inquiry into life twelfth edition chapter 11 lecture powerpoint to accompany sylvia s. mader...
TRANSCRIPT
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Inquiry into LifeTwelfth Edition
Chapter 11
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Sylvia S. Mader
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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11.1 Types of Tissues
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
– Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities
– Connective: supports and bonds body parts
– Muscular: moves the body and its parts
– Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures;
functions may also include:
– Secretion (glands)
– Absorption
– Excretion
– Filtration
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to Cell Type:– Squamous: Outer cells are flattened– Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped– Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular
• Epithelial Tissue can also be classified according to the number of layers in the tissue.– Simple: Single layer of cells– Stratified: Multiple cell layers
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Epithelial Tissue
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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue– Binds organs together– Provides support and protection– Fills spaces– Produces blood cells– Stores fat
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Components of Connective Tissue
– Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid
– Fibers: collagen,elastic, reticular
– Cells: various types
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued– Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other
substances.
– Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many internal organs.
– Dense connective tissue is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments.
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Adipose Tissue• Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
– Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection
– Reticular Connective Tissue• Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in:
– The spleen– The thymus– Bone marrow
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Cartilage• Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna
– Three Types of Cartilage• Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers • Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible• Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Bone• The most rigid connective tissue• Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around
collagen• Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell
formation
– Two Types of Bone• Compact bone (shafts of long bones)• Spongy bone (end of long bones)
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Examples of Connective Tissue
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Blood• Transports respiratory gases• Transports nutrients and wastes• Involved with many aspects of homeostasis• Helps protect us from disease
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Components of Blood
– Red Blood Cells• Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
– White Blood Cells• Fight infection
– Platelets• Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting
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Blood
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Muscular Tissue
– Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
– Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments• Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements
– Types of Muscle Tissues• Skeletal• Smooth (visceral)• Cardiac
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle– Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton– Cells are striated and multinucleated– Is voluntary
• Smooth Muscle– Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract– Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus– Striations are not present– Is involuntary
• Cardiac muscle– Occurs in the wall of the heart– Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus– Is involuntary
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Muscular Tissue
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11.1 Types of Tissues
• Nervous Tissue– Neurons (nerve cells)
• Conduct impulses– Sensory input, integration, motor output
• Neuron structure– Dendrites– Cell body– Axon
– Neuroglia• Support and nourish neurons
– Microglia: phagocytic– Astrocytes: provide nutrients– Oligodendroglia: form myelin
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Neurons and Neuroglia
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11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes
• Cavities– Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity– Lungs– Heart
• Abdominal cavity– Visceral organs– Bladder– Reproductive organs
– Dorsal Cavity • Cranial cavity
– Brain
• Spinal cavity– Spinal cord
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Mammalian Body Cavities
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11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes
• Body Membranes– Mucous Membranes
• Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue• Goblet cells-produce mucus• Protective function
– Serous Membranes• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue• Specific names according to location
– Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs– Pericardial-encloses heart– Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery
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11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes
• Body Membranes Continued
– Synovial membranes• Loose connective tissue• Line freely movable joints• Secrete synovial fluid
– Meninges • Line the dorsal cavity• Protect brain and spinal cord• Connective tissue
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.4 Integumentary System
• The Integumentary System – Skin– Hair– Nails– Sweat Glands– Sebaceous Glands
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Functions of the Integumentary System – Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen
invasion, and water loss
– Helps to regulate body temperature
– Synthesizes Vitamin D
– Helps us to be aware of our surroundings
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin– Epidermis
• Stratified squamous epithelium• Basal layer produces new cells• Cells harden and die as they push to the surface• Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof• Melanocytes - produce pigment
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin– Dermis
• Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing• Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension• Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin• Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure,
temperature
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Subcutaneous Layer
– Loose connective tissue
– Adipose tissue• Insulation
• Energy storage
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Human Skin Anatomy
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin– Nails
• Protect digits• Nail root- grows new nail• Cuticle- protects nail root• Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells
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Nail Anatomy
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11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin– Hair Follicles
• Extend from dermis through epidermis• Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps”• Epidermal cells in hair root form hair• Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away
from root
– Oil Glands• Associated with hair follicles• Lubricates hair and skin
– Sweat Glands• Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin• Thermoregulation
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the body’s internal environment.
• Even if external conditions change dramatically, internal conditions stay within a narrow range.
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback
– Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point.
– Two components (minimum)• A sensor• A control center
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Negative Feedback Mechanism
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Negative FeedbackA Mechanical Example A Human Example
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Positive Feedback– A change brings about a greater change in the same
direction• Example: A fever brings about changes in the
body that cause body temperature to increase even more (can be fatal)
• Beneficial examples include blood clotting and the birthing process
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems– The Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from capillaries for exchange
• RBC’s- carry oxygen• Platelets-clotting• Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify Lymph
– The Maintenance Systems• Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide• Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes wastes• Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies• Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste removal
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Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued– The Support Systems
• Integumentary system produces vitamin D• Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood cells• Muscular system produces heat
– The Control Systems• Nervous system and endocrine system function as control
centers• Direct effectors to become active
– Muscles– Glands
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11.5 Homeostasis
• Disease– Breakdown in self regulation– Body no longer functions properly– Local disease
• Restricted to one part of the body
– Systemic disease• Affects entire body
– Acute disease• Occur suddenly• Usually short duration
– Chronic disease• Long term, less severe• Develop slowly