insights-p1-june-29-to-july-4.pdf

INSIGHTS SECURE2015: Q&A COMPILATION JUNE-29 TO JULY-4

http://www.insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 1

Table of Contents 1Q. Examine if the Sangam Literature can also be regarded as a source of

history of kings and culture of the period during which it was created. (200

Words)......................................................................................................... 2

2Q. Write a note on the salient features of architecture of the Vijayanagar

Empire and highlight its form and influences. (200 Words) ........................ 3

1Q. In your opinion, what causes poverty- mindset or rising inequality and

unemployment? Critically discuss. (200 Words) ......................................... 4

1Q. Discuss how Deng Xiaoping was instrumental in helping China abandon

its orthodox communist doctrines and help its economy incorporate

elements of the free-enterprise system? Do you think the modern China has

moved away from Dengs philosophy? If Yes, write a brief note on it. (200

Words)......................................................................................................... 4

1Q. Do you think inequality on the basis of caste exists in Indian cities? If

yes, With examples critically examine causes and consequences of such

inequality. (200 Words)............................................................................... 5

1Q. Discuss with examples why cant scientists predict earthquakes in

advance. Also examine what measures are required to save more lives from

earthquakes. (200 Words) ........................................................................... 6

1Q. Critically examine why was Cuba isolated by the USA and international

community? Do you think recent policy of America towards Cuba would

help the latter in realizing its economic potential? Comment. (200 Words) 7

1Q. Critically analyse the important findings of the first socio-economic and

caste census in India since 1934, the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011

(SECC), with reference to education, health, land, water and electricity

accessibility. (200 Words) ........................................................................... 8

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Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature

and Architecture from ancient to modern times

1Q. Examine if the Sangam Literature can also be regarded as a source of

history of kings and culture of the period during which it was created. (200

Words)

The Sangam Literature is a collection of poems, composed by Tamils poets, both men and

women developed in the ancient Southern state of India between 300BC to 300 AC, dealing

with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement. In

many ways, the Sangam Literature serves as source of history of kings and culture of the

period during which it was created:

1. Each individual poem belonging to the Sangam Literature contains the information

about it's authorship and subject matter of the poem, the name of the king or

chieftain to whom the poem relates and the poets and poetesses patronized by them.

2. The Sangam literature tells about three Kingdoms that existed during that period-the

Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras. It mentions about the love, military and war,

system of administration, governance and economic and trade relations that were

prevalent during that time.

3. Accroding to the Sangam literature ,the administrative system during those time

consisted of the King as the centre of administration with hereditary monarch as the

prevailing form of government. The court of the crowned monarch was called avai.

The sabha or manram of the king in the capital was the highest court of justice.

4. The king was assisted by a large body of officials, who were divided into five assem-

blies: Amaichchar or ministers, Purohitas or priests, Senapati or military

commanders, Dutar or envoys and Arrar or spies.

5. The entire kingdom was called mandalam like the Chola mandalam, Pandya

mandalam etc. Below the mandalam was a major division, nadu (province). The ur

was a town which was variously described as a big village (perar), a small village

(sirur) or an old village (mudur).

6. The society chiefly consisted of agriculturists. There were chiefly two classes of people

in the early Tamil society.As a part of revenue administration, the largest source of

revenue was land-tax called Karai.

Thus, the Sangam Literature can also be regarded as a source of history of kings and culture

of the period during which it was created. [The claims mentioned in Sangam literature are

highly exaggerated specially about the kings and should be used as a source of information

with caution.

However the sangam literature is very valuable with respect to the social and cultural life of

the people at that time]



2Q. Write a note on the salient features of architecture of the Vijayanagar

Empire and highlight its form and influences. (200 Words)

Vijayanagar means 'city of victory', this empire constitutes imp chapter in the history of India

which ruled AD 1336 to 1672. Vijayanagar empire played a very imp role in the development

of temple art and architecture. Architecturally Vijayanagar has synthesis of centuries old

Dravidian style and influence of neighbouring Islamic style. The Vijayanagar architecture

can be classified into four groups-defense, religious, secular and civilian.

Defense architecture:--

Famous for seven layers fortress wall which enclosed city, agriculture hinterland and

forest.

several gateways and square bastion in the wall.

main gate was large and guarded by flanking bastion.

Religious architecture:--

New style of architecture called Provida style-with large numbers of pillars and piers.

Horse was most common inscriptions on pillars.

Construction of large Raya Gopuram (gateways) and Kalyanamandap with carved

pillars in temple premises.

Mandapams were having 100 to 1000 pillars, this mandapams were used for sitting

the deity on festivals occasions.

The monolithic carving of Nandi

ex--vithalswami and hazra temples at Hampi, Vardraja and Ekambarnatha temples at

Kanchipuram and chidrambram temples.

Secular architecture

Palatial buildings and subsidiary buildings like water palace, well.

Public audience hall, horse and elephant stables. these buildings were in Indo-

Saracenic in character (Hindu and Muslim features)

The Lepakshi Mural Paintings, the technique of which was probably inspired from

the Ajanta paintings of Maharashtra under the Vakataka patronage, had a rather

secular theme than a religious one.

Use of domes, vaults and arches, due to the presence of Muslim architects,

accentuating the secular mindset prevalent in the kingdom.

Civilian architecture

Palace complex, Audience hall, pleasure pavilion, secretariat hall, tanks etc..

Indo-Islamic in nature as arc with key hollow dome can be seen.

lotus mahal, Queens bath have octagonal water pavilion.



Topic: Poverty and developmental issues

1Q. In your opinion, what causes poverty- mindset or rising inequality and

unemployment? Critically discuss. (200 Words)

Poverty is the inability of people to live their lives as per their wishes and potential. Poverty

is construed mainly in an economic dimension. But that is a limited approach. A broader

approach is needed which considers poverty from economic, social and political dimensions

to effectively tackle it. Behavioural economics has added another dimension to poverty which

is mindset. Before we analyse what causes poverty, it is essential to understand that the

reason for finding the cause is to tackle and resolve it to alleviate poverty. Hence, a cause

which is broad is a better tool than a narrow approach.

Mindset is a cause because it is assumed that rational choices by people accompanied by

their skills and hard work can make them overcome poverty. Accordingly, people are in

poverty because they make irrational choices. They spend more instead of saving. They

consume unwarranted and unnecessary goods instead of essential ones. They do not plan

Long term but reap short term gains. They do not invest in productive and sustainable assets

but temporary goods. This approach recommends government to focus on changing people's

mindset and aid them in making right decisions. Such an approach is not appropriate

because it has an inherent assumption that poor have low mental capacity. It is an indirect

way of telling that rich are rich because they are smart and intelligent but poor are poor

because of their low IQ. Moreover, such approach makes us concentrate entirely on the poor

leaving the capitalists and rich out if the poverty debate. A CSR initiative wouldn't have been

if such approach is followed.

Additionally, it moves us away from the other causes such as persisting inequality, the high

risk environment of the poor where unexpected changes in weather or market put them in a

poverty trap, the structural issues of poor education, health facilities etc. The structural

approach is broader, it can be easily monitored and evaluated and it puts the responsibility

on all stakeholders. Such a broad approach is needed, hence its not mind-set but the market

which is the main cause.

Topic: Political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their

forms and effect on the society.

1Q. Discuss how Deng Xiaoping was instrumental in helping China abandon

its orthodox communist doctrines and help its economy incorporate elements

of the free-enterprise system? Do you think the modern China has moved away

from Dengs philosophy? If Yes, write a brief note on it. (200 Words)

The Great leap forward and Commune policy introduced by Mao causes mass starvation and

deaths and economic stagnation of China . Thus , Deng Xiaoping introduced market reforms

which marks a shift from communism, to a free-enterprise system .

For growth, the initiatives taken by Deng are

1. Adopted 'market socialism' as an economic system, prices of goods would be

determined by 'free price system'



2. From a self- reliant economic focus, export oriented economy gained primary

importance

3. Huge investments were made by local provinces into the most profitable businesses

locally, encouraging light manufacturing which required less capital, brought

revenues and high foreign-exchange earnings and revenues on export .

4. Relation with technologically advance countries in the West and Japan were

improved and trade with them enhanced by purchasing machinery and advanced

technologies.

5. A series of special economic zones were set up to attract foreign companies and

capitals by providing cheap land and labour, quick and easy clearances by cutting

down red-tapism

However, modern China seems to have moved away from the Deng's philosophy ,particularly

on political and foreign policy matters:-

1. Contrary to the Deng's led initiative of 'hide our capacities and bide our time ' and

friendly,non-aggressive overtures towards neighbors, the new China is assertive in

territorial disputes and it's dealing with old-rival Japan and the ASEAN nations with

repeated incursion into disputed waters of South China Sea, land reclamation and

multi-scale construction of artificial islands .

2. Contrary to Deng's policy of 'be good at maintaining a low profile' and 'never claim

leadership', the new China seeks greater leadership role internationally by

showcasing it's military and economic strength globally and presenting an alternative

ideology and model of development, different form the West.

3. Its shift from export led growth to consumption led growth , as its foreign reserves

have surged and world markets have stagnated

Topic: Salient features of Indian Society; Urbanization problems

1Q. Do you think inequality on the basis of caste exists in Indian cities? If yes,

With examples critically examine causes and consequences of such inequality.

(200 Words)

The caste system, with its societal stratification and social restrictions,continues to have a

major impact in the country.Belying popular perception, caste based inequality is prevalent

in cities too along with villages in India.

The causes for caste -based inequalities in cities are numerous -

1. Same caste marriages or endogamy- Despite spread in education and awareness,

marriages are still based on caste identities. This perpetuates the caste hierarchies.

2. Limited occupational mobility - Caste based occupations are being pursued

generations after generations, which does not help in blurring the caste lines.

3. Limited social mobility - Ingrained attitude with orthodoxy does not help either.

Class mobility ( socio-economic status) and social mobility ( caste based ) do have

little synergies and caste identities continue to sway social discourse.



4. Concentration of means of production and wealth- It has been observed that the

wealth and job creation is still in hands of people from upper/dominant castes.

5. Positive discrimination/reservation - This system too has, in some way, strengthened

caste system.

6. Lack of awareness among lower castes about their rights - little awareness about

constitutional safeguards and legal provisions in the lower castes has resulted in the

perpetual dis-empowerment of these sections.

Because of the same, many adverse consequences (of inequality) are visible in cities -

1. Inequality in terms of access to schooling/education and health leads to perpetual

poverty and dis-empowerment of the disadvantaged sections.

2. Ghettoisation /residential segregation especially of SCs/STs results in less social

intercourse and thus, weakens social cohesion.

3. Unequal access to basic amenities (water, sanitation) gives way to substandard life.

4. Unequal income levels and wealth in longer term fuel social tension which if left

unchecked, may threaten social and political stability of the country.

5. Caste based politics specially in U.P and Bihar is also a consequence.

Thus, we should strive towards unshackling the caste barriers by favourable social

,political,legal and economic actions so that we move towards a more inclusive society devoid

of social cleavages based on caste and inequalities.

Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes

1Q. Discuss with examples why cant scientists predict earthquakes in advance.

Also examine what measures are required to save more lives from earthquakes.

(200 Words)

Earthquakes are one of the major natural calamities causing devastation and damage on a

very large scale. We have developed superior technology to record seismic waves and find the

epicentre but we are still not able to predict their arrival precisely like floods and storms.

There are several reasons for this.

There are certain methods to predict the earthquake like change in ratio of velocities of P and

S waves, Radon emissions, analysing rock expansions, seismic gaps and developing

seismicity patterns etc. There are instances in the history where with the knowledge of

tectonic plate boundaries and fault lines and these techniques, earthquakes were predicted

years before the occurrence. But not all of them were successful, leaving no particular

technique as a reliable one. For example, the study of velocities of P and S waves predicted

the earthquake in New York State in 1973 but the same method failed in other parts of the

world.

Also, these techniques are devised for places along plate boundaries and fault lines whereas

earthquakes also occur in the interior parts of continent ( Bhuj ,Gujarat ), for which the

prediction technology is not available. Even if the P waves are observed, there is very less

time left for the destructive S waves to reach the surface, leaving no time for prediction.



Anthropogenic causes although increases the chances of earthquakes but it is difficult to

accurately determine the extent of damage and hence the timing of future quake .eg

Geologists have been warning a possible quake in Himalayan region due to activities such as

hydro dam construction.

However, in certain seismic zones, we can take preventive measures to save more lives.

1. Conducting mock drills and awareness among the people on various possible ways of

saving oneself when earthquake occurs.

2. Efficient public alarm to ring as soon as the foreshocks or P waves are observed. But

without proper mechanism, this might lead to chaos and even more deaths than from

the earthquake.

3. Constructing buildings with earthquake resistant materials and ensuring proper

regulations on the same.

4. Establishing disaster management organizations with all resources to rescue people

immediately after the calamity occurs.

With more focussed research on the earthquake patterns and earth's interior, we can only

hope to understand the earthquakes better.

Topic: History of the world will include events from 18th century such as decolonization,

political philosophies like communism,

1Q. Critically examine why was Cuba isolated by the USA and international

community? Do you think recent policy of America towards Cuba would help

the latter in realizing its economic potential? Comment. (200 Words)

The bilateral relations of IS and Cuba date back to 1898 Spanish American war after which

Cuba became an American protectorate, eventually granted independence and US continues,

till date, to operate Guantanamo bay on lease.

Being a communist by ideology, Cuba had his natural inclination towards Soviet Union. Then

came two events which further fuelled the tensions:

1. Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 in an attempt to overthrow Cuban government by CIA.

This widened the gulf between the two countries.

2. The famous Cuban missile crisis in which Cuba had allowed Soviet Union to place

missiles on its land as an answer to US encirclement of Soviet Union. This is a

landmark event in the history of US Cuba relations as it ultimately led to diplomatic

and economic sanctions on Cuba.

Both used Switzerland as mediator for their talks and US had also included Cuba in the list of

State Sponsor of Terrorism. Also embargo was reinforced such that even other nations were

not allowed to trade with Cuba or else itself face embargo by US. Thus, Cuba was isolated

and it faced economic stagnation.

Recently, after backchannel talks with the help of Canada and Vatican, relations seem to

have thawed a lot. US took off the name of Cuba from State Sponsor of terrorism, eased

travelling restrictions, eased embargos and will establish diplomatic relations after a more



than 50 years gap. Cuba, on its part, has realized its weaknesses especially after

disintegration of the Soviet, inability of Venezuela to supply it with oil, weakening socialism

world over and has also taken steps to open up more space for private capital. If relations are

sorted between US and Cuba, we could see a more pro active Cuba on international forums

like WTO and participate in world trade to integrate itself better with world economy. Its

economy relies on exports of sugar, cigar, rum, etc. and with easing, American companies

would now be able to do business in Cuba. US had been criticised of its Cuban policy in UN

for long. However, a lot depends on the response of Raul Castro.

Topic: Population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,

their problems and their remedies.

1Q. Critically analyse the important findings of the first socio-economic and

caste census in India since 1934, the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011

(SECC), with reference to education, health, land, water and electricity

accessibility. (200 Words)

In the backdrop of Finance Commissions recommendations of increase of states shares to

42% and the recent decision of CMs in Niti Aayog meeting to reduce the number of centrally

sponsored schemes, it is crucial to have necessary data for efficient policy framing and need

based spending. The

socio-economic and caste census report released recently serves the exact purpose.

1. The data shows around 23.5% illiteracy among adults in rural areas and increased

expenditure on education. This puts the focus on more adult literacy programmes

and also improvement in primary and higher education infrastructure in public

sector.

2. Increased expenditure on health, especially in private hospitals shows the need of

higher medical insurance penetration, efficient management of public hospitals and

better implementation of womens health schemes like Janani Suraksha Yojana.

3. 30% of rural households being landless and depending on casual labour projects the

need of skill training programmes and more support for self employment. Recent

initiatives of Skill India and MUDRA bank are highly needed here.

4. Smart cities programme can be called successful only when all the households in the

nearby towns also have access to water and electricity. In power sector and urban

infra in nearly 20 lakhs household still dont have access to electricity and water

sealed toilets. This shows that government has an daunting task ahead before the

deadline for achieving 'electricity for all' policy before 2022Amrut mahostav.

Also, hereafter these socio-economic criteria should be considered while estimating poverty

levels.

insights-p1-june-29-to-july-4.pdf

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