inputs outputs ecosystem production consumption decomposition element cycling fee so far energy flow...
TRANSCRIPT
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Inputs
Outputs
EcosystemProductionConsumptionDecompositionElement cycling
FEE so far
Energy flowChemical transformation
The extended physics of biota
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Fundamentals of Ecosystem Ecology. Monday January 14, 2013, AM
Physical Ecosystem Engineering by Organisms
Clive G. Jones
How organisms physically alter the abiotic environment & the consequences for them, other species, other ecological processes &
interactions, & ecosystem & landscape functioning
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http://www.outdoorescapesnewhampshire.com/Photos/BeaverDam.jpghttp://ci.marysville.wa.us/publicworks/swm/docs/beaver_files/Beaver%20Pic.jpg
Beaver → Dams → Hydrology, sediments → Biogeochemistry, habitat
Two of countless examples
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http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00183/How%20Hurricanes%20Impact%20the%20Reef.htm
Coral reefs → Wave attenuation → Refugia
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Xxxxx →Xxxxxx → Xxxxxx → Xxxxxxx
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Outline
Ecosystem Context
Cause-Effect, Time & Space
Identity & Ecosystem Functioning
Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology
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A place with all the living & non-living interacting – Tansley 1935 Abiotic > Abiotic: Physical & chemical processese.g., erosion & deposition (material vectoring), … ; redox, precipitation, hydrolysis, …
Biotic > Biotic: Direct energy, material, information transfere.g., predator-prey, trophic mutualism, biotic resource competition, pollination, …
Abiotic > Biotic: Conditions & resources – ‘Abiotic Determinism’e.g., climate, topography, parent materials, pH, salinity, redox…
Biotic > Abiotic: Assimilation & dissimilation (uptake & ‘waste’ transfers) – Trophice.g., plant nutrient uptake & OM production, urine, feces, microbial mineralization
Physical ecosystem engineering process – Non-trophice.g., beaver dam & pond, root macropore & drainage, coral reef wave attenuation …
All Interactinge.g., nutrient cycling; direct abiotic resource competition; physical ecosystem engineering consequence (biogeochemical heterogeneity, habitat, engineer feedbacks,…); …
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Controls on ecosystem structure & functioning
Also see: Weathers, K. C., Ewing, H. A., Jones, C. G., and Strayer, D. L. 2012. Controls on ecosystem structure and function. Pp 215-232 (Chpt. 11) In: Weathers K. C., Strayer D. L., and Likens, G. E. (eds). Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science. Academic Press.
ABIOTA
Physical &
Chemical Processes
Assimilation & DissimilationPhysical Ecosystem Engineering
Abiotic Determinism
BIOTA
Direct Energy,
Material, & Information
Transfers
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Engineered ecosystem (patch) & landscape
Engineered: Physical control by organisms on internal structure & function
Unmodified: Not engineered by the focal engineer(s)
Landscape = n engineered + n unmodified in space
EMO: Fluxes of energy, materials, organisms
Engineered Unmodified
EMO
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Outline
Ecosystem Context
Cause-Effect, Time & SpaceDefinitionsFramework: Mostly TemporalSpaceSpatio-Temporal Dynamics
Identity & Ecosystem Functioning
Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology
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Jones & Gutiérrez 2007
Definitions
PhysicalNon-Trophic
Abiotic resourcesAbiotic conditions
Biotic effect
Process
Consequence
Ecosystem
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Jones et al. 2010
Framework: Mostly Temporal
Process, consequences, system dynamics
Magnitudes
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Engineering Process
Engineer > structural change > abiotic change
Exemplify!
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Engineer structure formation (F)
1. Necessary? Sufficient?
2. Autogenic/allogenic?
3. Constraints?
4. Density & per capita engineering activity: necessary/sufficient?
5. Structural legacies?
6. Measure? Units?
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Structural decay (D)
1. Agents?
2. Why occur?
3. Determinants?
4. Offset?
5. Legacy fate?
6. Measure? Units?
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Net structural change (F-D)
1. Why relevant?
2. Measure? Units?
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Abiotic change
1. Why occur?
2. Determinants?
3. Measure? Units?
4. Relationship between abiotic change & structural decay?
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Engineering Consequence
Structural/abiotic change > Biotic change & engineer feedbacks
Exemplify!
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1. Why occur?
2. How predict? Expectations?
3. Measure? Units?
4. Why feedbacks relevant?
5. Kinds of feedback? Time scales? Consequences?
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Space
EngineerEngineering requirementsStructural- & abiotic-state dependence
Other speciesEngineered habitat specialistsUnmodified habitat specialistsHabitat generalists
Energetic & material connectance
Engineered Unmodified
EMO
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1. General model of environmental dynamics
Raynaud et al 2012
Engineer &Environment
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics
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Engineer ‘push’/decay ‘pull’ determine landscape environmental state & heterogeneity
Decay can stabilize engineer populations
Decay changes environmental expectations based on feedbacks
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2. Dynamics of engineer consequence
Wright, J. P. 2009. Linking populations to landscapes: Richness scenarios resultingfrom changes in the dynamics of an ecosystem engineer. Ecology, 90: 3418–3429
EngineerEnvironmentSpecies richness
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Outline
Ecosystem Context
Cause-Effect, Time & Space
Identity & Ecosystem Functioning
Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology
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Engineer(s) > Structural state(s) > Abiotic state(s) > Biotic state(s) > Ecosystem function(s)
A species
A ‘relatively uniform’ consortium of species
A divergent assemblage w. some net effect
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Outline
Ecosystem Context
Cause-Effect, Time & Space
Identity & Ecosystem Functioning
Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology
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Ecosystem Engineering & …
Management
Evolution
Biogeochemistry
Geomorphology
Trophic Interactions
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Ecosystem Engineering & Management
Humans as ecosystem engineers ‘par excellence’ (Jones et al. 1994) –Largely ignored! Why?
Lessons from nature’s engineers for human engineers?Sustainability; flexibility, adaptability & resilience; …
Ecosystem engineers, restoration, conservation, environmental management – Manage species that manage environments!Byers et al. 2006; beaver for wetlands; cows on ski slopes; vegetation on historic ruins; sheep, grass & dykes, forests & avalanches; …
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Ecosystem Engineering & Evolution
Paleo-engineering (Erwin 2008)Benthic bulldozers, stout razor clams, sticklebacks
Adaptation to vs. of the abiotic environmentExtended phenotype, third helix, niche construction
Eco-Evo dynamics – Same time framesFrogs in beaver ponds, exotic Caulerpa & native bivalves
How ecosystem engineering might be usefulAbiota do not evolve they develop in response to biota & have a ‘life’ of their ownEngineering process & consequence usefully distinguished these
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Ecosystem Engineering & Biogeochemistry
Abiotic controls on process rates
Engineers alter those controls in space & time
This can be integrated within & between ecosystems, but rarely is. Why?
Gutiérrez & Jones 2006
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Ecosystem Engineering & (Bio-)Geomorphology
A lot of ecosystem engineering occurs through a geomorphic interface
(Bio-)geomorphology is more informed by geomorphology than ecology (ecosystem engineering) & ecosystem engineering is more informed by ecology than (bio-)geomorphology
Both disciplines have different knowledge & skill sets (concepts, methods, models, …)
The reciprocal dynamic (ecology < > geomorphology) is an emerging frontier
Jones 2012
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Ecosystem Engineering & Trophic Interactions
All engineers ‘eat’ & get eaten
Engineering can affect trophic interactions
The two processes interactKelp forests; Bay of Fundy diatoms, amphipods & sandpipers; crayfish & mayflies; ants in the Negev, …
How best to integrate (Kefi et al. 2012)?Food web network structure & dynamics, energy & nutrient flow?
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"Sure, kid. You start by working for the ecosystem, but pretty soon you figure out how to get the ecosystem
working for you!"
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