Volume 21 Friday, February 6, 1998 Number 3

By Mike Perricone, Office of Public AffairsGravity’s role might not be clear in the

possible restructuring of the Standard Model,but gravity clearly set the stage for theremodeling of Wilson Hall.

Gravity summoned a chunk of concretefrom the 15th floor down through the slopingglass on the south side of the cafeteria in 1993,prompting a full-scale structural examination bya consulting firm, leading to a collaboration byFermilab’s Facilities Engineering ServicesSection (FESS) with a structural engineeringfirm on plans for interim and permanentrepairs.

Now the Army Corps of Engineers hasendorsed the $18.5 million renovation plan for the high rise—and, most important, hascertified the building’s safety for five years while repairs take place.

“We took (Fermilab’s) very good data on temperature changes and environmentalchanges over a five-year period,” said structuralengineer Jim McCoy, who directed the studyby the Louisville, Kentucky, district of theCorps of Engineers, with computer modelingprovided by Anatech of San Diego.

Wilson HallGiven Sealof Approvalby Corps ofEngineersHigh Rise found safe for the next five years while repair effort is under way.

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continued on page 9

fINSIDE

2 Coyotes

3 Carla Cargo

4 CP Violation

6 Particle Physicsfor Regular People

APPROVEDAPPROVED

FermiNews February 6, 19982

literature from the last 30 years producedreports of only 16 attacks on humans inNorth America, none of which werefatal.

Reading the signsThe indirect impact of coyotes on

human endeavors is more controversial.Depradation by coyotes on livestock,especially sheep, is often due to rogueskilling weak and vulnerable animals. Forthe most part, coyotes are opportunistswho prefer smaller, more tractable game.Lynda Randa, an ecologist fromNorthern Illinois University, conducted a study from 1993 to 1995 at Fermilaband found that over 90 percent of coyotedroppings contained small mammalremains. About 80 percent of those werefield mice and rabbits. The remainderwere squirrels, pheasant, deer (probablyscavenged), invertebrates and plantmaterial.

Coyotes tend to be nocturnal,although if not harassed by humans, they will hunt during the daylight. Theyprefer a mixture of wooded and openland, a preference nicely fulfilled byhuman-created landscapes. Before 1900,

by Rod Walton, Environmental, Safety and Health Section

He is sly, cunning, swift, smart, butmore often than not undone through hisown devices. She is called sun dog,laughing dog, barking dog or little wolf.The ambiguity surrounding coyotesextends to the pronunciation of theirname: you say kai-ó-te, I say kaí-oat. Theword comes from the Aztec word coyotl,which suggests that a three-syllable namemight be more authentic.

Few animals have elicited moreinterest and emotion than the coyote,whose reputation in Native Americanlore as a sly and treacherous survivorholds up well against the animal’s naturalhistory since European settlement.Campaigns to eradicate the coyote havemet with little success. If anything, thecoyote has extended its range—ironicallywith the help of settlers, who wereremarkably successful at driving out thecoyote’s cousin and erstwhile competitor,the wolf.

Employees and visitors at Fermilaboften see coyotes in the early morning,gracefully loping across the fields. JimKalina, of Roads and Grounds, estimatesthat as many as 15 animals currentlyreside at the Lab, including triplet pupsborn here in 1996. The young animalstypically disperse after a year or two,seeking out their own home ranges.Although the animals at Fermilab aregenerally in good health, someindividuals have contracted mange, acommon canine disease.

Coyotes are remarkably adaptable.They tolerate our presence, and evencapitalize on some of the fruits ofcivilization. They gladly raid garbagepails or take advantage of cast-off tidbits,and they demonstrate an uncanny abilityto avoid humans in our more predatorymoods. On the other hand, they presentno real threat. A recent survey of

CoyotesSettle In at Fermilab

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there were probably few coyotes east ofthe Mississippi River, but they quicklysettled the new farmland after theeradication of wolves.

The Illinois Department of NaturalResources reports that the state’s coyotepopulation has remained stable for thelast seven years. Local naturalists andbiologists agree that the state-widepopulation is steady, but the urban andsuburban population seems to beincreasing. Animal control agents destroyone to three coyotes each year at O’Hareand Midway airports to protect aircraftfrom collisions, and the number ofcomplaints from suburban neighbor-hoods has increased.

In Native American cosmogony,coyotes are portrayed as creators,“singing humans into being” or placingthe North Star in the heavens. They aresaid to bring rain (or not), and have theability to change the appearance ofthings. Whatever the coyotes’ role indetermining the fabric of the world, wewill likely continue to share it with themin a grudging, sometimes admiringcoexistence. ■

FermiNews February 6, 1998 3

It Was Sad... but Not Titanically Badfor Lost Carla Cargo“The iron boats go, as the mariners all know,

But the gales of November remember...”

— Gordon Lightfoot, “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald”

By Mike Perricone, Office of Public AffairsThis cable dispatch emanated from

Medite Shipping Company (UK) Ltd.,25 Nov 97:

“MSC are sorry to inform you thatthe MV MSC Carla while en route fromEurope to the United States on herregular voyage during gale force 11/12was hit by an abnormal wave whichcaused the rupture of the fore part of thevessel, parting the vessel completely intwo pieces.”

Helicopters rescued all 34 crewmen.The part of the ship still afloat was towedfrom north of the Azores, where waveshad reached 90 feet during the gale, tothe calmer Canary Islands. The worldpress (including The Wall Street Journal)noted the loss of a huge wine shipmentdestined for U.S. distributors during theholidays, including a thousand cases ofFrench wine selling for $200 a bottleand several cases of vintage Armagnacretailing for as much as $700 a bottle.

Not mentioned: 3500 pounds ofR2799 Strip, 1.27 mm x 50.42 mm,Cold Rolled in Coil, Special Hardness,Minimum Diameter 30-40 cm, Valued at 30,624.58 USA Dollars.

But Gregg Kobliska, Material Control Dept. head, had received a fax from Telcon Speciality Alloys andComponents in Crawley, West Sussex,England. The specially-treated nickel-iron alloy for the permanent magnettemperature compensators at Fermilab’sRecycler Ring had been on the Carla,which left LeHavre, France, bound forBoston.

“We didn’t know right away whichhalf of the ship it was on,” Kobliska said.“We didn’t know if it was sunk or if itwas still floating. Then we found out itwas sunk, but that there would be asalvage attempt. Then we found out

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what the salvagers were really after wasthe wine and the champagne and the$700 bottles of brandy.”

Telcon placed its insurance claim and notified Fermilab that a replacementfor the alloy would be shipped onJanuary 30.

“Usually, it takes about six monthsfor something like this,” Kobliska said.“Six weeks—that’s really an extra-ordinary effort by Telcon.”

There was more good news fromDave Harding, a manager for theRecycler magnet project. The delaywould have no impact on the costs orschedule of Main Injector construction.

A larger shipment of the alloy waspurchased from Telcon about a year ago and has already been used in

constructing permanent magnets for theRecycler Ring. The iron-nickel alloy istreated so that its magnetic permeabilitychanges with temperature, allowing itsuse as a continuous feedback mechanismto maintain a constant flux in thepermanent magnets, made of strontiumferrite bricks.

Permanent magnets are simpler than the more-commonly-usedelectromagnets, but their field is highly temperature-dependent. Thecompensator material will keep the fieldstrength constant to 0.01 percent overtemperature swings as much at 10-15degrees C, the typical requirement for an accelerator.

“The shipment that was lost,”Harding said, “was an add-on destinedfor use in some of the specialty magnets,the Lambertson magnets, used forgetting the beam into and out of therecycler. The rest of the components forthe Lambertson magnets are not dueuntil late February. We have enoughcompensator already to build oneLambertson magnet. So with our usualpattern of first building one magnet outof a series, and studying it before goinginto production, it won’t be until wellinto March that we would need this lostcompensator material.”

All hands hope there are no galewarnings in February near the Azores. ■

Gregg Kobliska, Material Control Department Head, shows where the compensatormaterial will go, when it arrives.

FermiNews February 6, 19984

Searching for CP ViolationOr, how KTeV physicists like VivianO’Dell hope to elucidate why mattersurvived and antimatter disappeared.

by Sharon Butler, Office of Public AffairsWhen physicist Vivian O’Dell first came to

Fermilab’s Computing Division five years ago,she had scarcely crossed paths with a kaon.

And no wonder.The evanescent particle survives only 12

billionths of a second. It’s not like an electronor even a bottom quark; it doesn’t exist in theworld most people know.

But when the Tevatron is running beam for fixed-target experiments, O’Dell and 80-odd physicists from 12 research institutionsmanufacture billions of kaons every day—neutral kaons, to be exact.

By becoming intimately familiar with thesefleeting particles and how they self-destruct, thescientists who work on the experiment calledKTeV (for kaons at the Tevatron) hope one day to explain how matter came to be, andantimatter disappeared.

CP violationAntimatter is the reflection of matter: one

particle is positive, the other negative, one isright-handed, the other left-handed. Despitetheir differences, in charge (C) or parity (P), the two should behave exactly alike. Both werecreated in equal parts when the universe beganin the Big Bang.

Of course O’Dell can’t figure out why theuniverse came to be at all—“it blows my mind,”she says—but she does know, from the StandardModel and years of physics experiments, that no pockets of primordial antimatter surviveanywhere in the universe today. The onlyevidence that antimatter ever existed lies in thebackground microwave radiation left over fromthe Big Bang.

As intricate mathematical calculations show,matter prevailed because of a slight difference inbehavior between matter and antimatter, calledCP violation, an asymmetry in what should be asymmetric relationship. The phenomenon, firstdiscovered in 1965, occurs in only one in 500events. To date, O’Dell says, it has been seenonly in neutral kaons, not in any other particles.

Direct CP violationOne KTeV experiment involves trying to

find evidence of direct CP violation, which noone has yet observed.

Scientists so far have seen only one kind ofCP violation: indirect. In indirect CP violation,a neutral kaon called a K-long self-destructs,creating first another kind of neutral kaon,called a K-short, and then two pions. Direct CP violation would occur if the K-longdissolved into two pions directly, with nointermediary step.

But whether direct CP violation occurs atall is not clear. The Standard Model says onlythat it might.

An earlier experiment at Fermilab found nosign of direct CP violation, even with sensitivemeasurements. And an experiment at CERN,the European Laboratory for Particle Physics,might have found something, but the data areuncertain.

Now, says O’Dell, KTeV scientists arehopeful they’ll be the first to find direct CPviolation in neutral kaons. In the fixed-target

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Star Trek’s Data,guarding hisnamesake, andphysicist VivianO’Dell, examiningthe data acquisitionsystem she helpeddesign for the KTeVexperiment’s nextgeneration.

continued on page 11

FermiNews February 6, 1998 5

By Mike Perricone, Office of Public AffairsTurning off the Tevatron will leave

Fermilab’s geese with cold feet this winter, but they won’t be flying the coop.

“There’s not going to be any wholesalemigration,” said Fermilab ecologist RodWalton. “Geese don’t live in the water, andmost of their feeding is done by foraging in the grass and plant material on shore.”

With the Tevatron idle during constructionof the Main Injector, the cooling water iscarrying only a fraction of the usual heatthrough Fermilab’s four pond systems.

For example, the Booster pond system,which includes the large lake in front of WilsonHall, usually absorbs between 14 million and19 million BTUH while the accelerator isrunning in winter. When the accelerator is shutdown and no testing is being conducted, theheat level is approximately 2.7 million BTUH.

“A residential home of 2,000 square feetwill take about 100,000 BTUH to heat it,”said Lee Hammond of Facilities EngineeringServices Section. “So now the Booster pond

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A case of goose pimples?Snow Place Like Home for Frosty Fermilab Fowl

Canada geese appear unflappable in their newly-frosted habitat.

system is taking in enoughBTUH to heat 27 homes.When the accelerator isrunning, that would be 140 to 190 homes.”

The geese might bechilly while the ponds freezeand thaw at a more naturalpace, but Walton stated thatthey’re in no danger. Neitherare the fish, as long as even asmall patch of pond is opento allow oxygenation. Waltonalso said it’s extremelyunlikely that any geese would be trapped in the ice.

“Not unless the bird is ill, or hurt, or tangled in something and can’t move,”Walton said. “You’ll actually see the geesesitting on their feet on the ice, because theice is still warmer than the surrounding landon most winter days.” ■

With the Tevatron idle,Fermilab physicist DaveAnderson does somemoonlighting in snowremoval and gets insome power skating onthe pond in front ofWilson Hall.

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By Mike Perricone, Office of Public AffairsPsychologist Oliver Sacks has Robin

Williams portraying him on screen.Cosmologist Carl Sagan’s fictionalheroine explores the universe in theglamorous guise of Jodie Foster.Biologist Stephen Jay Gould musesabout the Red Sox in the PBSmegadocumentary “Baseball.”

Where are all the particle physicists?They’re on a high-energy bookshelf

near you.The authors of the best plain-

language literature in particle physicsmight not yet have reached stardom, buttheir books offer a literate, accessible andengaging introduction to a field ofscience that has been known tointimidate the uninitiated. The stories of the discoveries of the particles at theheart of matter offer all the thrills of agood chase—one of the biggest chases of 20th-century science. From the widefield available, readers can start with ahalf dozen of the “best of the best”books for gaining an understanding ofthe reason for all the excitement.

FermiNews February 6, 19986

Take your cue from LeonLederman, 1988 Nobel laureate andformer director of Fermilab. And take aclue to his approach from his wittytitle—“THE GOD PARTICLE: If theUniverse Is the Answer, What Is theQuestion?”

Prompted by an imaginary dialoguewith the classical Greek mathematician-philosopher Democritus, whom he calls“the first particle physicist,” Ledermanleads us on a trail that begins with thesmell of baking bread in ancient Greeceand culminates in the quest for theHiggs boson, the “God particle” of thetitle—so-named, Lederman says, becauseit is “so central to the state of physicstoday, so crucial to our final under-standing of the structure of matter, yet so elusive.”

It’s easy enough to focus onLederman’s humor and zero in on hisgroaning board of puns. Example: Whenthe Greek philosopher uses a knife tohalve a piece of cheese innumerabletimes, the result is a “feta-compli.”Groan.

But the prime significance of “TheGod Particle,” and the power of itsappeal as an introductory work, lies inthe clarity of Lederman’s explanations,the sense of his comparisons, the tangibleand unbreakable thread of the storythrough time and his own experience.

Another veteran of the chase isMichael Riordan, who is also one of itsbest chroniclers in “THE HUNTINGOF THE QUARK: A True Story ofModern Physics.”

If you’re a mystery fan, this is the“police procedural” of the particlephysics era—the background, theevidence, the investigators, the relentlessand systematic pursuit, the false trails andsurprises, the accidental discoveries, andthe sense of groping that seems to beabsent in many treatments of science.Riordan covers the 20-year search for thequark, from the first intimations in the1960s to the series of discoveries in the

1970s that made the quark “real.”Riordan’s goal is to show “how ourmental image of the subatomic worldwas transformed between 1964 and1980.”

You must form a mental imagebefore you can transform it, and you’llfind spectacular introductory images in“THE SEARCH FOR INFINITY:Solving the Mysteries of the Universe,”by the European team of Gordon Fraser, Egil Lillestol and Inge Sellevag.Illustrated as impressively as any coffee-table book, “The Search for Infinity”begins by “Looking In” (The Explora-tion of Matter), and concludes by“Looking Out” (Understanding theUniverse). The excellent overviews ofparticle physics and astrophysics areenlivened with vignettes of the scientistsassociated with them. Wolfgang Pauli,who first predicted the existence of theneutrino, supposedly once offeredencouragement to a colleague who wasdistraught after finding an error in hisown work. “Everybody makes mistakes,”Pauli said sympathetically. “Except me.”

Brush up your bosons

Particle Physics for Regular People

FermiNews February 6, 1998 7

Not as colorful as “The Search forInfinity,” but at least as valuable, is“THE PARTICLE EXPLOSION,” byFrank Close, Michael Marten andChristine Sutton. Focusing exclusively onthe subatomic realm, “The ParticleExplosion” is a primer on atomicstructure and each of the knownparticles. It also includes a powerfulsecret weapon: an exhaustive Table ofParticles, charting each particle’s physicalproperties, its history of discovery (anddiscoverers) and its role in matter, allkeyed to the appropriate sections of thetext. The Table is the kind of referenceyou’ll want to keep in an honored (andsecure) place and hand down to the nextgeneration, especially if there’s an examcoming up.

There’s no physics without funding,and ultimately there’s no physics withoutmathematics. Award-winning sciencewriter K.C. Cole has a new gem, “THEUNIVERSE AND THE TEACUP: TheMathematics of Truth and Beauty,” withthe title offering a subtle resonance withthe top (“truth”) and bottom (“beauty”)quarks.

In counterpoint to the near-unanimous “maleness” of physics and its literature, Ms. Cole has a refreshingchapter on Einstein, relativity, and thelittle-known but critical contributions of Emmy Noether. A brilliantmathematician, Noether was refused a university position in Göttingen,

Germany, because she was a woman—though she had recommendations fromeminent mathematician David Hilbertand from Einstein himself. But it wasNoether who later gave credibility torelativity by proving mathematically thatenergy was conserved in four-dimensional space-time. So in a realsense, relativity, particle physics andFermilab all owe their ongoing well-being to the work of Emmy Noether.

They also owe a debt to GeorgeGamow, one of the originators of the bigbang theory of the birth of the universe.

Gamow was one of the firstpopularizers of relativistic physics and quantum theory. He wrote twowhimsical little books in the 1940s abouta traveler, bank clerk C.G.H. Tompkins(c, for the speed of light; G, thegravitational constant; h, the quantumconstant), in a realm of highlyexaggerated relativity. “MR.TOMPKINS IN WONDERLAND” and“MR. TOMPKINS EXPLORES THEATOM” were later combined in a singleslim volume, “MR. TOMPKINS INPAPERBACK,” that was still being usedas a supplementary college text in the1960s and 1970s—and it’s still goingstrong. Some of the language isamusingly antiquated, and Gamowwould certainly be surprised at today’stake on his chapter entitled “The GayTribe of Electrons.” But “QuantumBilliards” has a collision between twobilliard balls resulting in “innumerableballs, all of them very vague andgruelly...rushing about within an angle

of 180 degrees round the point ofimpact.” And “Cosmic Opera” matchesexpansion vs. steady-state theories incontesting arias. Dated, yes; but mustyold Mr. Tompkins is worth anyallowances.

Lederman, Riordan, Gamow andcompany flavor their science with myth,mirth, poetry and history. They offer ahigh quality of armchair companionshipwhen you unwind from the hunt at theend of day and consider the words ofDemocritus, that first particle physicist,who said 2,400 years ago: “Nothingexists except atoms and empty space;everything else is opinion.” ■

For FurtherReading...Like atoms and space, physics booksare everywhere. Whether you buy or borrow, your book is likely to bechecked out by a device that scans abar code with a laser beam—a directoutgrowth of physics research. A listof the best (and many of the rest) is on page 8.

FermiNews February 6, 19988

For Further Reading...

The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community Daniel J. Kevles Vivid saga of atomic weapons scientists and their postwar role. New in Modern America preface details politics behind death of SSC.

The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mannand Particle physics told through two generations of physicists. Good historyin 20th Century Physics and good science, well-written and compelling.

The Physics of Baseball Robert K. Adair The great white particle. Lots of equations. Good field, no hit.

Blind Watchers of the Sky Rocky Kolb Fermilab astrophysicist tells highly engaging story of astronomy and astronomers.

Men Who Made a New Physics Barbara Lovett Cline Basic bio sketches of early particle physicists. Slim. Light on science.

Great Men of Physics: The Humanistic Element Emilio Segre, Joseph Kaplan, Renowned physicists offer insights into, respectively, Galileo; Faraday;in Scientific Work Leonard Schiff, Edward Teller Newton and Einstein; and Neils Bohr. Slim book, quick reading.

Taking the Quantum Leap: Fred Alan Wolf Writing is bland, also on the stuffy side.The New Physics for Non-Scientists

In Search of Schrodinger’s Cat: John Gribbin Solid beginning to the second tier of reading. Starts with basics but Quantum Physics and Reality quickly moves beyond.

From Atoms to Quarks: An Introduction to the James S. Trefil Lots of diagrams, lots of math laid out plain and simple. Another solid Strange World of Particle Physics primer for the second tier.

In Search of the Big Bang: John Gribbin Still a classic by the British astrophysicist.Quantum Physics and Cosmology

A Brief History of Time Stephen W. Hawking A “must” for the second tier, when you’re ready.

The Quark and the Jaguar: Murray Gell-Mann A step beyond, into abstraction and philosophy. Nobel winner Gell-Mann Adventures in the Simple and the Complex named the quark.

Achilles in the Quantum Universe Richard Morris Delightful musing on infinity as a driving force in physics and mathematics. Great examples.

The First Three Minutes: Steven Weinberg THE classic popular work on the origin of the universeA Modern View of the Origin of the Universe and the relationship between cosmology and particle physics.

Dreams of a Final Theory Steven Weinberg Literate consideration of the whys and hows of a single “theory of everything.”

A Theory For Everything Jeremy Bernstein Essays by a noted physicist, from The New Yorker, The Atlantic, Scientific American, etc.

The Physics of Star Trek Lawrence M. Krauss What the series got right and wrong.

The Curve of Binding Energy John McPhee Noted journalist collaborates with bomb designer Ted Taylor to explore dangers of nuclear weapons proliferation.

“Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!” Richard P. Feynman Farcical physicist commits gaffes, cracks safes, plays bongos, reveals headaches of Nobel Prize.

Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman James Gleick Chronicle of contributions, from quantum electrodynamics to compelling testimony on the Challenger shuttle disaster.

Einstein: The Life and Times Ronald W. Clark The absent-minded violinist whom we may not know as well as we think we do.

Scientific American Library Leon M. Lederman and David N. Schramm Clear illustrations highlight engaging, accessible explanation of From Quarks to the Cosmos: Tools of Discovery methods used to explore the infinite and the infinitesimal.

Scientific American Library Steven Weinberg History of discoveries with appropriate physics introduced along the The Discovery of Subatomic Particles way. Well-illustrated with valuable appendix of physical principles.

Scientific American Library Nickolas Solomey University of Chicago physicist brings the particle search up to date. The Elusive Neutrino: A Subatomic Detective Story Well-written, with lots of photos and drawings.

Scientific American Library Philip and Phyllis Morrison, Excellent companion to any reading in physics: graphic illustrations of Powers of Ten: About the Relative Size of Things and the Office of Charles and Ray Eames sizes in scientific notation.in the Universe

Particles and Forces: At the Heart of the Matter Richard A. Carrigan, Jr., and Collection of Scientific American articles. For serious amateurs with W. Peter Trower, Editors firm grounding.

FermiNews February 6, 1998 9

“We programmed (the data) intothe computer to show the accumulateddamage in concrete at the end of fiveyears,” McCoy continued, “and weshowed that the safety factor wasdefinitely adequate at that period oftime. Of course, they should continuewith ongoing retrofit plans to fix thestructure.”

The main effort (some $14.5million) involves reengineering thecrossover supports, with interim repairsas needed. That’s where FESS engineerElaine McCluskey comes in—withbrackets and diapers.

“Diapers” are the nickname for theprotective cloth underneath the jointsalong the west tower, under the seventhfloor and above the main entrance. Thecloth guards against concrete spalling,catching any dislodged chips that arelikely to fall.

The steel brackets provide extrasupport where joints are showingdeterioration.

“That was the case last summer,after our spring inspection,” saidMcCluskey, who will be overseeingrepairs with Ed Crumpley of FESS. “We installed brackets under some of thejoints upstairs under floors 14, 15 and16—16 being the roof.”

McCluskey expects contracts to be awarded in October 1998 for thepermanent repairs, with work to begin in FY1999.

The plan for 1998 (estimated cost:$270,000) involves extensive monitoringof changes in the building with changesin temperature, comparing previousinspections of expansion and contraction(and cracking). Details of the structuralmodel and over-all project will berefined, and a pilot beam repair will bemounted under the 15th floor. There are also twice-yearly inspections of theinternal joints, in the fall and spring, andthe building will have a full exteriorinspection, as it does every five years.

The complicated plan fits acomplicated building.

“It’s unique,” said McCoy, whoseexperience in concrete structures rangesfrom barracks buildings to nuclear powerplants. “Even beyond the temperaturevariations, this is a building that is notsymmetrical on any axis or any floor.

Wilson Hallcontinued from page 1

Elaine McCluskey of FESS testifies to the safety of the crossover repairs.

It’s just a very interesting structure.”It’s also a moving structure, the

source of all the complications. WilsonHall is actually two tower buildingsjoined together across the atrium.Normal movements due to weather andtemperature changes become enlarged.While the crossovers are tethered on theeast side, the building was constructedwith a series of joints between the westtower and west side of the crossovers.The joints were intended to “give” withexpansion and contraction, allowing thecrossover beams to slide in the joints.

But the joints are constructed ofconcrete sitting on concrete, whichproduces breaking, not sliding. Thereplacement joints, central to thepermanent repair plan, will featureteflon-coated steel plates, one imbeddedin the support for the crossover floor andone in the crossover floor itself. Thetechnique is common in bridgeconstruction; at Fermilab, it is used insupports at one end of liquid nitrogentanks to allow for thermal expansion.

Overall, the high-rise renovationswill include a plumbing upgrade and anongoing replacement of the existing glasswith safety glass, which is layered arounda sheet of polyvinyl adhesive and shattersinto pellets instead of stiletto-like shards.

The Wilson Hall Project had aLehman budget validation in Septemberand faces a full review, which Ron Luthaof Department of Energy said hasn’tbeen scheduled yet. The Corps ofEngineers review came about at the

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request of Fermilab Director John Peoplesand URA President Fred Bernthal, toprovide an independent validation ofproposed repair techniques. Moreimportant, the Director wanted additionalassurance that the building would be safethroughout the renovation period.

The Corps of Engineers alsoconducted a review of the CZero projectbecause of changes being considered bythe House Subcommittee on Energy andWater Development, which funds theDepartment of Energy, in its 1998funding bill.

“We definitely wanted anindependent review,” said AssociateDirector George Robertson, himself aformer Major General and assistantcommander of the Corps of Engineers.“But the House subcommittee wasconsidering some language requiring aCorps of Engineers review for projectsstarting in 1998. So to play it safe, wewent through DOE to get an interagencyagreement for the Corps to conduct thereview.”

The subcommittee settled on review by “an impartial and independentsource,” though a separate Corps reviewhad already validated the CZero projectgetting underway this year. “We didn’twant to take any chances on that project,”Robertson added.

No one wants to take chances withWilson Hall, either.

“It was a fun building to work on,”said McCoy. “I hope it’s around for along time to come.” ■

RunII

in big construction projects, the expertconsultants who served as reviewers with Lehman also repeatedly referred to the “very aggressive,” “extremelyaggressive,” and “very tight” schedulefor the DZero upgrade.

But what Christenson heard was“aggressive but do-able.” It’s somethinghe believes, too. “Nobody wants to seethe schedule slip,” Christenson avers,least of all him, and he is working closelywith management to line up theresources he needs to make sure thereare no delays. In that, DOE offers ahelping hand. Like Fermilab, it has astrong interest in seeing this high-profileproject come in on time and on budget.

Speaking of budget: Christenson isparticularly proud that the DZerocollaboration has substantially reducedthe $2.9-million deficit it started outwith. According to Christenson, themajority of the savings came from“keeping a tight lid on spending.” ■

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FermiNews February 6, 1998

Steel slabs, ready for transport intoCDF’s collision hall.

DZero’s superconducting solenoidmagnet wheels in.

UpDateUpgrade

Physicist Jim Christenson, in purple T-shirt and white denims, was in the

hot seat in the Fermilab’s Comitiumconference room this month. Theoccasion: a Danny Lehman mince-no-words review to make sure the $81-million project to upgrade theDZero detector was doing what it said it would do when it was officially“baselined” last March. Christenson isthe project’s comanager, and the guywho tries to share both the prolongedpain and the momentary pleasures. Hegroans when the project encounters theinevitable setbacks. But he recentlyrejoiced, along with others in thecollaboration, when the detector’sspanking new superconducting solenoidarrived all the way from Japan withbarely a scratch.

The review team from theDepartment of Energy was full of praise, especially for progress in whatChristenson called DZero’s “R&Dstunt”: the new fiber tracker. As usual

Meanwhile, CDF passed its secondLehman review back in December.

Now in the CDF hangar, pieces of the5,000-ton detector lie helter skelter down in the pit. In one corner are thecurvatures of the 60,000-pound muondetector; in another, a wall of steelshielding; in front, an end plug wrappedin a sheet of plastic.

The detector may be in pieces, butprogress is evident. Fermilab physicist PatLukens theorizes that there are two kindsof progress, visible and invisible, and he’saiming for both: he is choreographingthe installation of detector parts old and new. He’s already worked out theschedule for the next two years, down tothe day for some components. Ironically,before coming to Fermilab seven yearsago, Lukens had built a reputation inelectronics. Now he’s making sure thedetector gets put back together again—and overseeing welders and machinists.

Today, giant I-beam cranes mountednear the top of the building whir, hissand creak as the crane operator in fadedjeans pushes buttons on a radio control

In this issue, FermiNews begins a regular featurereporting on progress toward Collider Run II at theTevatron in the year 2000.

2000 by Sharon Butler, Office of Public Affairs

box slung on his hip. The cranes throwlong dark shadows across the floor asthey pass overhead. They are lugging“hoisters” one by one halfway across the building and gently setting theequipment down in the pit below. A rowof hoisters now sits beside a stack of steelslabs, soon to be welded into a two-foot-thick unit weighing 100 tons.

Like industrial-strength car jacks, the hoisters will lift the steel slabs, movethem into the collision hall and help hangthem from the ceiling to sit on top of thedetector. The loading, carting, unloadingand positioning of all this weight will taketwo full weeks.

The steel slabs have none of thetechnological wizardry of, say, the fibertrackers. Yet the slabs are vitalcomponents. Without them, neither theCDF nor any other detector, for thatmatter, could sort electrons and protonsfrom muons. The steel works by bruteforce, stopping the electrons and protonsin their paths. Muons pass right through,and on to the muon chambers for datacollection on the other side. ■

Lunch served from11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.

$8/personDinner served at 7 p.m.

$20/person

For reservations, call x4512Cakes for Special Occasions

Dietary RestrictionsContact Tita, x3524

-LunchWednesday

February 11Grilled Flank Steakwith Rice Noodles

and VegetablesApple Ginger

Upside Down Cake

DinnerThursday

❦ February 12 ❦Red Pepper Soup

Medallions of Lobsterwith Tomato Cream Sauce

Beet RisottoLover’s Salad

Mousse-Filled Chocolate Cupswith Chocolate Hearts

LunchWednesday

February 18Grilled Chicken with Mango,

Ginger and CilantroRoasted Potato Wedgeswith Garlic and Herbs

Zucchini and Carrot ParmesanPolenta Cake

DinnerCarnival Thursday

February 19Plantain Soup

w/Chicken EmpañadasRoast Suckling Pig

Rice and Pigeon PeasBraised Chayote

Native SaladPineapple FlanTropical Fruit

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FermiNews February 6, 1998 11

by Sharon Butler, Office of Public AffairsThe U.S. Department of Energy was

hard at work the last two weeks in January. It signed two FONSIs, as they are called, oneapproving a deer management program atFermilab, the other allowing construction forthe NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector)experiment.

What’s a FONSI? It’s a Finding Of No Significant Impact on the environment, and follows a detailed review, called anenvironmental assessment, of a project’spotential effects, including any risks to humanhealth or any possible harm to sensitiveresources such as wetlands or archeologicalsites. An environmental assessment is requiredunder the National Environmental Policy Actof 1969. By issuing a FONSI, DOE signalsagreement that a project presents no danger tohumans or the environment, and effectivelyallows the project to go forward. In this case,two projects were approved:

• The deer management program proposedby the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In an effort to reduce the size of the deerpopulation and reverse the extensive damagedone to the ecosystem at Fermilab, USDA will begin culling the herd using agencysharpshooters. All meat will be donated to twocharitable food organizations, the GreaterChicago Food Depository and the BethlehemCenter Food Bank. USDA estimates that thereare 860 deer on the Fermilab site, far morethan the site can sustain. Both USDA andFermilab considered numerous alternatives to sharpshooting, including immunocontra-ception and relocation, but none provedfeasible or showed promise of being effective.

• Construction of facilities for the NuMIexperiment. The NuMI experiment will seekto determine whether neutrinos have mass bymeasuring whether one kind of neutrino“oscillates,” or changes, into another. Theexperiment to be conducted at Fermilab willdirect beams of neutrinos to a detector on theFermilab site (a short-baseline experiment)and to a detector in northern Minnesota (a long-baseline experiment). Neutrinos areparticles that some physicists speculate makeup at least a portion of dark matter, the bulkof matter in the universe that astronomers areunable to see but know exists. ■

Two FONSIs Signed

run in 1996–97, they improved their chances of seeing direct CP violation by increasing thesensitivity of their measurements from seven toonly one in 10,000 decays.

Whether they will observe direct CP violationin all the data they’ve collected, or will just put amore precise limit on how often direct CPviolation occurs, experimenters hope to knowsoon. Analyses are already under way.

O’Dell’s rare decayMeanwhile, O’Dell is poring over her own

statistical data from the latest fixed-target run,looking for one of the rare ways a K-long particlecan reinvent itself: by self-destructing into fourparticles—two pions and two electrons. Thisparticular way happens so rarely (once in every 10million decays) that it has never been seen before.

O’Dell is gloating over the fact that KTeVexperimenters have already found 40 incidents ofwhat she gleefully calls her decay mode. That’s 40out of some five billion decays she’s examined sofar. Collecting rare decays in the pile ofinteractions that occur in a particle detector ishard work. But by the time the experimentershave finished analyzing the data, O’Dell believesthey will have compiled information on as many as2,000 incidents of this decay—a goodly sample.

Science is often in the details, and KTeVphysicists believe that in such rare events asO’Dell’s, they can investigate aspects of CP violation and test the limits of the StandardModel.

“The distributions will tell us the level of CP violation in this decay and whether that levelagrees with overall theories of CP violation andwith predictions derived from the StandardModel,” says O’Dell.

There’s another reason to study this raredecay mode: Serendipitous discovery is the stuff of basic research—in fact, it’s already shaped thestudy of neutral-kaon decays. When James Croninand Val Fitch first witnessed CP violation in 1965,they weren’t aiming to see the elusive decay. Theywere looking only for an answer to the question:If a kaon can spontaneously yield a pair of pions,how often might such a decay occur? It was astandard experiment, O’Dell says, the stuff ofvolumes of Physical Review papers. But theirunexpected discovery won the Nobel prize.

And so, O’Dell sifts through the complexitiesof the KTeV data, thinking, jokingly, that one dayher decay mode will make her “rich and famous,”and that if it doesn’t, well, at least it will give her a clue as to how she came to stand on this Earthat all. ■

CP violationcontinued from page 4

FOR SALE■ ’94 Dodge Caravan Grand LE. Showroomcondition; 42k miles, mega-loaded, V6 engine,antilock brakes, options galore. Asking $14,900 obo.Will finance. Call Vic, (630) 513-1000. ■ ’88 Plymouth Voyager SE, black cherry, 7 passengers, V6, new tires, looks great and is very reliable. Asking $3000. Contact Jerry, x4571,(630) 801-9408. or Jerryz@fnal.gov.■ Skis, Atomic Arc 195, Salomon 547 sportbindings, size 12 US or 13 EU Trappeur 2000boots, also have poles, ski & boot bag, $200 obo;Head skis older-style bindings, $25; Kenwood multi-component stereo system w/cabinet. Systemincludes linear-tracking turn table, amplifier ka-94,synthesizer am/fm tuner kt-54 (memory holds 14 ea am & fm stations), graphic equalizer ge-34,dual-deck cassette recorder kw-64w, cd player dp-840, 2 4-way 150-watt speakers jl-840, $1,500obo. Contact Terry, x4572 or skweres@fnal.gov.■ Bridgeport Vertical Mill, J-series w/42-inch bed.Ultra-reliable multi-speed belt drive. Perfectcondition with Sony digital readout system. Paid $6,500; asking $3,500 obo. Call Vic, (630) 513-1000.■ American Racing equipment aluminum wheels(4), 15" X 8", with P275/60E15 BF Goodrich T/A radial tires. Fits full-size Chevy truck (5 lugs). Never used in winter. $400. Contact x4396, (630) 859-8596 or pritchard@fnal.gov.■ TICKETS! For the Naperville Men’s Glee Club10th anniversary concert. Concert date is February21, 1998 at 8:00 p.m. at Waubonsie Valley HighSchool auditorium, Ogden Avenue and Eola Rd.General admission, $8/students and seniors, $6.Guest performers are the Waubonsie Valley UnityChoir. Call (630) 653-5154 or Bill Wickenberg,x4381.■ Beautiful 2-bedroom Emerald Green condo inWarrenville; completely updated, remodeled kitchen& bath, fireplace, garage; $97,900. Contact Barb Honeyman, (630) 393-7960 or75052.3713@compuserve.com.

FOR RENT■ 3-bedroom, 2-bath ranch with basement andattached garage in Warrenville. Available March 1.Gardening and lawn care provided. Near schools andshopping. No smoking, no pets, references required.Lease $1,100/month, plus security deposit. ContactEarl Barnes, (630) 393-1228.

Published by the Fermilab Office of Public AffairsMS 206 P.O. Box 500 Batavia, IL 60510630-840-3351ferminews@ fnal.gov

Fermilab is operated by Universities Research Association, Inc.,under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy.

✩ U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE: 1998--646-054/80009

FermiNews February 6, 199812

C L A S S I F I E D S

M I L E S T O N E SRETIRED■ George Termansen, I.D. # 4771, from theBeams Division/Mechanical Support Department on January 23, 1998.

The deadline for theFriday, February 20, 1998,issue of FermiNews isTuesday, February 10.

Please send your articlesubmissions, classifiedadvertisements and ideasto the Public AffairsOffice, MS 206 or e-mail ferminews@fnal.gov.

FermiNews welcomes letters from readers. Please include yourname and daytimephone number.

FEBRUARY 8Barn dance at the Village Barn from 7–10 p.m. The dances are contras, squares & circle dances. All dances are taught, and people of all ages andexperience levels are welcome. You don’t need tocome with a partner. Admission is $5. Childrenunder 12 are free. The barn dance is sponsored bythe Fermilab Folk Club. For more info, contactLynn Garren, x2061, or Dave Harding, x2971.

FEBRUARY 12Brown Bag Seminar: “Depression Across the LifeCycle: Differences in Experience & Treatment,”Noon—1 p.m., 1 West conference room

FEBRUARY 13NALWO potluck dinner at Kuhn Barn, 6:00 p.m.,with drinks and appetizers. Dinner begins at 6:30sharp! Everybody is asked to bring either a main dishserving 6-8 persons or a dessert serving 12. We willhave soft drinks for everybody, pizza for the kids andwine for adults. Babysitting is provided. If you can’tbring anything, please contribute $3. For furtherinformation, call Angela Jostlein, (630) 355-8279.

Fermilab International Film Society presents:Careful, Dir: Jeff Solylo, Canada (1992). Admission$4, in Ramsey Auditorium, Wilson Hall at 8 p.m.

FEBRUARY 15Barn dance at the Village Barn from 2–5 p.m withlive music by the Fiddling Zealots of Oak Park andcalling by Bill Sudkamp. The dances are contras,squares and circle dances. All dances are taught, andpeople of all ages and experience levels are welcome.You don’t need to come with a partner. Admission is$5. Children under 12 are free. The barn dance issponsored by the Fermilab Folk Club. For moreinformation, contact Lynn Garren, x2061, or DaveHarding, x2971.

FEBRUARY 17Wellness Works presents: Blood Pressure Screening,from 11:30-1 in the atrium of Wilson Hall, by thecredit union.

FEBRUARY 28Fermilab Art Series presents: Caribbean Jazz Project,$20. Performance begins as 8 p.m. in RamseyAuditorium, Wilson Hall. For reservations or moreinformation, call 840-ARTS.

ONGOINGNALWO coffee mornings, Thursdays, 10 a.m. in the Users’ Center, call Selitha Raja, (630) 305–7769.In the Village Barn, international folk dancing,Thursdays, 7:30–10 p.m., call Mady, (630) 584–0825; Scottish country dancingTuesdays, 7–9:30 p.m., call Doug, x8194.

Conversational English classes, 9—11:30 a.m.,Thursdays, in the Users’ Center.

CALENDAR