insects attacking forest products. introduction much damage to timber and finished wood products...
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Insects Attacking Forest Products
Introduction
Much damage to timber and finished wood products
Damage to cut timber and finished products especially serious because damage comes after much investment
Estimated – 1-5 % annual cut
Insects attacking living trees
Insects attacking cut trees
Insects attacking wood in use
Asian Longhorned Beetle
Anoplophora glabripennis
Newly introducedinsect menace
EggLarva4 instarsPupaAdult
AsianLonghornedBeetleLife cycle
Beetlesspendmost oflife intree.
Verydifficultdo control
Beetle exitholes are ½ inor more in diameter
Adults can fly100’s of feet toinfest new trees
Damage / ID
Asian longhornedBeetle damage
Dead brancheson Asian LHBinfested tree
Hosts:
BoxelderMaples – Many speciesHorse chestnutMulberryPoplar – Many speciesBlack LocustWillow – several speciesElm - Chinese
Asian Longhorned beetle is unusual:
1) It attacks healthy trees
2) It spends major part of life cycle in Phloem, not Xylem
3) It kills healthy trees
4) Adults feed on the twig bark of healthy trees. Wounds serve as entry sites for pathogens.
4th instar larvae and/or pupae commonly infest wood used forshipping crates and arrive alive in US.
Untreated wood is commonly used for shipping crates andpallets = ‘dunage’
Difficult inspection job for APHIS Officials
Serious insect and political problem
First found in Brooklyn, NY - 1996
Second infestation found in Long Island, NY in 1996
Later, in 1999 found in Chicago, IL
2002 – established infestation in Jersey City, New York
Quarantined area within a 1.5 mile radius of site – all trees were cut & burned
Asian longhorned beetle
Video of Asian Longhorned beetle
Management & Control
Quarantines, fines!
Management & Control
Cut infested trees and burn.
Clear cut trees around infestation.
Strengthened importation rules on crates using wood & dunage.
Believed to be eradicated & not yet established.
Emerald ash borer: Newly introduced pest
•Discovered 2002 in Michigan •Attacks all species of Fraxinus, as well as some Ulmus, & Juglans spp.Larval galleries girdle branches and trees
•Trees often die 2-3 years afterInfestation
•Established!
Since 2002: Emerald Ash Borer
• Killed at least 8 - 10 million ash trees in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. Most of the mortality is in southeastern Michigan.
• Resulted in quarantines in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan and fines to prevent infested ash trees, logs or firewood from moving out of areas where EAB occurs.
• Cost municipalities, property owners, nursery operators and forest products industries tens of millions of dollars.
Emerald Ash Borer: Signs/Symptoms
• Distinct, D-shaped exit holes in the bark• Serpentine-shaped tunnels under the
bark on the surface of the wood• Young sprout growth clustered at the
base of the tree• Unusual activity by woodpeckers• Die-back on the top third of the tree• Vertical splits in the bark
Emerald ash borer – stages/damage
Management & Control
1. Quarantine of wood/trees Intra- and Inter-state from Michigan with stiff fines
2. Early detection in quarantined areas
3.Eradication of infested material
4.Researching possible insecticide use – expensive and difficult
Insects attacking recently cut trees
Ambrosia Beetles
Early observers noted droplets of a fluid in the beetle galleries. Called it “ambrosia” hence their name
Found in both conifer and hardwoodtree species
General Feeding Habits of Ambrosia Beetles
1. Invade wood but do not feed on phloem or xylem
2. Inoculate galleries in the xylem with fungus, adults and larvae feed on mycelium
Ambrosia beetle stages & damage
Ambrosia beetles attack:
•Felled trees•Weakened trees•Logs & green lumber
•Entire shipments damaged
•Degrade wood valueSmall holesFungal stains
Ambrosia beetle immatures in “cradles”
Larva PupaNew Adult
Main galleryPupa
Damage
Holes / Staining
Staining in veneer log
Many customers demand high quality, defect free lumber.
Especially the export markets
Holes in wood, or stains not acceptable.Bundled timber with insect damage must be unpacked, sorted repacked.
Management for beetles expensive and adds to lumber costs.
Ambrosia Beetle
Striped Ambrosia Beetle - Conifers
Trypodendron lineatum
Degrades wood of all conifer species
•Over-winters in stump & logging debris
•Flies in spring to felled trees or logs
•Females produce pheromone / mate
•Tunnels into sap wood of tree and lays eggs in the “Cradles”
•Inoculates fungus which stains wood black
•Mycelia gardens – food for larvae & adults
Insect Biology
Beautiful Damage?
1. Timber must be used & processed quickly / kiln dry
2. Keep wood wet - sprinklers
3. Use insecticides or repellants on log decks.
4. Set pheromones away from deck
(Last two steps significantly increase lumber costs)
Management
Primary southern pine Ambrosia beetle
Platypus flavicornis
Attacks weakened, dying or fresh cut pines.
Attack pine bark beetle killed trees within 5-10 days.
Infest sapwood and heart wood by the hundreds of insects.
Produces piles of fluffy, white boring dust at base of infested trees.
Reduce value of salvaged timber.
Ambrosia Beetle boring dust
•Timber must be used & processed quickly / kiln dry
•Get to beetle spots quickly
•Keep wood wet
Management Platypus flavicornis
While most ambrosia beetles attackweakened, dying or dead trees.
The Columbian timber beetle prefers healthy trees.
Ambrosia Beetles in Hardwoods
Columbian Timber BeetleCorthylus columbianus
Over-winters in litter layer & flies in spring to healthy trees
Males produce pheromone to attract females
Female tunnels in sapwood and lays eggs in “cradles’
2-3 generations / year
Fungal stains – extend several cm from galleries
Degrades wood quality so it can’t be used for Veneer or Furniture
Insect Biology
Columbia Timber beetles
Columbian Timber Beetle Damage
•No effective control available
•Usually controlled by not selecting infested trees or culling on log decks
Management - Columbian Ambrosia Beetle
Flatheaded Borers orMetallic Wood Borers
Flatheaded Borer Larva – note “V”
Round-headed Borers orLonghorned borers
Locust Borer Adult - Cerambycidae
Borer Damage on Black Locust
Cottonwood Borer Adult
Longhorned Borer: Adults, larvae & damage
Insects attacking wood in use
Powderpost beetles Coleoptera
AdultLyctus sp
Powderpost beetle damage
Powderpost beetle damage
ChlorpyrifosCyfluthrinCypermethrinPermethrin
Carpenter Ants Order – Hymenoptera
Carpenter ant damage
Carpenter Bee & damage
•Unpainted/stained wood•Paint/stain•Chlorpyrifos etc•Tennis racket
Native Subterranean Termites Order – Dictyoptera or Isoptera
Must have access to moisture.
Barriers installed in homes.
Soil treatments:CypermethrinFenvalarateImidacloprid
Formosan Subterranean TermitesIntroduced from Asia
Doesn’t need access to moisture: 25% w/o soil contact.
Barriers installed in homes don’t work.
•Larger colonies•More aggressive•Summer/Spring wood•Chew through plastic, asphalt and soft metal
Drywood Termites Order – Dictyoptera or Isoptera
•Need little orno water•Smaller colonies•Less damage
End of woodproduct pests