussion of embedded clauses] There’s nothing really new here, except the There’s nothing really new here, except the

observation that observation that beforebefore can have category C. can have category C. Just like Just like afterafter, , whilewhile, , duringduring, etc., etc.

Adjunct clauses:Adjunct clauses:where do they go?where do they go?

Pat cleaned poorly yesterday.Pat cleaned poorly yesterday. #Pat cleaned yesterday poorly.#Pat cleaned yesterday poorly.

Pat cleaned poorly [before Chris arrived].Pat cleaned poorly [before Chris arrived]. #Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] poorly.#Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] poorly. Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] yesterday.Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] yesterday. Pat cleaned yesterday [before Chris arrived].Pat cleaned yesterday [before Chris arrived].

Pat heard that [before Chris arrived]Pat heard that [before Chris arrived][Tracy cleaned the sink].[Tracy cleaned the sink].

Pat heard [before Chris arrived] thatPat heard [before Chris arrived] that[Tracy cleaned the sink].[Tracy cleaned the sink].

BecauseBecause clauses clauses

Reason clauses Reason clauses are also clausal are also clausal adjuncts.adjuncts. Because I lost Because I lost

the game, I leftthe game, I left..

I left because I I left because I lost the game.lost the game. vP

lose the game

T

T[past]

TP

DPI

CP

Cbecause

vPleave

T

T[past]

TP

DPI

TP

CP

CØ

If If clausesclauses

IfIf clauses are clauses are like like becausebecause clauses.clauses. If he loses the If he loses the

game, I will game, I will leaveleave..

I will leave if he I will leave if he loses the game.loses the game.

vPlose the game

T

T[pres]

TP

DPhe

CP

Cif

vPleave

T

Twill

TP

DPI

TP

CP

CØ

V2 languagesV2 languages There are a number of languages that are classified There are a number of languages that are classified

as “verb second” or “as “verb second” or “V2V2” languages. They are so ” languages. They are so called because in general the (tensed) verb must be called because in general the (tensed) verb must be second, after the first major constituent in the second, after the first major constituent in the sentence.sentence. De man heeft een boek gezien gisteren.De man heeft een boek gezien gisteren. (Dutch)(Dutch)

the man has a book seen yesterdaythe man has a book seen yesterday‘the man has seen a book yesterday.’‘the man has seen a book yesterday.’

een boek heeft de man gezien gisteren.een boek heeft de man gezien gisteren. gisteren heeft de man een boek gezien.gisteren heeft de man een boek gezien.

Die Kinder haben diesen Film gesehen.Die Kinder haben diesen Film gesehen. (German)(German)the children have this film seenthe children have this film seen‘The children have seen this film.’‘The children have seen this film.’

Diesen Film haben die Kinder gesehen.Diesen Film haben die Kinder gesehen.

Analyzing V2Analyzing V2 How can we account for this?How can we account for this? Assume that in German, most things are very Assume that in German, most things are very

similar to English:similar to English: The UTAH is the same (Agents in SpecThe UTAH is the same (Agents in SpecvvP, etc.)P, etc.) The EPP is the same (T has a [The EPP is the same (T has a [uuD*D*] feature; there ] feature; there

needs to be a DP in SpecTP)needs to be a DP in SpecTP) Things to remember:Things to remember:

French/Irish and English differ in whether French/Irish and English differ in whether vv moves moves to T.to T.

Irish and French/English differ in whether the Irish and French/English differ in whether the subject moves to SpecTP.subject moves to SpecTP.

In English yes-no questions (but not in In English yes-no questions (but not in declaratives), T moves to C.declaratives), T moves to C.

English Yes-No QuestionEnglish Yes-No Question In a YNQ, the In a YNQ, the

[Q] feature of C [Q] feature of C matches and matches and values the values the [[uuclause-typeclause-type] ] feature of T as feature of T as strong ([strong ([Q*Q*]).]).

T moves up to T moves up to adjoin to C, adjoin to C, checking the checking the feature.feature.

Vperform

VP

DPthe autopsy

v

v

vP

<DP>

T

<T>

TP

DPScully

v<V>

CP

CØ[Q]

C

Twill[Q*]

Analyzing V2Analyzing V2 Since the finite verb is sometimes to the left of Since the finite verb is sometimes to the left of

the subject:the subject: Diesen Roman las ich schon letztes JahrDiesen Roman las ich schon letztes Jahr

this book read I already last yearthis book read I already last year‘I read this book already last year.’‘I read this book already last year.’

Just like it is in English YNQs:Just like it is in English YNQs: Will I get an A?Will I get an A?

We can suppose that German and English We can suppose that German and English differ in that when C values the [differ in that when C values the [uuclause-clause-type:type:] feature of T, it is ] feature of T, it is alwaysalways strong. strong. In fact, more natural sounding than what we have In fact, more natural sounding than what we have

to say in English: When C values [to say in English: When C values [uuclause-type:clause-type:] as ] as [Q] (but not [Decl]) it’s strong.[Q] (but not [Decl]) it’s strong.

V2…step V2…step 11 V moves to V moves to vv..

Perf moves to T.Perf moves to T. T moves to C.T moves to C.

Vgelesen

VP

DPdiesen Roman

v

v

vP

<DP>

T

<Perf+T>

TP

DPich

v<V>

C

CØ

[Decl]

C

Perf+Thabe

[Decl*] PerfP

<Perf>

TopicsTopics

The constituent that appears first in a V2 The constituent that appears first in a V2 clause is generally considered to be a topic.clause is generally considered to be a topic.

Suppose that C has a topic feature [Suppose that C has a topic feature [uutop*top*] ] and whatever is the topic of the sentence (be and whatever is the topic of the sentence (be it an adverb, the subject, the object) is also it an adverb, the subject, the object) is also marked with an (interpretable) [top] feature.marked with an (interpretable) [top] feature.

Then this will work just like the EPP, Then this will work just like the EPP, essentially.essentially.

V2…step 2aV2…step 2a The object is The object is

marked as marked as topic.topic.

C has a [C has a [uutop*top*] ] feature.feature.

Vgelesen

VP

DPdiesen Roman

[top]

v

v

vP

<DP>

T

<Perf+T>

TP

DPich

v<V>

C

CØ

[Decl,utop*]

C

Perf+Thabe

[Decl*] PerfP

<Perf>

V2…step 2bV2…step 2b The object The object

moves up to moves up to SpecTP.SpecTP.

The tensed verb The tensed verb is now in second is now in second position.position.

Vgelesen

VP

<DP>

v

v

vP

<DP>

T

<Perf+T>

TP

DPich

v<V>

C

CØ

[Decl,utop*]

C

Perf+Thabe

[Decl*] PerfP

<Perf>

CP

DPdiesen Roman

[top]

Embedded clausesEmbedded clauses

Will John arrive late?Will John arrive late?

I wonder if John will arrive late.I wonder if John will arrive late.

Er sagte dass ich schon letztes Jahr diesen Er sagte dass ich schon letztes Jahr diesen Roman lasRoman lashe said that I already last year this book readhe said that I already last year this book read‘He said that I read this book already last ‘He said that I read this book already last year.’year.’