inspiration iasinspirationias.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/...inspiration ias.....inspiring...

IASINSPIRATION ........inspiring success nothing less

APSC MAINS 2018 LAST MINUTE REVISION NOTES

6913002070

www.inspirationias.orgAddress : H/n=10 Pragati Path Zoo Road Guwahati -03

VOLUME- 2

To our Hardworking and

persistence aspirants

. “Success is going from

failure to failure without

losing enthusiasm.”

Winston Churchill

__________________________________________________________________www.inspirationias.org

1 | P a g e Address :H/No-10 Pragati Path Zoo Road Guwahati-03 6913002070

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

SPACE PROGRAMMES IN INDIA The foundation of space research in India was laid in 1961 when the Government of India entrusted the task of developing a programme on space research to its Department of Atomic Energy. The Department of Atomic Energy set up a National Committee which identified two major objectives for India’s space research programme. These objectives were: (i) To utilise space technology for the rapid development of Mass communication and education, especially in the far-flung rural areas, and (ii) To utilise space technology for the timely survey and management of the country’s natural resources. After laying the foundation of space research in India, it was realised that the vast potential of space technology can be used for the socio-economic development of the country only by developing indigenous techniques for placing a satellite in the Earth’s orbit. In order to boost the technological efforts to make India self-reliant in the field of space technology, a Space Commission was set up in 1972 and a separate Department of Space (DoS) was established thereafter. The DoS executes its space programmes through the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The basic requirements for attaining self-sufficiency in the field of space technology may be summed up as: (i) To develop expertise in planning, designing and fabricating the satellites or spacecrafts for various purposes; (ii) To develop suitable launch vehicles (i.e., rockets) which could place satellites in Earth’s orbit; (iii) To establish ‘Earth Stations’ for launching, tracking, controlling and guiding the satellites; and (iv) To develop ground facilities for using space technology for mass communication. The Indian space programme has three thrust areas: (a) Development of communication through satellite; (b) Development of remote sensing for resource survey and management, environmental monitoring and meteorological services; and (c) Development of indigenous satellites, as also their launching. SPACE VISION INDIA 2025 A Space Vision 2025 was unveiled at the Indian Science Congress-2003, in Bangalore. The emphasis was on achieving self-reliance in launching capabilities and end dependence on foreign agencies for the same. Self-sufficiency has been achieved in the fabrication of satellites. Mission to moon also forms part of the Vision.

* Satellite based communication and navigation systems for rural connectivity, security needs and mobile services. * Enhanced imaging capability for natural resource management, weather and climate change studies. * Space science missions for better understanding of solar system and universe Planetary exploration. * Development of Heavy lift launcher. * Reusable Launch Vehicles – Technology demonstrator missions leading to Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO). * Human Space Flight. Remote Sensing Satellites Remote sensing is observing and measuring our environment from a distance viz. earth observation satellites The electromagnetic radiation is normally used as an information carrier in remote sensing. The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image representing the scene being observed. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. Remote Sensing Satellites India Indian Remote sensing (IRS) satellite series Cartosat; Oceansat; & RISAT (Resource Sat) Satellites Bhaskara Satellites; MeghaTropiques Satellites Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa (SARAL) James Webb Space Telescope

premier infrared space observatory of the next decade — has successfully completed critical testing, enabling it to function properly in the extremely cold and airless environment in space in 2019.

largest space telescope ever built. ernational collaboration between of

about 17 countries including NASA, European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

When it is launched in 2019, it will be the world’s biggest and most powerful telescope. The telescope is 100 times more potent than its predecessor, Hubble, and three times larger.

galaxies born in the early CLOUD SEEDING Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is an attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei.



Chemicals used: Silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice (solid carbon

dioxide). Liquid propane Uses:

a particular area.

DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY INDIA'S DEFENCE POLICY The main objectives of India*fs defence policy are to (a) promote and sustain durable peace in the subcontinent and (b) equip the defence forces adequately to safeguard the territorial integrity of the country against foreign aggression. In the field of defence research, India has achieved great success and owing to defence scientists, India, today is in the short list of some developed nations of the world who have capabilities to produce modern defence arsenals. India is the third largest importer of arms and equipment in the world. Integrated Guided Missile Programme The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was formed in 1983 with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in missile development & production and today comprises of five core missile programs *\the strategic Agni ballistic missile, the tactical Prithvi ballistic missile, the Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles and the Nag anti-tank guided missile. The program has given India the capability to produce indigenous missiles in other key areas. By enforcing the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) to stop supplies of all kinds of missile material, Western nations are trying to prevent India from developing these strategic and tactical missiles. Undaunted by this highlevel conspiracy, hats off to all the brilliant indian scientists who have toiled so hard, in their dedicated efforts, that they managed to develop these missiles. In India IGMDP comprises of following missiles developed by DRDO: (i) Surface to surface missile: Prithvi (ii) Surface to air medium range missile: Akash (iii) Anti-tank missile: Nag (iv) Surface-to-air short range missile: Trishul (v) Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM): Agni Difference between Cruise Missile and Inter- Ballistic Missile Cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place a payload on a target. They fly within the earth*fs atmosphere

and use jet engine technology. These vehicles vary greatly in their speed and ability to penetrate defences. These can be classified as: a) Subsonic cruise missile b) Supersonic cruise missile c) Hypersonic cruise missiles Ballistic missiles follow ballistic trajectory i.e. first moves to outer space and then enters earth atmosphere and strike the target. Ballistic missiles are categorized according to their range, the maximum distance measured along the surface of the earth ellipsoid from the point of launch of a ballistic missile to the point of impact of the last element of its payload. These can be classified as: a) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile b) Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile c) Medium-Range Ballistic Missile d) Short-Range Ballistic missile Brief introduction of important missiles Prithvi Type: Short range, surface-to-surface battlefield tactical missile. Range: 150 km with 1000 kg warhead and 250 km with 500 kg warhead (minimum 40 km) Payload: 500-1000 kg Warhead: Both conventional and nuclear, pre-fragmented and bomblets Propulsion: Single stage, liquid propellant Description: The use of Prithvi is visualized as phases of preparatory and subsequent phases of the battle to destroy enemy concentration of tanks and troops, logistic installations, airfields and communication facilities. It is difficult to spot the Prithvi or trace its trajectory and target because of its supersonic speed and limited flight time. The missile is extremely accurate (its circular error probability- CEP- is lower than most missile of its class) - with a circular accuracy of 10m. The short-range version is for the Indian Army and long-range for IAF. The Air Force version, designated as the SS- 250 had a range of 250 km and could carry up to a maximum of a 500 kg as its payload. By using boosted liquid propellant to generate more thrust-to-weight ratio, DRDO has increased the payload of the SS-250 to 1000 kg. The Prithvi reportedly has the highest warhead-weight to overall-weight of any missile in its class. * Agni Type: Surface-to-surface, Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) Range: 700 km - 5000 km Payload: 500 kg - 1000 kg; Multipurpose. Propulsion: Two stage, first stage uses solid propellant while second stage uses twin liquid propellant engines.



Description: Agni is a re-entry technology demonstrator. It is capable of carrying a

multipurpose payload. One of its unique features is the heat shield of the re-entry vehicle. Tested: First successful test of Agni took place on 22nd May, 1989. After this test, India became sixth nation-along with USA, Russia, France, China and Israel who have tested IRBM. In April 1999 India tested its Agni-II missile at Balasore (Odisha) successfully. Range of Agni II is more than 2500 km. A shorter variant of Agni- Agni-1 was successfully test-fired in January 2002. Its range is about 700 km. Agni-III Missile: On September 21, 2012 India test-fired the 3000 km range surface-to-surface nuclear capable Agni-III missile from the Wheelers*f Island off Odisha coast. Agni-3 is the country*fs first solid fuel missile that is compact and small enough for easy mobility and can be easily packaged for deployment on a variety of surface and sub-surface platform. Agni-III is an intermediate-range ballistic missile with a range of 3,500 km- 5,000 km. The missile*fs Circular Error Probable (CEP) is within 40 meters range, which makes it the most sophisticated and accurate ballistic missile of its range class in the world. In June 2011, Agni-III has been inducted into the armed forces and is under-production. Though the first development trial of Agni- III carried out on July 9, 2006 could not achieve the desired result, subsequent tests conducted on April 12, 2007, May 7, 2008 and February 7, 2010 from the same base were all successful. Agni-IV Missile: India test-fired nuclear-capable strategic missile Agni-IV with a strike range of about 4000 km from a test range off Odisha coast. Agni-IV missile is one of its kind and represents a quantum leap in terms of missile technology. The missile is lighter in weight and has two stages of solid propulsion and a payload with re-entry heat shield. The missile, is undergoing developmental trials by country*fs premier Defence Research and Development Organisation. Agni-V Missile: India successfully test-fired Agni-V missile, a nuclear-capable missile, with a range of more than 5,000 km. Agni-V is an intercontinental ballistic missile developed by the DRDO. Agni- V missile will be tested twice before end of year 2013 to ensure it is ready for full-scale induction in the armed forces towards end-2015. With the launch

of Agni-V, India has joined a small group of countries - up to now only the nuclear-armed superpowers - with intercontinental range ballistic missiles. The Agni-V is capable of delivering a single 1.5-ton warhead deep inside nuclear rival China’s territory. It is 17.5m-tall, solid-fuelled, has three stages and a launch weight of 50 tons. Agni VI Missile: DRDO announced the next version of Agni missile, Agni VI. The new version will be capable of carrying multiple warheads besides having a longer range. Agni VI is likely to propel India into the club of countries having inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The missile, having a strike range of 8,000-10,000 km, will also have the facility of a road launcher. While Agni-V can carry up to three nuclear warheads, the number could be double or more than that in case of Agni VI. It is likely to be a three-stage missile. The trial may come in mid-2014. Akash Type: Medium range, surface-to-air missile. Range: 25 km Warhead: Pre-fragmented warhead activated by proximity fuse. Tested: First time on 14th August, 1990 at Chandipur (Odisha) Description: It is totally indigenous missile. The nodal agency which designed the Akash is Defence Research and Development Laboratory, Hyderabad. The weight of Akash is about 700 kg and its length is 5.6 meters. This missile had better features than its U.S. counterpart ‘Patriot. It is totally mobile and it can be launched from a battle tank. The Patriot has thrust only for 12 seconds and then the coasting begins. But Akash has thrust for 35 seconds. It is a multi-target missile - can target four to five enemy aircrafts and missiles at a time. Integrated with the indigenously produced phased array radar called Rajendra. It is capable of tracking many targets simultaneously. The Akash system is comparable to the Patriot system of the USA. India on May 24, 2012 successfully test fired its two indigenously-developed surfaceto- air *eAkash*f missiles of Air Force version with a strike range of 25 km from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur, Odisha. Nag Type: Third generation, ‘fire and forget, antitank guided missile. Range: 4 km Warhead: Tandem shaped charges Propulsion: Solid propellant motor Tested: First time on Nov. 24, 1990



Description: The missile is being developed to counter contemporary

advances in tank armour especially the very hard or the reactive types of armour. The missile is mounted on a tracked vehicle equipped with Line of Sight (LOS) radar. The radar detects the target, passes the information (image coordinates) to the missile. The missile then aligns its sight with that of the LOS radar and blasts off. Aerial Version of Nag: DRDO, in collaboration with HAL has developed an aerial version of land based anti-tank Nag missile. Nag, an all weather, fire-and-forget anti-tank missile is one of the five developed by the DRDO under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). The others are Akash, Trishul, Prithvi, and Agni, Nag which has been successfully test-fired is the only of its kind having the range in line of sight-up to four km. It can cover the 4 km. distance in 20 seconds, travelling at a speed of 900 km an hour. Astra missile Type: Air-to-air missile, beyond visual range (BVR) missile Length: 3570 m Body Diameter: 178 mm Launch Weight: 154 kg. Warhead: 15 kg pre-fragmented directional Range: 80 km head on, 15 km tail chase India on December 21, 2012 successfully test fired its indigenously developed Astra air-to-air interceptor missile from a defence base in Odisha. The beyond-visual-range missile was tested from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur, Odisha. The Astra missile uses a terminal active radar-seeker to find targets and a mid-course internal guidance system with updates, to track Pinaka: To build up ground support for Indian army,DRDO has developed lethal ground based multibarrel rocket launcher weapon system, ‘Pinaka’. Pinaka is a mobile weapon system characterized by capability to deliver saturation fire over targets not engageable by artillery guns. It has a range of 39 km and has a capability of fire upto 12 rockets within seconds. It can launch a variety of warheads. The system has a quick reaction time, high accuracy and excellent mobile characteristics. It consists of a launcher rocket, replenishment-cum loader vehicle and a command post vehicle. Pinaka is said to be contemporary with other systems of its class that have been developed or are being developed anywhere in the world.

Brahmos Missile It is a cruise missile, jointly developed by India and Russia under an agreement signed in 1998. It has a range of 290 km and can deliver payload of 300 kg over 3 times the speed of sound. It can effectively engage targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres and has a top speed of Mach 2.8, which is about three times faster than the US-made subsonic Tomahawk cruise missile. The name Brahmos has been derived from Brahmaputra and Moskva river of Russia. The company has established with an authorized capital of $250 million with 50.5 per cent from Indian side and 49.5 per cent from Russian side. BrahMos Aerospace was formed as a joint venture between DRDO and Military Industrial Consortium NPO Mashinostroeyenia of Russia. The missile can be installed on ships, submarines, aircraft and ground vehicles. BrahMos missiles are inducted in to the armed forces of India and Russia and can also be exported to friendly nations. Sea and ground-launched versions have been successfully tested and put into service with the Indian Army and Navy. The flight tests of the airborne version will be completed by the end of 2012. Propulsion: BrahMos is powered by a two stage propulsion system. Initial acceleration is provided by a solid-propellant booster and supersonic cruise speed is provided by a liquidfuelled ramjet system. The air-breathing ramjet propulsion is more fuel-efficient in comparison with conventional rocket propulsion. It provides the BrahMos with a longer range over similar missiles powered by rocket propulsion. Two advantages of missile: 1. It is highly accurate and can be guided to the target with the help of on-board computers. 2. It travels at supersonic speed in a seaskimming profile. Supersonic BrahMos India on May 21, 2013 successfully test-fired the 290-km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from the Navy’s latest guided missile frigate INS Tarkash off the Goa coast. The missile performed the high-level ‘C’ manoeuvre in the pre-determined flight path and successfully hit the target. The launch was carried out by the Navy as part of Acceptance Test Firing (ATF) of the ship. The vertical launch configuration of the supersonic missile enhances the stealth capabilities of the ship as the missiles are under the deck and not exposed. Brahmos-II A hypersonic version of the missile namely BrahMos-II is also presently under development with speed of Mach 5 to Mach 7 to boost aerial fast strike capability.



It is expected to be ready for testing by 2017. During the cruise stage of

flight the missile will be propelled by a scramjet airbreathing jet engine. Stealth Technology: It is a technology that makes an aircraft invisible or less visible to the radars. It involves superior design of aircraft and use of advanced materials that makes the surface of aircraft less reflective and absorbs the electromagnetic waves produced by Radar. SUBMARINES & SHIPS * INS Chakra: With the induction of Nerpa, rechristened INS Chakra, into the Indian Navy in April 2012, India is back in the elite club of nations having nuclear-powered submarines. INS Chakra is a Russia-made, nuclear-propelled, hunter-killer submarine. The Akula Class submarine will carry conventional weapons. The vessel is armed with four 533 mm torpedo tubes and four 650mm torpedo tubes. It will be used to hunt and kill enemy ships. The INS Chakra displaces about 10,000 tons. It can do over 30 knots – more than twice the speed of conventional submarines. It can go upto a depth of 600 metres. It is one of the quietest nuclear submarines around, with noise levels next to zero. Chakra has been taken on lease from Russia for 10 years and would provide the Navy the opportunity to train personnel and operate such nuclear-powered vessels. In 2004, India had signed a deal with Russia worth over $900 million for leasing the submarine. The only other nations possessing nuclear-powered submarines are - US, Russia, UK, France and China. India is back in this elite club after over a decade. * INS Arihant: India reached a milestone with the launch of the country’s first nuclear submarine, INS Arihant at Visakhapatnam. Code-namedAdvanced Technology Vessel (ATV), the submarine was launched for sea trials at the Matsya naval dockyard in Vishakhapatnam. With the launch, India joined the exclusive club of US, Russia, China, France and the UK with similar capabilities. Symbolically the Arihant was launched on 26th July 2009, the anniversary of Vijay Diwas (Kargil War Victory Day). As India has declared “no first use” of nuclear weapons, the country’s weapons system must survive a first strike for retaliation. Therefore, Arihant’s primary weapon is stealth as it can lurk in ocean depths of half a kilometer or more and fire its missiles from under the sea. The induction of ATV will help India to complete the nuclear weapons triad, as envisaged under its nuclear

doctrine to deliver nuke-tipped missiles from land, air and sea. Key facts * The Rs. 30,000-crore secret nuclear submarine project was started in the 1980s though it was conceived by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. * It can acquire surface speeds of 22 to 28 kmph and would carry a crew of 95 men and will be armed with torpedoes and missiles including 12 ballistic missiles. * INS Arihant can also be armed with cruise missiles. The DRDO is already working on Sagarika project for a 700-km missile, capable of carrying nuclear weapons. INS Kalvari

Navy’s first indigenous Scorpene-class stealth submarine.

diesel-electric attack submarine which is built under the strategic Project 75 by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in collaboration with French naval defence and Energy Company DCNS.

Tiger Shark (or S50).

multifarious warfare, Antisubmarine warfare, Intelligence gathering, mine laying, area surveillance etc.

guided weapons and attack can be launched from underwater or on surface.

Background: o Six Scorpene submarines are being built under Project-75 by Mazgaon Docks Limited (MDL) with technology transfer from France. o All the six submarines under this project will be indigenously built at Mumbai’s Mazagaon Dockyard Ltd. o These attack submarines have diesel propulsion and additional airindependent propulsion. INS Khanderi

second Scorpene submarine under Project-75 being built at Mazgaon Docks Limited (MDL).

Island fort of Maratha forces, which played a vital role in ensuring their supremacy at sea in the late 17th century.

he attack can be launched with torpedoes, as well as tube-launched antiship missiles, whilst underwater or on surface.



operate in all theatres, including the tropics.

typically undertaken by any modern submarine like anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance. INS Karanj

third Scorpene-class submarine – INS Karanj has been launched.

six Scorpene-class submarines being built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) under the Project 75 programme of Indian navy.

operate in all theatres, including the tropics.

to ensure interoperability with other components of a naval task.

superior stealth features such as advanced acoustic silencing techniques, low radiated noise levels and hydrodynamically optimized shape.

, unmatched by most submarines. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)

United States Army antiballistic missile system. to intercept and destroy short and

medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase.

powerful radar, is to simply track and destroy missiles before they are launched.

South Korea from North Korea. Rukmini

Gsat-7 also called Rukmini is the Navy’s own dedicated military satellite thatwas launched in September2013.

OceanRegion (IOR) as it has anearly 2,000 nautical mile‘footprint’.

multi-bandcommunication-cumsurveillance satellite, whichis operating from the geostationary orbit, providesreal-time inputs to navalwarships, submarines andmaritime aircraft andnetworking capabilities to itsnaval assets on the high seas.

-based operational centres, ‘Rukmini’ has not onlyhelped the Navy keep an eye on both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal but also

helped the force increase its communication and surveillance capabilitiesfrom Persian Gulf to Malacca Strait. PROJECT 75(I) Why in news? Recently the Defence Acquisition Council approved indigenous construction of Six Project 75(I) submarines under strategic partnership model. More on news * Project 75 India (P-75I) is follow-on of the Project 75 Kalvari-class submarines for the Indian Navy. * Under this project, the Indian Navy intends to acquire six diesel-electric submarines, which will also feature advanced Air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems to enable them to stay submerged for longer duration and substantially increase their operational range. * Six Scorpene-class submarines are currently being built under 'Project 75' of the Indian Navy. o The submarines, designed by French firm Naval Group are being built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai. * The first of these, INS Kalvari was commissioned in Dec 2017 and INS Khanderi and INS Karanj are undergoing sea trials. * The P75I project is part of a 30-year submarine building plan that ends in 2030. According to this, India has to build 24 submarines — 18 conventional submarines and six nuclearpowered submarines (SSNs). Ballistic Missile Defence

-tiered Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) system in 1999, after the end of the Kargil War in reaction to Pakistan’s growing missile arsenal.

involved in the development of the missile defense shield.

-tiered defense system

Missile Interceptor destroying missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of 50–80 kilometers (31–50 miles),

ir Defense (AAD)/ Ashvin Advanced Defense interceptor missile endo-atmosphere at altitudes of 20-40 kilometers (12-24 miles).

system, India has procured six regiments of Russian S-300 air defense systems and is negotiating for five regiments of more advanced S-400 systems with Russia. Akash missile

indigenously developed air defence surface-to-air



missile system. supersonic surface-to-air

missile which is capable of neutralising aerial targets like cruise missiles, fighter jets, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and air-to-surface missiles. NOTES

Development Organisation (DRDO) under Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme (IGMD).

kilometres and can neutralise targets at an altitude of 20 kilometres.

all-weather area air defence weapon system for defending vulnerable areas against medium range air targets penetrating from low, medium and high altitudes.

Ramjet-rocket propulsion system (RRPS) which renders thrust for the missile to intercept the target at supersonic speed without any retardation. NIRBHAY’ Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile

NIRBHAY is India’s first indigenously designed and developed Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile.

all-weather low-cost missile with stealth and high accuracy.

e at

0.7 Mach, at altitudes as low as 100 m.

its way precisely to the target. Indian version of

the American Tomahawk. om

multiple platforms on land, sea and air. Saraswati

previously unknown ‘supercluster’ of galaxies, some four billion light years away from Earth, and named it Saraswati.

structures in the neighbourhood of the universe roughly more than 10 billion years old.

Superclusters, a group of clusters of galaxies, are the largest structures of stars, planets and other heavenly bodies in the universe, and very few of them are known.

1000 to 10,000. A

supercluster could have clusters ranging from 40 to 43. BARAK 8

Indo-Israeli long range surface-to-air missile (MR-SAM)

threat including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs as well as cruise missiles and combat jets.

and the missiles can take down an incoming missile as close as 500 meters away from the ship.

um speed Mach 2 NIRBHAY MISSILE

-to-surface, nuclear capable subsonic cruise missile.

INS VIKRANT

indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was undocked on completion of structural work.

group of four nations - the US, Russia, the UK and France - in the world capable of designing and constructing aircraft carriers. Missile Technology Control Regime The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is a multilateral export control regime whose members have an informal political understanding to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology. India became a member of the MTCR in 2016. The Missile Technology Control Regime was started in 1987 by the G-7 industrialised countries namely, USA, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and Italy. It was started to check the proliferation of unmanned delivery systems for nuclear weapons (particularly systems that could carry a payload of 500 kg to a range of 300 km). MTCR Features

It is not a legally binding treaty on the members. It is only an informal political understanding.

Currently, there are 35 members in the regime including India. China is not a member of the regime.

Every member is supposed to establish national export control policies for ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, space launch vehicles, drones, remotely piloted vehicles, sounding rockets, and underlying components and technologies.



Every member should look into the following five factors while deciding

on a possible export of controlled items: Whether the intended recipient is

pursuing or has ambitions for acquiring weapons of mass destruction;

The capabilities and purposes of the intended recipient’s space and missile programs;

Potential contribution the transfer could make to the recipient’s development of delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction;

Credibility of the recipient’s stated purpose for the purchase; and

If the potential transfer conflicts with any multilateral treaty.

MTCR and India India applied for a membership to the MTCR in June 2015. India was supported by the USA and France in its application. MTCR Benefits to India

1. India’s space programme will get a fillip as ISRO will now have access to restricted high-end technologies for developing its cryogenic engines.

2. India’s arms exports will be enhanced as now, India can export BrahMos to Vietnam and other nations.

3. This will help India procure Israel’s Arrow II missile, which will help develop India’s own ballistic missile system.

4. India can buy surveillance drones from the US.

5. This will be a boost to the ‘Make in India’ programme.

GPS-AIDED GEO AUGMENTED NAVIGATION (GAGAN) SYSTEM

nd Airports Authority of India (AAI) have implemented the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation-GAGAN project as a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) for the Indian Airspace.

satellites with the help of augmentation satellites and 15 earth-based reference stations.

-8, GSAT-10 and GSAT-15

position data and gives accurate routes, landing guidance and time saving information to the pilots.

savings, all weather capabilities.

– 3m and would be available to SAARC nations. (IRNSS): NAVIC

constellation of seven satellites, NavIC.

slots in the geostationary orbit and the remaining four are located in geosynchronous orbits with the required inclination and equatorial crossings in two different planes.

llites of the constellation are configured identically.

-1K Bus to be compatible for launch on-board PSLV.

satellite system being developed by India

to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area.

service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.

o Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users o Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users.

accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area. Some applications of IRNSS are:

gement

ASTROSAT Astrosat is India's first dedicated astronomy observatory to study distant celestial object. ASTROSAT is seen as a smaller version of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. The Space Observatory will be able to detect objects in multiple wavelengths such as X-rays and UV, but with far lower precision than Hubble. Launch Vehicle

-C30 along with six tiny satellites from foreign countries including US.



rocket launched satellites from the US.

Main scientific focus on

Understand high energy processes in binary star systems containing neutron stars and black holes.

in star systems lying beyond our galaxy. efly bright X-ray sources in the sky.

in the ultraviolet region. Significance

driven research approach. for the

country’s astronomy community with self-reliance of scientific data.

Europe, Russia and Japan. MISSION ON MARS

surface features, morphology, mineralogy and the Martian atmosphere.

Martian atmosphere will provide information about the possibility or the past existence of life on the planet. Features

h Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25.

300 days covered 65 crore km @ 7Rs/km

o Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP), o Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM)), o Particle environment studies (Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA)), o Surface imaging studies (Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS), o Mars Colour Camera (MCC) Key Findings The data filtering in from the payloads is yet to be fully analyzed and published by scientist involved. Initial outcomes include:

Gravitational waves.

the fabric of space-time caused by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the Universe.

gravitational waves in 1916 in his general theory of relativity. Gravitational wave detector in India: INDIGO

-LIGO project will be a replica of the two LIGO detectors and would be stationed at a perpendicular direction to the detectors in USA.

-India project is piloted by Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Department of Science and Technology (DST).

-India project will be jointly coordinated and executed by three Indian research institutions: the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune and Department of Atomic Energy organisations: Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar and the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore.

metrology, photonics and control systems. 'LI-FI'

Bluetooth (for low-speed, short distance wireless communication,) cellular signals (wide range 3G, and soon 4G etc.) or WiFi (broadband wireless within rooms, buildings and open areas).

-generation technology that uses LED light to transmit data known as Li-Fi (loosely expanding to Light-Fidelity).

controlled light modulation, data can be transmitted using regular, visible light.

than current-generation WiFi.

compared to a radio frequency based technologies like Wi-Fi.

Current applications

devices communication -speed point-to-point networking

devices that deliver backbone network support. a-laden lights can continue to function for

regular illumination. AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY

physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated 3D models, animations, videos etc.



- Android device with back camera, AR

application and AR markers. PINAKA ROCKET * An upgraded version of Pinaka rocket was recently successfully test-fired from Chandipur in Odisha. * The upgraded Pinaka system, Pinaka mark-II, is a guided one unlike the earlier version and has navigation, guidance and control kit. * The range of new version is more than 70 kilometre which was earlier only 40km. * It is a multi-barrel rocket launcher which can fire a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds. ARTILLERY GUN ‘DHANUSH’ * It is the first long-range artillery gun to be produced in India. * It is an upgraded version, based on the original design of the Swedish 155-mm Bofors howitzers, which India procured in the mid- 1980s. * It is the product of joint efforts by the Ordinance Factory Board and the Army with contributions from the DRDO, DGQA etc. and several private enterprises. CHINOOK HELICOPTERS * India received Boeing Co.’s Chinook helicopters that are expected to bolster the heavy-lift capabilities of its air force and further strengthen the fast-expanding defence ties with the US. * It is a multi-role, vertical-lift platform, which is used for transporting troops, artillery, equipment and fuel. It is also used for humanitarian and disaster relief operations and in missions such as transportation of relief supplies and mass evacuation of refugees. * It is also expected to give a significant boost to infrastructure development along India’s borders given the Chinook has the capability to ferry heavy cargo like road construction equipment over difficult terrain. IT & COMPUTERS Cryptocurrency? * Cryptocurrency is a type of digital currency That uses cryptography for security and anticounterfeiting measures. * It is normally not issued by any central authority, making it immune to government interference or manipulation. * The control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology called blockchain.

* Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple etc. Artificial Intelligence (AI) * It refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. * It enables computer system to carry out task on their own that otherwise requires human intelligence. Importance of AI * AI has the potential to overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour and open up new sources of value and growth. * AI has the potential to drive growth by enabling: o Intelligent automation i.e. ability to automate complex physical world tasks. For e.g.: A recent study found that a Google neural network correctly identified cancerous skin lesions more often than expert dermatologists did. o Labour and capital augmentation: enabling humans to focus on parts of their role that add the most value, complementing human capabilities and improving capital efficiency. o Innovation diffusion i.e. propelling innovations through the economy. * Role in social development and inclusive growth: access to quality health facilities, addressing location barriers, providing realtime advisory to farmers and help in increasing productivity, building smart and efficient cities and infrastructure to meet the demands of rapidly urbanising population are some of the examples that can be effectively solved through AI. FASTAG * FASTag is a device which uses RFID technology for making toll-payment directly from the prepaid account. About RFID * Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked. It is applied for tracking items or as a pass. Blockchain Technology

-currency such as Bitcoin, which is a purely electronic currency that can be traded on exchanges.

uses data structure to simplify the way we transact



the ledger in a secure way without the help of a third party. o Blockchain enables two entities that do not know each other to agree that something is true without the need of a third party. o A blockchain is a distributed database that takes a number of inputs and places them into a block. o Each block is then ‘chained’ to the next block using a cryptographic signature. o This allows blockchains to be used as a ledger which is accessible by anyone with permission to do so. Benefits of blockchain technology: o A blockchain is anonymous, protecting the identities of the users. o This makes blockchain a more secure way to carry out transactions. o The algorithm used in blockchain reduces the dependence on people to verify the transactions. o Use of blockchain technology is not limited to the financial sector. It is being used in many other areas GOVT SCHEMES SECTION 497 Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) that makes adultery a punishable offence. Court’s Stand * SC held that the law was unconstitutional and fell afoul of Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty) and Article 14 (Right to equality). It destroys and deprives women of dignity and offends sexual freedom of women. * Mere adultery can't be a crime unless it attracts the scope of Section 306 (abetment to suicide) of the IPC. It can be ground for civil issues including dissolution of marriage but it cannot be a criminal offence. * The apex court also declared Section 198(1) and 198(2) of the CrPC, which allows a husband to bring charges against the man with whom his wife committed adultery, unconstitutional. Section 498A IPC

* It says - Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liableto fine. * The offence is non-bailable. POCSO Act * The Act defines a child as any person below eighteen years of age and regards the best interests and well-being of the child as being of paramount importance at every stage, to ensure the healthy physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of the child. * It defines different forms of sexual abuse, including penetrative and non-penetrative assault, as well as sexual harassment and pornography, and deems a sexual assault to be “aggravated” under certain circumstances, such as when the abused child is mentally ill or when the abuse is committed by a person in a position of trust or authority vis-à-vis the child, like a family member, police officer, teacher, or doctor. * The Act also makes it mandatory to report such cases. It makes it the legal duty of a person aware of the offence to report the sexual abuse. In case he fails to do so, the person can be punished with six months’ imprisonment or fine. * Each district shall designate a Sessions Court to be a Special Court. It shall be established by the state government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court. The Court shall, as far as possible, complete the trial within one year. The trial shall be held in camera and in the presence of the child’s parents or any person trusted by the child. * The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights/ State Commission for Protection of Child Rights is mandated to monitor the implementation of the Act. * It also provides for relief and rehabilitation of the child, as soon as the complaint is made. The Special Juvenile Police Unit or the local police are also required to report the matter to the Child Welfare Committee within 24 hours of recording the complaint, for long term rehabilitation of the child. * Recently the government has introduced in Lok Sabha amendments to the POCSO Act, which provides for death penalty for aggravated sexual assault on children, making it gender neutral and introducing provisions against child pornography and for



enhancing punishment for certain offences.

PCPNDT ACT 1994 The main purpose of enacting the Pre- Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994 has been to: o Ban the use of sex selection techniques before or after conception o Prevent the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortions o Regulate such techniques * Under this law, all centres which have any equipment which can potentially detect sex of foetus pre-conception or pre-natal have to be registered with the appropriate authorities. * It prohibits advertisements in relation to such techniques for detection or determination of sex. * The Act and Rules deal elaborately with the maintenance and preservation of proper records. * The Appropriate Authorities are empowered with the powers of Civil Court for search, seizure and sealing the machines, equipments and records of the violators of law including sealing of premises and commissioning of witnesses. * It was amended in 2003 to improve regulation of technology capable of sex selection. MANUAL SCAVENGING * Sanitation is a State subject. * The Constitution of India, in conformity with the international position, abolishes untouchability (Art. 17) and prohibits castebased discrimination (Art. 15). * Under the Constitution human dignity is an inalienable right which is part of the fundamental right to life under Art. 21. * It is a universally recognized right, endorsed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by way of Articles 1, 22 and 23. Current law on Manual Scavenging * The Parliament has enacted the ‘Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act 2013’. * It intends to: o Eliminate the insanitary latrines. o Prohibit Employment as Manual Scavengers, Hazardous manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks. o Survey of Manual Scavengers and their rehabilitation. * The Act thus prohibits dry latrines and all kinds of manual cleaning of excrement as

well as cleaning gutters, sewers, and septic tanks without protective gear. * Under section 8 of this Act, a person violating this will be punishable with imprisonment for up to two years or a fine of up to I2 lakh or both. For any subsequent violations, the imprisonment may extend up to five years and the fine can go up to I5 lakh or both. * The Act also has following provisions for the rehabilitation of the identified manual scavengers o An initial one-time cash assistance o Scholarship to the children of manual scavenger o Allotment of residential plot and financial assistance for house construction of a ready built house o Training in a livelihood skill with payment of stipend of at least Rs 3000 per month o Provision for subsidy, along with concessional loans, to at least one adult member of the family. * Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is responsible for rehabilitation of manual scavengers and it implements the ‘Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers’ (SRMS). Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) * Ministry of Tribal Affairs is implementing Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) in tribal areas. * EMRS are set up in States/UTs with grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution of India. * Management of each EMRS is under a committee which include, among others, reputed local NGOs involved with education. Objectives of EMRS * Provide quality middle and high-level education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) students in remote areas. * Enable them to avail of reservation in high and professional educational courses and in jobs in government and public and private sectors. Construction of infrastructure that provides education, physical, environmental and cultural needs of student life. Coverage of Scheme * As per existing guidelines at least one EMRS is to be set up in each Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA)/ Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) having 50% ST population in the area. * As per the budget 2018-19, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an Eklavya



Model Residential School by the year 2022.

Operation Digital Board * It aims to set up one digital and interactive board per classroom in government and government-aided schools by 2022. * It will be introduced in schools from class 9th onwards as well as in higher education institutions. * It aims to make the learning as well as the teaching process interactive and popularize flipped learning as a pedagogical approach. * It will work on emerging technologies including Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Analytics and provide ‘Intelligent Tutoring’ to students based on their personal requirements. * University Grants Commission (UGC) will be the implementing agency of ODB for higher education institutions. NTA * It has been established as a premier, specialist, autonomous and self-sustained testing organization to conduct entrance examinations for admission/ fellowship in higher educational institutions. * It is a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. * The major examinations to be conducted by NTA include University Grant Commission-NET Eligibility (UGC-NET), JEE (Main), CMAT, GPAT and NEET. * All the examinations of NTA were mandated to be conducted twice a year for the benefit of students. * It will be chaired by an eminent educationist appointed by MHRD. * The objectives of the NTA, inter-alia, are conducting efficient, transparent tests designed in a scientific manner for assessing competence of students. It will train subject matter experts and prepare test items in collaboration with psychometricians to ensure that the tests are well balanced. DISEASES ZIKA VIRUS * It was first identified in monkeys in Uganda in 1947. * The first human case was detected in Nigeria in 1954 and there have been further outbreaks in Africa, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands. Countries Affected

* In May 2015, it was reported in Brazil and has spread rapidly. * It is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. * They are found throughout the Americas except for Canada and Chile where it is too cold for them to survive. * If mosquitoes drink the blood of an infected person they can then infect subsequent people they bite. * Unlike the mosquitoes that spread malaria, they are mostly active during the day, so bed nets offer limited protection. Affected People * Most virus carriers are symptomless. * It is a silent infection in a group of highly vulnerable individuals – pregnant women which in turn is associated with a horrible outcome for their babies. * The virus causes microcephaly, a condition that causes babies to be born with an abnormally small head. Nipah virus * Nipah virus was first identified in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia in 1998. * The first outbreak in India was reported from Siliguri, West Bengal in 2001. * The natural host of the virus is the fruit bat but it can also infect pigs or any domesticated animals. * The virus is present in bat urine, faeces, saliva, and birthing fluids which then transmits it to Humans climbing trees or drinking raw palm sap covered in it. Avian Influenza

pathogenic Avian Influenza – H5N1 and H5N8 and notified it to the World Organisation for Animal Health.

products to the countries which had banned trade in such items.

infectious viral disease of birds with a tendency of causing large-scale outbreaks of serious disease.

humans, A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) have caused serious infections in people.

associated with direct or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry.

to people through properly cooked food.

World Organization for Animal Health: o The World Organisation for Animal Health is recognised as a reference



body by the World Trade Organization. o This global body keeps tab on animal

health issues and advises countries on best practices to be followed during such outbreaks. Swine Flu (H1N1)

type A influenza viruses Zoonotic diseases * A zoonotic disease is a disease that spreads between animals and people. * They can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. * Important Zoonotic diseases in India are: Nipah virus, avian influenza, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, Hanta virus, SARS, cysticercosis, anthrax, plague, echinococcosis and schistosomosis, Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) etc. Chikungunya * Chikungunya is a viral disease (genus Alphavirus) which is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes – including Aedes aegypti (also transmit dengue and zika) and Aedes albopictus. * There is no cure for the disease. Treatment is focused on relieving the symptoms. * Current Detection Techniques: It’s detected through RT-PCR (Real-time polymerase chain reaction) from serum samples and by determination of serum anti-bodies which are time consuming and cumbersome. Kala-azar

-azar also called black fever or dumdum fever is a fatal parasitic disease of viscera (the internal organs particularly the bones, liver, spleen etc.) caused by the infection due to the parasitic agent called Leishmania Donovani.

by Sand Fly bites. Hence it is common in families living in close proximity to livestock or in humid condition.

NTD (Neglected Tropical Disease) which affects poorest populations in tropical and subtropical regions especially in developing countries of the world.

epicentre for Kala-Azar. Kala-azar is endemic to the Indian subcontinent

in 119 districts in four countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal).

second-largest parasitic killer in the world.

incidence of Kala Azar (KA) to less than 1 case per 10,000 people at the sub-district level INJECTABLE POLIO VACCINE (IPV) Difference between Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and IPV: OPV is made up of attenuated or weakened poliovirus and there is a risk of vaccine derived polio. IPV is made up of inactivated (killed) polio virus and will provide immunity from all three strains of polio. Advantages

vaccine, it carries no risk of vaccine-associated polio paralysis.

response in most people. Disadvantages

intestine. As a result, when a person immunized with IPV is infected with wild poliovirus, the virus can still multiply inside the intestines and be shed in the faeces, risking continued circulation.

polio vaccine. health

workers and sterile injection equipment and procedures. Indian Scenario From April, 2016 the trivalent polio vaccine was replaced by the bivalent variety. It will reduce incidence of vaccine-derived polio virus.

: Drawing up comprehensive micro-plans for routine immunization.

will carry out vaccinations.

corrective measures can be taken when needed. Cholera

Cholera is caused by a bacterial infection of the intestine.

In many cases the infection is mild — sometimes

producing no symptoms at all. But approximately one in

20 people infected with cholera has a serious case, with

symptoms including severe diarrhea, vomiting, and leg

cramps. These symptoms quickly cause dehydration and

shock, and can result in death within hours if the infected

person doesn’t receive treatment.

Cholera is typically transmitted by contaminated food or

water. In areas with poor treatment of sewage and

drinking water, the feces of people with cholera can enter

the water supply and spread quickly, resulting in an

epidemic. The cholera bacterium may also live in the

environment in some coastal waters, so shellfish eaten

raw can be a source of cholera in affected areas.



Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial disease that

affects the respiratory system or the skin. Respiratory

diphtheria causes a sore throat and fever, and sometimes

swelling of the neck. In severe cases it can cause a

membrane to form over the throat, which results in

breathing problems. Cutaneous diphtheria affects the

skin, causing infected lesions to form. Diphtheria can

lead to coma and death if it goes untreated.

An infected person usually spreads the disease by

coughing or sneezing. The person expels droplets

containing the diphtheria bacteria, which are then inhaled

by another person. The disease is treated by

hospitalization and antibiotics.

Malaria

Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted by infected

mosquitoes. Symptoms occur ten days to four weeks

after being bitten and are similar to symptoms brought on

by the flu — chills, fever, sweating, headache, and

muscle pain. In serious cases, malaria may cause

vomiting, anemia (iron deficiency), kidney failure, coma,

and death.

The disease can be prevented by taking anti-malarial

drugs and by avoiding mosquito bites in areas where

malaria infection is common. Those infected with

malaria can be treated with prescription drugs, which are

most effective when taken early in the course of the

disease.

Measles

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus.

Early symptoms include fever, cough, red eyes, and a

runny nose. During the first few days, the characteristic

measles rash appears, beginning with white spots in the

mouth and spreading to a red rash that covers the entire

body. The rash typically lasts four to seven days. Severe

cases of measles can cause diarrhea, ear infection,

pneumonia, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), and

death.

The measles virus is easily spread through airborne

droplets expelled by coughing or sneezing, and can live

in the air for up to two hours after an infected person has

been present. After exposure, the virus lives in the body

for about two weeks before symptoms appear. There is

no specific remedy available for measles, so treatment

usually consists of bed rest and easing symptoms.

Mumps

Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes painful

swelling of the salivary glands. As a result, people

infected with mumps sometimes appear to have

“chipmunk cheeks.” Other symptoms include fever,

headache, sore muscles, and fatigue. Serious

complications are rare, and may include encephalitis

(swelling of the brain), inflammation of the sex organs,

and deafness.

The mumps virus is transmitted by contact with the

respiratory secretions of an infected person. Like

measles, mumps has a relatively long incubation period,

with symptoms appearing more than two weeks after

exposure. There are no specific treatments available for

mumps, but the disease can be prevented by

immunization.

Influenza

Influenza, more commonly known as “the flu,” is caused

by a contagious virus. Symptoms include body aches,

sore throat, headache, fever, coughing, and chills.

Perhaps because influenza is so common,

misconceptions about the disease abound. Often, people

who experience a bad cold say they have the flu, but this

is incorrect: Unlike influenza, colds rarely cause

headaches or fever. And despite widespread use of the

term “stomach flu,” true influenza does not cause

gastrointestinal symptoms.

The flu is spread through airborne respiratory secretions.

Symptoms can be serious, and the disease can be fatal —

especially for babies, the elderly, and people with

weakened immune systems. When influenza pandemics

occur, they spread quickly, often killing large numbers of

previously healthy people.

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis (often shortened to “polio”) is a viral

infection spread by person-to-person contact. Symptoms

vary according to the type of infection, and three basic

patterns are common:

Subclinical infections, which account for the vast

majority of polio cases. Symptoms may include fatigue,

headache, sore throat, mild fever, and vomiting. In some

subclinical infections, no symptoms may appear.

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Symptoms may include back

pain, neck pain, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, leg pain,

fever, muscle stiffness, painful rash, and vomiting.

Paralytic poliomyelitis (the most serious kind of polio

infection.) Symptoms may include fever, breathing

difficulty, constipation, headache, muscle pain, muscle

spasms, and muscle weakness on one side of the body.

Muscle weakness comes on quickly and progresses to

paralysis.

Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is a disease caused by Streptococcus

bacteria — the same bacteria that cause strep throat. The

bacteria are spread through contact with the oral or nasal

fluids of an infected person. Scarlet fever begins with a

fever and sore throat, and later causes a red rash that

starts at the chest and spreads over the body. Most cases

of scarlet fever occur in children under the age of 18, and

it was once a very serious childhood disease. Before

effective treatments became available it often led to

rheumatic fever and death, but the availability of



antibiotics has dramatically reduced the

scarlet fever mortality rate.

Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease caused by a vitamin C deficiency.

Symptoms of scurvy include weakness, anemia, gum

disease, and bleeding from the mucus membranes. The

disease was once common among sailors who were at

sea for long periods without access to fresh fruit. When it

became widely known that citrus fruits (with their

abundant vitamin C) could prevent scurvy, sailors began

taking lemon juice on long voyages and incidences of

scurvy diminished greatly.

Smallpox

Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal

infectious disease caused by a virus. There is no specific

treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention

is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the

Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised bumps

that appear on the face and body of an infected person.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by

Salmonella typhi bacteria. At the onset of typhoid fever,

symptoms include fever, malaise, and stomach pain. As

the disease progresses, the fever increases to over 103

degrees Fahrenheit and diarrhea begins. Eventually

weakness and delirium develop, and in some cases a rash

appears on the chest and abdomen.

Salmonella typhi bacteria are spread by contaminated

food or water. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of

infected humans and can enter the food supply as a result

of improper hand-washing. Bacteria may also enter the

water supply in places where sewage is improperly

treated. Typhoid bacteria can live in the intestines of

healthy people who carry and spread the disease without

ever experiencing symptoms. In New York in 1906, a

cook named Mary Mallon was linked to outbreaks of

typhoid fever in every town where she worked.

Eventually she was tested, and doctors discovered that

although Mallon was perfectly healthy, she unknowingly

carried the typhoid bacteria. She became notorious as a

disease carrier, acquiring the nickname “Typhoid Mary.”

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral infection transmitted by

mosquitoes that carry the virus. The disease typically

occurs in tropical areas, particularly in parts of South

America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Before its cause was

known, yellow fever was also common in the U.S., and

outbreaks killed thousands in port cities, Yellow fever

symptoms usually appear three to six days after being

bitten by an infected mosquito, and they develop in three

stages. In the first stage, symptoms include fever,

headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and jaundice. This

lasts for three to four days before the second stage —

remission — begins. During remission, the fever and

other symptoms go away. Most people recover at this

stage, but some move on to the third stage —

intoxication. This stage is the most serious, and involves

liver and kidney failure, bleeding disorders, delirium,

coma, and seizures.

Avian influenza

India has officially declared itself free from highly

contagious Avian Influenza (H5N1) or bird flu and has

notified the same to the World Organization for Animal

Health (OIE). It was announced by the Department of

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries in the Union

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers welfare. This

announcement was made as no outbreak of Avian

Influenza (H5N1) was reported in the country after the

last notified outbreak at Humnabad, Bidar district,

Karnataka in June 2016. Various control measures

adopted Stamping out of entire poultry population

including destruction of eggs, litter, feed and other

infected materials. Restriction on movement of poultry

and poultry products from area of outbreak. Cleaning up

and disinfection of infected premises and the Post

Operation Surveillance Plan (POSP). Surveillance was

carried out throughout the country around the areas of

the outbreaks since completion of the operation. Post the

surveillance has shown no evidence of presence of Avian

Influenza. However, Union Government has emphasized

that their need for continued surveillance especially in

areas visited by migratory birds and vulnerable areas

bordering infected countries.

About Avian influenza (AI) AI commonly called bird flu

is an infectious viral disease of birds and is zoonotic

disease. It is an infectious viral disease of birds and can

sometimes spread to domestic poultry and cause large-

scale outbreaks of serious disease.

AI viruses are divided into 2 groups based on their

ability to cause disease in poultry:

(i) high pathogenicity: Viruses result in high death rates

up to 100% mortality within 48 hours in some poultry

species. (ii) Low pathogenicity: Viruses are not generally

associated with severe disease but causes outbreaks in

poultry. Human Infections: Most avian influenza viruses

do not infect humans however A(H7N9) and A(H5N1)

virus strains have caused serious infections in people.

However, infections in humans have been associated

with direct or indirect contact with infected live or dead

poultry. Note: There is no evidence that the disease can

be spread to people through properly cooked food.

Controlling the spread of disease in animals is the first

step in decreasing risks to humans.

Swine flu

Swine flu (swine influenza): It is a respiratory disease

caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the

respiratory tract of pigs. H1N1 (Hemagglutinin Type 1



and Neuraminidase Type 1) is the subtype of

influenza A virus that was the most common

cause of human influenza (flu). Its common symptoms

are nasal secretions, a barking cough, decreased appetite

and listless behavior

Bio-toilets -toilets are small-scale sewage-treatment

systems beneath the toilet seat. toilets incorporate microbes with an

anaerobic digestion process to digest human waste.

collected waste and converts the waste into water and biogases (mainly methane and carbon dioxide).

cape into the atmosphere, the wastewater is discharged after disinfection onto the track, thus putting an end to the crisis of railway tracks strewn with excreta.

-toilet requires 60 litres — or three large bucketfuls — of inoculum, a mix of cow dung and water.

3,980 tons of human excreta. Anaerobic bacteria are abundantly available in cow dung.

MISCELLANIOUS Terrace Farming

whereby “steps” known as terraces are built onto the slopes of hills and mountains.

Inca people who lived in the South American mountains.

is that contour ploughing follows the natural shape of the slope without altering it.

alters the shape of the slope to produce flat areas that provide a catchment for water.

terrace instead of carrying away the soil nutrients and plants down the slope.

cultivation of water-intensive crops such as rice. Agri silviculture

-silviculture is a type of agro-forestry.

combines the growing of agricultural crops with simultaneously raised and protected forest crops.

and cultivation of food and fodder crops in the available space between the trees.

following : i. improved and sustained crop

productivity ii. ii. increased level of income for

farmers iii. improved nutritive value of animal feed due to the supply of green fodder iv. suitable for soil nutrient recycling; helps reduce chemical fertilizer purchase v. reduces surface run off, soil erosion, nutrient loss, gully formation and landslides vi. reduces pressure on community and other natural forests for fodder, fuel wood and timber Mixed farming

different types of practices along with doing the main business of agriculture.

faming, dairy farming, bee keeping, sericulture, pisciculture, shrimp farming, goat and sheep rearing, piggery, etc.



different sources and to complement land and labour demands

crops and livestock offers varied options for farmers to face uncertain weather conditions associated with increased

(polyculture, inter-cropping, or co-cultivation) is a type of agriculture that involves planting two or more plants simultaneously in the same field. Green manure

g in the green plant tissues grown in the field or adding green plants with tender twigs or leaves from outside and incorporating them into the soil for improving the physical structure as well as fertility of the

add an organic matter into the soil and enriching with important and deficient nutrients in the soil. Green leaf manure

manures made from leaves, twigs collected from various trees, herbs and shrubs forsupplying essential plant nutrients to the soil and increase soil

tree leaves are major sources of these manures while herbs and shrubs growing in field bunds, wastelands etc. are some

the advantages of GLM are improved soil structure, increased water holding capacity, decreased soil erosion, reduction of weed growth, etc. Farm yard manure

decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with litter and leftover materials from roughages or fodder fed to

and some of its properties are - 1. FYM is rich in nutrients especially Nitrogen which is made available to the plants as and when the FYM decomposes. 2. Balanced nutrition to the plants as cow dung, urine, fibres from fodder are mixed. 3. Potassium and Phosphorus available from FYM is similar to that from inorganic sources Compost

process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions where various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter into

of the composting process is dependent upon the environmental conditions present within the composting system i.e. oxygen, temperature, moisture, material disturbance, organic matter and the size and activity of microbial populations.

waste. I.e. food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc., and turns it into a valuable organic fertilizer. Vermi-Compost

-Compost is the end product of vermicomposting, a method by which compost or mixed manure of organic origin is prepared by the use of

degradation of the organic wastes for the consumption of earthworms, helps in the



recycling of food wastes, reduces the waste bulk density and the final product may contain hormone-like substance which accelerates the plant growth. Bio fertilizers

fertilizers or microbial inoculants are defined as preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilising or

used in fields with the objective of increasing the availability of nutrient in a from easily assimilated by plants. Drip irrigation

trickle irrigation, involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or

plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation which involves wetting the whole soil profile.

application efficiency, lower labour costs, minimised fertiliser/nutrient loss andability to irrigate irregular shaped fields. Sprinkler irrigation

application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump.

It releases water similar to rainfall through a small diameter nozzle placed in the pipes.

of pipes, sprayed into air and irrigates in most of the soil type due to wide range of discharge capacity.

sprinkler irrigation are – o Reducing water loss due to conveyance o Suitable in all types of soil except heavy clay o Best suited for fields with high plant population per unit area. *Reduces soil compaction. *Saves land as no bunds required. *Reduces labour cost. Kharif season crops

July to October during the south-west monsoon.

rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc.

quantity of rainwater as well its timing, as too much or too little or at wrong time waste’s the whole year’s efforts. Rabi season crops

to March during the winter months. he Rabi crops include wheat, barley,

oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc.

rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation and not dependent on rain as too much water can be harmful for these crops. Zaid season crops



March to May during the summer season.

lands that do not have to wait for monsoons. *They require warm dry weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering. *The main produce are seasonal fruits and vegetables. *Some Zaid crops are Water melon, cucumber, muskmelon, sunflower, sugarcane, etc. Crop rotation

planting of different crops in a particular order over several years in the same growing space.

in the soil, reduce soil erosion, and prevents plant diseases and pests.

rotation schedule as the types of plants in a particular farm or garden depend on the local soil, climate, and resources available. *The length of rotation time between different plants will also vary depending on the needs of the farmer. Soil Health Card Scheme

scheme was launched in 2015 in Rajasthan.

nutrients status of the soils along with the recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to improve soil health and fertility.

once in every 3 years to a farm so that nutrients deficiency can be regularly detected and improved.

all 120 million farm holdings by Dec, 2017.

-17), 100 million SHC have been distributed.

e second phase began on May 1, 2017, and will continue for the year 2017 to

in collaboration with State Governments with 50:50 fund sharing pattern. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana is to provide comprehensive insurance coverage compulsory for farmers availing crop loans for notified crops in notified areas and voluntary for non-loanee farmers.

Premium rate - There is no capping in premium and one premium rate on pan-India basis. It is 1.5%, 2% and 5% for all Rabi, Kharif and annual horticultural/commercial crops,

the government subsidy i.e the difference between premium and insurance charges paid by the farmer.

Losses covered - Non-Preventable risk such as Natural Fire, Storm, Hailstorm, Cyclone and Inundation has also been included as a localized calamity. Post Harvest losses also covered.

cluster approach will be adopted under which a group of districts with variable risk profile will be allotted to an

Sensing Technology, Smart phones & Drones for quick estimation of crop losses to ensure early settlement of claims.

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified NAIS (MNAIS) in the following ways,



Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana

promote organic farming and the products will be linked with the

cluster based approach and farmers will be funded to meet the expenditure from

farmers for expenditure on certification. Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)

-India electronic trading portal which networks the existing APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. virtual market but it is connected to a physical market (mandi) at the back end and promotes genuine price discovery.

Funding - Funded by Agri-Tech Infrastructure Fund (ATIF) which is set up through the Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC).

License - Liberal licensing of traders and commission agents by state authorities and one license for a trader is valid across all markets in the state.

Market Fee - Single point levy on the first wholesale purchase from the farmer.

Implementation - A Central Sector Scheme. Willing states enact suitable provisions in their APMC act for integration with the e-Testing Laboratories available in the mandis itself. National Food Security Mission

of Rice, Wheat, Pulses, Coarse Cereals and commercial crops (Cotton, jute and Sugarcane).

- Production of rice, wheat and pulses would be increased by 10, 8, 4

million tonnes respectively and Coarse -

50:50 by Centre and State for food crops and 100% centre funding for cash crops.

cluster demonstration, distribution of high yield seeds with farm mechanization, &Integrated pest management. http://www.shankariasacademy.com | www.iasparliament.com

- National Food Security Act is different from the Mission and the act is administered by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs). Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

jectives are – 1.Extending the coverage of irrigation 2.Improving water use efficiency 3.End to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities.

ongoing schemes 1. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) - Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR). 2. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) - Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Developement. 3. On Farm Water Management (OFWM) - Department of

Implementation - Decentralised manner through State Irrigation Plan and District Irrigation Plan. Mission Fingerling to achieve enhanced fish production in the country and to meet the targets under the Blue revolution by 2020-



potential states will be identified to strengthen the fish seed infrastructure and facilitate the establishment of hatcheries and Fingerling rearing pond. Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana

of the Department of Pharmaceuticals.

generic medicines at affordable prices to all, especially the poor, throughout the country, through outlets known as Jan Aushadhi Stores (JASs).

generic medicines and reduces unit cost of treatment per person.

provide space in Government Hospital premises or any other suitable locations for the running of the JAS‘.

minimum 3 years of successful operation in welfare activities can also open the JAS outside the hospital premises.

Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementing agency which will provide one-time assistance in furnishing and establishment costs of the outlet.

-sustaining business model not dependent on continuous government subsidies or assistance. Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) - UDAN

offers concessions to the airlines to encourage them to fly on regional routes.

like levies or charges imposed by the

airport operators, excise duty at 2% and VAT at 1% on aviation turbine fuel, parking charges at airports and exempting these operations from the GST net.

hority of India (AAI) is the implementing agency.

exceed Rs 2,500 and will be determined based on the flight distance.

50% of the seats on RCS flights as RCS seats with 3-7 operational flights per week.

be created to subsidise operations under the RCS.

of the losses incurred and the rest will be covered by the states.

e Viability gap funding (VGF) to the selected airline operators from RCF, and state governments will be required to reimburse the applicable share.

from the date of commencement of operations of such RCS flights.

general, central and state contributions for VGF are 80:20 and for the north-eastern states & union

Scheme will be available for a period of 10 years from the date of its notification.

onal only in states and at airports which are willing to provide concessions required under the

requirement of 150 km minimum distance between two airports to be qualified for operations under the scheme. But later it was abolstate to sign agreement with centre for RCS.



Bharat Net

network infrastructure with affordable broadband connectivity on a non-discriminatory basis to all households in the country.

India, in partnership with States and the Private Sector.

the National Optical Fibre Network, approved in October 2011.

phase - providing broadband connectivity to one lakh gram panchayats by 2017 oSecond Phase – providing broadband connectivity to 2 lakh gram panchayats by 2019 oThird Phase – providing state-of-art network using fibers between districts and block with reduced redundancy by 2023.

states, state agencies, private sector companies and central public sector undertakings.

Service Providers (TSPs), ISPs, Cable TV operators etc. will be given non-discriminatory access to the National Optic Fibre Network and can launch various services in rural areas.

Obligation Fund.

agency to oversee the work. ended to enable the

government of India to provide e-services and e-applications nationally like e-health, e-education and e-governance etc. Universal Service Obligation Fund

utilized for providing telegraph services

across the country especially the rural and remote areas.

Service Levy (USL) of 5% charged from all the telecom operators on their gross revenue.

process to an enterprise which works on providing tele services. Digi Locker *A secure dedicated personal electronic space for storing the documents of resident Indian citizens will be created. *It is to provide citizens a shareable private space on a public cloud. *The space can be utilized for storing personal documents like University certificates, PAN cards, voter id cards, etc., and the URI's of the e-documents issued by various issuer departments. *It is a platform for issuance and verification of documents & certificates in a digital way, thus eliminating the use of physical documents.

-signing documents. DARPAN *Ministry of Communication launched ―DARPAN - Digital Advancement of Rural Post Office for A New India‖.

t aimed at realizing financial inclusion of un-banked rural population.

intends to provide a low power technology solution to each branch postmaster to improve service delivery. *DARPAN offers core banking services such as cash deposit and withdrawal in savings bank and recurring deposit, mini



statement, Aadhaar seeding and daily transaction report. *The application will also be used for the reimbursement of social security benefits such as MNREGS, old age pension and DBT. *It is targeted to complete the project by March 2018. Project Mausam

Transnational Mixed Route (including Natural and Cultural Heritage) on the World Heritage List.

knowledge and manipulation of the monsoon winds has shaped interactions across the Indian Ocean and led to the spread of shared knowledge systems, traditions, technologies and ideas along maritime routes.

the nodal agency and Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) is its Research Unit and National Museum & IGNCA is its Associate bodies.

historical research and document the diversity of cultural, commercial and religious interactions among the 39 Indian Ocean countries.

- Reviving lost linkages with nations, Creating links to existing World Heritage sites, Redefining ‗Cultural Landscapes‘, Achieving transnational nomination under World Heritage. North East Rural Livelihood Project (NERLP)

aided by World Bank and implemented in four North Eastern States namely Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.

of the poor, especially that of women and the disadvantaged people in the project

the project was done by the State Governments based on social and

Outcomes - and supported by the project sustainable,

members of the SHGs (at least 60% of them) and disadvantaged households by

employment to the unemployed youths through various skill trainings, entrepreneurship development trainings, vocational trainings and management development trainings. Digital India

into digital empowered society and knowledge economy.

department of Electronics and IT and implemented by all government departments.

Digital India committee comprised of several ministers.

phases from the current year till 2018.

These includes 1.The creation of digital infrastructure, 2.Delivering services digitally, 3.Digital literacy

are 1.Universal Access to Phones 2.Broadband Highways 3.Public Internet Access Programme 4.e-Governance – Reforming government through Technology



5.e-Kranti – Electronic delivery of services 6.Information for All 7.Electronics Manufacturing – Target NET ZERO Imports 8.IT for Jobs 9.Early Harvest Programmes

includes the hitherto National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) to connect 2,50,000gram Panchayats by providing internet connectivity to all citizens.

electronic development fund and envisages Net-Zero Electronics Import Target by 2020. National Action Plan on Climate Change

(NAPCC) is a comprehensive action plan which outlines measures on climate change related adaptation and mitigation while simultaneously advancing development.

t effectively pulls together a number of the government‘s existing national plans on water, renewable energy, energy efficiency agriculture and others and bundled with additional ones into a set of eight missions.

Change is in charge of the overall implementation of the plan.Eight core missions of NAPCC

– It has a goal of increasing production of photo-voltaic to 1000 MW/year; and a goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation.

Efficiency

- the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use

efficiency through pricing and other measures.

ustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India‘s territory.

Agriculture

Knowledge for Climate Change National Mission for Green India

enhancing India‘s diminishing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures.

Mission Goals –

extent of 5 million hectares (mha) and improve quality of forest/tree cover on another 5 mha of forest/non-forest lands, Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

ed to give access to cheap credit to poor and small fledgling businesspersons with the objective to provide self-employment.

Agency Ltd. [MUDRA] is an NBFC supporting development of micro enterprise sector.

e scheme, loans are given to non-farm income generating enterprises in manufacturing and trading and services whose credit needs are below Rs.10 lakh.

Banks / MFIs for lending to micro l, rural,



State and urban cooperative banks to eligible for refinancing from MUDRA. categories i.Shishu for loans up to Rs.50,000; ii.Kishor for loans above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs.5 lakh; iii.Tarun for loans above Rs.5 lakh and up

issued to borrowers. Using these, they can withdraw the loan from any ATM in India, as and when they need the money.

Labour Bureau to carry out the survey to ascertain the number of jobs created under the scheme. Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY)

Security Scheme administered through Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).

persons between the age group of 18 yrs

providing insurance cover for a sum of Rs 30,000/- on natural death, Rs. 75,000/- on death due to accident, Rs. 37,500/- for partial permanent disability due to accident and Rs. 75,000/- for total permanent disability due to accident.

scheme is Rs. 200/- per beneficiary of which 50% is contributed from the Social Security Fund created by the Central Government and maintained by LIC. The balance is contributed by the State Government / Nodal Agency / Individual. Project Shaksham

Indirect Tax Network (System Integration) of the Central Board of Excise

1.Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST), 2.Extension of the Indian Customs Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade (SWIFT) and 3.Other taxpayer-friendly initiatives under Digital India and Ease of Doing Business of

is to ensure readiness of CBEC's IT systems by April, 1, 2017, when GST is to be introduced. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)

insurance cover at an highly affordable

will be available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a savings bank account who give their consent to join and enable auto-debit on an annual renewal

Rs. 2 lakh for accidental death and permanent total disability and Rs. 1 lakh

offered by Public Sector General Insurance Companies or any other General Insurance Company who are willing to offer the product on similar

-join the scheme subhas simplified procedures and the

goal of financial inclusion by achieving penetration of insurance down to the weaker sections of the society, ensuring their or their family‘s financial security, which otherwise gets pulled to the ground in case of any unexpected and unfortunate accident. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)



to any reason and is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years ( life cover upto age 55) having a savings bank account who give their consent to join and enable auto-lakhs is available for a one year period at a premium of Rs.330/- per annum per member and is renewable every yearis administered through LIC and other Indian private Life Insurance companies.

Insurance company with one bank

the scheme without giving self- death

certificate and simple claim form is required to submit and the claim amount will be transferred to nominees account. Stand Up India Scheme entrepreneurship among Scheduled

schemes provides for composite loans by banks between Rs. 10 lakh and upto Rs. 100 lakh for setting up a new enterprise in the non-would be eligible for refinance and credit guarantee cover. Google Tax

introduce a tax on the income as accrue to a foreign e-commerce company outside of India. payment exceeding Rs 1 lakh in a financial year to a non-resident technology company will need to withhold 6% tax on the gross amount being paid as an equalisation levy or Google tax.

when the payment has been made to avail

certain B2B services from these technology companies. Tejaswini

-economic empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young women.

with basic life skills and thereafter provide further opportunities to acquire market driven skill training or completion

components - (i) Expanding social, educational and economic opportunities (ii) improve livelihood opportunities by developing participants' skills (iii) Strengthens women‗s participation in

financing agreement with World Bank (International Development Association) for funding of this scheme. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY)

exclusively for the senior citizens aged 60 years and aboveCorporation of India is the implementing agenc

ceiling of maximum pension is for a family as a whole; the family will comprise of pensioner, his/her spouse and

ithdrawal from the scheme is possible in case the money is required for the treatment of terminal or critical illness of the person or

difference between the interest guaranteed and the actual interest earned shall be subsidized by the Government of India and reimbursed to the Corporation.



National Health Mission

Mission includes the following 1. Reduce MMR to 1/1000 live births 2. Reduce IMR to 25/1000 live births 3. Reduce TFR to 2.1 4. Prevention and reduction of anaemia in women aged 15–49 years 5. Prevent and reduce mortality & morbidity from communicable, non- communicable; injuries and emerging diseases 6. Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure on total health care expenditure 7. Reduce annual incidence and mortality from Tuberculosis by half 8. Reduce prevalence of Leprosy to <1/10000 population and incidence to zero in all districts 9. Annual Malaria Incidence to be <1/1000 10. Less than 1 per cent microfilaria prevalence in all districts 11. Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, <1 case per 10000 population in all blocks

as National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission.

t, support is being provided under NHM to the States/UTs for strengthening their health care delivery systems National Rural Health Mission

Maternal, Newborn, Child and Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) services to the rural deprived people through its network

providing fully functional, community owned and decentralised health delivery

NRHM-RCH Flexipool is one of the components of NHM and is for all towns and villages below the population of 50,000.

1.Accredited social health activists 2.JananiSurakshaYojana 3.JananiShishuSurakshaKaryakram (JSSK) 4.RashtriyaBalSwasthyaKaryakram (RBSK) 5.Mainstreaming AYUSH – revitalizing local health traditions. ASHA, ANM and AWW

(ASHA) is a trained female community health activist who acts as a interface between the community and the public health system.

the village who is literate with formal education upto class eight and preferably in the age group of 25-45 years.

resource person for ASHA and provides on-job training and guidance and ensures that ASHA gets the compensation for performance.

ASHA in performing activities such as organising Health Day at Anganwadi Centre and AWW is a depot holder for drug kits and will be issuing it to ASHA. Janani Suraksha Yojana of the JSY is to reduce maternal and infant mortality by promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women by providing conditional cash assistance of Rs.1400. There is no bar on age of mother, number of children or type of institution i.e a government or accredited private health facility.



is available to all pregnant women in states that have low institutional delivery rates, namely, UP, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Rajasthan, Odisha, and J&K. They are categorized as Low Performing States (LPS).

High Performing States (HPS), where the levels of institutional delivery are satisfactory, pregnant women from BPL/SC/ST households only are entitled

provides performance based incentives to ASHAs. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) women delivering in public health institutions to an absolutely free and no expense delivery including C- expenses are borne by the government.

free transport from home to the

include free drugs and consumables, free diagnostic, free blood, free diet up to 3 days for normal delivery and 7 days for C-

Similar entitlements have been put in place for all sick newborns accessing public health institutions for

provides for free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop initiative will also help in reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Mission Indradhanush

children by 2020 who are either

unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against seven vaccine preventable diseases.

tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B.

the age of two years and pregnant women with all available vaccines.

implemented in 201 high focus districts in the country in the first phase which has nearly 50% of all unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children.

Immunisation Programme by 2020. supported by WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International and other donor partners. Mission Parivar Vikas

occasion of World Population Day.

access to high quality family planning sion focuses on family planning

initiatives and targeted approaches for population stabilisation through better services delivery approach.

in 7 states with high TFR (Total Fertility Rate).

med ―Antara was launched under this mission. Under this programme, a new injection will be used which will act as an alternative to the current birth control methods. Project Sunrise

HIV prevalence in the North-Eastern states.



of such drug addicts with HIV and put them under treatment by 2020. HIV/AIDS by giving them treatment and care facilities free of cost.

n addition to the existing projects of the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO).

based Centre for Disease Control and would be implemented by Family Health International 360. National Deworming Mission

ng to WHO, India has the highest burden of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) in the world.

children in the ages of 1-19 years from intestinal wormsi. eHelminths.

targeted children through Anganwadi

Deworming day is observed on 10th February. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care, free of cost, universally to all pregnant women on the 9th of every

package of antenatal care services to women in their 2nd / 3rd trimesters of pregnancy at designated government

-up includes a minimum package of prenatal care/antenatal care services i.e care given during pregnancy and medicines such as IFA supplements, calcium supplements etc would be provided to all pregnant

systematic approach for engagement

with private sector. o laid special emphasis on early diagnosis, adequate and appropriate management of women with malnutrition and adolescent and early pregnancies as these pregnancies

aims to improve the quality and coverage of Antenatal Care (ANC) including diagnostics and counselling services as part of the Reproductive Maternal Neonatal Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Strategy. National Ayush Mission

implementation period till 2020. Objectives – 1.To provide cost effective

and equitable AYUSH health care. 2.To revitalize and strengthen the AYUSH systems 3.To improve educational institutions capable of imparting quality AYUSH education 4.To promote the adoption of Quality standards of AYUSH drugs and making available the sustained supply of AYUSH raw-Beneficiaries - Patients due to low cost medicine and increased access. Components of the Mission

Resource pool) 1.AYUSH Services 2.Ayush Educational institutions 3.Quality control of ASU &H Drugs 4.Medicinal Plants

pool) 1.Ayush Wellness centres including yoga & Naturopathy 2.IEC activities 3.Tele-medicine 4.Sports Medicine through AYUSH 5.Innovations in AYUSH including Public Private Partnership



6.Interest subsidy component for Private AYUSH educational Institutions 7.Reimbursement of Testing charges 8.Research & Development in areas related to Medicinal Plants 9.Market Promotion, Market intelligence & buy back interventions 10.Crop Insurance for Medicinal Plants 11.Voluntary certification scheme: Project

States/UTs is proposed on the basis of population, backwardness and performance of the StateMIS monitoring and evaluation cell would be established at Centre/State level.

-in Aid will be transferred through treasury route to State Governments which in turn will transfer the funds to the State AYUSH Society along with State Share. Operation Muskaan

Home Affairs.

prevent child trafficking and rescue children from persons who try to engage them in begging, sexual trade and other antisocial activities.

police teams would screen all children residing in shelter homes, railway platforms, bus stands, roads and religious places. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) SSA – It is aimed at the universalisation of elementary education as mandated by the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India which made free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 as a fundamental right. Initiatives and Sub-Programmes under Sarva

Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) Shagun Portal - It has two components i.e Repository of best practices to learn from success stories & Online Monitoring of the SSA

Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat - To improve the reading and writing skills of children in classes I and II, along with their

Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan (RAA) - It aims to motivate and engage children of the age group of 6-18 years, in Science, Mathematics and Technology by Institutions of Higher Education like IIT's, IISER's and NIT's. Nai Manzil

Poor Minority youth and help them obtain sustainable and gainful employment opportunities that can facilitate them to be integrated with mainstream economic activities.

provided to the youth in market driven

awareness and sensitization in health and life skills, Mobilize school drop-out minority youths with formal education and certification upto level 8th or 10th through National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or other State open

the first time in J&K in 2016, where girls from minority communities are being imparted three-month skill development training in seven identified sectors relevant to the region. Nai Roshni

development among Minority Women.



confidence among minority women by providing knowledge, tools and techniques for interacting with Government systems, banks and other institutions at all levels. Nai Udaan Scheme Scheme is to provide financial support to minority students for preparation of Main Examination, who clear Prelims conducted by Union Public Service Commission, Staff Selection Commission,

aims to adequately equip them to compete and to increase the representation of the minority in the Civil Services. Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills (MANAS)

pment architecture aimed at providing an all India Level training framework. The training framework is based upon tie-ups with National/International training organizations (on PPP mode) for imparting training to the minority population, for skills that are currently in

concessional credit for minority community after meeting their Skilling Needs for expanding their existing businesses and setting up new businesses. Hunar Haat

of handicrafts, embroidery etc made by the artisans from the Minority Communities organized by the Ministry of

free of cost stall, the arrangements for their transport and their daily expenses.

rking to establish ―Hunar Hub‖ in all the states

where programmes such as ―HunarHaat‖ and other cultural events will be organized. USTAAD

Traditional Arts/Crafts for Development (USTAAD) is a 100% central sector scheme.

and updating the traditional skills of master craftsmen/artisans. These trained master craftsmen/artisan will train the minority youths in various specific

Scheme, skill development programme will be provided for all important traditional arts/crafts being practiced by minority communities, for their development and market linkages. Gharib Nawaz Skill Development Centre

inaugurated India‗s first Gharib Nawaz skill development centre in Hyderabad.

job oriented skill development course for youths belonging to minority communities.

Services Tax accounting/programming and other related subjects. Surya Mitra Scheme

trained solar photovoltaic technicians by March 2020.

skill development program designed to create skilled manpower in installation, commissioning, and Operation &



Maintenance of solar power plants and equipment.

and entrepreneurship to rural and urban youth & women. Special emphasis is given to skill youth from SC/ST/OBC categories.

in the program is ITI (Electrical & Wireman) / Diploma in Engineering (Electrical, Electronics & Mechanical).

B.Techetc are not eligible for this programme.

ogramme is 100% funded by GOI and implemented by National Institute for Solar Energy (NISE) across the country.

programmes for small hydro, entrepreneurship development, operation & maintenance of solar energy devices and boiler operations in co-generation

Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) is an autonomous institution of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)). PAHAL

consumer (DBTL) scheme called, `PAHAL‘ aims to reduce leakageof subsidy, reduce intermediariesand eliminate duplicate LPG connections by introducing direct cash transfer of subsidies.

will get the LPG cylinders at market price and receive the subsidy directly into their bank accounts.

mandatorily have a bank account linked with Aadhaar number for availing LPG Subsidy.

they will have to link their bank account directly with their 17 digit LPG ID. LPG PANCHAYAT

LPG Panchayat, aimed at encouraging rural communities to turn to clean fuel.

first LPG Panchayat was held in Gandhinagar, which brings LPG users of a village and officials of fuel companies

platform to discuss safe and sustainable usage of LPG, its benefits and linkages between using clean fuel and empowering women. 28.4 SAKSHAM – 2018

programme by the Ministry of Petroleum

awareness towards judicious utilization and conservation of petroleum products and switching to cleaner fuels. Alternate Train Accommodation Scheme – VIKALP

waitlisted passengers to get an alternative train accommodation within 12 hours of the

will get confirmed accommodation in next alternative train if they opt for it

paid by the passenger to avail this scheme or any refund provided for the difference of fare. Bharatmala that will subsume unfinished parts of National Highway Development Program

initiatives like development of Border and



International connectivity roads, Coastal & port connectivity roads, National Corridors Efficiency improvements, Economic corridors development and others. Sagarmala

project is to promote port-led development and to provide infrastructure to transport goods quickly, efficiently and cost-effectively.

development of inland waterways, is expected to reduce cost and time for transporting goods, benefiting industries

pillars 1. Supporting and enabling Port-led Development through institutional framework for ensuring inter-agency and ministries/departments/states‘ collaboration. 2. Port Infrastructure Enhancement, including modernization and setting up of new ports and port led industrialization. 3. Efficient Evacuation to and from hinterland.

to enhance the capacity of major and non-major ports.

development of the population living in the Coastal Economic Zone (CEZ).

created for projects and activities which strive to bring development for coastal communities.

(NSAC) is envisaged for overall policy

the state level, the State Governments is suggested to set up State Sagarmala

Committee headed by Chief Minister/Minister in Charge of Ports. Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana

development and welfare of tribal population in India by plugging the infrastructure gaps and lags in human

focuses on 1.Provision for a better standard of living and quality of life 2.Improving access to and quality of education 3.Generating resources for long-term and sustainable growth 4.Bridging infrastructural gaps 5.Protection of tribal culture and heritage. Smart Cities and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‗Smart‘ Solutions.

model which are meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalyzing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country.

Core infrastructure elements 1.Water Supply 2.Assured electricity supply 3.Sanitation, including solid waste management 4.Efficient urban mobility and public transport 5.Affordable housing, especially for the poor 6.Robust IT connectivity and digitalization 7.Good governance, especially e-



Governance and citizen participation 8.Sustainable environment 9.Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly 10.Health and education.

Components of Smart Cities Mission - 1.City improvement (Retrofitting), 2.City renewal (Redevelopment), 3.City extension plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city.

Approach - Area-based development. Selection Process–Each state will get at

piring city competes for selection as a smart city in what is called a ‗City Challenge‘. There are

State/UT begins with shortlisting the

the competition will be intra-state based on the criteria specified and the highest scoring potential smart cities will be

potential smart cities nominated by all the States and UTs will prepare Smart City Plans which will be rigorously evaluated in the Stage-2 of the competition for

chosen ones will get Central fund of Rs 500 crorein the course of 5 years.

Implementation -By SPVs which will be promoted by the State/UT and the Urban Local Body (ULB) jointly both having 50:50 equity shareholding. Namami Gange Programme

for Ganga Rejuvenation by consolidating the existing ongoing efforts and planning

programme covers 8 states such as

Uttarakhand, U.P, Bihar, W.B, Jharkhand,

developments of Ghats and beautification of River Fronts at Kedarnath, Haridwar, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Patna and Delhi through multi-sectoral, multi-

involved in Ganga Rejuvenation - Ministry of WR, RD&GR, Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shipping, Tourism, Urban Development, Drinking Water and

Interventions taken under Namami Ganga includes, 1.Sustainable Municipal Sewage management (Coordination with Ministry of Urban Development). 2.Managing Sewage from Rural Areas. 3.Managing Industrial discharge and pollution abatement 4.Enforcing River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks, Restoration and conservation of wetlands, efficient irrigation methods. 5.Ensuring ecological rejuvenation by conservation of aquatic life and biodiversity. 6.Promotion of Tourism and Shipping in a rational and sustainable manner. 7.Knowledge Management on Ganga through Ganga

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) & State Programme Management Groups (SPMGs) States and ULBs and PRIs will be

of Clean Ganga Fund to encourage contributions from citizens for river

completed by 2020. Ganga Gram

based integrated development of all 4470 villages along the River Ganga.



sanitation, development of water bodies and river ghats, construction/ modernization of crematoria, etc. with NMCG (National Mission for Clean Ganga).

istry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the nodal agency for implementation of the Ganga Gram Project. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS)

issue of decline in CSR in 100 gender critical districts and to provide convergent efforts to ensure survival, protection and education of the girl child.

1.Prevent gender biased sex selective elimination 2.Ensure survival & protection of the girl child 3.Ensure education of the girl child

components such as mass communication campaign and multi-sectoral action covering all States and UTs.

effort by Ministry of WCD, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of HRD.

given its approval for expansion of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao for a Pan India reach covering all the 640 districts of the country as per census 2011.

CSR - Number of girls per 1000 boys in the age group of 0-6 years. It declined sharply from 976 in 1961 to 918 in Census 2011. UJJAWALA Scheme

Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation.

- To prevent trafficking of women and

children for commercial sexual exploitation through social mobilization and involvement of local communities, awareness generation programmes, etc.

rescue of victims from the place of their exploitation and place them in safe custody.

o provide rehabilitation services reintegration of the

victims into the family and society at large.

repatriation of cross-border victims to their country of origin.

inspiration iasinspirationias.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/...inspiration ias.....inspiring...

Documents