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TRANSCRIPT
T
Technco
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Inspefor D
Expctionds fo
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pert ton guidor theahra
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Draft 2.2
October 201
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7
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delines ants
p grind m of
d
1 SCO
2 For
2.1
2.2
3 Saf
3.1
3.2
3.3
4 Sys
4.1
4.2 4.2.4.2.4.2.
4.3 4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.
4.4 4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.
4.5
5 Me
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6 Tes
OPE ...........
reword ......
Reference
Terms and
fety issues .
Foreword
Hazards an
Informatio
stem docum
Preface ...
All Solar P.1 Basic sys.2 System d.3 System i
Solar PV p.1 Wiring d.2 Planimet.3 Datashee.4 Mechani.5 Emergen.6 Shading .7 Esteem o
Solar PV p.1 Technica.2 Wiring d.3 Planimet.4 Datashee.5 Mechani.6 Emergen
Operation
echanical In
Overview
General A
Civil Work
Support St
Photovolt
st without I
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e documents
d definitions
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nd safety me
on from App
mentation r
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PV plants .....stem informatdesigner infornstaller inform
plants up to 1iagram ..........try and String ets .................ical design infncy systems ...diagram ........of the yearly e
plants aboveal report .........iagram ..........try and String ets .................ical design infncy systems ...
n and mainte
nspection –
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ssessment o
ks ................
tructures ....
aic Modules
Interconnec
Tab
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s ..................
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easures .......
plicant about
requiremen
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...................tion ................mation ..........mation ...........
11 kW ...............................layout ................................formation ..................................................energy produc
11 kW ....................................................layout ................................formation ............................
enance infor
Solar PV pl
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of the solar P
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6.1 6.1.6.1.6.1.6.1.
6.2
6.3 6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.
6.4 6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.
6.5 6.5.6.5.6.5.
6.6 6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.
7 Tes
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4 7.4.7.4.7.4.7.4.7.4.
Overview .1 General .2 Complian.3 Test regi.4 Test regi
Common r
Inspection.1 General .2 DC syste.3 DC syste.4 DC syste.5 DC syste.6 DC syste.7 DC syste.8 DC syste.9 AC syste.10 Labell
Category 1.1 Forewor.2 Continui.3 Polarity t.4 PV string.5 PV string.6 PV string.7 Function.8 PV array
Category 2.1 Forewor.2 String I‐V.3 PV array
Additiona.1 Forewor.2 Voltage t.3 Blocking .4 PV array .5 Shade ev
st with Inte
Overview
Interface P
Performan
General on.1 Calibrati.2 Docume.3 Inspectio.4 Sampling.5 Timestam
..................
......................nce to the Regimes and addiimes for syste
requirement
n – All Solar P......................m – General ..m – Protectiom – Protectiom – Protectiom – Earthing m – Protectiom – Selectionm ..................ing and ident
1 test regimed ...................ty of protectivtest ................g combiner bog – Open circug – Current menal tests .......... insulation res
2 test regimed ...................V curve measu infrared cam
l tests – Facud ...................to ground – Rdiode test .... – Wet insulatvaluation .......
erconnection
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nce monitor
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e – All solar ......................ve earthing an......................ox test ............uit voltage meeasurement ........................sistance test .
e – Recomm......................urement ........era inspection
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PV plants .........................nd equipotent............................................easurement .....................................................................
mended for S............................................n procedure ..
all Solar PV p......................nd systems ..........................e test ..................................
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olar PV plan...............................................................
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rting ....................................................................................................................
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ts > 100 kW..................................................................
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7.5 7.5.7.5.7.5.7.5.
7.6 7.6.7.6.7.6.
7.7 7.7.
7.8 7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.
7.9
8 Pow
8.1
8.2
8.3
Annexe
Annex
Annex
1 Irra
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2 PV
3 Am
4 Wi
5 Soi
5.1
Measured.1 General .2 Environm.3 Electrica.4 External
Data proce.1 Daylight .2 Removin.3 Treatme
Calculated.1 Descript
Performan.1 Overview.2 Performa.3 Tempera.4 STC perf.5 Annual‐t.6 Test dura
Test repor
wer Quality
Overview
Assessmen
Additiona
es ...............
x A ‐ Safety
x B – Measu
adiance .....
In‐plane ir
Global hor
Irradiance
Sensor loc
Sensor ma
Satellite re
V module tem
mbient air te
ind speed a
iling ratio ..
Equipmen
d parametersrequirementsmental paraml measuremesystem requi
essing and qhours ............
ng invalid readnt of missing
d parameterion of calculat
nce ratio .....w ....................ance ratio andature‐correcteormance ratiotemperature‐eation ..............
rt (Pn > 100 k
y Measurem
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nt of the har
l measurem
.................
Information
urement of e
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rradiance ....
rizontal irrad
e sensors .....
cations ........
aintenance .
emote sensi
mperature
emperature
and direction
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nt ................
s ..................s .....................eters .............nts ................rements ........
quality check......................dings ..............data ..............
s .................ted paramete
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ments and T
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rmonic conte
ents ............
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Tests – Sola
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5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Calibration
Measurem
Measurem
Preferred
Daily aver
n ................
ment method
ment method
method .....
rage value ...
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d 1 – max po
d 2 – short‐c
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ower reducti
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ion due to so
nt reduction
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1 SC
These Gthe erecThe Figufinal consolar PVsets are
The FiguDistributtests. Ho
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ted after n. ion to its ze of the two test
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Page | 7
tions and
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ntractor
2 FO
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[2]
[3]
[4] [5]
[6]
[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[12]
2.2 T
AC modActive instantaactive poApparenelementVA. UndCable tyenvironm“H07RNData sheproduct Global hexpresseIMOD_MAX
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OREWORD
Reference
EWA – Stannetworks ofMinistry of electrical insEWA – Guidnetworks ofIEC 60364‐6IEC 61010 –laboratory uIEC 61557 – d.c. IEC 61724‐1IEC 61724‐2IEC 61724‐3IEC 61730‐2IEC 62446‐1maintenancinspection IEC 62548 –
Terms and
ule – PV mopower (P) neous prodower is the rnt power (St or two‐termder sinusoidaype – descrment to be F”) eet – basic pmanual) horizontal ired in W/m2
X_OCPR – PV mften specifieon – examinn and propee irradiance n inclined surOA) irradian
D
documen
ndards for Sf the KingdomElectricity
stallations (Sdelines for Sf the Kingdom – Low volta– Safety requse Electrical sa
– Photovolt – Photovolt – Photovolt – Photovolt1 – Photovoe. Part 1: G
Photovoltaic
d definitio
dule with an– under peuct of currereal part of tS) – productminal circuit al conditions,ription of a determined
product desc
rradiance (G
odule maximed by modulenation of an er erection of(Gi or POA) rface parallece. It is expr
nts
Solar PV Systm of Bahrainand Water,Second editioSolar PV systm of Bahrainge electrical quirements f
fety in low v
aic system paic system paic system paic (PV modoltaic (PV) syGrid connect
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n integrated eriodic condent and volthe complex t of the r.mand the r.m, the apparencable to en
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cription and s
GHI) – direct
mum overcure manufactuelectrical insf electrical eq– the sum ofl to the planeessed in W/m
tems to be n Electricity on, 2004) tems to be n installationsfor electrica
voltage distri
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s. Design req
inverter in wditions, meatage expresspower. m.s. voltage m.s. electric cnt power is tnable its ramany coun
specification
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uirements
which the elean value, tased in W. U
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Page | 9
enerating egrity or
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Page | 10
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AFETY ISS
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Page | 11
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Page | 12
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Page | 13
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Page | 14
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Page | 15
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Page | 16
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Page | 17
one may the input
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4.4.1.5 As a min
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Page | 18
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Page | 19
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Page | 20
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Page | 21
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Page | 22
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Page | 23
nd design ents and
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Page | 24
ower and
ed by the
ants with gs during y. In this
the date
ncludes a
ed in [2] must be nces and
ifications
ale, type,
n also be
e applied
ests have is above
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Test regime
ems construnics, Table 1
le 2 – Modif
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nverter constructed w
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of the electr46‐1. ing instrumevant parts ofvalent degreshall be carrvent of a tesd in case the
nspection
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on shall precpection shall g will not be g installationowing items,
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ar PV pla
and shall nothe requiremssible after t
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esting of DC cspection of DC
esting of DC cspection of DC
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ipment and 10. If other mafety. and should bce that fault sult of these
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at:
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nt available, results thatdule level elemissioning.
ts of IEC 603
n in accordaused, it shal
e listed. revious tests
he installatio
be inspected
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Page | 25
dule level
onics
ictions to
tests (e.g.
it is not may be
ectronics
64‐6 and
ance with l provide
s shall be
on.
d prior to
n.
a)
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If furtheInspectio
6.3.3 Inspectioprotecti
a) b) c)
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a) b)
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the DC systeand IEC 6254the maximumay dictatelocations); all system withstand tcorrosion; roof fixings a
er checks conon – Solar PV
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ng cables areallel strings (with string o
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nal earthing protect again
nsulation Res548 (this is tyesidual CurreEC 62548 (th
n against ov
on shall incln the DC circng overcurre
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Page | 26
EC 60364
cal codes n certain
ected to ture and
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place for
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place for
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6.3.6 Inspectio
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the requ
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DC system –
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Page | 27
to the
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tors, the ts of IEC
arth fault
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rotective
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6.4 C
6.4.1 A CategosystemsSystem should bIn someneed to tests (e.completThe folloAC side Tests to
if blocking dstring in whiplug and somanufacture
AC system
on of the PVa means of iall isolation the “load” sthe inverter where an Rselected acc
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Category 1
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all AC circuit
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ll include at linverter hasng devices hpublic supplyparametersled to the Ae requireme
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least verificas been providave been coy to the “sous have been pAC circuit feents of IEC 62
least a verifiwitches and62548; and PV arrayd from a PV a
clearly labeld at point of yed on site;e; on site; d on site (whxed and dura62548).
solar PV
est sequencepe, location oAC and DC siDC testing.y only be prhase. Whereon) will need
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age rating is
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ation that: ded on the Aonnected sucurce” side; programmedeeding an in2548 (some i
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e that is expor complexityides of the P
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quire a type
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in a project e of the DC fuafter the AC t
Page | 28
of the PV
he same
wired to
has been B RCD).
to the
ating that tion from
labelling
ied to all
C testing
and may unctional testing is
DC side The follo
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
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6.4.4 A single to miss.interconensure aWhile it circuits, followinreading.The testinserted
owing tests sContinuity oPolarity testCombiner boString open String circuitFunctional tInsulation re
sons of safetmbiner box teurve test is ort circuit cud – providedce. ome systemssemblies thtor. Alternati
Continuity o
protective eaing of the arion to the m
Polarity tes
larity of all ed, cables shtem devices or reasons ely importantg overcurrenand reverse for any dama
PV string co
string conne The conseqnnected comall strings intis possible tthe appearag test sequ. t procedure d for the first
Select a volt
shall be carriof earthing ant. ox test. circuit voltagt current tesests. esistance of t
ty and for thest must be pan acceptabrrent (Isc). Wd the I‐V curv
ms are consthat aggregative string tes
of protective
arthing and/rray frame, amain earthing
st
DC cables hall be checsuch as switof safety at to performnt protectivepolarity of oage caused b
ombiner box
ected in revequence of a mbiner boxesterconnectedto do a polaance of the ence indicat
is as followt time:
t meter with
ed out on thnd/or equipo
ge test. t (short circu
the DC circui
he preventioperformed ble alternativWhere an I‐Vve test is pe
ructed usingte the outpust requireme
e earthing a
/or equipotean electrical cg terminal sh
shall be veked to ensuching devicend for the
m the polaritye devices inone string is by this error.
x test
erse polarityreversed sts, can be sid at the comrity test with"‐" symbol ctes a revers
ws and shall
voltage rang
he DC circuit(otential bond
uit or operat
its.
on of damagbefore any stve method toV test is pererformed at t
g factory assut of multipents for syste
and equipot
ential bondincontinuity teould also be
erified usingre they are es or inverterprevention y check befonserted. If afound, it is t
y within a PVtring, particuignificant. Thbiner box arh a digital mcan be relatise connectio
be performe
ge at least tw
(s) forming tding conduct
tional).
e to connectrings are into derive therformed, septhe appropr
sembled strple PV stringems using ha
tential bond
ng conductorest shall be me verified.
g suitable tecorrectly iders. of damage re other test check is mthen importa
V string combularly on larghe purpose re connectedmultimeter, wvely easy toon through a
ed before a
wice the max
he PV array. tors, where f
ted equipmeerconnectedstring open parate Voc aiate stage in
ing wiring hg conductorsrnesses are u
ding conduct
rs are fitted made on all s
est apparatuentified and
to connectts and beforemade on a pant to check
biner box canger systems of the com
d correctly. when checkin overlook. Aa substantia
ny string fus
ximum system
P
fitted.
ent, the polad. circuit voltaand Isc testsn the Catego
harnesses, ws into a singunder consid
tors
on the DC ssuch conduc
us. Once po correctly co
ted equipmee switches apreviously comodules an
n sometimes with multip
mbiner box t
ng a large nuAs an alternaally different
ses / connec
m voltage.
Page | 29
arity test
age (Voc) s are not ory 1 test
which are gle main deration.
ide, such tors. The
olarity is onnected
ent, it is re closed onnected d bypass
s be easy ple often test is to
umber of ative, the t voltage
ctors are
6.4.5 The purto checkmodulesinterconparticulaNote: Vconnectinsulatiovoltage The opeThis sho(where fThe resuexpecte
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.4.6
6.4.6.1 The purcharacteThese te
Insert all neg
Do not inser
Measure theexpected va
Leave one lepositive polethe voltage
Continue mcommon co
A reverse potwice the sy
PV string –
pose of the k that modus are connennecting thearly on largeVoltages signed with theon, subsequreadings areen circuit volould be donefitted). ulting string d value (typiCompare wimodel that temperatureMeasure Vostring (mostFor systemsvoltages betFor systemsconditions, meter on a r
PV string –
General
rpose of a eristics of thests are not t
gative fuses
rt any positiv
e open circulue.
ead on the pe of the nextmeasured sh
easurementnnection.
olarity condstem voltage
Open circui
open circuitules strings ected in sere wrong nur systems, annificantly lese wrong poent damagee usually the tage of eache before clo
open circuiically within ith the expectakes into
e. oc on a singlet suitable whs with multiptween strings with multvoltages bereference str
Current me
PV string e system anto be taken a
/ connectors
ve fuses / con
uit voltage of
positive polet string. Becahould be nea
s on subseq
ition will bee.
t voltage m
t voltage (Voare correctlries within mber of mnd the open ss than thelarity, one oe and/or waresult of wirh PV string ssing any swi
it voltage re5 %) in one octed value daccount the
e module, there there is ple identical s can be comtiple identicetween strinring.
asurement
current mead to verify tas a measure
s so strings s
nnectors.
f the first str
e of the first ause the twoar‐zero, with
uent strings
very eviden
measuremen
oc) measuremly wired, anthe string. odules withcircuit volta
e expected vor more shoater accumuring errors. should be meitches or ins
eading shall of the followerived from e type and
hen use this vstable irradistrings and
mpared. cal strings gs can be c
asurement hat there are of module
share a comm
ring, positive
string testedo strings sharan acceptab
, using the f
nt if it exists
t
ment withind specificallMissing an
hin a string ge test will rvalue may orted bypasulation in co
easured usinstalling string
then be asswing ways: the modulenumber of
value to calcance conditiwhere there
and where compared u
test is to ee no major f/ array perfo
mon negative
e to negative
d, and put thre a commonble tolerance
first positive
– the meas
the Category that the einterconneis a relativ
rapidly identindicate ones diodes or onduits or j
ng suitable mg overcurren
sessed to en
datasheet of modules a
culate the exons). e is stable ir
there is nsing multipl
ensure the faults withinormance.
P
e bus.
e, and ensur
he other lean negative ree range of ±1
e circuit as th
sured voltag
ry 1 test seqexpected nuection or mvely commotify such faule or more r faults due unction box
measuring apnt protective
nsure it mat
or from a detand the mo
xpected valu
rradiance co
on‐stable irle meters, w
correct opn the PV arra
Page | 30
re it is an
ad on the eference, 15 V.
he meter
e will be
quence is umber of istakenly on error, ts. modules to poor
xes. High
pparatus. e devices
ches the
tailed PV dule cell
e for the
onditions,
rradiance with one
erational ay wiring.
Two tesinformatpreferreNote: Anperform
6.4.6.2
6.4.6.2.1
The shoThe makproceduMeasurestrings astrings sstring cuFor non‐
Note: Thsolely asthe introgive anypart of a
6.4.6.2.2
Ensure tisolated A tempoof the fo
a)
b)
c)
The testcircuit vcircuit, tThe shoammeteThe shocurrent
sts methodstion on the ed as it will en I‐V curve t
m this test.
PV string –
1 General
rt circuit curking / interruure, such as ted values shand where tshall be comurrent, for st‐stable irrad
Testing may
Tests may b
An irradiancconsider the
he use of ans a means ooduction to ty indication a Category 2
2 Short circ
that all switfrom each oorary short collowing techuse of a testPV tester); a short circpresent in thuse of a “shintroduced i
t instrumentvoltage. Whethese shall beort circuit cuer or test instort circuit cuchecked to h
s are possibcorrect funxclude any inest is also in
– Short circu
rent of eachuption of strthat describehould be comthere are stmpared. Thesable irradianiance condit
y be delayed.
e done using
ce meter reae validity of t
n irradiance f determininthis section, of system petest regime
cuit test proc
tching devicother. circuit shall bhniques: t instrument
cuit cable tehe string circhort circuit swinto the circu
t shall have ere a switche rated greaurrent can ttrument withurrent shall thave gone to
ble (short cctioning of nfluence frondependent o
uit test
PV string shring short cired below, shompared with able irradianse values shnce conditionions, the foll
g multiple m
ading or visuthe current r
meter or visng if the meathe short cierformance.and are best
cedure
es and disc
be introduce
with a short
emporarily ccuit; witch test buit to create
a rating greing device ater than the then be meh a short circthen be inteo zero before
ircuit test othe PV strinm the invertof the invert
hould be mearcuit currentould be follothe expectence conditiohould be thens). lowing meth
eters, with o
ual appraisareadings.
sual appraisaasured currercuit current. System pert achieved b
onnecting m
d into the st
t circuit curr
connected i
ox” – a loada switched s
eater than tand/or shortpotential shasured usincuit current merrupted usie any other c
or operationng. Where pters. ter and prov
asured usings is potentiaowed. ed value. Forons, measuree same (typi
hods may be
one meter on
l of the sun
al of the sunent is withint test is intenrformance my performing
means are o
tring under t
ent measure
nto a load
d break ratedshort circuit.
the potentiacircuit cond
hort circuit cug a suitablymeasuremenng the load connections
nal test) andpossible, the
ides a good
g suitable tesally hazardou
r systems wiements of cically within
adopted:
n a reference
light conditi
nlight conditithe band exnded to detemeasurementg an I‐V curv
pen and tha
test. This can
ement functi
break switc
d device that
l short circuductor is useurrent and oy rated clip‐nt function. break switcare changed
P
d both wille short circu
alternative m
st apparatus.us and a suit
ith multiple currents in in 5 % of the
e string.
ions may be
ions is includxpected. As ect faults ratts are deemve test.
at all PV str
n be achieve
ion (e.g. a sp
ching device
t can be tem
uit current aed to form topen circuit von ammete
ching deviced.
Page | 31
provide it test is
means to
. table test
identical ndividual average
e used to
ded here noted in ther than ed to be
rings are
d by one
pecialized
e already
mporarily
and open the short voltage. r, in‐line
and the
Note: A tests and
6.4.6.3 With thtrackingplaced aMeasurestrings astrings sstring cuFor non‐
6.4.7 The follo
a)
b)
Functiononce the
6.4.8
6.4.8.1 PV arraybefore pPerformunderstafollowed
“short circud also array
PV string –
e system swg), the currearound the sted values shand where tshall be comurrent for sta‐stable irrad
Testing may
Tests may b
An irradianc
A specialized
An I‐V curve
Functional t
owing functioSwitchgear athey are proAll inverterstest procedu
nal tests thate AC side of t
PV array ins
General
y DC circuits performing tming this testand the procd:
Limit the acc
Do not toucwhen perfor
Do not toucmodule/lam
Whenever tequipment s
it switch boxinsulation te
– Operationa
witched on nt from eactring cable. hould be comthere are stmpared. Thesable irradianiance condit
y be delayed.
e done using
ce meter read
d PV test me
e test may be
tests
onal tests shand other cooperly mounts forming paure should b
t require thethe system h
sulation res
are live durhis test. t presents acedure befo
cess to the w
h and take mrming the ins
h and take mminate or the
the insulatioshall have au
x” is an itemests.
al test
and in normch PV string
mpared with able irradianse values shce conditionions, the foll
g multiple m
ding may be
eter (with irra
e performed.
hall be perforontrol apparated and connrt of the PV e as defined
e AC supply thas been test
istance test
ing daylight
a potential ere starting a
working area
measures to sulation test
measures to module/lam
n test deviceutomatic aut
m of test appa
mal operatioshould be
the expectence conditiohould be thens). lowing meth
eters, with o
used to adju
adiance mea
.
rmed: atus shall benected. system shal by the inver
to be presented.
t
and, unlike
electric shocany work. Th
.
prevent anyt.
prevent any minate termi
e is energizeto‐discharge
aratus that c
on mode (inmeasured u
ed value. Forons, measuree same (typi
hods may be
one meter on
ust the curre
asurement) m
e tested to e
ll be tested trter manufac
t (e.g. invert
a convention
ck hazard; thhe following
y other perso
other personals when pe
ed, there is capability.
can be used f
nverters masing a suitab
r systems wiements of cically within
adopted:
n a reference
ent readings.
may be used
nsure correc
to ensure cocturer.
ter tests) sha
nal AC circui
herefore, it basic safety
ons touching
ns from toucerforming th
voltage on t
P
for both sho
ximum powble clip‐on a
ith multiple currents in in 5 % of the
e string.
.
.
ct operation
orrect operat
all only be pe
it, cannot be
is importantmeasures s
g any metalli
ching the bahe insulation
the testing a
Page | 32
ort circuit
wer point ammeter
identical ndividual average
and that
tion. The
erformed
e isolated
t to fully hould be
c surface
ck of the test.
area. The
Where tmanufaclocate thWhere Sequipme
6.4.8.2 The testpossible
Where tconnectthere is For systecommissadditionFor arraarray caWhere tnegativeapproprcan safeconnectThe testsurge ar
6.4.8.3
6.4.8.3.1
Before c
Where asecurelyThe insucombinebefore c
Appropriatetest.
the results octuring defehe location oSPDs or otheent shall be t
PV array in
t should be e to test indiv
TEST METHOpositive and
TEST METHO
the structureion or to thcontinuity oems where tsioning enginal test ii) beays that havbles and thetest methode cables shoriate short‐ciely make aned into the dt procedure rrestor or oth
PV array in
1 General
commencing
limit access
isolate the P
disconnect a(i.e. overvolt
a short circuy connected ulation resiser bus bar – carrying out t
e personal pr
of the test cts are suspof a fault – seer equipmentemporarily
nsulation res
repeated, asvidual strings
OD 1 – Test d earth.
OD 2 – Test b
e/frame is be array framver the whothe array fraineer may ctween arraye no accesse building eard 2 is adopteuld be shortircuit switchnd break thdevice. should be deher system c
nsulation res
g the test:
by non‐auth
PV array from
any piece oftage protect
uit switch binto the shotance test das approprithe test.
rotective clot
are questionected, a wetee Paragraphnt are likely disconnecte
sistance tes
s minimum, s if required.
between arr
between ear
bonded to eame (where thle metallic frme is not bohoose to docables and fible conductrth. ed, to minimt‐circuited in box. Such ahe short circ
esigned to eomponent r
sistance – T
horized perso
m the inverte
f equipment tion) in the ju
ox is being rt circuit devdevice shall iate to the t
thing / equip
nable, or wht array insulh 6.6.4 for a to influenced before car
st – Test met
for each PV.
ray negative
rth and short
arth, the earhe array framrame). onded to earto two tests:frame. tive parts (e
mize the riskn a safe mana device incocuit connect
nsure the peatings.
Test procedu
onnel;
er (typically a
that could hunction or co
used to tesvice before tbe connecteest method
pment should
here insulatation test msuitable teste the verificrrying out the
thod
V array or su
and earth f
t circuited ar
rth connectiome is used,
th (e.g. wher i) between
e.g. PV roof
k from electrnner. Typicalorporates a tion – after
eak voltage d
ure
at the array s
have impactombiner box
st to methodhe short circed between adopted. Te
d be worn fo
ion faults day be approt procedure. ation test, oe insulation
b‐array (as a
ollowed by a
ray positive
on may be tensure a go
re there is a array cable
tiles) the te
rical arcs, thlly this woulload break rarray cable
does not exc
switch discon
on the insues.
d 2, the arrcuit switch is earth and t
est leads sho
P
or the duratio
ue to instalopriate and m
or be damagresistance te
applicable).
a test betwe
and negativ
to any suitabood contact
class II instaes and earth
est shall be
he array posd be achievrated DC swes have bee
ceed module
nnector); an
ulation meas
ray cables sh activated. the array caould be mad
Page | 33
on of the
lation or may help
ged, such est.
It is also
een array
e.
ble earth and that
llation) a h and an
between
itive and ed by an
witch that en safely
e, switch,
d
surement
hould be
able(s) or de secure
Follow tTable 2 aEnsure t
6.4.8.3.2
For PV aindicatethe appr
6.4.8.3.3
For PV a MethodPerform• individ• combiThe insusatisfact MethodMethodthan 10 providesperformThe insusatisfactIf the mtested u
6.5 C
6.5.1 A Categsystemshave beIn additi
a)
the insulatioand readingsthe system is
2 Insulatio
arrays of upd in Table 2.ropriate valu
Table 3 –
System vo(Voc (stc)
[V] < 120
120 to 5> 500
3 Insulatio
arrays of ove
A m the insulatidual strings; ned strings, ulation resisttory where t
B B is an altekWp. Arrays a shortcut
med on sub‐seulation resisttory where tmeasurementusing fewer s
Category 2
Foreword
gory 2 test . Therefore ten undertakion to the CaString I‐V cu
on resistances in megaohms de‐energize
n resistance
p to 10 kWp. The result iue given in Ta
– Minimum
oltage 1.25)
0 500 0
n resistance
r 10 kWp, on
on resistancor where the totance shall bhe insulation
rnative that ys larger tha(testing the ections as petance shall bhe insulationt falls belowstrings in the
2 test regi
regime incluthey are recoken and passeategory 1 tesrve test.
e test devicems. ed before re
– PV arrays
, the insulats satisfactorable 3.
values of ins
Te
– PV arrays
ne of the foll
e test on:
otal combinebe measuredn resistance
allows for ten 10 kWp mentire array er Method Abe measuredn resistance w the approp test circuit.
ime – Rec
udes additioommended fed before costs, the follow
e instruction
moving test
up to 10 kW
tion resistanry if each circ
sulation resi
est voltage
[V] 250 500
1 000
above 10 kW
lowing two t
ed capacity id with the teis not less th
esting of an may pass theat the outse
A. d with the teis not less thpriate value
commend
onal tests anfor PV plantommencing owing tests m
ns to ensure
cables or to
Wp
nce shall be cuit has an in
istance – PV
Min
Wp
test methods
s no more thest voltage inhan the appr
entire arraye requiremeet) – only if i
est voltage inhan the apprgiven in Ta
ded for So
nd is intends with Pn > 1on the additimay be applie
the test vo
uching any c
measured wnsulation res
arrays up to
nimum insula[M
0.511
s shall be foll
han 10 kWp. ndicated in Topriate value
(or sub‐arrants of Tablet fails this te
ndicated in Topriate valueble 3, the sy
olar PV pla
ed for large100 kW. All Conal Categod:
P
ltage is acco
conductive p
with the testsistance not
o 10 kWp
ation resistan]
5 1 1
lowed.
Table 3. Thee given in Ta
ay) even if ite 3; hence Mest should th
Table 3. Thee given in Taystem shou
ants > 100
er or more Category 1 tery 2 tests.
Page | 34
ording to
arts.
t voltage less than
nce
e result is able 3.
t is larger Method B e test be
e result is able 3. ld be re‐
0 kW
complex ests shall
b)
As notedan accepNote 1: chosen tprovidedNote 2: the systeproportiCategoryNote: It performselectiveto comm
6.5.2 S
6.5.2.1 A string
Before urated fo
6.5.2.2 An I‐V cand shonot requtest seqThe strinthe I‐V cirradianc
6.5.2.3 Given sperformPV stringat least 4
IR inspection
d in the Cateptable mean In some cito be implemd by the I‐V cIn some cirem. An examion of the stry 2 tests canis relatively
med on a selee approach amissioning.
String I‐V cu
General
I‐V curve tes
Measureme
Measureme
Measureme
Measureme
Identificatio
undertaking r the voltage
I‐V curve m
urve test is rt circuit curuired – provuence. ng under tescurve test is ce (or cell te
I‐V curve m
uitable irradmance of a PVg and array p400 W/m2 as
n.
egory 1 test s to derive Isrcumstancesmented. An curve test tocumstances mple of this irings. n be implemey common, pected sampleand the perc
urve measur
st can provid
ents of string
ents of max p
ent of array p
ent of module
on of module
an I‐V curve e and curren
measuremen
an acceptabrrent (Isc). Wvided the I‐V
st should be solely to demperature).
measuremen
diance condV array is meperformances measured
description,sc and Voc.s just one eexample of o be added toCategory 2 s where a cl
ented on all pparticularly fe of the systentage of th
rement
de the follow
open circuit
power voltag
performance
e / string fill
e / array defe
test, the I‐V t of the circu
nt of Voc an
le alternativWhere an I‐VV curve test i
isolated andrive values f
nt – Array pe
ditions, an I‐eting the rate measuremein the plane
, where an I
element or pthis is whereo the standatests may oient wants I‐
parts of a syfor large system (a fixed he system to
wing informat
t voltage (Vo
ge (Vmpp), cu
.
factor.
ects or shadi
curve test duit under tes
d Isc
ve method toV curve test is performed
d connected tfor Voc and I
erformance
‐V curve teted (nameplaents shall beof the array
‐V curve tes
part of the e a client ward Category only be imple‐V curve test
stem or onlytems, that spercentage be tested w
tion:
oc) and short
urrent (Impp
ng issues.
device shall bst.
o derive the is performedd at the app
to the I‐V cusc, then the
st provides ate) performe performed .
t is being pe
Category 2 ants the perf1 test sequeemented on ts and/or IR
y upon sampome of the of the stringill be agreed
circuit curre
p), and max p
be checked to
string open d, separate Vropriate stag
rve test devre is no requ
a means tomance. at stable irra
P
erformed, it
test regimerformance evence. a sample pinspection o
le portions. Category 2 gs / modulesd with the cli
ent (Isc).
power (Pmax
o ensure it is
circuit voltaVoc and Isc ge in the Ca
vice. If the puuirement to
o measure
adiance cond
Page | 35
provides
may be valuation
ortion of on a fixed
tests are s). Such a ent prior
x).
s suitably
age (Voc) tests are ategory 1
urpose of measure
that the
ditions of
Note 1: angle of Note 2: and temI‐V curvechangeswhich mcause erperform The proc
On com(namepltoleranctest equ
6.5.2.4 The shaincluding
Poor resultsf incidence is
The maximumperature, ane shape varies dramaticallmodule perforrors in eval
mance (I‐V cu
cedure for u
Ensure syste
The string u
The test insmodules und
The irradianmatches theor reflectedensure it is odifference in
Where the Ithe rear of ttemperatureundertaken and that theensure that shorted byptemperature
Prior to comgreater than
pletion of thlate) value oce for the muipment).
I‐V curve m
ape of an I‐g the followi
Damaged ce
Short circuit
Local shadin
Module mis
The presenc
Excessive se
may be exps too oblique
um power cnd are indirees slightly wly. The detaiormance hasuating arrayrve tracing o
ndertaking t
em is shutdo
nder test sho
strument shoder test.
nce meter ase plane of th light (albedof the same n technologie
I‐V curve testhe module e correctionto ensure the string Voc the string ipass diodese from the m
mmencing thn 400 W/m2 i
he test, the of the array odules unde
measuremen
‐V curve caing may be id
ells / module
ted bypass d
ng.
match.
ce of shunt re
eries resistan
ected wheree.
urrent and vectly affectedith irradianceils of the vas been degray performancor separate c
the I‐V curve
wn and that
ould be isola
ould be prog
ssociated wie array and cdo). Where acell technoles.
ster uses a cand in the c
ns are calcuhat the corrvalue is wits not missins. Either comeasured Voc
he test, thein the plane
measured munder test. er test (toget
nt – Identific
n provide vdentified:
es.
iodes.
esistance in c
ce.
e measureme
voltage of a d by any chane, and belowriation depeaded over tice, regardlescurrent and v
test is as fo
t no current i
ated and con
grammed w
ith the I‐V cchecked to ea reference ogy as the a
cell temperatcentre of a culated by thect module thin the rangng a moduleondition woc).
irradiance of the array
maximum poThe measurther with an
cation of mo
valuable info
cells / modu
ents are take
PV string arnges in the sw a critical leend on the Pime. Changess of the mevoltage meas
llows:
is flowing.
nected to th
ith the char
urve tester ensure it is ncell device irray under t
ture probe, tcell towardshe I‐V curvecharacteristge expected e and, to theuld cause a
levels shall .
ower value sred value shon allowance f
odule / array
ormation on
les / arrays.
en in low irra
re directly afshape of the vel of irradiaPV technologes in the shaethod used tsurements).
he I‐V curve t
acteristics, t
should be mot subject tois used, this test, or suita
this shall be the centre e test devicics are input(a check of e extent posan error in
be checked
hould be coould lie withfor the accu
y defects or
n the array
P
adiance or w
ffected by irI‐V curve. Inance the curgy and the eape of the cto characteri
test device.
type and qu
mounted suco any localize shall be chbly correcte
e in firm contof a modulee, a check tted onto thVoc is perfossible, that in the calcul
to ensure
mpared to thin the stateracy of the
shading issu
under test.
Page | 36
where the
rradiance n general, ve shape extent to urve can ize string
antity of
ch that it ed shade ecked to d for the
tact with e. Where shall be
he device ormed to it has no ation of
they are
the rated ed power I‐V curve
ues
Defects
If the gocaused incidentFor mosalso be less thanrepeatedOn recoDeviatiosignificacontaineFor systfrom indfor stablIf the irrto a com
6.5.3
6.5.3.1 The puroperatinmodulesconnect Note: Asto troubles
6.5.3.2 For an IRpower pconditioW/m2 intemperaDependmodule each sidScan eacdiodes, exhibits When scarea und
oal of the I‐Vby mismatcht angles thanst shape testobtained at n 100 W/m2
d at a time wording an I‐Vons to I‐V cunt faults wied in IEC 624ems with mdividual strinle irradianceradiance conmmon irradia
PV array inf
General
rpose of an ng PV modus and/or arrions and oth
s well as form
shoot suspec
IR test pro
R camera inspoint trackingons should bn the plane ature differeing on the mproduces the). ch module ijunction boa discerniblecanning fromder investiga
V curve meah effects, thn required fos, irradiancelower irradi
2, while it mwhen values V curve, the urves demanithin the PV446‐1 – Anneultiple identngs shall be ce conditions)nditions are nance and tem
frared came
infrared (IR)les in the fieray, such asher condition
ming part of
cted problem
ocedure
spection, theg). Irradiancebe stable. Idof the arraynces. module conshe most disc
n the array oxes, electrice temperatum the front oation.
surement is e measuremr performan values shouance levels. ay merit invover 100 W/shape shall d particular V array. Infoex D. ical strings acompared (o. not stable, vmperature (e
era inspectio
) camera inseld. Such tereverse‐bia
ns that lead t
an initial or
ms in a modu
e array shoue in the planeally, irradiay to ensure t
struction andernible ther
or sub‐arraycal connectire differenceof an array,
to verify thment may bece testing. uld be greateWhere shap
vestigation o/m2 are presbe studied attention a
ormation on
and where toverlaid). Cur
visual compa.g. to Standa
on procedur
spection is tmperature vas cells, bypto localized h
periodic ver
ule, string or
ld be in the ne of the arrance shouldthat there w
d mounting rmal image (
y in questionions, or anye from its imthe camera
at there aree conducted
er than 100 Wpe defects af the potentent. for any devs they can sn interpretin
here are starves should b
rison may bard Test Con
re
to detect unvariations mass diode fahigh tempera
rification pro
array.
normal operay should be be relative
will be suffici
configuratiothe procedu
n, paying pary specificallymmediate surand operato
no steps orat lower irr
W/m2. Howere spotted atial fault, the
iation from signal otherwg deviations
ble irradiancbe the same
e aided by trditions, STC)
nusual tempeay indicate ailure, soldeature operat
ocess, an IR t
rating mode e greater thaly constant ent current
on, determinure may need
rticular atteny identified rroundings. or shall not c
P
r notches of radiance and
ever, useful dat irradiance e test should
the predictewise undetes to an I‐V
ce conditione (typically w
ranslating th) before over
erature variproblems wr bond failution.
test may also
(inverters man 400 W/mand more tto cause dis
ne which sidd to be repe
ntion to the array prob
cast shadow
Page | 37
the type d greater
data may levels of d also be
ed curve. cted and curve is
s, curves ithin 5 %
he curves rlaying.
ations in within the ure, poor
o be used
maximum 2 and sky than 600 scernible
de of the eated for
blocking lem that
ws on the
Note: Vmodule thermal
6.5.3.3
6.5.3.3.1
This testvariationorder toOn a datemperadifferennoted thwhich vaDocumecomponto deterlevel) teanomalytool. With a generatineighboIn someAllow atwhose IR
6.5.3.3.2
Module differencomparenormal supportsA hot spshunt resignificadiscolou
6.5.3.3.3
If any bdebris o
Viewing the glass, but vconductivity
Interpretin
1 IR test re
t is primarilyns due to mo avoid recorily basis, theature standce between hat array teary significanent areas onents themsermine what ests to invesy compared
wide‐angle ing or not coouring modul circumstanct least 15 mR image doe
2 IR test re
temperatuce. Howeveed to the resfor the PV s. pot elsewheresistance or cnt hot spotured area.
3 IR test re
bypass dioden the modul
array from viewing fromy of glass.
ng IR test res
esults – Gene
y looking for mounting poirding these ne average teard for idethe hot spo
emperature intly throughoof temperatuelves, or on tthe cause(sstigate. In sto the I‐V cu
IR camera, onnected, asles. ces repeatin
minutes afters not change
esults – Mod
re should br, it is to best as the heamodules to
re in a moducell mismatc(s). Visual in
esults – Bypa
es are hot (ole protected
the rear wim the front
sults
eral
anomalous tnts, adhesivnormal tempmperature oentifying anot and the nis a functionout the dayliure extremethe array / s) might be. ome cases urve of a mo
it may be s their overa
g a scan witopen circui
e may not be
ule hotspots
be relativelye expected tat is not condo see a tem
ule usually inch. In any casnspection m
ss diodes
on), check thby the diode
ill minimize usually pro
temperatureve stickers, aerature variaof a PV arrayomalies is normally open of irradianight hours. es by clearstring layout Use visual ian I‐V curveodule withou
possible toall temperatu
th the array ting the arrae producing c
s
y uniform, that the modducted as w
mperature gr
ndicates an ese, investigaay show sig
he array to e. If there is
interferenceovides easily
e variations iand other iteations. y will vary qnot particu
erating arraynce, wind sp
ly marking drawings. Innspection ae of one orut any therm
o detect moure will be n
segment opay for thermcurrent unde
with no ardule will be ell to the suradient at th
electrical prote the perfogns of overh
look for obvno obvious c
e from lighty discernible
n the array. ems should
uite dramatiularly usefuy is most imppeed, and am
their locatinvestigate eand electrical more modal anomalies
odules and soticeably dif
en circuited mal equilibraer load cond
reas of signhotter arourrounding enhe edges, la
oblem, possirmance of aleating, for e
vious reasoncause, suspe
P
t reflected fe images du
Normal tembe identified
ically, so an l. The temportant. It smbient temp
ion on the ach thermal l (string andules with a s may prove
strings that fferent to th
may be infoation. Modulitions.
nificant temund the juncnvironment.abels, periph
bly series rell modules thexample a b
ns like shadoect a bad mo
Page | 38
from the e to the
perature d only in
absolute perature hould be perature,
suspect anomaly d module thermal
e a useful
are not at of the
ormative. e strings
perature ction box It is also hery and
esistance, hat show brown or
owing or dule.
6.5.3.3.4
The conIf the co
6.6 A
6.6.1 In additialso othimplemeother tethe stan
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.6.2 This testSpecific systemsThe testthe resisrelative
6.6.3 Blockingwhere bAll diodethere is In norm
Where tdiode fa
4 IR test re
nections in tonnections ar
Additional
Foreword
ion to the sther tests thented eitherests or operandard tests. Voltage to ga high impedBlocking diois importantWet insulatiwhere the rinsulation faShade evaluconditions cstandard, thenvironmenassumptionsof particulaperformance
Voltage to g
t is used to test proced for their mot shall be perstance in plato ground, o
Blocking dio
g diodes can blocking diodes shall be inno evidenceal operating
Pass criterio
the voltage iailure is an is
esults – Cable
the wires betre hotter, ch
tests – F
andard suitehat may be r due to a spational abno
ground – residance (resistode test – Blot for installaton test – A wresults of a aults due to iuation – Whcan be a uhe shading ent changes. s used for syr use wheree contract.
ground – Re
evaluate sydures are proodules. rformed to tace is the coor within acc
ode test
fail in both des are fittednspected to e of overheatmode, the v
on: VBD betwe
s outside tholated incide
e connection
tween modueck to see if
acultative
e of tests desperformed pecific requermalities ha
istive groundtive) connectocking diodetions where bwet insulatiostandard (nonstallation oen inspectinseful recordvaluation prA shade reystem designe a project i
esistive grou
ystems that ovided by th
the specific rrrect value aeptable rang
open and shd. ensure that ting or carbovoltage acros
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is range, theent or the re
ns
ules should nf the connect
e for all S
scribed in thin some ci
est from a cve suggeste
d systems – Ttion to grounes can fail inblocking diodon test is primominally dryor manufactung a new PVd. Like the rovides a basecord can an are reflectis subject to
und systems
use a high ihe module m
requirementand is maintges of leakag
hort circuit s
they are coonization. ss the blocki
d 1.65 V.
e system shaesult of anoth
not be signifition has com
olar PV p
e Category 1ircumstanceclient or as ad a problem
This test is und. both open ades are fittedmarily used ay) insulation uring defectsV system, a velectrical mseline for futalso be useed in the aso a performa
s
mpedance (manufacture
ts of the modtaining the Dge current.
states. This t
orrectly conn
ng diode (VB
ll be furtherher system fa
cantly hotterme loose or is
lants
1 and 2 test ss. These tesa mean of dem that has no
sed to evalu
and short cird. as part of a ftest are qu
s are suspectverification omeasurementture compareful to verif‐built systemance guaran
resistive) coers who requ
dule manufaDC system at
test is impor
ected (polar
D) shall be m
r investigatedault.
P
r than the ws corroded.
sequences, tsts are likeetecting fauot been iden
uate systems
rcuit states.
fault finding uestionable oted. of the as‐buts describedrisons as thefy that the m. Shade recntee or othe
onnection touire resistive
acturer, to vet acceptable
rtant for inst
rity correct)
measured.
d to determ
Page | 39
wire itself.
there are ly to be lts when ntified by
that use
This test
exercise: or where
ilt shade d in this e shading shading
cords are er similar
o ground. e ground
erify that voltages
tallations
and that
ine if the
6.6.4
6.6.4.1 The wetThe wetconditionot enteground fThis testsecured manufacinadequA wet inquestionThe tescompontypicallyIn somearray.
6.6.4.2 The procwith an Prior to water antesting, includingPerformfor a stabe wornA minimfield resafter thetest.
6.6.5 S
The purpat the tiFor smaFor largmeasureA numbscene on
PV array – W
General
t insulation rt insulation rons. This tester active pofaults, or post is especiallyjunction bocturing and uately sealednsulation tesnable, or wht can be apnents or sub‐y selected due circumstan
Wet insula
cedure to beadditional intest, the send surfactanthe area ofg the front, r
ming this test andard insulan during the tmum of two psulting in large second pe
Shade evalu
pose of perfme – to provall systems, tger systems, ements may er of meansn a sunpath
Wet insulati
esistance tesresistance tet simulates rrtions of these an electricy effective foox covers, adesign flaw diode casesst would typiere insulatiopplied to a ‐sections of tue to a knownces, the we
ation test pr
e followed isnitial step of ection of thent. The mixtuf the array urear and edgpresents a pation test shtest should cpeople are rege variation erson has co
uation
orming a shavide a baselinthe shade refor systembe required exist to mediagram as s
ion resistan
st is primarilest evaluatesain or dew oe array’s elecal safety haor finding abnd other sim
ws including s, and impropically be impon faults duewhole arrathe array). Wn or suspectet insulation
rocedure
s to be the sawetting the e array undeure should bunder test sges of modulpotential eleould be folloconsider the ecommendeof results) –mpleted wet
ade evaluatine for futurecord should s with mult. asure and reshown in Figu
nce test
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ecord shade.ure 5.
part of a faultay’s electricaand its wirinitry where isonnel or equdefects suchation issues.ubstrate punrated) connewhen the reson or manufrger systemparts of the aidentified due requested
described in
uld be thoronto all partshecked to er with all junchazard and telection of pnment that thm this test (an to conductea of concer
ord the shadens. s close a prarays or com
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t finding exeal insulation ng and verifit may enhanuipment. h as wiring da. It also maynctures, cracectors. ults of a (nofacturing defs to selectearray are beuring other t on a samp
n the standar
oughly wetteof the arraynsure that action boxes ahe safety prepersonal prothe test will bas wetness dt the measurn and has g
e and horizo
ctical to theplex shading
le method is
P
ercise. under wet oies that moisnce corrosio
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rd insulation
ed with a my under testall parts areand cables. eparations dtective equipbe performedries up quickurement immgiven the app
on conditions
e centre of tg, a series o
s to record th
Page | 40
operating sture will on, cause
equately to detect n boxes,
y test are pected. o specific these are
on of the
n test but
ixture of . Prior to e wetted,
described pment to d under. kly in the mediately proval to
s present
he array. of shade
he shade
In all cas
Note: A useful regrow to
ses the shad
Record the l
Show South
Be scaled so
description ecord. Thesethe point of
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e record sha
ocation that
or North (as
o as to show
of any shade include conf obstructing
gure 5 – Exa
ll:
t the shade r
s appropriate
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n‐path diagra
aken from.
f any shade o
ely to be an rway or plan
am
object.
issue in the ned, and any
P
future can ay vegetation
Page | 41
also be a n likely to
7 TE
7.1 O
The TestHoweveThe Test All Solar
Solar PV
7.2 In
After thshall be
7.3 P
All SolarThese fuand conFor this
HereafteconsiderThe adospecifica The purp
EST WITH
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t with Intercer different ret with Interc
r PV plants:
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Evaluation o
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e Solar PV pperformed:
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The Interfacthe Interface
After a powe
Performan
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External insparameters
er it will berations may opted criterations IEC 61
poses of a pe
identificatio
localization
comparison
comparison
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INTERCO
connection sequirementsonnection in
otection;
e monitoring
0 kW:
of the “Perfo
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Protection
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ce Protectioordance with
ce device dise Protection
er recovery t
nce monito
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ring system o
struments t
e assumed be applied aia are taken1724‐2 and IE
erformance
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ONNECTIO
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n
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ormed on ale PV plants wverifications
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the releva
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.
regardless tce to their po.
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nd times) ardards [1].
of power fai
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be used. e use of exteIEC 61724‐
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em;
ns and guara
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their power ower capaci
ollowing ver
re those req
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dedicated mo
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However, thernal instrum1 and the t
he following
antees;
Page | 42
capacity. ty.
ifications
quired by
mmand of
onitoring
onmental
he same ments. technical
:
These danalysis comparidata andand locaemphasThe requuser objlevels ofThe monThe mon(high accClass A commeras small
Basic sysDocumenSystem loElectricitFault locPV technPrecise P The clason the p
7.4 G
7.4.1 Sensors the startRecalibrmanufacIt is recreferenc
7.4.2 SpecificaelectronUser gui
diverse purpmethods ming performad consistencalizing faultsis on measuruired accurajectives. Thisf accuracy, anitoring systnitoring systcuracy, medor Class B wrcial installater commerc
Table
Typical
stem performantation of a peosses analysisty network intalization
nology assessmPV system deg
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Pn ≤ 11 kW:
11 kW > Pn
Pn > 100 kW
General on
Calibration
and signal‐ct of monitorration of sencturer or at mcommendedce devices in
Documenta
ations of all nics, shall be ides shall be
oses give risay be more ance to desigcy between p, there may rement repeacy and comps document s listed in Tatem classificaem classificaium accuracwould be motions, while Cial and resid
e 4 – Monitor
l applications
ance assessmeerformance gus teraction asse
ment gradation asse
d in Table 4 ity of the sol
≤ 100 kW:
W:
n data acq
conditioning ing. nsors and sigmore frequed to perform order to ide
ation
componentsdocumentedprovided fo
se to a diveor less suitegn expectatioprediction anbe a need f
eatability andplexity of thedefines threble 4. ation shall bation may bey, basic accuost appropriClass B or Claential install
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ent uarantee
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classificatio
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ss C
ss B (Class C a
ss A (Class B
timing an
used in the m
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nitoring syste
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acceptable)
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onics is to bfied. s of each ssensors.
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ts, and diffeecific objecti focus shoulor analyzingsub‐levels oher than abspends on thetoring syste
ity declaratis letter codeble 4. s, such as upropriate for
ested applic
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Page | 43
s and/or mple, for tem‐level ce trends m and an acy. size and g varying
standard. its name
and large ems, such
ass C accuracy X
epending
d prior to
d by the
nsors or
ditioning
All systedocumeA log shthe dataWhen aindicate
7.4.3 For Clasat moreInspectiovermin tempera
7.4.4 S
A samplthe timeA recordthe recointerval intervalsThe recofunctionquantitysamplesinterest.A reportperiod iweeks, m Table 5
Maximum
Maximum* The inbut do no
7.4.5 Each recTimestarecordin
em maintenaented. ould be kepta acquisition a conformityd class A, B,
Inspection
s A and Clase frequent inon should loin enclosureature sensor
Sampling, r
e is defined e between sad is defined aording intervshould be as should fit worded paramn of the samy. The recors, number o. t is defined s the time months, or y
lists the max
Maxim
m sampling inFor irradiancelectrical outpFor soiling, ra
m recording inndicated samplot apply when
Timestamps
cord and eacmp data shng interval or
ance, includin
t to record usystem, chay declarationor C.
ss B the monntervals, whook for damaes, loose wis, embrittlem
recording, an
as data acquamples. Samas data enteval, denoted an integer mwithin 1 h. meter value mples acquirrd can also of missing d
as an aggrebetween repyears.
ximum value
Table 5 – S
mum interval
nterval ce, temperatuput ain and humid
nterval ling interval r
n using satellit
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ch report shaall include tr reporting p
ng cleaning o
unusual evennges to the on is made, d
nitoring systeile for Classage to or disiring connecment of attac
nd reporting
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for each reced during thinclude su
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s for samplin
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sensor or mneed to be pata log for d document, e sampling i
cord is the ahe recordingpplementaryerror codes
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mation of irradi
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be inspected on should beof exterior snsors or wid other pote
measuring depermanently ata storage, is the time nterval, and
average, maxg interval, ay data suchs, transients
ultiple recordorting perio
and recordin
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s
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vice, and thestored. based on acbetween rec an integer n
ximum, minis appropriat as additios, and/or ot
ding intervald would be
ng intervals.
quirements
Class B edium accura
1 min*
1 min
15 min pply to groundorological par
to the begined.
P
led surfaces
alibration, chaults, or accidconsistency
nually and ppecific requidence of moures, detachems.
e sampling in
cquired samcords. The rnumber of r
imum, sum, te for the mnal statisticther data o
ls, and the r chosen to
acy Cla
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1 m
1
60d-based measrameters
nning or en
Page | 44
, shall be
hanges to dents. with the
referably rements. oisture or hment of
nterval is
ples, and recording recording
or other measured s of the f special
reporting be days,
ass C accuracy
min*
min
0 min urements,
d of the
The timeavoid wiMidnighWhen mclocks oposition It is reintercha
7.5 M
7.5.1 The Tabof each requiremparamet A checkspecific The minIf the PVdifferenThe symmeteoro NOTE: Tby the meteoroprovidesidentifyifault loc
T
Par
In-plane (POA) Global HIrradiancPV modutemperatuAmbient temperatu
Wind speWind dir
e should refinter/summeht shall be tremultiple dataof the units ing system (
commendedange formats
Measured
General req
le 6 lists memonitoring
ments are prters.
k mark (√) innotes where
imum numbV plant inclut local geogr
mbol “E” in Tological data
The most sigPV array, tological paras the abilitying system dcalization and
Table 6 – Me
rameter
irradiance
Horizontal ce ule ure air
ure
eed rection
fer either to er time chaneated as the a acquisitionshall be synGPS) or netw
d that docus – Informati
paramete
quirements
easured parag parameter rovided in th
n Table 6 inde included.
ber of on‐siteudes multiplraphy, then aTable 6 indic or satellite d
gnificant andthe PV cell ameters listey to compadesign or mad assessing u
easured para
Symbol / Units
Gi [W/m2]
GHI [W/m2] Tmod [°C]
Tamb [°C]
WS [m/s] WD [°]
local standanges, and thestart of a ne units are innchronized, pwork time pr
umentation ion interchan
ers
meters and is listed in
he next parag
dicates a re
e sensors is 1e sections tat least one sates a paramdata, rather
direct impatemperaturd in Table 4re to historaintenance putility grid int
ameters and
Moni
EnviroSolar resou
Solar resohistorical aDetermininrelated losConnectionand esttemperaturEstimation
ard time (noe choice of tiew day and envolved thatpreferably brotocol (NTP
of timestamnge – Repres
a summary order to ggraphs and i
quired para
1 for PV planthat have difsensor shall meter that mthan measu
acts on PV pre, and sha aids in estimrical meteorproblems. Adteractions.
d requireme
itoring purpo
onmental paraurce
ource, connecand satellite dng tempe
sses n to historic
timation ofre n of PV tempe
t daylight same shall be sexpressed ast each indepby an autom).
mps follow sentation of d
of measuremuide the usn Annex B –
meter to be
ts up to 5 Mfferent PV tebe placed inmay be estimred on site.
performance ading losses mating somerological datdditional pa
nts for each
ose C
ameters
ction to data erature-
al data f PV
erature
avings time) specified. 00:00.
pendently apmated mecha
ISO 8601 dates and tim
ment requireer. More de– Measureme
e measured
W and 2 for echnology tyeach section
mated based
are in‐planedue to so
e of these fata for the srameters list
monitoring
MeasureClass A
√
√
√
√
√ √
P
or universal
pply timestaanism such a
Data elememes.
ements. Theetails and aent of enviro
on site, qua
larger ones.ypes or subsn. d on local or
e irradiance oiling. Monitctors indepesite, and cated in Table
system clas
ement requireClass B
√ or E
√ or E
√ or E
√ or E
√ or E
Page | 45
time, to
mps, the as global
ents and
purpose dditional onmental
alified by
stantially
regional
received toring of endently, an aid in e 6 aid in
s
ed Class C
√ or E
√ or E
Par
Soiling ra
Array voArray curArray po
Output vOutput cuOutput pOutput en
Output pReduced demand System ofactor req
7.5.2 The envThe instand the Annex B
7.5.3 All electelectricawhichev Note: El1000 W/Electrica8 for meoperatinTable 7measureconversiin additi
rameter
atio
oltage (DC) rrent (DC)
ower (DC)
oltage (AC) urrent (AC) ower (AC) nergy
ower factor load
output power quest
Environmen
ironmental ptructions regrequiremen
B – Measurem
Electrical m
trical measual output whver is lower.
ectrical outp/m2) and lowal measuremeasurementng at STC. 7 lists theements on tion. Optionaion to or inst
Symbol / Units
SR
Va [V] Ia [A] Pa [W]
Vout [V] Iout [a] Pout [W] Eout [kWh]
req
ntal parame
parameters agarding the vnts for the mment of envi
measuremen
urements shhen the PV a
put can signifw module temments shall has correspond
e requiremehe PV arrayally the DC mtead of at the
Moni
Determininlosses Energy oufault locali
ElecEnergy ou
Utility reqDeterminerequest comimpact on performan
eters
are listed in tverification omeasurementronmental p
ts
all have a rrray is opera
ficantly excemperature (bave uncertaiding to ≥ 20
ents for in prior to po
measuremente inverters.
itoring purpo
ng soiling-rela
utput, diagnostization
ctrical parameutput
quest compliane utility or loadmpliance andPV system
nce
the Section Aof the correts of the enparameters.
range extendating at STC o
eed the expebelow 25 °C)nty meeting0 % of the e
nverter‐levelower conversts may be pe
ose C
ated (if S
tic and
eters
nce d If a
If a
A of the Tablect installatiovironmental
ding up to aor up to the
cted STC val. g the requireexpected ele
electrical sion and AC erformed at e
MeasureClass A
√ SR > 2%) √ √ √
√ √ √ √
√ applicable
aapplicable
a
le 6. on of the en parameters
at least 120maximum r
ue due to ov
ments listedctrical outpu
measurememeasuremeeach combin
P
ement requireClass B
√ √ √ √
√ If
applicable If
applicable
nvironmentas are availab
0 % of the erating of the
ver‐irradianc
d in Table 7 aut when the
ents, includents followinner box or ea
Page | 46
ed Class C
√ √
l sensors ble in the
expected inverter,
ce (above
and Table e array is
ding DC ng power ach string
Input volInput curInput powOutput vOutput cuOutput p
Active po
Power fa
7.5.4 The momaximuor requipower c
7.6 D
The perfelectricabe effecdocume
7.6.1 Processeeach daintroduc
7.6.2 The memissing shall be Recomm
T
Paramete
ltage (DC) rrent (DC) wer (DC)
voltage (AC) urrent (AC) ower (AC)
Table
Parameter
ower and ener
actor
External sys
nitoring systm output porements, whcurtailment.
Data proce
formance mal parameterctively used fent the perfo
Daylight ho
ed data for iy (sunrise toce errors in a
Removing in
asured dataor invalid dadocumented
mended meth
applying phy
applying phy
applying stamultiple sen
applying codata;
Table 7 – Inv
er
e 8 – Plant‐le
rgy as
as
stem require
tem should ower to the hich may inc
essing an
onitoring sysrs. The reliabfor the moniormance of th
ours
rradiance ano sunset, irraanalyses, unl
nvalid readi
a shall be cata points and by the monhods of iden
ysically reaso
ysically reaso
tistical tests nsors;
ntract data
erter‐level e
ClaHigh a
±2±2±2±2±2±2
evel AC elect
Class AHigh accura
Class 0,2 Ss per IEC 6205
Class 1s per IEC 6155
ements
document putility grid aclude, for exa
d quality
stem collectsbility of theseitoring of thehe renewabl
nd PV‐generaadiance ≥ 20ess such erro
ings
hecked and nd filter themnitoring systetifying missi
onable minim
onable limits
to identify o
to identify
electrical me
Mass A accuracy 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 %
trical output
acy S 53-22 a
57-12 a
periods durinand/or local ample, syste
check
s the measue measures se Solar PV ple generator
ated power 0 W/m2) to aors have bee
filtered, eitm out of subsem. ng or invalid
mum and ma
s on maximu
outlying valu
viable para
easurement
MeasurementClas
Medium an/n/n/
±3.0±3.0±3.0
t measurem
Class BMedium accu
Class 0,5 as per IEC 620
Class 1as per IEC 615
ng which theloads as a reem output p
res relevant shall be checlant or to co.
should be reavoid extraneen demonstr
ther automasequent anal
d data points
aximum limit
m rates of c
ues, including
ameter boun
requirement
t uncertaintyss B accuracy /a /a /a 0 % 0 % 0 %
ent requirem
B uracy S
053-22
557-12
e PV systemesult of exteower factor
to the envircked in ordermpile the pe
estricted to teous night‐tated to be n
atically or mlysis. Such m
include:
ts;
hange;
g comparing
ndaries for c
P
ts
y Class
Basic accn/an/an/an/an/an/a
ments
Class CBasic accu
Class 2per IEC 620
Class 2per IEC 620
m does not drnal system demand and
ronmental anr these measeriodical rep
the daylight ime data vanegligible.
manually, tomissing or inv
measureme
certain perf
Page | 47
C curacy
C uracy 2 053-21 2 053-21
eliver its requests d system
nd to the sures can ports that
hours of lues that
identify valid data
ents from
formance
A recomTable 9 Dependand thefilters (docume
Flag type
Range
Dead value
Abrupt change and stability
* May be** The medge effe1500 W/excluded Note: Pirradianc The stableast evpoints isstability The numthe testmay be collectindependi
noting error
identifying a
identifying m
identifying r
checking tim
checking sys
mmendation with values ing on the lo frequency range, deadented as part
Desc
Value accepta
Valuessingle val
Detecderi
Valueunacceptadata poinusing de
temperatusp
e adjusted depmaximum irraects, whereby /m2. For mos
d from the eva
otential‐induce condition
bility filter revery minute s less than filter to bot
mber of data. As a guidetaken as a gng more dating on the lo
r codes retur
and deleting
missing data;
readings stuc
mestamps to
stem availab
for applicatsuggested wocal conditioof data colled value, abt of the final
Table
cription
outside of able bounds
s stuck at a ue over time.
cted using ivative
es change ably between nts. Detected erivative for ure and wind peed
pending on theadiance includlight is reflec
st systems, thaluated data by
uced degrads remarkably
ecommendedduring 15 m5% of the ah the irradiaa points idene to determiguide. The laa on longer ocal weather.
rned by senso
redundant d
;
ck at a single
identify gap
ility reports.
tion of this pwhen the collns, the detaiection, the frupt changereport.
e 9 – Data va
SuggeIrradia
[W/m
IrradiancW/m2
> 1200 WDerivati0,0001 wvalue is
Assuming data deriveat least 1 mstandard de> 5% of a
e season of daded in the anacted by a nearbese conditiony the stability
dation (PID) y, without a
d here calcuminutes) anaverage of tnce and powtified as mening an adeqarger numbedays and is.
ors;
data entries;
e value for an
ps or duplicat
procedure folected data hils of the plafiltering crite/stability a
alidation and
ested Criteriaance
m2] te
ce < 0 2 or W/m2 ive < while s > 5
< >
15 min ed from
min data, eviation
average
ata acquisitionalysis may beby cloud and cns will cause filter.
effects maymeasurable
lates the aved confirms the same dawer data. eting the criquate, yet rer of data pos expected t
n extended t
tes in data;
or this applihave been ant design, theria may beand inverter
d filtering cr
a for FlaggingAmbient mperature
[°C] > 55 or < -10*
0,0001 and > -0,0001
> 4
n. e adjusted to can cause irrasaturation of
y start to reeffect at hig
erage of at lethat the staata points. I
iteria in Tableasonable, noints during o result in a
ime;
cation is givveraged 15 mhe addition oe modified, br status) sh
riteria
g Rejected DaWind speed
[m/s]
>15 or < 0,5
< sensitivityof sensor
> 10
account for thadiance readinf the inverter,
educe the pgh irradiance
east 15 data andard deviat is recomm
le 9 will affenumber of dthe summera higher accu
P
ven in more minute timeof other databut all four hall be app
ata (15 min dd Powe
power
5 > 1,02 ×<
y < 0.1% c3 rea
Assumindata deriat least 1 standard > 5% of
the possibilityngs up to appro, and will typ
power outpue.
points (meaation for thmended to a
ect the uncerdata points, r reflects theuracy measu
Page | 48
detail in periods. a streams types of lied and
data) er (AC
rating)
rating or < 0
change in adings
ng 15 min ived from min data, deviation
f average
y of cloud oximately pically be
ut at low
asured at ose data apply the
rtainty of Table 10 e ease of urement,
Table
Sea
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
7.6.3 Missing
The treamissing quantifyperformThe spec
7.7 C
Table 11table sh
InPVEnAAFiR
7.7.1
7.7.1.1 In the finterval in the re
e 10 – Examp
ason
Treatment o
or invalid da
the invalid recorded be
the invalid o
the data madocument, o
the analyzed
atment of mior invalid dy module pemance and avcific treatme
Calculated
1 summarizeall be report
n-plane irradiaV array outpunergy output f
Array power raArray power ra
inal system yiReference yield
Description
Notes on s
formulas givwithin a repeporting peri
ple guide for
D
November January 2
March 24 September 2
of missing d
ata may be tr
or missing efore and/or
or missing da
ay be treateor other spec
d interval ma
issing or invaata associaterformance, vailability. ent of missin
d paramet
es calculatedted with resp
Parameter ation ut energy (DC)from PV syste
ating (DC) ating (AC) ield d
of calculate
summations
ven below inporting perioiod.
r seasonal m
Dates
22 – January 22 – March 23– September 2
22 – Novembe
data
reated in one
data may bafter the inv
ata may be re
d in a manncification cov
ay be treated
alid data maed with invebut should b
g or invalid d
ters
d parameterpect to the re
Table 11 –
) em (AC)
ed paramet
s
nvolving sumod, and the s
minimum staapplications
Mii
21 3 21 er 21
e of the follo
be replacedvalid or miss
eplaced with
ner specifiedvering the in
d as missing
y depend onerter issues be retained
data shall be
s which are eporting per
Calculated p
S
ters
mmation, tksymbol: Σ de
ble irradiancs
nimum POAirradiance
450 550 650 550
owing ways:
by values ing data;
h an average
d in a valid cnstallation;
or invalid.
n the goal ofshould be dif the goal i
e documente
further defiriod (typically
parameters
Symbol Hi Ea
Eout Po
Po,ac Yf Yr
denotes thnotes summ
ce requireme
RequiMinute A
estimated f
value for the
contract, per
the measurdiscarded if ts to capture
d in any repo
ined below. y a day, mon
k
kWkW
e duration ation over a
P
ents for flat‐
ired Number Average Dat
20 30 60 40
from the va
e analyzed in
rformance g
rement. For ethe goal is se all aspects
orts.
All quantitienth, or year).
Unit kWh/m2
kWh kWh kW kW
Wh/kW Wh/kW
of the kth rall recording
Page | 49
‐plate
of 15-a Points
alid data
nterval;
uarantee
example, strictly to of plant
es in the
recording intervals
Note thpower sunits of
7.7.1.2 IrradiatiIn‐planethe irrad
7.7.1.3 Energy parametAlternatenergy qThe PV a
The AC e
7.7.1.4 The finaof instal
7.7.1.5 The refereferenc
where tdetermiThe refebe at remonitorIf the re
at in formulshould be exkWh.
In‐plane ir
on, also knoe irradiation diance as fol
,
Electrical e
quantities mters over thetively, if powquantities marray DC out
energy outpu
Final syste
al PV system led PV array
⁄
Reference
erence yield ce plane of a
⁄
the referencned. erence yield eference irrared during thporting perio
as involvingxpressed in k
rradiation
wn as insolaquantity Hi lows:
,
energy
may be calce reporting pwer measuray be taken put energy i
,
ut is given by
,
em yield
yield Yf is thy:
⁄
yield
Yr can be crray irradian
,
ce plane of
represents tadiance levehe reporting od is equal to
the produckW and the
tion, is the tcorrespondin
ulated fromperiod. rements aredirectly as ms given by:
y:
he net energ
calculated bynce:
array irrad
the number els in order period whileo one day, th
t of power qrecording in
time integralng to an irra
m the integr
e performedmeasuremen
gy output of
y dividing th
iance Gi,ref
of hours duto contribu
e the utility ghen Yr would
quantities wnterval in ho
of irradiancadiance quan
al of their c
using senst readings fr
the entire P
he total in‐p
f (kW/m2) is
ring which thute the samgrid and/or lod be, in effec
with the recoours in order
e. ntity Gi is cal
correspondin
ors with buom the sens
V system (AC
lane irradiat
s the irradia
he solar radime incident socal load wect, the equiva
P
ording intervr to obtain e
lculated by s
ng measure
uilt‐in totalizsors.
C) per rated
tion by the m
ance at whi
iation wouldsolar energyere available.alent numbe
Page | 50
val tk the energy in
summing
d power
zers, the
kW (DC)
module's
ch Po is
d need to y as was . er
of sun h
7.8 P
7.8.1 A numbmetric fCustomePerformon a moThe ratin Note: Pesystem exampletimes ofbetter trFor thealternat The perf
7.8.2 The perfindicatesystem cas:
Expandidenominonly on
The Annfor a rep Note: Teffect o
ours at the r
Performan
Overview
ber of metricfor a given er and the Co
mance ratios ore detailed mng‐based pe
erformance power outpe, systems wf high irradireated by a p above reaively to perf
formance rat
Performance
Annual perfo
Annual temp
STC‐tempera
Performanc
formance ras the overacomponent
⁄
ng the formnator in unitmeasured ir
nual performporting perio
he energy eof array tem
reference irr
nce ratio
cs are definesystem depontractor share based omodel of sysrformance ra
ratios are reput to deviawith high DCance, but thperformanceasons, in paormance rat
tios describe
e ratio (PR)
ormance rat
perature‐equ
ature perfor
ce ratio and
atio PR is thell effect of inefficiencie
⁄
mula and mots of energy, radiance and
,
mance ratio, od of one yea
expectation mperature, u
adiance per
ed here for ends on theall agree then the systemtem performatio metrics
elatively simate from expC‐to‐AC ratiohis is an expe index basedarticular castios.
ed in the IEC
io (PRannua
uivalent perf
mance ratio
d Annual per
e quotient oflosses on thes or failures
⁄⁄
oving Po to giving PR as d neglecting
PRannual, isar.
expressed busing the fi
day.
quantifying e system dee kind of perfm name‐platmance. are adopted
mple to calcupectations bo operate atpected attribd on a detailses perform
61724‐1 are
al)
formance rat
PR’stc
rformance r
f the systemhe system os, including b
,
the denom the ratio of other factor
,,
s the perform
by the denoixed value o
system perfesign and usformance tee rating, wh
d in this docu
late but maybased on tht less than tbute of the ed system mance indice
e the followin
tio (PR’annu
ratio
m’s final yieldoutput due balance of sy
inator, sum measured ers) over the g
mance ratio
minator of of array po
formance. Thser requiremst to be carrile a perform
ument.
y omit knowhe name‐plathe DC namsystem desi
model. s may be u
ng:
al‐eq)
d Yf to its refto both arraystem comp
expresses bnergy to expgiven reporti
of the abov
the above fower rating,
P
he most appments. Thereried out. mance index
wn factors thte rating al
meplate ratinign. Such eff
used along
ference yielday temperatponents. It is
both numerpected energing period:
ve formula e
formula negPo. Theref
Page | 51
propriate efore the
is based
hat cause one. For ng during fects are
with or
d Yr, and ture and s defined
ator and gy (based
evaluated
lects the fore, the
performthough accompahigher Pbetween
7.8.3 The seatemperaequivaleIt shouldfactor cadepende
7.8.4 S
The STCinterval referencThe valutemperaPR’stc isformula,
Where C
Here ismodule
is typicThe memonitorguarantesame hea bias etemperaNote thadifferen°C.
7.8.5 A
The annthe ann
mance ratio energy prodanies higherPR values inn systems ins
Temperatur
sonal variatature‐correctent performad be noted ausing seasoent shading,
STC perform
C performanto compensce temperatuue of the meature corrects calculated, as follows:
′
Ck is given by
1
s the relativtemperature
cally negativeasured PV mring objectivee, Tmod,k eat transfer mrror. In IEC Tature is showat the formut reference t
Annual‐tem
nual‐temperanual perform
usually decrduction is inr irradiation n winter andstalled in dif
re‐corrected
tion of the pted performance ratio). that while vonal variatiospectral effe
mance ratio
ce ratio, PRsate for diffure of 25 °C.etric will be ction. d by introdu
,
y:
,
e maximum‐e (in °C) in ti
e, e.g. for crymodule temve is to coshould instemodel used TS 61724‐2 Awn. ula that calctemperature
mperature‐e
ature‐equivamance ratio
reases with ncreased, duand results d lower valuferent clima
d performan
performancemance ratio
variations in ns in measuects, and oth
R’stc is calcuferences bet
closer to unit
ucing a pow
25
‐power tempme interval k
ystalline silicperature mampare PR’sead be estimby the simulAnnex A, a h
culates Ck cae by substitu
quivalent pe
alent performPRannual r
increasing ue to increain lower effues in summtes.
nce ratios
e ratio PR caPR’ (STC p
average amred performhers can also
ulated by adtween the a
ty than for t
wer rating te
perature coek.
con. ay be used tc to a tarmated from tlation that seheat transfe
an be used tution of the d
erformance
mance ratio regardless o
irradiation dsing PV modficiency. Thismer. It may
an be signifperformance
mbient tempmance ratio, o contribute t
djusting the actual PV mo
the performa
emperature
,,
efficient (in
for Tmod,krget value athe measureet the perforr model to c
to calculate desired refer
e ratio
PR’annual‐eof the durat
during a repdule tempers gives a seaalso give g
icantly reduratio or A
erature are other factorto the seaso
power ratinodule tempe
ance ratio ca
adjustment
units of 1/°C
in the formassociated wed meteorolrmance guarcalculate exp
performancerence tempe
q is constrution of the
P
porting periorature whichsonal variatgeographic v
ced by calcAnnual temp
the most sirs, such as senal variation
ng at each rerature and
alculated wit
t factor Ck
C), and Tmod
ula. Howevewith a perflogical data rantee valuepected cell o
e ratio adjuserature in pla
cted to appreporting p
Page | 52
od, even h usually ion, with variations
ulating a perature‐
ignificant easonally n of PR’.
recording the STC
thout the
into the
d,k is the
er, if the formance with the to avoid operating
sted to a ace of 25
roximate period. It
calculateinterval expectemetric, ithe metPR’annuformula,
Where C
Here ismodule tempera
is typicTmod,avpredicteshould temperaequivaleperformhistoricaThe meato compinstead used by61724‐2
7.8.6 The durfollows:
7.9 T
The TestThe finaas the fo
1) 2)
es the perforadjusted to d annual‐avit does not rric comparabual‐eq is calc, as follows:
_
Ck is given by
1
s the relativtemperatu
ature.
cally negativevg is chosened module tbe calculateature and thent performmance ratio Pal data. asured modupare PR’annube estimate
y the simulat2, Annex A, a
Test duratio
ration of the
Up to 11 kW
Above 11 kW
Above 100 k
Test repor
t report applal test reportollowing itemRelevant datDescription
rmance ratiocompensate
verage PV mremove the eble to the vaulated by in
_
y:
,
e maximum‐re (in °C) i
e, e.g. for cry based on htemperatureed by comphen verified ance ratio
PRannual for
ule temperatual‐eq to a taed from the tion that set heat transfe
on
e Test with
W – At least o
W and up to
kW – At least
rt (Pn > 10
les only to sot shall includms: ta on the Tesof the site b
o during the e for differenmodule tempeffect of annalue of PRanntroducing a
,
,
‐power tempin time inte
ystalline silichistorical wea as a functiputing an iusing the hiPR’annual‐ethe
ture may be arget value ameasured mt the performer model to c
Interconnec
one valid mea
100 kW – 1 d
t 10 days (95
00 kW)
olar PV plantde both the T
st Engineereing tested,
reporting pences betweeperature. Wnual‐averagenual. power rating
perature coeerval k and
con. ather data fion of ambirradiance‐wstorical dataeq for the h
used for Tmassociated wmeteorologicmance guaracalculate exp
ction will de
asurement
day (99% val
5% valid data
ts above 100Test Procedu
including lat
eriod with then the actualWhile this rede temperatu
g temperatu
,
efficient (in d Tmod,avg
for the site aent conditioeighted avea for the sitehistorical da
mod,k. Howevwith a performcal data withantee value,pected cell o
epend on th
lid data reco
a recorded)
0 kW. ure (either e
titude, longit
e power ratil PV module duces seasore losses and
ure adjustme
,
units of 1/°Cis an ann
and an empions and moderage of thee by confirmata is the s
ver, if the momance guarah the same , to avoid a perating tem
he size of th
rded)
explicitly or b
tude, and alt
P
ing at each rtemperatur
onal variatiod leaves the
ent factor Ck
C), and Tmodual‐average
irical relationdule construe predicted ming that thesame as the
onitoring obantee, Tmod,heat transfebias error.
mperature is
he Solar PV
by reference
titude
Page | 53
recording re and an n in the value of
k into the
d,k is the module
n for the uction. It module
e annual‐e annual
bjective is ,k should er model In IEC TS shown.
plant as
e) as well
3)
4) 5)
Addition6)
7)
8)
9) 10) 11)
12)
No pass/
Description parasitic loaDescription Description
nal sections fA summary calibration dlocation, inclike rough oA summary records of coThe descriptmet the stabA list of any Summary ofDescription correction faof the modresponse to A summary (temperatur
/fail criteria
of the systeds and how of the verificof the verific
for Solar PV of the defi
data for all secluding photor smooth vegof the definompleted cation of raw dbility and othdeviations ff the correctiof uncertaactors, baseel assumptioirradiance. version of
re corrected)
based on PR
m being testhese are docation of thecation of the
plants > 100 nition of thensors (sensographs for getation or snition of the alibrations data that weher criteria rom the testion factors thinty analysid on the uncons such as
the test re) in the test i
R and PR’ are
sted. Specificocumented be Interface Pre performanc
kW e meteoroloor identificadocumentinsnow and recsystem out
re collected
t procedure ahat were calis and statecertainty of s the tempe
sults may binterval.
e considered
c note shouldby the test rotection ce monitorin
ogical data ttion, test labng the sensocords of sensput data col
during the t
and why theculated for tement of uthe weatherrature mode
be provided
in the Test w
d be made o
ng system
taken duringboratory, datr location ansor cleaning.llected durin
est, includin
se were takethe filtered dncertainty ar measuremeel and the a
containing
with Intercon
P
of whether t
g the test, ite of test) annd ground co. ng the test,
ng note of wh
en data associated wents and unassumption
the PR and
nnection.
Page | 54
there are
including nd sensor onditions
including
hich data
with the certainty of linear
the PR’
8 PO> 1
8.1 O
The PowregardleA Test EThe harmverify thfor SolaBahrain In princiPOCs, th
8.2 A
The met
The harmharmonThe Harfollowin
The testplant asthe voltbe clearEWA/EDcustomecurrent attribute
8.3 A
If someaddition
OWER QU100 KW
Overview
wer Quality mess their voltngineer appmonic emisshat network r PV Systemand in EN 60iple, the testhe tests must
Assessme
thodology of
Observation
N = numberrange.
N1 = numbharmonic limharmonics li
N2 = numbevoltages excnormal opermonic conteics and N2/Nrmonic Emisg measurem
Taking advameasureme
Installing arequirementts are deemes specified inages during rly presentedDD planning er for additioemission sped to the sol
Additional
voltage hanal measurem
UALITY M
measuremenage connectointed by thsions generatpower qualit
ms to be conn0160. The sots are made t be perform
ent of the
f the tests is
n period of at
r of 10‐minu
er of 10‐minmit and the simits are def
er of 10‐minceeds the harating range.nt on the voN <= 5% for Tssions Perfoments metho
ntage of thents requirem
and making ts, to performed valid if thn Chapter 7. the Test Wid in tables folevels or limonal measurpectrum andar PV plant o
measure
rmonics limments are ne
EASUREM
nts and tests ion. e Applicant mting from thty is actuallynected in paolar PV plant for the who
med at each P
harmonic
here summa
t least one w
ute intervals
nute intervasupply voltagfined in [1].
nute intervalrmonic volta. ltage is acceTHD during tormance Tesds:
e functionalitments), by re
use of sm a dedicateey have beeIn other woith Interconnor their analyits. In case sements on c investigate or to the inte
ements
mits were foeeded:
MENTS A
applies to a
makes this ine solar PV py in line witharallel with tshall not gele power plaPOC.
c content
arised:
week with fix
in which th
als in which ge is within
s in which tage limits de
eptable whenhe observatists may be
ties of the Smetrieving the
specific insted test campen carried ouords, it is adnection. Theysis by EWA/ome limits acurrent harmwhether theraction with
ound over th
AND TEST
ll solar PV p
nspection. lant shall be the requirethe distributnerate distuant at POC. I
ed steps of 1
he supply vo
voltage harnormal oper
he THD valuefined in [1]
never N1/N <ion period.performed
mart Meter measureme
trumentationpaign. ut considerinvisable to me tests result/EDD engineare exceededmonics emisshe causes of h other equi
he limits as
TS – SOLA
lants whose
measured tments reportion networkrbances to of the solar P
10 minutes.
ltage is with
rmonics leverating range.
ue for one o and the sup
<= 5% for eac
indifferentl
(if it is compnts on a suit
n, complian
ng operating measure the s and the meers and theid, EWA/EDD ions in ordesuch limits pment.
specified in
P
AR PV PL
Pn is above
to allow EWArted in the Sks of the Kinother customPV plant has
hin normal o
el exceeds in. Levels for in
or more of thpply voltage
ch individua
ly using one
pliant with thtable time pe
nt with the
conditions oharmonic co
measured valir confrontatis entitled to
er to check thviolations a
n 8.2, the f
Page | 55
LANTS
100 kW,
A/EDD to tandards ngdom of mers. different
operating
ndividual ndividual
he phase is within
l
e of the
he above eriod.
e above
of the PV ontent in ues shall tion with o ask the he actual are to be
following
The currwith fixharmonPV plantThe indfrequendistortioThe currclose as operatio
Background PV plant disin the previo
Emission of
rent harmoned steps of ic current dit within the adividual harcies up to on shall be carent harmon possible to onal mode is
harmonic vconnected frous paragrap
current harm
nic measurem10 minutesstortion shaactive powermonic curre50 times talculated as nics shall bezero, i.e. if a used, this sh
oltage of therom the gridph have to be
monics durin
ments shall bs. The valuell be given inr ranges 0‐25ent componhe fundamederived frommeasured fapplicable thhall be clearl
e existing grd. The measue carried out
ng continuou
be made wites of the inn tables in pe5, 25‐50, 50‐nents shall ental grid frm these. for the solarhe reactive sly stated.
id at the Pourements witt, after disco
s operation.
h an observadividual curercentage of‐75 and 75‐1be specifierequency, a
r PV plant oset‐point con
int of Conneth the methonnection of
ation period rent compof In and for o00% of Pn. ed as sub nd the tota
perating witntrol shall be
P
ection, with odology as dthe plant
of at least oonents and toperation of
grouped vaal harmonic
th reactive pe set to Q=0
Page | 56
the solar described
one week the total the solar
alues for c current
power as . If other
ANNEX
Annex
The folloby the ATest Eng
Safety Solar PVType of AOrganizaFirst namLast namP.O. BoxStreet nuStreet namLocation City Voltage dPV capacVoltage dPV moduBuilding Building
TrackingNotes onPV array LocationCombineInverters SwitchgeOther Indicatio Notes onequipmen Interfere Locationextinguis
XES
x A - Safet
owing form iApplicant / Cogineer) visitin
y Informat
V plant Applicant ation (if applicme me x umber me
n / Area
delivery city [kW] delivery ule installationinstallation (itype (if appli
g system if anyn safety measuy
n of equipmener boxes
ears
ns to put the P
n safety measunt
ences with oth
n of fire hydrashers
ty Informa
ndicating spontractor to ng the site of
tion Form
cable)
n if applicable) cable)
y ures to access t
nt
PV plant off-l
ures to access t
her works
ants and fire
ation Form
ecific risks aEWA/EDD of the PV plan
m
Indiv
230V
230V On b Flat r Villa Scho Hote Dete No tr
the
ine
the
m
nd on‐site saor to any othnt.
vidual Or
V (1 phase)
V (1 phase) building Orooftop R
a or small houool/Universityel/Restaurant ention/Correctracking S
afety measuer concerned
rganization
400 V (3 ph
400 V (3 phOther structureRoof flap usehold Ay Healthca
Entertainmtional OthSingle-axis tra
res shall be fd Authority o
hases) 11
hases) 11e (e.g. canopyFaçade O
Apartment blocare/Hospital ment Agrher . . . . . . . . .acking Tw
P
filled and deor Inspectors
1 kV
1 kV y) GroundOther ck Office Industrial
ricultural/Stab. . . . . . . . . . .
wo-axes tracki
Page | 57
livered s (e.g.
d
s
ble . . . . ing
Safety risks in t
Electric sFalls Slipping Dust Harmful
y Informat
the workplaceSpecific
shock
substances
tion Form
e and related prisk
m
prevention anC
nd protection Collective Pro
measuresotection
P
PPE
Page | 58
Annex
1 IRR
1.1 In
For flat orientedperpendanother Note: Pmodel.
1.2 G
Global hMeasureand can Note: Gmodel.
1.3 Ir
Suitable
x B – Meas
RADIANC
n-plane irr
plate systed parallel to dicular to th structure thOA irradian
Global hor
horizontal irrements of hbe relevant
GHI can also
rradiance
e irradiance s
thermopile p
PV reference
photodiode
surement
CE
radiance
ms, in‐planethe plane o
he sensor aphat is alignedce can also
rizontal ir
adiance (GHorizontal irrto documen
o be estimat
sensors
sensors inclu
pyranomete
e devices, in
sensors.
Figure
t of enviro
e irradiance of array (POAperture), mod parallel to tbe estimat
radiance
I) is measureadiance are ntation of a p
ted from PO
de the follow
rs (Figure 6);
cluding refer
e 6 – Exampl
onmental
is measureA), having aounted eithethe modulesed from GH
ed with a houseful for c
performance
OA irradianc
wing:
;
rence cells (F
le of an in‐p
paramete
ed with an i field of vieer on the m. HI using a d
rizontally orcomparison te guarantee.
e using a d
Figure 7) and
lane pyrano
ers
irradiance sew of at leasmodule supp
ecompositio
iented irradito historical
ecompositio
d reference m
meter
P
ensor with st 160° (in aport structu
on and trans
iance sensormeteorolog
on and trans
modules; and
Page | 59
aperture ny plane re or on
sposition
r. gical data
sposition
d
ThermoPyranomFor classshould bPV referwith prorequiremreferencThe TabmeasureThe sen0 W/m2 Note: Ovfrom clo
Sensor
Thermoppyranom
PV refedevice Photodiosensor
pile pyranommeters shall bs A systems,be considererence deviceocedures thements of IEC ce spectrum ble 12 lists ement, and Tsor, signal‐coto 1 500 W/
ver‐irradiancouds under p
Table 12
type
pile meter
Se
H
(Un
erence fr
ode
Figu
meters shall bbe calibrated angle of inced; see ASTMes shall confoerein. The de60904‐10. Pprovided in sensor choicTable 13 listsonditioning /m2 and a res
ce in the ranpartly cloudy
– Sensor cho
ClaHigh a
econdary stand
High quality pN
certainty ≤ 3 %
Uncertaifrom 100 W/m
Not ap
ure 7 – Exam
be classified d as stipulatecidence and M G183. orm to IEC 6evices shall mPV reference IEC 60904‐3ces and accs maintenancelectronics, solution of ≤
ge 1 000 W/conditions.
oices and req
ass A accuracy dard per ISO 9or
per WMO Guio. 8 % for hourly t
inty ≤ 3 % m2 to 1 500 W/pplicable
mple of an in‐
according toed by ISO 98temperature
60904‐2 and meet the sh device calib. curacy requice requiremand data sto
≤ 1 W/m2.
/m2 to 1 500
quirements
9060
ide
totals)
Go
(U
/m2 fro
‐plane PV se
o ISO 9060 o46 or ISO 98e corrections
be calibrateort circuit cubration is to b
rements forents for thesorage shall p
0 W/m2 or hig
for in‐plane
ClasMedium a
First class peor
ood quality peNo
Uncertainty ≤ tota
Uncertainom 100 W/m2
Not app
nsor
r WMO No. 847. s to pyranom
ed and mainturrent versube performe
r in‐plane ase sensors. provide a ran
gher can occ
and global i
ss B accuracy er ISO 9060 r er WMO Guid. 8 8 % for hourly
als) nty ≤ 8 %
to 1 500 W/mplicable
P
8.
meter measu
tained in accus irradiance d with respe
nd global ir
nge including
cur due to re
irradiance
ClaBasic a
de
y
A
m2 A
A
Page | 60
urements
cordance linearity
ect to the
rradiance
g at least
eflections
ass C accuracy Any
Any
Any
Each irra
The angsystem, or at timThermomay be
1.4 S
The locafrom sushall be The irrafrom loctimes ofto identFor planmodulesangle as Note: Ththe sensabove thground o The locaeffects oground the rest
1.5 S
Irradianc
adiance sens
Thermopile measure totto 3% (monhave long re
Matched PVcorrelates wor meteorol
Photodiode appropriate
gular sensitivbecoming es
mes when thepile pyranombest for in‐p
Sensor loc
ation of thenrise to sundocumenteddiance meascal surroundf the year, frify nearby vene‐of‐array ms, either dires the module
he measuredsor is placedhe row of moor nearby fe
al albedo shof adjacent mcovering nexof the field.
Sensor ma
ce sensor ma
sor type has
pyranomettal solar irradnthly averagesponse time
V reference dwith the monogical measu
sensors hafor smaller o
vity of the vaspecially a fae angle of incmeters may plane (POA) m
cations
irradiance set, if possibd. surement sedings (shadinom sunrise tents that coumeasuremenectly on the es, avoiding s
d irradiance d below a roodules, sinceatures.
hould be repmodule shadxt to the irr
aintenanc
aintenance r
its benefits:
ers are insdiance. Howe) under tyes compared
devices meanitored PV syurements of
ave significaor lower cos
arious sensoactor when mcidence maybe best for measuremen
measuremenble. If shadin
nsors shall bng or reflectto sunset. Wuld dischargent, irradiancemodule rackshadings and
may differ dow of modue a contribut
presentative ing. If the gradiance sen
ce
requirement
sensitive to wever, this caypical conditd to PV device
sure the PV‐ystem outpuf irradiance, d
antly lower st systems, b
ors may diffemeasuring gly be far fromGHI measurnt.
nt sensors sng occurs wi
be placed sotions), includ
When mountee vapors thate sensors shking or on ad reflections
depending oules, it may tion to the ir
of the alberound coverisors shall be
ts are listed i
typical spean vary fromions. In addes and photo
‐usable portut. However,depending o
cost than ut are typica
er from eachobal horizon normal. ement, whil
shall be chothin a half a
as to captuding nearby ed near or ont could condhall be placen extension completely.
on the positioshow a differradiance in a
edo experienng is not a coe documente
n Table 13.
ectral variat the PV‐usabdition, thermodiodes.
ion of the sothis may den instrumen
the other ally less accu
h other and ntal irradianc
e matched P
sen to avoidn hour of su
re the irradiportions of n a building,ense on the ed at the saarm mainta
on of the seerent readina tilted plane
nced by the onstant throed relative t
P
tions and tble irradiancmopile pyran
olar irradianeviate from hntation used.
two types rate.
from that oce (GHI) in th
PV reference
d shading counrise or sun
ance withouf the PV arra, care shouldsensors.
ame tilt anglained at the
nsor. For exng than whee originates
system witoughout the to what is p
Page | 61
therefore ce by 1 % nometers
ce which historical
and are
of the PV he winter
e devices
onditions nset, this
ut impact ay, at all d be used
le as the same tilt
ample, if n placed from the
hout the field, the resent in
Recalibra
CleaningHeating taccumulacondensafrozen pr
VentilatithermopipyranomDesiccanand replathermopipyranom Recalibrpossiblerecalibraused to CleaningmeasureirradiancNight‐tim Note: It time.
1.6 S
When pSuch satgeneraticost andSatellitedownwethe radiselectedfrom thirradiancSatelliteirradiancImporta
Ta
Item
ation
g to prevent ation of ation and/or recipitation
on (for ile
meters) nt inspection acement (for ile
meters)
ration of see to minimizeation, the sitreplace thosg of irradianed PV systece sensors ame data sho
is common
Satellite re
ermitted bytellite‐deriveion systems d maintenance remote senelling irradiaiance emitted number ofhese on‐boace componee‐derived irrces are typicnt considera
satellite‐derreviewing ap
able 13 – Irra
HigOn
At leasRequirwhere
and/or frow
measurthan 7
As per re
nsors and se the time thte should bese taken offlince sensorsm performare to be maiuld be check
for pyranom
emote sen
Table 6, irred irradianceincluding noce requiremnsing is an inance. The aped/reflected f visible and rd satellite nts are furthradiances, incally availableations when
rived data shpplication‐pe
adiance sens
Class A gh accuracynce per year
st once per wered in locatione condensationozen precipitaould affect
rements on mo7 days per yeaRequired
manufacturerquirements
signal‐condithat sensors ae designed wine, in order s without clance ratio. Intained in thked to ensure
meters to sho
nsing of ir
adiance quaes are extenson‐instrumeents of on‐sindirect apprpproach is inby the eartinfrared spemeasureme
her modeledncluding gloe in real timeselecting sat
hould be carertinent (loca
sor choices m
MO
eek ns n ation
ore ar
Rewh
and/o
meatha
r’s As
ioning electare offline. If with redundato prevent ileaning the n some cashe same state accurate ze
ow a small ne
rradiance
antities may sively used foented class Bite measuremroach to reliandirect becath’s surfaceectral bandsents via rad from the raobal horizone from commtellite model
refully selectalized) valida
maintenance
Class B Medium accur
nce every 2 y
Optional quired in locahere condensar frozen preci
would affectasurements onan 14 days per
Optional
per manufacturequirement
tronics shousensors are
ant sensors onterruption modules caes contract te of cleanlinero‐point ca
egative signa
be estimateor monitorinB and class Cments. ably estimatuse on‐boar through ths; surface doiative transfdiative transntal, direct mercial servils are as follo
ted after a rations associ
e requiremen
racy ears A
ations ation pitation t
n more r year
urer’s s
A
ld be perfoto be sent oor else backuof monitorinan result inrequiremeness as the mlibration.
al, –1 W/m2
ed from sateg the perforC systems, in
te site‐ and trd satellite ine filter of townwelling ifer models. sfer model ounormal, dices. ows:
review of theiated with th
P
nts
Class CBasic accu
As per manufaRequireme
As per manufaRequireme
ormed on sioff‐site for laup sensors sng. n a loweringnts may spemodules.
to –3 W/m2,
ellite remotemance of disn order to a
time‐specificnstruments the atmosphirradiance isIn‐plane anutput. iffuse, and
eir accuracyhe data sourc
Page | 62
C uracy acturer’s ents
acturer’s ents
te when boratory hould be
g of the ecify that
, at night
sensing. stributed avoid the
c surface measure here in a inferred
nd other
in‐plane
, e.g., by ce;
Note 1: measureand macontineninstrumeof satellbased inrange oradiativetypically
20 W/min absolagainst w Note 2:
100 W/mthe instmodel oirradiancsouth‐fatypicallyfor a tra Note 3: can introsand, wh Note 4:averagefor evalpower p
2 PV
The PV one or mThe mea°C. Dependevery 2 yIf adhesshould bcompatior degra
good satellirepresentat
Satellite‐deed irradianceaintenance. nts at once, entation soiite‐irradiancnstruments, f irradiancese transfer my have an acc
m2 throughoute terms, bwhich satelli
The best tra
m2 – i.e., a ctrumentationoutput GHI,ce, have a hacing (northey 1,25 times ined model,
If satellite‐doduce substhich may be
Satellite‐ded over long uating systeproduction.
V MODULE
module temmore moduleasurement u
ing on the myears for Claive is used tbe appropriaible with theaded by the a
te models cive ground m
rived irradiaes. Their maiWith a singsatellites remling, calibratces versus onthe accuracys, but tendsmodels — gcuracy of be
out the 100 Wbut in relatiote models ar
ained satellit
constant 10n used to tr, including igher uncertern hemisphlarger than frelative to t
derived data tantial error difficult to d
erived data periods. Theem energy p
E TEMPE
mperature, Tmes. uncertainty o
monitoring syass A and perto affix the tate for prolone surface maadhesive.
can be trainmeasuremen
nces have bn advantagegle set of cmove the untion drifts ann‐site measuy of satelliteto be const
global horiztter than 2 %
W/m2 to 1 00on to — henre evaluated
e models ca
0 W/m2 throurain them. Qtilted in‐platainty due tohere) or norfor GHIs, i.e. he training i
have not beon the orde
distinguish fr
may be leserefore satelproduction o
RATURE
mod, is mea
of the tempe
ystems, tempr manufacturemperature nged outdooterial on the
ned locally unts.
both advantae is their reliacarefully moncertainty annd location‐tured irradiane models is ntant in absoontal irradia% at 1 000 W
00 W/m2 rannce above and.
n deliver an
ughout the 1Quantities dane irradiano applicationrth‐facing (so2,5 % at 1 0nstrumentat
een trained fer of 10 %. Trom white clo
s accurate flite‐derived over an exte
asured with
erature senso
perature senrer’s recomm sensor to thor use at thee rear of the
using short‐t
ages and disability and coonitored onnd cost assocto‐location mces is their inot constant olute terms. ance (GHI) W/m2, but 20
nge. Note thnd beyond —
accuracy of
100 W/m2 toderived fromnce, direct of secondarouthern hem00 W/m2 fortion.
for a local arThis is especouds in some
for short pedata may bended period
a temperatu
ors, including
sors shall bemendations fhe back surfe site conditioe module so
erm, region
advantages onsistency in‐board sensciated with omismatches. ntrinsic accuin relative tFor the prim– well‐train
0 % at 100 W
at this uncer— the groun
1 % at 1 000
o 1 000 W/mm the primanormal irrary models. Umisphere) inr an untraine
ea, variationcially true in e situations.
eriods but me more approd as compar
ure sensor af
g signal cond
e replaced orfor Class B. ace of the mons and shouthat the mat
P
nally/environ
compared tn terms of casors coverinon‐site main The main liuracy. Unlikeerms over thmary producned satelliteW/m2 – i.e, a
rtainty is notd‐based inst
0 W/m2, and
m2 range – rery radiative adiance, andUncertainty f‐plane irraded model, an
ns in the loca a desert wi
more accuraopriate, for ered to instan
ffixed to the
ditioning, sha
r recalibrated
module, the uld be checkterial is not
Page | 63
mentally
o on‐site alibration ng entire tenance, imitation e ground‐he entire ct of the e models constant
t defined truments
d 10 % at
elative to transfer
d diffuse for tilted, iances is nd 1,25 %
al terrain ith white
te when example, ntaneous
e back of
all be ≤ 2
d at least
adhesive ked to be attacked
Adhesivshall be be 500 module'this may0,5 W/mAdditionAnnex BCare shsubstant Note 1: on the mmay bemateria Note 2: cell in frfactors. Module temperamay intris clampTherefodesired should bIn additdifferensensor isto arrayand sectModule IEC 609surface. tempera
3 AM
When reare repradiationTemperaresolutioTemperalocationinverter
e or interfacthermally coW/m2K or g's rear surfacy be achievemK in a layer nal recommeB. all be takentially altered
Cell junctionmodule's rea estimated, ls.
An infrared ront of the s
temperaturature may broduce a temped to the racre, care shalinformationbe distributetion, when tt orientations required foy size, are totion types. temperatur04‐5 as an This may reature measu
MBIENT A
equired by Tresentative n shields whature sensoon ≤ 0,1 °C aature sensos where thes or equipme
ce material bonductive. Tgreater, in oce and the ted using a thnot more thendations o
n to ensured due to the
n temperatuar surface, das a funct
image of thesensor is not
re varies acroe observed. mperature dick, since thel be taken ton is obtainedd throughouthe array cons or other or each modu be distribut
e measuremalternative
equire use ofrement purp
AIR TEMPE
able 6, the aof the arraich are ventiors and signnd maximumrs should bey will not ent shelters,
between the he total therorder to keeemperature ermally conhan 1 mm thin temperat
e that the tpresence of
ures are typicdepending otion of irrad
e front of tht substantial
oss each moFor exampleifference > 5 rack may aco place tempd. For perfout the systemonsists of mattributes tule type or sted in a repr
ment may alsoto using a f an additionposes.
ERATURE
ambient air tay conditionilated to pernal conditiom uncertainte placed at be affected, asphalt or r
temperaturrmal conducep the maxsensor on tductive adheick. ure sensor
temperaturethe sensor o
cally 1 °C to n the modudiance, using
he module mlly altered ow
odule and ace, strong wi5 °C. Similarlyct as a heat sperature sensormance mom so that themore than othat can affsection type, resentative m
o be performtemperaturnal reference
E
temperaturens by meansrmit free pasning electroty ±1 °C. least 1 m d by thermaroofing mate
re sensor andctance of theimum temphe order of esive with th
attachment
e of the celor other facto
3 °C hotter le constructg the therm
may help confwing to the
cross the arrnds blowingy, a module sink. sors in reprenitoring, a ne average temone module fect temperaand additionmanner amo
med with thee sensor in e module, no
, Tamb, shals of tempesage of ambonics shall t
away from al sources oerials, etc.
d the rear sue adhesive orerature diffeapproximatehermal cond
may be fou
l in front oors.
than the temion. The temmal conduct
firm that thepresence of
ay and substg parallel to may be cool
esentative locnumber of tmperature catype or inc
ature, at leanal sensors, ongst the dif
e Voc‐based contact wit
ot connected
l be measurerature sensoient air. together ha
the nearestor sinks, suc
P
urface of ther interface laerence betwely 1 K. For eductivity grea
und in IEC
of the senso
mperature mmperature divity of the
e temperatuf the sensor
tantial differthe module ler near a fra
cations suchtemperaturean be determcludes sectioast one temif required afferent modu
method desth the modd to the PV a
ed at locatioors located
ave a meas
t PV modulech as exhau
Page | 64
e module ayer shall ween the example, ater than
61724‐1,
or is not
measured ifference module
re of the or other
rences in surfaces ame that
h that the e sensors mined. ons with perature according ule types
scribed in ule back array, for
ns which in solar
surement
e and in sts from
Dependevery 2 yWhen pregional
4 WI
Wind spused forWind spthe arraperformIn somewith probe sufficmaximuWind mbe locatWind spof the reWind difrom geoWind se
5 SO
The soilito the p
5.1 E
Measurea)
b)
ing on the myears for Claermitted by l meteorolog
IND SPEE
peed and wir documentinpeed and diry conditions
mance guarane cases data oject design ciently smalm values. easuremented at a pointpeed sensor meading for wrection is deographical nensors shall b
OILING RA
ing ratio is thower that w
Equipment
ement of theA referencesoiling at thor PV moduthose used mounted in identical moA reference kept free ofshall have sdifferences device shall may be perfleast twice pclean devicetypically rec
monitoring syass A and perTable 6, amgical data.
ED AND D
ind directionng warranty rection are tos and/or the ntee of the Pon wind gusrequiremenll (e.g. ≤ 3 s
equipment t that is suffimeasuremenind speeds gefined as thorth. It shallbe recalibrate
ATIO
he ratio of thould be expe
t
e soiling ratioe PV device,e same rate le, but shouin the PV arthe same p
ounting mechPV device, df soiling. Thesimilar spectin responsebe mountedformed eitheper week, foe should be heive more th
ystems, tempr manufacturbient air tem
IRECTION
n are used fclaims relateo be measurconditions aV installationsts (typicallynts. When nes) and the d
shall not shaiciently far frnt uncertaintgreater than e direction f be measureed as per ma
he actual powected if the P
o requires th, designatedas the PV ald preferablyrray to be mplane as andhanisms. designated te clean devictral and ange should be d close to ther manually oor Class A, orheated to rehan 7 days of
perature senrer’s recommmperature at
N
for estimatined to wind dred at a heigassumed by an. y gusts up toecessary thedata record
ade the PV srom obstructty shall be ≤ 5 m/s. from which ed with an acanufacturer’s
wer output oPV array wer
he following:d the “soiledrray. The soiy be a PV momonitored sod at the aver
he “clean” dce may be egular respon included inhe soiled devor by an autr at lesser intmain free off frozen prec
sors shall bemendations ft the site ma
ng module triven damagght and locaany applicab
o 3 s in lengte monitoringshould cont
system at antions. 0,5 m/s for
the wind blccuracy of 5°s recommen
of the PV arrre clean and
d” device, wiled device module that is that it will rage height
device, whicheither a PV rnse to the sn the measuvice and co‐tomated systtervals if desf frozen preccipitation pe
e replaced orfor Class B. y be estimat
emperaturege. tion which ale performan
th) may be rg system samtain not onl
y time of da
wind speeds
ows, and is . dations.
ray under givfree of soilin
which is allomay be eithe identical to soil at the sof the PV ar
h is regularlyreference cesoiled deviceurement unplanar to it wtem and shasired for Clascipitation if inr year.
P
r recalibrated
ted based on
s. They may
are represennce model u
required to mpling perioy averaged
ay or year an
s ≤ 5 m/s, an
measured c
ven soiling cong.
owed to accer a PV refero or represensame rate. Itrray, prefera
y cleaned so ll or PV mode. The effeccertainty. Twithin 0.5°. ll be done dss B and Clanstalled in a
Page | 65
d at least
n local or
y also be
ntative of sed for a
compare d should but also
nd should
nd ≤ 10 %
clockwise
onditions
cumulate ence cell ntative of t shall be ably with
that it is dule, but ct of any he clean Cleaning aily or at ss C. The reas that
c)
d) e)
For itemin an eltypical measurecircuit (oneeded
5.2 C
a) b)
c)
The calibImmediashould bbe used
5.3 M
Performa) b) c)
d)
e)
5.4 M
Perform
A measuremand/or shormay be meaA measuremA measuremusing tempe
ms c) and d), ectrical statcrystalline sements, to aor max poweto choose th
Calibration
Choose a refDetermine designated rUsing the cpower (Meathe soiled de1) Complet2) Simultan
and tem3) Using th
calibrati4) Using th
the maxreferenc
bration shallately followibe close to uas a check o
Measurem
m the measurMeasure theMeasure theCalculate thvalues deterCalculate thand the temmaximum pCalculate thexpected ma
Measurem
m the measur
ment systemt‐circuit currasured using ment system ment system erature senso
in between te which masilicon moduvoid hot spoer) in betweehe appropria
n
ference conda calibratioreference coclean device asurement mevice at the tely clean theneously meamperature as he clean deon data detehis calculatedximum powece condition
be repeatedng the calibrnity. Significof the calibra
ment metho
rement as foe short‐circue max powerhe effective rmined for thhe expected mperature mower. e soiling ratax power cal
ment metho
rement as fo
m for measurent (MeasurI‐V curve trafor measurinfor measurinors affixed to
measuremeay cause degules should ot generationen measuremte hold state
dition of irran value for ondition. It is to measure
method 1) anreference coe soiled deviasure the soiwell as the cevice measuermined in std irradiance er and/or shof irradiance
d at least annration or follant deviatioation, so that
od 1 – ma
llows: it current anr and tempeirradiance fhe short‐circmax power measured in
io SR by divilculated in d
od 2 – sho
llows:
uring the mrement metacing or maxng the short‐ng the tempo their rear s
ents, the meagradation orbe held atn, while typiments. Obsee.
diance and P the short‐ sufficient toe irradiancend/or short‐ondition as foice. iled device mclean device ured short‐ctep b), calcuand the me
hort‐circuit ce and tempe
nually. lowing any sn from unityt the calibrat
ax power
nd temperaturature of thefrom the vacuit current.of the soilen b), using
iding the soi).
ort-circui
maximum pohod 2) of thex‐power‐poin‐circuit curreeratures of bsurfaces.
asurement sr metastablet open‐circucal thin film erve the mod
PV device temcircuit curreo use the ma, determine‐circuit curreollows:
maximum poshort‐circuitcircuit currelate the effeeasurementsurrent of therature.
significant ray indicates a tion may be
reduction
ure of the clee soiled devicalues measu
ed device at the calibrat
iled device m
t current
ower (Measue soiled devint‐tracking elent of the cleboth the soil
ystem shall e drift of thit (or max modules shodule manufac
mperature, eent of the cnufacturer’scalibration
ent (Measure
ower and/or t current andent and temective irradias for the soie soiled dev
infall, the mproblem witrepeated if n
n due to s
ean device. ce. red in a), u
the irradiantion values
max power m
reduction
P
urement meice. Maximulectronics. ean device. led and clean
not hold thee device. Thpower) in ould be heldcturer’s dire
e.g. STC. clean devices datasheet vvalues for ement meth
short‐circuid temperatumperature, wnce. iled device, vice correcte
measured soith the setup.necessary.
soiling
using the ca
nce determindetermined
measured in
n due to s
Page | 66
ethod 1) m power
n devices
e module herefore, between d at short ctions as
e at the values. the max hod 2) of
t current re. with the
calculate ed to the
ling ratio . This can
alibration
ned in c) for the
b) by its
soiling
a) b) c)
d)
e)
5.5 P
Measureto soilinacross tbe used uniformconstrucbe empl
5.6 D
The soiinstantaangular soiling pcomputePerformvalues fvalues to Note: Fintegrat
Measure theMeasure theCalculate thvalues deterCalculate thin c) and thmaximum pCalculate thb) by its exp
Preferred m
ement methng, and in phe modules,when soilinity on the raction or devoyed simulta
Daily avera
iling ratio neously memisalignmenparticles, for e a daily ave
m the integratfor a given do a specific t
or example,ion could inc
e short‐circue short‐circuhe effective rmined for the expected se temperatuower. e soiling rat
pected short‐
method
od 1 is geneparticular it , especially fg is known tatio of maximice physics oaneously and
age value
measured asured soilinnt of the twoproper interage value. tion by calcuday. The dattime window
, when the clude only tim
it current anit current anirradiance fhe short‐circshort‐circuit ure measure
io SR by divi‐circuit curre
erally preferrproduces mfor typical cto be uniformmum power tof the modud the most a
e
by the meng ratio teno reference rpretation th
ulating the ira may be fi
w that minim
clean and smes within ±
nd temperatund temperatufrom the vacuit current.current of thed in b), usin
iding the soient calculated
red because more accuratrystalline silm across theto short‐circle, e.g. for tyappropriate v
ethod abovnds to show devices as whe measured
rradiance‐weltered to exizes the effe
soiled devic±2 h of solar
ure of the cleure of the soalues measu
he soiled devng the calibr
iled device sd in d).
it best reprete results wicon modulee modules orcuit current aypical thin fivalue or a we
ve is an ina time‐of‐d
well as angled soiling rati
eighted averaclude outliects of angula
es are fixednoon.
ean device. oiled device. red in a), u
vice at the irrration values
short‐circuit
esents the achen soiling es. Measuremr when the eare known toilm moduleseighted aver
nstantaneousday depende‐dependent o values sho
age of the mrs and/or toar misalignm
d in position
P
using the ca
radiance dets determined
current mea
ctual powermay be nonment methoeffects of soio be small dus. Both methrage may be
s value. Sience due to light scatterould be integ
measured soio limit the mment.
n (not track
Page | 67
alibration
termined d for the
asured in
loss due nuniform od 2 may ling non‐ue to the hods may used.
nce the residual
ring from grated to
ling ratio measured
ing), the