INR 4204

• This slide presentation is available on the course’s web page. Relax.

• Today’s agenda: – Distribute quiz info sheet. Questions?– Wrapping-up Zakaria’s From Wealth to Power.

Zakaria, cont’d

• Z. associates himself with “classical realism:” “Nations will expand their political interests abroad when their relative power increases” (19).

“America’s Ascent” (p. 45)

• After the Civil War, “U.S. economic growth reache[ed] a truly stunning pace. . . . ” (45)

• America’s “meteoric rise was even more staggering in relative terms.” By the mid-1880s, the US surpassed Britain in manufacturing output. (46)

The Industrialization of Americain the Aftermath of the Civil War

(The “Gilded Age”)

Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919

• Entered business during the civil war

• Became the greatest steel baron of the era and America’s richest man.

• Was actually a “peacenik”

John D. Rockefeller, 1839-1937

• Oil was found in Pennsylvania in 1859

• R. Bought his first refinery in 1863

• Built the Standard Oil trust—the world’s leading oil empire (mentioned on p. 100)

Leland Stanford (1824 - 1893)A Railroad Baron

• “With the help of the government, between 1865 and 1875 [railroad] trackage more than doubled to over seventy-four thousand miles” (p. 104).

Zakaria, cont’d

• Classical realism’s “great weakness: history furnishes many examples of rising states that did not correspondingly extend their political interests overseas” (p. 32).

• The U.S. from 1865 to the early 1890s is such an example. U.S. policy in those years was characterized by “imperial under-stretch”—minimal colonial expansion (see maps on pp. 6-7), a very small navy, a “tiny” Dept. of State, minimal participation in diplomatic conferences (p. 47)

William Seward (1801-1872)

• Secretary of State 1861-1869 (under Lincoln and Johnson)

• Believed that “Abroad our empire shall no limits know” (p. 44)

• Purchased “Seward’s Icebox” in 1867

• His other expansionist schemes were “foiled” (pp. 57-67)

Pres. Ulysses Grant (L) and Sec. of State Hamilton Fish (term: 1869-1877)

• Expansion “thwarted again” (pp. 67-75)

Resolving the puzzle of imperial understretch

• To redress the “weakness” of classical realism, Z. tweaks it into “State Centered Realism:” “statesmen will expand the nation’s political interests abroad when they perceive a relative increase in STATE power, not national power” (38).

• SCR “uses both levels of analysis”—systemic and state-level (p. 188)

• Z: U.S. was becoming a rich NATION, but its state apparatus was still weak.

Zakaria, cont’d

• See chapter 4 on the rise of the American state: “Between the late 1870s and the late 1890s, America’s political structure changed dramatically as two key institutions gained strength: the federal government and the presidency” (p. 92).

Woodrow Wilson (1856 -1924)

• Wrote Congressional Government, 1885 (see p. 90)

• Later recanted the book’s thesis (90)

• Authored “The Study of Administration” (1887)

Prophets of Expansion

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840 - 1914)—naval historian and strategist

• See Zakaria, p. 134• Influenced Teddy

Roosevelt

Historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932)

• Authored “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)

• Thesis implied that “new lands had to be found to save American freedom” (Zakaria, p. 135)

Practitioners of Expansion

President William McKinley (1843-1901)“The first modern chief executive” (LaFeber, 196)

• Went to war against Spain (1898). Resulted in the occupation of Cuba; annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam (see maps on p. 7)

• Declared “open door” policy in China. Sent 5,000 troops there in 1900 (161-64).

Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919):An “unabashed expansionist” (p. 164)

• Led the “rough riders”• Built Panama Canal

and “midwived” Panama (165-68)

• Proclaimed “Roosevelt Corollary” (p. 170)

• Intervened in Santo Domingo (170-71)

• Arbitrated Russo-Japanese dispute (172)

Discussion question (if time permits):

• Z. ends the book on an optimistic note (190-92). Is it warranted, especially with regard to the rise of China?

• Photo: Shanghai’s skyline

Google in Beijing

Beijing’s second ring road