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FRIENDS……Keep everything in silent mode for few

minutes……

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Top 5 Deadliest insects

1. .. .. .. .. .?2. Fleas 3. Bees 4. TseTse Fly5. Fire Ants

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• “substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling any insect…”

INSECTicides

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Attractants

Repellants

Prevents insects to enter a specific area *Pheromones in high concentration

lures animals to a predetermined spot*Pheromones*Baits

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Systemic Insecticide

touch rather than inhalation or ingestion

moves to the point where the insect will contact or ingest it

Contact Insecticide

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Basic Chemical Groups

EstersAmines

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• Contact- dermal – through skin

• Stomach - oral – through mouth

• Respiration - inhalation by nose

Modes of Entry into Insects

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1.ORGANOCHLORINES

2.ORGANOPHOSPHARUS

3.CARBAMATES

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ORGANOCHLORINES

•t 1 / 2 = 7-30y•Persistent•Lipophil ic•Non-selective•Neurotoxins•Reproductive toxins

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Organochlorines

•Most have been banned in the U.S•Several were used in forestry• DDT• Lindane• Dicofol (Kelthane)• Endosulfan (Thiodan)

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•DICHLORO DIPHENYL TRICHLOROETHANE

•1874-ZEIDLER

•1939-PAUL MULLER.

DDT

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PROPERTIES•White amorphous powder

•Insoluble in water

•Soluble in organic solvents

•Attractant

•Technical has 70-80% of the para-para isomer

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• Contact poison

• No repellent action

• Neurotoxin

• Residual action last for 18 months

DDT ACTION

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• Applied at a dosage of 100-200 mg.per square foot area

• Earned the reputation of being an “environmental pollution”

• Many developed countries have restricted the use of DDT

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•Benzene hexachloride or hexachlorocyclohexane

•Michael Faraday -1825

•1933

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•White or chocolate coloured powder

• Musty smell

• Irritant to the eyes, nose & skin

•Repellant

•Crude form number of isomers with gamma isomer as the most active constituent

properties

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BHC vs DDT

•Technical HCH -13to 16 percent of the gamma isomer

•Pure HCH -99 percent of the gamma HCH

•More insecticidal than DDT

•Insecticidal action is not as prolonged as that of DDT

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DISADVANTAGES

•Acts against environment.

•danger to ecosystem.

•Plants treated with pesticides don’t need to produce as much of their own natural defenses, so the levels are lower.

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Valid? WHO Expert Committee “No valid reason to discontinue the use of DDT because its safety for human use remains unchallenged despite the tremendous amount of research”.

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