1

2

ABSTRACTS BOOK

1st International Conference

InterNanoPoland 2016

14 -15 June 2016 International Conference Center, Katowice

CHAIR

Adam Szatkowski

Katowice 14-15 June, 2016

Second edition

3

Edited by Agnieszka Piekara and Karol Lemański

Cover design by Michał Macha

©COPYRIGHT BY

The NANONET Foundation

Katowice 2016

Printed by FRESH VISUAL Sp. z o.o. ul. Hagera 5, 41-800 Zabrze

ISBN: 978-83-944591-1-6

4

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

prof. Alicja Ratuszna

prof. Urszula Narkiewicz

prof. Mirosław Miller

prof. Wiesław Stręk

prof. Andrzej Ambroziak,

prof. Ryszard Pregiel

prof Detlef Hommel

prof. Tomasz Tański

prof. Przemysław Dereń

prof. Zbigniew Śmieszek

prof. Przemysław Łoś

Prof. Jacek Szade

Marek Drab PhD

Marcin Struszczyk PhD

Dariusz Hreniak PhD

BUSINESS ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Łukasz Nieradko PhD - Coordinator of Strategic Resources Program in EIT+

Andreas Glenz PhD – CEO of Prevac

Krzysztof Skupień PhD CEO of 3D Nano

Filip Granek PhD – CEO of XT- PL

Włodzimierz Mischke PhD Developement Director of KGHM TFI SA, Vice President of

Nano Carbon-

Włodzimierz Pomierny - Expert in the Ecosystem Departement in Industrial

Developement Agency

Tomasz Bigaj – CEO of Smart Nanotechnology

Stanisław Knaflewski – Board Member of Selena FM S.A.

Sławomir Wawrzyniak Vice President of Plasma System SA

Stanisław Rogoziński PhD –Safiro Ventures

Peter Homa - fundator Fundacji NANONET

Jarosław Piekarski PhD, H2020 expert in

National Contact Point

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Adam Szatkowski PhD

Michał Macha

Agnieszka Piekara

Karol Lemański PhD

5

ORGANIZERS

The Foundation of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Support NANONET

City of Katowice

Silesian Nano Cluster

MEDIA PARTNERS

6

GENERAL SPONSOR

SPONSORS

7

Dear Colleagues,

The InterNanoPoland Conference hold on the 14-15 June, 2016 is organized by the The

Foundation of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Support NANONET, City of Katowice and

Silesian Nano Cluster.

The aim of the Conference is to emphasize the importance of cross-border capability of

an innovative company and portray Poland as a country with world class nanotechnology and

industry. During the INP Conference, Polish enterprises and science institutes will present their

cooperation and product offers, discussions, B2B meetings and seminars will be held. The

companies participating in the Conference will be in an excellent position to develop

international contacts in the future.

The InterNanoPoland Conference brings together scientists and technology users who

investigate or develop nanomaterials. The Conference presents the state of the art in preparation

methods, characterization and usage of nanomaterials and devices in various nanotechnology

fields.

I am grateful for sponsorships which have assisted us by providing some financial

support. I wish to express my thanks to the members of the scientific committee and business

advisory committee for their suggestions and we are also grateful to the members of the

organizing committee for their effort and dedicated time during preparation of the Conference.

I wish you to meet other people at our Conference and start new friendship and collaboration

right here.

Adam Szatkowski

8

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS

SILVER NANOCOMPOSITES – INNOVATIVE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION IN AGRICULTURE J.Peszke, S. Myszor, T. Bigaj CARBON BLACK COVERED WITH PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES IN ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES (ISE) L. Cabaj, K. Skupień, B. Paczosa-Bator

CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH FOR SAFE WORKING WITH NANOMATERIALS Dr Pieter van Broekhuizen NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS NORMALIZATION SOFT-LAW APPROACH Adam Lubos GETTING NANO-ENABLED PRODUCTS TO THE MARKET: CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS FOR INDUSTRIES G. Flament, S Kelly COOPERATE AND GROW Andrea Elisabeth Reinhardt COMMERCIALIZATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN POLAND: EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES Miroslaw Miller TOWARD FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS; AN INTRODUCTION TO NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY K. Balin, R. Rapacz, M. Weis, A. Nowak, J. Szade APPLICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES IN DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MATERIALS Marcin Libera, Katarzyna Bednarczyk, Alicja Utrata-Wesołek, Agnieszka Kowalczuk, Alicja Bachmatiuk, Barbara Trzebicka, Andrzej Dworak PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC SORBENTS BASED ON THE CeO2/Fe2O3 O. Životský, J. Luňáček Y. Jirásková, J. Buršík, P. Janoš NANOSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS INVESTIGATIONS BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY M. Pawlyta, K. Labisz, D. Łukowie, K. Matus, M. Szindler

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL NANO-COATINGS BASED ON CHEMICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY H. Schmid NEW TEXTILE TECHNOLOGIES WITH THE APPLICABILITY POTENTIAL FOR THE SECURITY DOMAIN M.H. Struszczyk THE FUNCTIONALISATION OF BALLISTIC TEXTILES USING THE LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA TECHNIQUE M. Miklas, M.H. Struszczyk, W. Urbaniak- Domagała, A.K. Puszkarz, B. Wilbik-Hałgas, M. Cichecka, S. Sztajnowski, M. Puchalski, I. Krucinska

9

High Strength Metallurgical Graphene (HSMG®) – INDUSTRIAL, LARGE-FORMAT GRAPHENE PRODUCT - PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONALIZATION AND APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES Dominika Kuten, Kamila Janiszewska AN APPROACH TO ACCELERATE THE COMMERZIALISATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY A . Falk , C. Schimpel , S. Resch , N. Ladenhauf , S. Jagersbacher , G. Katz A NEW TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN COPPER AND OTHER NANO-METALS FROM BY-PRODUCTS OF COPPER INDUSTRY P.Ł. Łoś, A.Ł. Łukomska SONOCHEMICAL GROWTH OF NANOMATERIALS M. Nowak, P. Szperlich, M. Jesionek, A. Starczewska, K. Mistewicz , B. Totoń.

DIAGNOSTICS OF HYBRID NANOMATERIALS – APPLICATION OF PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIES M. Krzywiecki, L. Grządziel and J. Bodzenta PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE OXIDE REDUCED BY DIFFERENT METHODS L. Majchrzycki, M. Nowicki, R. Czajka

INTERACTION OF GRAPHENE FAMILY MATERIALS WITH LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA Natalia Kurantowicz, Sławomir Jaworski, Ewa Sawosz, Marta Kutwin, Barbara Strojny, Mateusz Wierzbicki, Jacek Szeliga, André Chwalibog

NEW EFFICIENT PHOSPHORS FOR LIGHTING AND SOLARCONCENTRATORS P.J. Dereń , B. Bondzior, K. Lemański, N. Miniajluk, D. Stefańska, W. Walerczyk, A. Watras MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS G. Ziółkowski, A. Chrobak APPLICATION-ORIENTED CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES S. Boncel, R. Jędrysiak, A. P. Herman, A. Kolanowska BALL – MILLING AS A USEFULL TOOL IN PRODUCTION OF NANOTRUCTURED MATERIALS BASED ON RARE EARTHS Anna Bajorek ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF NANOMATERIALS AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIES K. Jurkiewicz

10

11

SILVER NANOCOMPOSITES – INNOVATIVE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION IN AGRICULTURE

J.Peszke1, S. Myszor1, T. Bigaj1

1 Smart Nanotechnologies, Alwernia, Poland

E-mail: kontakt@smartnanotech.com.pl

Keywords: silver composites, nanoparticles, antimicrobial, agriculture, disinfection Intensive livestock farming leads to increased susceptibility to pathogens. Depending on the breeding cycle, protection against pathogens is based on elimination of the sources of infection, prophylaxis, vaccination or treatment of infected animals. To keep the livestock healthy it is essential to reduce the amount of pathogens in their environment. Conventional disinfectants and biocides are based on antibiotics, active forms of chlorine, peroxides, mineral or organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols, tertiary ammonium salts or mixtures of thereof. Such solutions have two main disadvantages: short duration of action due to decomposition or evaporation and development of resistance by microorganisms. After investigation of nanoparticle synthesis routes and their antimicrobial action Smart Nanotechnologies addresses this issues by introducing silver based antimicrobial formulations for agriculture. Company’s profile, production and analytical equipment will be shortly presented along with SEM images of nanoparticles. The focus will be placed on Silveco brand – line of silver based disinfectants. Biocidal action against different strains of bacteria and fungi as well as activity duration investigations by microbiological ex vivo tests shall be discussed. Case studies of applications at animal farms and the influence on their efficacy will be presented. The use of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles as a potential antimicrobial agent will also be mentioned. We show that silver and copper nanoparticles are effective biocidal agents, that can be used in agriculture providing beneficial results unattainable by conventional chemistry.

Acknowledgments:

M. Chmiel, M. Ostafin, Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Kraków

12

CARBON BLACK COVERED WITH PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES IN ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES (ISE)

L. Cabaj 1, K. Skupień 1, B. Paczosa-Bator 2

1 3D-nano, Cracow, Poland

2 AGH-UST, Cracow, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): lcabaj@3d-nano.com Keywords: nanoparticles, platinum, ISE, carbon black

Nanotechnology is a field of applied sciences which is focused on design, production, detection, and employing the nanosize materials. Synthesis on the nanometer scale is achieved through the creation of nanosized objects, one of the approach is so called the polyol process. It is a very versatile and easy to control wet chemistry method of nanoparticles synthesis.

By using this process and optimizing its parametres platinum nanparticles were deposited on the surface of carbon black nanoparticles (PtNPs-CB). This new nanocomposite was used in all solid state potentiometric sensor with polymeric membrane. In this design metal substrate was directly covered with PtNPs-CB using drop wise method. After evaporation of the solvent ion selective membrane was added as a top layer. Two types of sensors were made – potassium and nitrate selective electrodes to evaluate the influence of nanocomposite addition. Current reversal chronopotentiometry method was used to examine the electrical potential stability of developed sensor. Furthermore influence of the interfacial water layer was assesed by the potentiometric aqueous layer test. Fabricated sensor presented very good properties like long term potential stability, potential repeability and reproducibility. This new designed sensors can be used in water or blood serum analysis and in many other measurements. Thanks to their simplicity (lack of internal solution) they can be easily mininaturized and commercialy used.

References:

1. Beata Paczosa-Bator, Leszek Cabaj, Robert Piech, Krzysztof Skupień; Potentiometric Sensors with Carbon Black Supporting Platinum Nanoparticles, Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 85 (21), 10255–10261 2. Krzysztof Skupien, Piotr Putyra, Janusz Walter, Ryszard H. Kozłowski, Guram Khelashvili, Andreas Hinsch, Uli Würfel; Catalytic materials manufactured by the polyol process for monolithic dye-sensitized solar cells,Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications, 2009

13

CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH FOR SAFE WORKING WITH NANOMATERIALS

Dr Pieter van Broekhuizen

Interfaculty Environmental Science Department (IVAM) University of Amsterdam ,

Netherlands

E-mail: pvbroekhuizen@ivam.uva.nl

Keywords: risk assessment, nanomaterials Workplace risk assessment for working with nanomaterials is complex for SMEs not skilled in

the speculative nature of nanoparticles’ toxicology, the ongoing debate on health hazards of

nanomaterials, the limited and uncertain hazard data available to use as input for a reliable risk

assessment. The Chemical Agents Directive (CAD 98/24/EC) sets the frame for the required

workplace risk assessment and the related responsibilities, which hold as well for working with

nanomaterials. Key issue in risk assessment is the use of health-based Occupational Exposure

Limits (HB-OELs), indicating safe levels for substances’ use. The CAD refers as well to a

precautionary approach in cases of insufficient data and indicates how to handle when there

are reasonable grounds for concern for the possibility of adverse effects if exposure to

nanomaterials occurs. Complicating for risk assessment for working with nanomaterials is also

the simultaneous exposure to other workplace- and process-related sources of nanomaterials,

which contribute to the total nanoparticles’ exposure.

The presentation focuses on nanomaterials’ use in SMEs, addresses these issues and presents

possible ways forward for safe use of nanomaterials as elaborated in some of the Member

States. These include the development of Nano Reference Values (NRVs) as provisional

substitute for not-available HB-OELs. An advice is given for an inclusive risk assessment that

takes the different sources of exposure into account. A precautionary approach for working

with nanomaterials is discussed, which includes as well levels of communication required to

accept suggested risk management measures, to assure a comprehensible frame for the

protection of the health of workers, complying with existing legislation and easy to implement

with risk management measures in most companies.

14

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS NORMALIZATION SOFT-LAW APPROACH

Adam Lubos

TÜV SÜD Polska Sp. z o. o., Chorzów, Poland

E-mail: Adam.Lubos@tuv-sud.pl

Keywords: nanotechnology, safety, regulation, standard, ISO Nowadays nanomaterials with each day are becoming more common in daily life. Their unique properties provide solutions for a wide range of industries, ranging from heavy industry, automotive and electrical industries, the aeronautical and aerospace, pharmacology, medicine to nutrition industry. However, their potential influence on human health and risk related to their usage, is still unknown. Workers at their workplaces are exposed to unknown effects which are arising from modern industry and the fact of introducing technology news from laboratory to normal lives. Moreover, problem exists not only in relation to human health but also in relation to environment protection either. ISO technical committee responsible for development of nanotechnologies standards – ISO TC/229, has prepared a list of normative documents which are already being used across the Europe. For this moment European countries like Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark are using a soft-law approach which bases on standards prepared by ISO/TC 229. Their applied approach to the problem is a solution which helps to recognize and manage risk in order to provide minimum safety standards and minimize exposure till research labs will not develop full toxicological and eco-toxicological reports. It is best way to ensure each side related to nanotechnology and nanomaterials – employees, employers clients and consumers, about safe-handling with not fully known but with unique properties materials. References:

1.M. Jurewicz, Legislacja Unii Europejskiej, Difin SA, Warszawa 2014. 2.www.unitar.org/thematic-areas/advance-environmental-sustainability-and-green-development/nanotechnology 3.www.safenano.com

15

GETTING NANO-ENABLED PRODUCTS TO THE MARKET: CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS FOR INDUSTRIES

G Flament 1, S Kelly 2

1 NIA Public & Regulatory Affairs Officer, Paris, France 2 NIA Senior Project Manager, London, United Kingdom

E-mail (corresponding author): guillaume.flament@nanotechia.org

Keywords: regulation, industries, public acceptance, uncertainty, innovation Putting nano-enabled products on the European market can be a challenging task. As well as developing commercially viable innovations, industrial players have to comply with an increasing number of regulations and specific nano registration obligations, while making sure that they properly communicate to the consumer about their use of nanotechnologies in their products. In this presentation, NIA Public and Regulatory Affairs Officer Guillaume Flament will present the main regulations that apply to a manufacturer, importer or distributor of nanomaterials in Europe. The presentation will guide the audience through the complexity of the regulatory framework and highlight the uncertainty that companies have to deal with. The speaker will present the nano-specific provisions that have to be complied with in a number of diverse sectors, ranging from food to medical devices. Best practices for working with and commercialising nanotechnologies (such as those defined in the ‘Responsible Nano Code’ and other standards) that are paramount to the responsible management of nanomaterials will also be covered in this session. Because regulatory compliance and best practices are often in themselves not enough, the presentation will finally address the difficult topic of effectively communicating nanotechnologies based on the findings of the EU-funded project NanoDiode.

16

COOPERATE AND GROW

Andrea Elisabeth Reinhardt

Nanofutures A.S.B.L Brussels, Belgium

Email: reinhardt@nanofutures.info

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Nanotechnology, H2020, EPPN, Nanofutures The presentation reflects lessons learned from two decades in Entrepreneurship in the nano field. The outlook ranges from “fight to survive” to European innovation tools for the growth of SME and includes an overview about the Nanofutures Platform and the European Pilot Plants Network. The goal is to inspire the audience for a fruitful networking between research and industry at the conference.

17

COMMERCIALIZATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN POLAND: EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES

Miroslaw Miller

International Laboratory of High Magnetic Fields and Low Temperatures, Wroclaw, Poland

Synaptise PLC, Wroclaw, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): miroslaw.miller@ml.pan.wroc.pl Keywords: commercialization of nanotechnologies

Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, as part of materials science, represent one of the Polish R&D specialization considering number of active research groups, number of good quality papers and value of R&D projects realized by Polish universities and research institutes in last decades. However, the commercialization of research results by Polish industry is rather irrelevant. The presentation specifies reasons of this situation and propose solutions for more successful application of research results, patents and technologies owned by Polish inventors and institutions. Key R&D projects in this area financed in frames of Operational Program Innovative Economy and by other public instruments in 2007 – 2015 will be presented and shortly discussed. Several successful and failures cases will be presented and analysed in order to point out best practices and wrong strategies adopted by Polish researchers and inventor.

18

TOWARD FUNCTIONAL NA NOMATERIALS; AN INTRODUCTION TO NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

K. Balin 1,2, R. Rapacz1,2, M. Weis1,2, A. Nowak1,2, J. Szade1,2

1 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Chorzów, Poland

2 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): Katarzyna.balin@us.edu.pl Keywords: nanomaterial synthesis, nanomaterials characterization, nanomaterials application Over the last few decades nanophysics became very important branch of material science and technology. [1] The discovery of the new materials, phenomena and improvement of experimental techniques allowed for the development of new nanostructured, advanced materials. An increasing interest of nanomaterials (NM) is determined mainly by their possible applications resulting from their properties. The electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal or mechanical properties of nanomaterials are different when comparing to the corresponding bulk materials and usually are strongly influenced by the surface and the interface effects. Unique, characteristic for nanostructured materials properties and phenomena have been observed and already applied in variety devices. [2] The ability for engineering advanced materials, such as nanomaterials, with desired properties and specific functionality, is the main goal of many investigations and allows to extensive use of that kind of materials in many different fields. NM are already used as an integral part of many products or devices in various kinds of applications such as in microelectronics, optics (as anti-reflection coatings), data storage, read-heads of modern hard disk drives, magnetic sensors, gas sensors, protection communication, optical electronics, catalysis, corrosion protection, energy generation and many other purposes. [3] Therefore nowadays three important areas: nanomaterials fabrication, their characterization and exploration for further applications have been intensively developed at our laboratories. The general review over activity of our group at that field will be presented.

References:

1. Edward L. Wolf, Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience,

John Wiley & Sons, 04.08.2015 - 350”. 2. A.S Edelstein, R.C Cammaratra, Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Second Edition, CRC Press, 01.01.1998 - 616 3. Gregory L. Timp, Nanotechnology, Springer Science & Business Media, 06.12.2012 - 696

19

APPLICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES IN DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MATERIALS

Marcin Libera, Katarzyna Bednarczyk, Alicja Utrata-Wesołek, Agnieszka Kowalczuk, Alicja

Bachmatiuk, Barbara Trzebicka, Andrzej Dworak

Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej str. 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

E-mil: mlibera@cmpw-pan.edu.p

Keywords: polymer nanocarriers, stimuli-responsive polymers, nanocarbons, surface modification, cryo-TEM

The development in the field of nanomaterials, of potential feature in medicine, biomedicine, catalysis and construction, observed recently is driven by the progress in preparation methodology allowing to attain novel materials with controlled architecture. Polymeric nanocarriers like micelles, nanocapsules or dendritic structures as well as polymeric nanolayer studied in drug delivery systems and cell growth as well as stents modification will be presented. The application of similar polymeric structures as nanocontainers for catalysis or as a nanoreactors will be discussed. Nanocarbon based materials (graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, exfoliated graphite etc.) which can be apply as a sensors, fillers of composites and catalyst support will be shown. The polymeric nanocarriers can be used as a transporter for active substances, especially in the case of drugs of limited solubility or toxicity against normal cells. Immobilisation of worthwhile species through adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling or micellization with the polymeric carriers allow to its transport into desired activity area or circulation in body liquid in elevated time. Modification of glass or metal surface by nanolayer of polymers or carbon let to introduce new functionalities to support. Nanolayers of polymers with properties reversibly changeable due to temperature alteration on solid support allow to obtain nanosurface usable for culture of the skin cell sheets and their temperature-induced separation in an intact form. Covering of stents by polymeric nanolayer containing active species enabled to better internalization and a long time excretion of the drugs. Nanolayer of graphene placed on suitable supports led to efficient sensors of gasses. Nanocarbon based materials used as the fillers of various polymeric matrices opens the way to compose a constructive materials of inflected transmittance and resistance of electricity, temperature, waves, etc. The characterization of nanomaterials mentioned above require special analytical techniques to gather information about their microstructure, morphology and arrangement. Such techniques like light scattering, electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy, among others, helps to understand structure influence on properties of nanomaterials.

20

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC SORBENTS BASED ON THE CeO2/Fe2O3

O. Životský 1,2, J. Luňáček 1,2, Y. Jirásková 3, J. Buršík 3, P. Janoš 4

1Department of Physics, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172,

708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic 2Department 606, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172,

708 33 Ostrava - Poruba, Czech Republic 3Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Žižkova 22,

616 62 Brno, Czech Republic 4Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7,

400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic E-mail (corresponding author): ondrej.zivotsky@post.cz

Keywords: CeO2/Fe2O3, phase transitions, microstructure, Mössbauer spectroscopy; magnetic properties Recently, a new kind of magnetically separable composite called reactive sorbent consisting of the iron oxide grains and cerium dioxide nano-crystalline surface layer (CeO2/γ-Fe2O3) was developed. It was successfully tested for decomposition of specific dangerous organophosphorus pesticide (parathion methyl) and for the chemical warfare agents soman and VX [1]. It was shown that the degradation efficiency of sorbents is the highest at annealing temperatures Ta = 573 – 773 K and markedly deteriorates with increasing Ta. Explanation of such behaviour is based on the iron oxide phase transformations originated during the thermal treatment. The present contribution is devoted to detailed microstructural and magnetic investigation of the sorbents annealed in the range of temperatures 473 – 1073 K. The X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy are used to determine the phase composition and microstructure morphology. Mössbauer spectroscopy at room (300 K) and low (5 K) temperatures has contributed to more exact identification of iron oxides and their transformations Fe3O4 → γ-Fe2O3 (ε-Fe2O3) → α-Fe2O3 in dependence on annealing temperature. Different iron oxide phase compositions and grain size distributions influence the magnetic characteristics determined from the room- and low-temperature hysteresis loop measurements. The magnetic measurements are supplemented by zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization curves. The results clearly confirm the interconnection among the degradation ability of sorbents, microstructure, and magnetic properties. References:

1. P. Janoš et al., Magnetically separable reactive sorbent based on the CeO2/g-Fe2O3 composite and its utilization for rapid degradation of the organophosphate pesticide parathion methyl and certain nerve agents, Chemical Engineering Journal 262 (2015) 747-755.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Project No. LO1203 “Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre - Sustainability Program”

21

NANOSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS INVESTIGATIONS BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

M. Pawlyta1, K. Labisz 1, D. Łukowiec1, K. Matus1, M. Szindler1

1 Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology,

Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: miroslawa.pawlyta@polsl.pl Keywords: nanomaterials, electron microscopy, spectroscopy, The main task of nanotechnology is an improvement of materials by reconstruction on an atomic scale. The progress of nanotechnology in the area of forming materials can result in obtaining a number of new materials which enable increasing of people living standards, guarantee growth of the production and storage of electric energy, make possible to collect, process and pass on a huge amount of information. Moreover, production of materials which can be used in extreme pressure and temperature conditions as well as materials which safely substitute parts of the human body became possible. As materials properties directly depend on their structure, it appears justified to aim at structure precise and in-depth analysis, including atomic level. The purpose of our presentation is to show how the knowledge obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) can be used by the science sector concentrated around nanotechnology and advanced technologies. In TEM, elastically scattered electrons are used for imaging and diffraction, inelastically scattered electrons for EELS spectroscopy and X-ray emission for EDS spectroscopy. In STEM mode, which is recommended for analysis of complex materials with atomic resolutions, a sample is illuminated by a convergent electron beam, focused on the sample surface. Signals are simultaneously recorded by designed detectors as well as by spectrometers, giving information about crystal and electronic structure of the material under consideration. It allowed effective characterisation of nanometric precipitates in metal alloys [1], phase transitions, the distribution of composite components and phenomena occurring at border zone [2], zero-, one- and two-dimensional catalysts and their heterostructures as well as other nanomaterials and nanostructures [3]. References

1. M. Pawlyta, K. Labisz and K. Matus: Phase identification of nanometric precipitates in Al -Si-Cu aluminum alloy by HR-STEM investigations. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials (2016). 2. M. Pawlyta, B. Tomiczek, L.A. Dobrzański, M. Kujawa, & B. Bierska-Piech, Transmission electron microscopy observations on phase transformations during aluminium/mullite composites formation by gas pressure infiltration. Materials Characterization, (2016), 114, 9-17. 3. K. Prorok, M Pawlyta, M., W. Stręk & A. Bednarkiewicz, Energy Migration Up-conversion of Tb3+ in Yb3+ and Nd3+ Codoped Active-Core/Active-Shell Colloidal Nanoparticles. Chemistry of Materials, (2016) 28(7), 2295-2300.

22

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL NANO-COATINGS BASED ON CHEMICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY

H. Schmid

Fraunhofer-Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT), 76327 Pfinztal, Germany

e-mail Helmut.Schmid@ict.fraunhofer.de

Keywords: Chemical nanotechnology, viewing angle-dependent color impression, plasmon-luminescence effect, as a function of temperature switchable thermochromic effect The topic of "Nanotechnology" has caused high expectations in public perception that were not always met. Therefore, it is interesting to clarify the question what can be realized by relatively simple means of chemical nanotechnology. Artificial Nanotechnology is a broad cross-section technology, which includes both physical and chemical technologies. Within the chemical nanotechnology - coatings with additional functionalities are important (1). Special effects that are expected from nanotechnology, for example are a viewing angle-dependent color impression, plasmons/luminescence effects and - as a function of temperature - switchable thermochromic effects are of interest. Most important is the the thermochromic effect which is represented by a reversible chemical reaction that leads to a change of the electronic conjugation of double bonds. This effect is performed in a switchable way - as a function of temperature -, where reaction temperature was set to 30 0C for this specific application. For this function nanoparticles additionally play an important role. When heated, the color of the system changes from black to transparent. For this changes the IR reflection coefficient dramatically, heat balancing layers can be produced in this way. Used in architecture (façade cladding) this is a substantial contribution to energy saving and therefore reduces climate change. To formulate such systems, the nano-agents must be coupled with suitable polymers, which also have to meet high requirements in terms of liability, optimized surface hardness in combination with sufficient elasticity. The aim of such product-oriented research, such as the Fraunhofer Society at the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) in Pfinztal (Germany) operates, is ultimately - having achieved sophisticated results, process stability, quality assurance and homologation - to organize and establish production technology in order to introduce these systems into the market. This is possible only in cooperation with other partners that are already anchored in these markets with the capability to cover marketing and distribution aspects completely. The paper uses the example of wire coatings, which are applied in the form of woven wire mesh as facade cladding in architectural applications and points out all steps of research and development. References:

1. H. Schmid, Advances in Surface Technology by Multi-Functional Nano-Coatings, Lecture at Hannover Messe „Surface Technology“, Deutsche Messe AG, Messegelände, 30521 Hannover, 13.-17.04.2015

23

NEW TEXTILE TECHNOLOGIES WITH THE APPLICABILITY POTENTIAL FOR THE SECURITY DOMAIN

M.H. Struszczyk

Institute of Security Technologies “MORATEX”, Sklodowskiej-Curie 3, 90-505 Lodz, Poland

E-mail: mstruszczyk@moratex.eu Keywords Ballistic textiles, modern textiles materials Dynamic development of the technologies of modern textile materials and the attempts towards the laws harmonisation (maintaining the user’s safety i.a.) induces various activities including designing the new products, often from scratch as well as modernising and upgrading previously manufactured and used. Innovative textile technologies allow for developing and implementing new design and materials solutions with significantly improved functionality and safety of use. It should be noted that the last year's revenues of the Polish textile industry sector exceeded 5.2% of GDP (totality of all industrial sectors in 2015 amounted to 21.8% of GDP) [1]. It is currently the most rapidly growing sector of the Polish industry. The purpose of the presentation is to document the potential of new solutions in design and materials, The purpose of the presentation is to document the potential of new solutions in design, materials, as well as the concept of functional textiles and clothing [2], that have potential for applications in the domain of services responsible for maintaining public order and crisis management. References:

[1] Research agenda of the sectoral programme INNOTEXTILE, 2016, http://www.ncbir.pl/gfx/ncbir/userfiles/_public/fundusze_europejskie/inteligentny_rozwoj/innotextile_1/agenda_badawcza_innotextile.pdf [access: 23-03-2016] [2] M.H. Struszczyk, M. Olejnik, M. Fejdyś et al., Wyroby włókiennicze będące na wyposażeniu służb operujących w obszarze bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, w Nowoczesne technologie dla włókiennictwa. Szansa dla Polski, t. 1., Foresight. Nowoczesne Technologie dla Włókiennictwa, ed. D.Ciechańska, M.H. Struszczyk i in., ISBN 978-83-939184-0-9, Łódz, 2014, 194-248

24

THE FUNCTIONALISATION OF BALLISTIC TEXTILES USING THE LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA TECHNIQUE

M.Miklas1, M.H. Struszczyk1, W. Urbaniak- Domagała2, A.K. Puszkarz2, B. Wilbik-Hałgas1, M. Cichecka1, S. Sztajnowski2, M. Puchalski2, I. Krucinska2

1Institute of Security Technologies “MORATEX”, Sklodowskiej -Curie 3, 90-505 Lodz, Poland 2Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Faculty of Mat erial

Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90 -924 Lodz, Poland

E-mail: mmiklas@moratex.eu

Keywords Ballistic textiles, surface modification, PACVD, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), p-aramid Functionalisation, i.e. increasing the functionality or establishing new targeted properties with the low temperature plasma allows for creating the thin layers - of nanometre thickness, creating new functional groups while minimizing thermal degradation processes and getting the relatively rapid and sustained result [1,2]. Ballistic inserts for personal body armour are now based on textile materials in the form of woven fabrics of para-aramid fibres, or fibrous sheets of oriented UHMWPE fibres, embed ded in a polymer matrix, combined in a multi-layered packet [1,2]. The aim of the research was to evaluate changes in the mechanical, physical and determine of the structural properties of Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (PACVD) modified of ballistic textile: p-aramid fabrics and fibrous materials made of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene during the accelerated ageing using temperature or simultaneously temperature and humidity. The research was carried to screen the several processing parameters of PACVD with presence of the low-molecular mass organic compounds containing fluoro- or silane moieties to obtain the change in surface behaviour of ballistic textiles. The mechanical and physical properties of ballistic textiles were measured in terms of: surface density thickness, tear resistance, tensile strength and elongation at the maximal force, bursting strength, average water absorbability and average water permeability, resistance to water penetration. For the identification of the potential changes in the textile surface being modified by PACVD with deposition of the formed polymer, the ATR -FTIR and SEM/EDS techniques were applied. The PACVD-modified ballistic textiles showed insignificant changes in mechanical, physical and structural properties after accelerated ageing using above-mentioned ageing factors. This confirms the stability of the PACVD-resulted modification during the simulated conditions of the standard use.

References: [1] M.H. Struszczyk, A.K. Puszkarz, M. Miklas, B. Wilbik-Hałgas, M. Cichecka, W. Urbaniak-Domagała, I. Krucińska, Effect of Accelerated Ageing on Ballistic Textiles Modified by Plasma -Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (PACVD), FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2016, Vol. 24, 1(115), 83 -88, DOI: 10.5604/12303666.1167429 [2] M.H. Struszczyk, A.K. Puszkarz, B. Wilbik-Hałgas, M. Cichecka, P. Litwa, W. Urbaniak-Domagała, I. Krucinska, The Surface Modification of Ballistic Textiles Using Plasma -assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PACVD), Textile Research Journal, 2014, 84, 19, 2085–209

25

High Strength Metallurgical Graphene (HSMG®) – INDUSTRIAL, LARGE-FORMAT GRAPHENE PRODUCT - PROPERTIES,

FUNCTIONALIZATION AND APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES

Dominika Kuten, Kamila Janiszewska

Advanced Graphene Products sp.z o.o. Ul. Żeromskiego 19/1

E-mail: p.przybyslawski@agp-corp.com

Keywords: High Strength Metallurgical Graphene The new large-format graphene product - High Strength Metallurgical Graphene (HSMG®) and its qualities will be presented with a focus on functionalization possibilities. The presentation will include comparisons and evidence proving HSMG® qualities, additional information regarding application possibilities, high quality photographs of the production process and performance tests. Also, latest developments regarding the production process and HMSG®- related research will be presented. Additionally an overview of Advanced Graphene Products will be presented including a product summary, HSMG® production capacity, and cooperation possibilities.

26

AN APPROACH TO ACCEL ERATE THE COMMERZIALISATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

A . Falk 1, C. Schimpel 1, S. Resch 1, N. Ladenhauf 1, S. Jagersbacher 1, G. Katz 1,2

1 BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria

2 Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria

andreas.falk@bionanonet.at Keywords: nano-related safety issues, risk assessment, guidance, best practices Twenty-first century businesses will rely on enabling technologies like nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, nanotechnology is making advance faster than the risk and safety assessment/management related to it. Consequently, we focus to establish adequate strategies to manage and communicate nano-related risks and safety issues in an appropriate way along the innovation chain (from initial idea to market). We took an initiative in this direction and developed an easy-to-follow risk assessment model based on existing state-of-the-art methods, strategies and tools for safety assessment/management. This framework is typically based on hazard and exposure assessment and risk characterization (i.e., the estimation of exposure levels by means of the ECETOC TRA model). The proposed actions will create value-added via providing a practically oriented guidance and best practises on safe handling of nanomaterials (NMs) and other innovative materials. Additionally, this will…

· … support building trust and increase the understanding among different stakeholders (such as e.g. public authorities, broad public, opinion leaders, NGO´s) about nano-related safety issues,

· … reduce the uncertainties for SMEs and enterprises about how to address the nanomaterials/nano-enabled products properly (regulatory preparedness),

· … minimize the impact of risk and safety assessment processes and thus fostering the innovation potential.

In the proposed intervention, the acceleration of commerzialisation of nano-enabled applications and products will be presented among others, along key aspects of the NanoSafety Cluster “Closer-to-the-market-Roadmap”. References:

1. H. Kroto, Nanoscience and nanotechnology in the twenty-first century, Drug delivery and translational research, (2013) 297-298 2. V. Stone, ITS -NANO - Prioritising nanosafety research to develop a stakeholder driven intelligent testing strategy, Particle and Fibre Toxicology (2014) 1-11 3. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Ecetoc, T.R.A., technical report no. 93., (2004) 4. A. Falk, et al., Closer to the Market Roadmap, NanoSafety Cluster, (2016) 1-43

27

A NEW TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN COPPER AND OTHER NANO -METALS FROM BY-PRODUCTS OF COPPER INDUSTRY

P.Ł. Łoś, A.Ł. Łukomska

Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland

E-mail: przemyslaw.los@ichp.pl

Keywords: nano-powders, nano-copper, polymer composites

The development of nanotechnologies and its commercial applications has created the opportunity to exploit e.g. copper industry by-products to undertake a manufacturing of nanopowders/nanoflakes which are currently commercially used. In the present paper we refer the studies concerning recovery of copper and other metals using potential controlled electrolysis (PCEl) with application of ultramicroelectrodes and arrays of ultramicroelectrodes [1, 2]. Depending on the type of applied PCEl electrolysis, nano-powders or nanofoil/flakes can be obtained. The PCEl enables commercial manufacturing of copper and silver nanopowders of chemical purity higher than 99.999%. Depending on the conditions of the electrolysis e.g. temperature, cathode potential, time of electrolysis the powders or nano-powders of different shapes, structures and dimensions are obtained. The mechanism and kinetics of electrocrystallization process were also examined using electrochemical methods. The application of galvanostatic pulse electrolysis allowed obtaining copper foils which thickness and structure were controlled by the number, duration and type of current pulses. The PCEl technology to recover metals from wastewaters is relatively simple to industrial implementation. The commercial implementation has been carried out by Nanometallurgy SA, Wrocław Poland. The obtained copper and nickel nano-metals have been successfully tested as polymer matrix fillers for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications [3].

1. A. Łukomska, A. Plewka i P. Łoś, Electroreduction of cupric (II) ions at the ultramicroelectrodes

from concentrated electrolytes – comparison of industrial and laboratory prepared electrolytes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 633 (2009) 92.

2. A. Łukomska, A. Plewka i P. Łoś, Shape and size controlled fabrication of copper nanopowders from industrial electrolytes by pulse electrodeposition, J. Electroanal. Chem., 637(2009) 50.

3. P. Łoś, A. Łukomska, S. Kowalska, R. Jeziorska, J. Krupka, The polymer-matrix composites with metallic fillers for electromagnetic shielding applications, Przemysł Chemiczny, 93(10) (2014) 1707-1711

28

SONOCHEMICAL GROWTH OF NANOMATERIALS

M. Nowak 1, P. Szperlich 1, M. Jesionek 1, A. Starczewska 1, K. Mistewicz 1, B. Totoń 1,.

1 Institute of Physics – Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology,

Krasińskiego 8, , Katowice, Poland

E-mail: marian.nowak@polsl.pl Keywords: sonochemistry, nanowires, photonic crystals, ferroelectrics, semiconductors This review summarizes results of investigations performed in Institute of Physics - CSE, Silesian University of Technology, on sonochemical preparation and properties of nanomaterials consisted of binary, ternary and quaternary compounds formed from the group 15-16-17 elements, e.g. antimony subiodide (Sb3I), antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI) and antimony sulfoselenoiodide (SbSxSe1-xI). Among the fabricated nanomaterials are as follows: quantum dots, nanowires [1], nanowires in carbon nanotubes [2], and photonic crystals [3]. The presented sonochemical synthesis is very simple, fast, mild, efficient and environmentally friendly route for producing nanomaterials at low temperature. It could be conveniently scaled up for high-volume production. The prepared materials exhibit plenty of outstanding strongly coupled semiconductive and ferroelectric properties. They properties are easily influenced by light, leading to photoconductivity and photoferroelecticity. The results of XRD, SEM, EDS, HRTEM, SAED, XPS, IR investigations as well as the optical, electrical and photoelectrical properties of the produced nanomaterials are reviewed. This paper presents using of the produced nanomaterials as gas nanosensors, nanophotodetectors and piezoelectric nanogenerators. The application of ultrasonic nanobonding of nanowires and carbon nanotubes with metal electrodes for fabrication of nanodevices is shown. References (max. 3):

1. M. Nowak, Photoferroelectric nanowires, in: Nanowires Science and Technology, Ed. Nicoleta Lupu, INTECH (2010) 269-308.

2. M. Nowak, M. Jesionek, Carbon nanotubes filled with ternary chalcohalides, in: Nanowires - Recent Advances, Ed. Xihong Peng, INTECH (2012) 263-293

3. A. Starczewska, P. Szperlich, M. Nowak, T. Rzychoń, I. Bednarczyk, R. Wrzalik, Morphology and structure of SbSI photonic crystals fabricated with different approaches, Materials Letters 157 (2015) 4–6.

Acknowledgments: This paper was partially supported by the Silesian University of Technology (Gliwice, Poland) projects no. BK-243/RIF/2016, BKM-500/RIF/2016, BKM-501/RIF/2016 and BKM-502/RIF/2016 .

29

DIAGNOSTICS OF HYBRID NANOMATERIALS – APPLICATION OF PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIES

M. Krzywiecki, L. Grządziel and J. Bodzenta

Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice,

Poland

E-mail: Maciej.Krzywiecki@polsl.pl Keywords: photoelectron spectroscopies, functional oxides, inorganic-organic hybrids

During the last few years one can observe an increasing interest in electronic devices utilizing hybrid inorganic-organic structures due to their vast range of potential applications (like solar cells, transistors or gas sensors) and relatively low cost of production. The performance of hybrid – based electronic devices is tightly linked to the relative energy level alignment of its constituents. The alignment is, in turn, governed by the chemical and structural composition of the interfacial area.

In the present work we show the photoemission-based diagnosis of hybrid layered systems based on tin and zinc oxides substrates, a wide-band gap materials of n-type conductivity and copper phthalocyanine, a p-type organic semiconductor of high chemical stability and durability. Detailed characterization includes the determination of the chemical composition and electronic structure by standard and angle-dependent photoelectron spectroscopies (X-ray photoelectron - XPS, ultraviolet - UPS and photoemission yield - PYS spectroscopies). The analysis is followed by the structural properties investigations performed with atomic force microscopy.

Obtained results indicate that the oxides’ defect sites recognized by photoemission experiments strongly affect not only the composition of the substrate oxide but also its electronic structure having strong impact on charge transfer phenomena at the inorganic – organic interface. The latter is of importance due to fact that manipulation with defect sites enables the ability for easy and cost-effective design of materials tuned for particular applications.

The presented methodology can be applied to the vast range of nanostructures allowing cost-effective complex characterization of new materials.

References 1. M. Krzywiecki, A. Sarfraz, A. Erbe, Towards monomaterial p-n junctions: Single-step fabrication of tin oxide films and their non-destructive characterisation by angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Applied Physics Letters, 107 (2015) 231601. 2. M. Krzywiecki, L. Grządziel, A. Sarfraz, D. Iqbal, A. Szwajca, A. Erbe, Zinc oxide as a defect-dominated material in thinfilms for photovoltaic applications – experimental determination of defect levels, quantification of composition, and construction of band diagram, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17 (2015) 10004. 3. L. Grządziel, M. Krzywiecki, Ambience-related adsorbates on CuPc surface—Photoemission and thermal desorption spectroscopy studies for control of organic electronics degradation processes, Synth. Met., 210 (2015) 141.

30

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE OXIDE REDUCED BY DIFFERENT METHODS

L. Majchrzycki1, 2, M. Nowicki1, R. Czajka1

1 Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland

2 NANOPOZ,Poznań, Poland

E-mail: lukasz.majchrzycki@gmail.com Keywords: graphene oxide, atomic force microscopy, lithium-ion batteries, electron paramagnetic resonance In recent years, researchers have become interested in developing a cheap and mass scale graphene flakes production methods. In this context graphene oxide (GO) can be considered as a promising candidate to obtain graphene flakes. Various reduction methods have been developed and nowadays it is relatively easy to convert GO into reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which exhibit the structure broadly similar to graphene. However, different methods of GO reduction can lead to a variety of physical properties of rGO flakes. That is reflected in different lateral sizes, conductance, chemical composition and surface defects density. So, it is very important to choose reduction method proper to the specific rGO application [1]. In this work we will focused on the analysis of GO reduction method influence on its defects density, magnetic properties [2] and conductivity. Following on, some of GO and rGO applications will be pointed and presented. The main emphasis will be given to the rGO application as an active anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Here rGO exhibits some additional capacity, which origin is the subject under dispute. By the means of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) there was found that the carbon vacancies as well as zig-zag edges are the active places for lithium electrochemical storage in rGO. Based on EPR results the possible routes of electrochemical reactions that are responsible for such capacity increase in GO were proposed. References:

1. S. Pei, H.-M. Cheng, “The reduction of graphene oxide,” Carbon 50 (2012) 3210–3228. 2. Ł. Majchrzycki, M. A. Augustyniak-Jabłokow, R. Strzelczyk, M. Maćkowiak, “Magnetic Centres in Functionalized Graphene,” Acta Phys. Pol. A 127 (2015) 540–542. Acknowledgments:

Presented work has been financed by the Ministry of Science & Higher Education in Poland in 2016 year under Project No 06/62/DSPB/0216.

31

INTERACTION OF GRAPHENE FAMILY MATERIALS WITH LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA

Natalia Kurantowicz1, Sławomir Jaworski1, Ewa Sawosz1, Marta Kutwin1, Barbara Strojny1,

Mateusz Wierzbicki1, Jacek Szeliga1, André Chwalibog2

1Warsaw University of Life Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal

Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw, Poland 2University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences,

Copenhagen, Denmark

E-mail: natalia.kurantowicz@gmail.com Keywords: pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica Due to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, there is an increasing need to evaluate and develop alternative methods for antibacterial treatment. Food-borne pathogenic bacteria as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica were ours model used to investigated antibacterial activity of graphene family materials (GFM). Based on previous results we supposed that pristine graphene (pG),graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) interact differently with bacteria strains. Samples for TEM visualization of the interaction of the GFM with each bacterium were prepared by mixing suspensions (200 μL of 25 μg/mL) of pG, GO, and rGO with bacterial cell suspensions. Control samples of bacteria were treated with ultrapure water. Both bacteria showed a strong affinity and attachment to all the forms of graphene tested; however, the methods of interaction differed between the GFM. The bacteria, which adhered to GO, were distributed over the entire surface of the flakes. It appeared that the bacteria were partially pressed into the GO surface, with wrinkles in the GO layer evident around the adherent bacteria. In contrast, the bacteria preferentially attached to the edges of the flakes of pG and rGO surrounding the flakes or forming chains of bacteria that pulled the flakes apart. The present results indicate that GFM antibacterial activity causes mechanical damage of bacterial cell membranes by a direct contact of the bacteria with the extremely sharp edges of GFM with sp3-hybridized bonds. Based on the present results, we propose a three-step antimicrobial mechanism of GFM. It includes initial cell deposition on GFM (step 1), membrane stress and disruption caused by direct contact with sharp edges and bonds (step 2), and finally stimulated oxidation stress (step 3). The difference in bacteria deposition observed between pG, rGO, and GO sheets in step 1 of the antibacterial mechanism might arise from different surface charges and functional groups of GO and rGO surfaces.

32

NEW EFFICIENT PHOSPHORS FOR LIGHTING AND SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

P.J. Dereń, B. Bondzior, K. Lemański, N. Miniajluk, D. Stefańska, W. Walerczyk, A. Watras

Instytut Niskich Temperatur i Badań Strukturalnych, PAN, 50 -422 Wrocław, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): P.Deren@int.pan.wroc.pl Keywords: phosphors, nanomaterials, white LED, solar cells Our main objective was to discover and to develop new phosphors for White LED which emission spectrum would be similar to the natural sunlight spectrum. Phosphors obtained during our NEW LOKS project [1] can change the lighting market. Scientists from the NEW LOKS consortium synthesized new materials, notably with the nanosized crystallites, with unique properties. Namely we focus our effort to obtain phosphors which are efficient at elevated temperatures (up to 200oC) at which the high power LED p-n junction are working. The phosphors are highly suitable for UV and blue LEDs excitation. They are energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and low cost, possess high CRI and also have a high yield, thus are very suitable for commercial application. Solar cell “sees” only small part of the solar radiation. Our second target was to discover phosphors that can absorb unused part of solar spectrum and transfer it into radiation, which match the spectral sensitivity peak of the Si solar cell. Thus by applying our phosphor it is possible to enhance efficiency of solar cells and to protect them by cutting off high energetic UV and blue solar radiation. References: [1] http://newloks.int.pan.wroc.pl Acknowledgements This work was supported by POIG.01.01.02-02-006/09 project “New efficient phosphors for lighting and solar concentrators” co-funded by European Regional Development Fund within the Innovative Economy Program. Priority I, Activity 1.1. Sub-activity 1.1.2, which is gratefully acknowledged.

.

33

MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS

G. Ziółkowski 1, A. Chrobak 1

1 University of Silesia, ŚMCEBI, Chorzów, Poland

E-mail: gziolkowski@us.edu.pl

Keywords: nanomaterials, magnetism. The presentation refers to magnetic materials and nanotechnology that introduces so-called new quality of conventional magnets. Permanent progress of modern technologies requires new materials with unique properties. In the case of magnetism, they need more and more effective, either soft or hard magnets for different applications such as automotive industry, energetics, green energy harvesting, sensors, actuators or data storage media. The observed in last decade progress in nanosciences and nanotechnologies allow designing new magnetic materials with optimized parameters accounting different specific applicat ions. We are focused on methodology of improvement of hard or soft magnetic characteristics by application of different techniques leading to formation of magnetic nanoobjects.

34

APPLICATION-ORIENTED CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

S. Boncel1,2, R. Jędrysiak1,2, A. P. Herman 1,2, A. Kolanowska1,2

1 Silesian University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic

Chemistry and Biotechnology, NanoCarbon Group, Gliwice, Poland 2 Silesian University of Nanotechnology, Centre of Nanotechnology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: slawomir.boncel@polsl.pl

Keywords: carbon nanotubes, dispersibility, compatibilization, covalent functionalization, non-covalent functionalization Transfer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibiting a unique combination of physicochemical properties from purely scientific achievements to the every-day life and hence scaled-up applications has yet to be accomplished in numerous areas [1]. Generally, on the one hand, individualization of CNTs plays a vital role in manufacturing CNT-based composites of enhanced mechanical, thermal and/or electrical properties at low percolation thresholds. Also, ‘debundling’ of CNT agglomerates is crucial in biomedical applications. On the other hand, macroscopic assembling of CNTs into required forms and geometries requires ultra-long CNTs or problematic processing. An attempt to find a compromise between the two above aspects is one of the main research activities in the global science of CNTs. As inspired by organic chemistry methods, we have employed several reactions to functionalize CNTs and therefore to enhance their dispersibility in aqueous media or polymer matrices. Compatibility of CNTs and selected systems was typically found as tunable. For example, to successful covalent functionalizations of CNTs one might include cycloaddition of nitrile N-oxides or nitrenes, electrothermal halogenation or doping with iodine monochloride. Nevertheless, also non-covalent functionalization allowed to us to realize efficient modifications of CNTs. Many among all of the above modifications have left the nanotube morphology intact and enabled us to construct promising solutions including electrical or thermal systems (nanocomposites, heat-transfer nanofluids), CNT wires, nanobiocalysts or drug delivery systems [2,3]. By demonstrating such a variety of possible application-oriented chemistries of CNTs, we intend to overview the last achievements emphasizing the added values from both processing and the future product points-of-view. References:

1. M.F.L. De Volder, S.H. Tawfick, R.H. Baughman, A.J. Hart, Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications, Science 339 (2013) 535-539. 2. D. Janas, A.P. Herman, S. Boncel, S., K.K.K. Koziol, Iodine monochloride as a powerful enhancer of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube wires, Carbon 73 (2014) 225-233. 3. S. Boncel, A. Zniszczol, K. Szymanska, J. Mrowiec-Bialon. A. Jarzebski, K.Z. Walczak, Alkaline lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens non-covalently immobilised on pristine versus oxidised multi-wall carbon nanotubes as efficient and recyclable catalytic systems in the synthesis of Solketal esters. Enz. Microb. Technol. 53 (2013) 263-270

35

BALL – MILLING AS A USEFULL TOOL IN PRODUCTION OF NANOTRUCTURED MATERIALS BASED ON RARE EARTHS

Anna Bajorek 1,2

1 A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40 – 007 Katowice, Poland

2 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

E-mail:anna.bajorek@us.edu.pl

Keywords : Intermetallics, Ball – milling, Morphology, Nanomaterials, Magnetic properties

More than ten years ago a top-down and/or bottom – up approach used for production of nanocomposite magnets was commenced and is developed nowadays [1]. As a first step of this approach, nanopowders composed of fine particles and/or flakes were fabricated usually via high energy ball – milling (HEBM) method. The main goal is to control magnetic properties of as-milled powders, which is sensitive to dimensions of particles. It is well established that HEBM can generate the formation of new phases by the alterations to the morphology of as-milled material. In the process of mechanical solid reaction several products are formed. Usually, in the first phase micropowders containing microcrystallites are obtained. In the second one previously formed powders are transformed into nanosized forms comprising mixture of microsized particles composed of nanocrystallites but sometimes also smaller particles with nanometric size. In the last step of mechanical attrition the crystalline structure is destroyed (decomposed) resulting a creation of an amorphous phase.

In recent years HEBM was applied to many intermetallics based on various rare earths. Obviously, using such method is a complex process depending on several parameters e.g. the grinding atmosphere (dry, wet or jet milling), the grinding tool (type of mill used, type of ball and their diameters), the ball to powder ratio and type of milling media. Our approach to HEBM is a bit different than the conventional milling procedure [2-4]. However, such modification exhibit a significant potential for cost effective fabrication of R-based nanomaterials with enhanced magnetic parameters in comparison to their bulk parent compound.

References: 1. O. Gultfleisch, M. A. Willard, E. Brück, Ch. H. Chen, S. G. Sankar, J. Ping Liu, Magnetic materials and devices for the 21st century: stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) 821 – 842

2. A. Bajorek, P. Skornia, K. Prusik, M. Wojtyniak, G. Chełkowska, Study of morphology and magnetic properties of the HoNi3 crystalline and ball-milled compound, Materials Characterization 101 (2015) 58 -70

3. A. Bajorek, K. Prusik, M. Wojtyniak, G. Chełkowska, Synthesis of nanostructured Ho(Ni0.5 Fe0.5)3 compound via ball – milling, Materials Characterization 110 (2015) 145 -159

4. A. Bajorek, K. Prusik, M. Wojtyniak, G. Chełkowska, Application of HEBM for obtaining Ho(Ni0.5Co0.5)3 nanoflakes, accepted to Material Chemistry and Physics (2016) doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.04.031

36

ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF NANOMATERIALS AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIES

K. Jurkiewicz 1,2

1 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Chorzów, Poland

2 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

E-mail: kjurkiewicz@us.edu.pl Keywords: atomic structure, diffraction, computer simulations Knowledge of intrinsic structure of materials is a prerequisite to understand and control their properties and quality. Investigating how the differences in atomic arrangements effect on the materials with specific functionality helps us to design the new materials with desired functions. Diffraction is one of the most powerful techniques used for atomic structure determination and in the case of fully periodic – crystalline materials allows for robust and quantitative description of atomic positions. However, complex systems such as nanomaterials are intractable with using standard crystallographic methods, because they cannot be regarded as crystalline materials. A different approach combining modelling studies and their experimental verification by diffraction and other techniques can tackle the structural issues in many nanosystems to a high degree of accuracy. This approach centers around the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. In this contribution it is presented our work with PDF and computer simulations establishing the features of atomic structure of different materials consisting of nanosized domains, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, disordered carbons and metallic nanoparticles [1-3]. Along the way it will be discussed several opportunities important in expanding the quantitative information on nanoscale that can be gleaned from diffraction data. A process of structure refinement and reconstruction of 3D fragments of material based on computer modeling will be showed. In general, it will be demonstrated how deviations from crystallinity influences physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials. Detailed knowledge of the atomic scale structure is crucial factor for understanding characteristics of such materials and for future development of their preparation. References:

1. L. Hawelek, J. Koloczek, A. Brodka, J. C. Dore, V. Honkimaki, Y. Ando, A. Buri an, Wide-angle X-ray scattering as a quality test for carbon nanotubes, Diamond and Related Materials 29 (2012) 18-22. 2. N. Woznica, L. Hawelek, H. E. Fischer, I. Bobrinetskiy, A. Burian, The atomic scale structure of graphene powder studied by neutron and X-ray diffraction, Journal of Applied Crystallography 48 (2015) 1429-1436. 3. K. Jurkiewicz, L. Hawelek, K. Balin, J. Szade, F. L. Braghiroli, V. Fierro, A. Celzard, A. Burian, Conversion of natural tannin to hydrothermal and graphene-like carbons studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering, The Journal

of Physical Chemistry A 119 (2015) 8692-8701.

37

Technological devices for scien�fic & research work and produc�on in the field of electronics

and other arreas.

PROKON Arniki 22, 04-903 Warszawa

Tel. /fax: +4822 872 10 77, tel. kom.: +48 604 208 911 kasiapiekarska@home.pl, www.prokon-elektronika.pl

EVG Semi automated Raith EBL system Bondtec wire bonder Hirox video mask alignment system microscope 3D PROKON was established in 1998. Its main activity is representation of companies, products sale assistance, making contacts, promotion and marketing. We offer the technological machines and an apparatus for the research and development, and production as well, for the electronics, in particular microelectronics, nanotechnology, semiconductors, thick film and LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) technology, printed electronics, micro assembly, fuel cell, photovoltaics, various heating treatment and electronic assembly. Our products The machines for lithography, wafer bonding, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), electron and ion beam lithography, various furnaces, screen printers, photoimageable thick film pastes treatment, equipment for LTCC, ink jet printers, precision saws, wire bonders, die bonders, three roll mills, planetary mixers for mixing and deaeration, manipulators, digital video microscopes 3D, testers, ceramics, wires and tools for micro assembly. Among various companies PROKON cooperate with, there are: ATV Technologie, BTU, Cammax Precima, CoorsTek, EVGroup, F&S Bondtec Semiconductor, Haikutech, Hirox, Mozaik, Meyer Burger B.V/PixDro, Raith, Torrey Hills Technologies

38

39

40

41

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF POSTER SESSION NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY IN VIVO EFFECTS OF PRISTINE GRAPHENE ON GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME TUMORS S. Jaworski, A. Romaszko, M. Kowal, M. Kutwin, E. Sawosz THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HIERARCHICAL NANOPOROUS CARBONS (HNCS) ON GLIOBLASTOMA Żaneta Bugajska , Karolina Daniluk, Paulina Biniecka, Sławomir Jaworski IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF POLYELECTROLYTE NANOCAPSULES Alicja Karabasz, Krzysztof Szczepanowicz , Joanna Bereta, Monika Bzowska CHARACTERIZATION AND MANIPULATION AT NANO-SCALE NANOCHIPS, NANOSENSORS AND NANO-INTEGRATION SEGREGATION OF FRACTIONS OF IRON NANOCRYSTALLITES WITH DETERMINED SIZES R. Pelka, U. Nowosielecka, A. Jędrzejewska, I. Moszyńska, W. Arabczyk CHEMICAL POTENTIAL PROGRAMMED REACTION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS W. Arabczyk, B. Wilk, R. Pelka GAS SENSORS BASED ON SILICON NANOWIRES WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY Z. Zh. Zhanabaev, Ye. Sagidolda, M.K. Ibraimov, M. Alimova NANOCOMPOSITE BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES DECORATED WITH PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES (PT NPS/CNTS) LIKE AN EFFICIENT GAS SENSOR Dariusz Łukowiec, Anna Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, Marcin Procek NANOCOMPOSITES SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF MWCNTs-Pd AND MWCNTs-Rh NANOCOMPOSITES A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz , D. Cichocki NANOCOMPOSITES CONSISTING OF CARBON NANOMATERIALS AND RHENIUM IN THE NANOMETRIC SCALE A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, W. Wolany POLYMER NANOOCAPSULES PREPARED FROM TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR NANOCATALYST APPLICATIONS K. Bednarczyk, M. Libera, A. Horechyy, A. Dworak POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED BY TECHNIQUE AND LAYERED 2:1 SILICATES Marcin Bilewicz

42

CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES AND DEVICES, GRAPHENE FUNCTIONALIZED GRAPHITE AND ANTHRACITE-BASED CARBON NANOMATERIALS B. Kumanek, U. Szeluga, S. Pusz, J. Kubacki, A. Borowski, B. Trzebicka SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE FOR GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS Pawel S. Wrobel, Michal D. Wlodarski , Slawomira Pusz, Barbara Trzebicka, Mark H. Rümmeli, Alicja Bachmatiuk NANODIAMONDS – FUTURE OR RISK J. Karpeta-Kaczmarek, M. Dziewięcka, M. Augustyniak, M. Rost-Roszkowska, A. Ostróżka, B. Flasz THE DARK SIDE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) M. Dziewięcka, J. Karpeta-Kaczmarek, M. Augustyniak, M.Rost-Roszkowska, F. Kaszuba, B. Flasz NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS, NANOMATERIALS AND APPLI CATIONS NOVEL MECHANOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR VALORIZATION OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER Zbigniew Najzarek, Janusz Wełnowski BIODISTRIBUTION OF A HIGH DOSE OF DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, AND GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AFTER MULTIPLE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS IN RATS Natalia Kurantowicz, Barbara Strojny, Ewa Sawosz, Sławomir Jaworski, Marta Kutwin, Marta Grodzik, Mateusz Wierzbicki, Ludwika Lipińska, Katarzyna Mitura, André Chwalibog LONG TERM INFLUENCE OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES ON RATS HEALTH B. Strojny, N. Kurantowicz, E. Sawosz, M. Grodzik, S. Jaworski,M. Kutwin, M. Wierzbicki, A. Hotowy, L. Lipińska, A. Chwalibog STRUCTURE AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIAMOND – LIKE CARBON(DLC) FILM DEPOSITED BY PACVD PROCESS A . Paradecka, K. Lukaszkowicz NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE M. Zorychta INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES HYDROCOLLOIDS ON LIVER DEVELOPMENT E.Migurska, A.Lisek, B.Strojny, M.Grodzik, B.Gralec, A.Lewera

THERMORESPONSIVE STAR POLYMER NANOLAYERS FOR CELL CULTURING I. Żymełka-Miara, B. Mendrek, B. Trzebicka, A. L. Sieroń, A. Dworak, A. Kowalczuk1 ADVANCED NANOMATERIALS – SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS COMPOSITE FLEXIBLE BASED ON PZT/CNT/CELLULOSE R. M. Silva, B. S. Noremberg, L. Santana, N. H. Marins, M. R. Gonçalves, N. L. V. Carreño, W. Matysiak, T. Tański OBTAINING OF NIOBIUM NANOSTRUCTURED MICROWAVE- ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS

43

N. Marins, R. Silva, V. Deon, C. Ruas, O. Paniz, N. Carreño, F. Ogliari

THE STUDY OF PARAMETERS OF THE ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Paweł Jarka, Tomasz Tański, Barbara Hajduk, Marian Domański COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COATINGS; PROPERTIES OBTAINED BY PVD AND ALD TECHNIQUES A . Filus, M. Staszuk

MANUFACTURING POLYPROPYLENE/SILVER NANOPARTICLES COMPOSITES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES K. Żelechowska, J. Orlikowski THE INFLUENCE OF MULTI-AXIS DEFORMATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF 7075 ALUMINIUM ALLOY S. Pisarek, W. Borek ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICORROSION PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE LAYERS A. Radoń, S. Łoński, T. Warski, S. Topolska,, B. Ziębiowicz

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE LAYERS A. Radoń, W. Łoński, T. Warski , B. Ziębowicz, D. Łukowiec

PREPARATION OF EMULSION-TEMPLATED POLYSILOXANE MATERIALS FOR PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES IMMOBILIZATION A . Guzik INFLUENCE OF NANOPARTICLES OF PLATINUM ON CHICKEN EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT A .Lisek, E. Migurska, B. Strojny, M. Grodzik, B. Gralec, A. Lewera HYBRID HYDROGEL MATERIALS CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES D. Zdybał, J. Bok-Badura, A. Jakóbik-Kolon, K. Karoń, A. Milewski ELECTROSPINNING OF PMMA NANOFIBERS W. Matysiak, A. Skorupa, T. Tański

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PVP NANOFIBERS W. Matysiak, E. Rusek, T. Tański

SYNTHESIS OF BISMUTH OXIDE NANOWIRES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GROWTH MECHANISMS W. Matysiak, E. Pieńkosz, T. Tański

PRODUCTION OF PAN/SiO2 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING AND SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE W. Matysiak, M. Krzesiński, T. Tański

PRODUCTION OF THIN LAYERS OF PMMA/CARBON PARTICLES AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR PROPERTIES W. Matysiak, M. Pawełczyk, M. Szatkowski, T. Tański ANALYSIS OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PVP/Z nO COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS

44

W. Matysiak, M. Zaborowska, P. Jarka, A. Drygała, T. Tański

UV-VIS ANALYSIS OF PVP/Si O2 THIN FILMS W. Matysiak, S. Zieliński, T. Tański

INFLUENCE OF ZNO NANOPARTICLES ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PVP/ZNO COMPOSITE THIN FILMS W. Matysiak, T. Tański, P. Jarka, P. Snopiński, Ł. Krzemiński, M. Wiśniowski

MORPHOLOGY AND UV/VIS SPECTRA OF ROD-LIKE Bi2O3 PARTICLES PREPARED BY SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE W. Matysiak, W. Uchacz, T. Tański ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF PAN/F e2O3 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING METHOD W. Matysiak, D. Kamiński, T. Tański

CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN COMPOSITENANOFIBERS FOR GAS SENSING PURPOSE W. Matysiak, P. Witek , T. Tański ULTRA-FINE GRAINED AL-MG ALLOY PROCESSED USING EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING METHOD P. Snopiński , T. Tański, W. Matysiak, Ł. Krzemiński, M. Wiśniowski

MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS OF PAN/Bi2O3 NANOFIBERS W. Matysiak, M. Latusek, T. Tański IN-SITU NANOCOMPOSITE FORMATION ON TI -6AL- 4V TIATNIUM ALLOY WITH HIGH POWER LASER M. Wiśniowski, T. Tański, W. Matysiak, P. Snopiński, Ł. Krzemiński STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMORPHIC Al/TiO/C COMPOSITES MATERIALS REINFORCED WITH CARBON CHAR Ł. Krzemiński, T. Tański, W. Matysiak, P. Jarka, P. Snopiński, M. Wiśniowski

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF FEPTNBB-BASED NANOCRYSTALLINE ALLOYS P. Łopadczak, N. Randrianantoandro, A. Bajorek STUDY OF STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NiFe2 O4 NANOPARTICLES C. Berger, N. Randrianantoandro, A. Bajorek, M. Wojtyniak , M. Zubko, J. Klimontko STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BALL-MILLED DyNi3

K. Ociepka, A. Bajorek, A. Chrobak, G. Chełkowska, K. Prusik INFLUENCE OF GRAINS SIZE ON STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Sm(Ni1-

xFex)3 COMPOUNDS Marcin Sikora,

Grażyna Chełkowska, Krzysztof Ociepka, Anna Bajorek, Krystian Prusik

TUNING THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METAL OXIDE SURFACES BY THERMAL REDUCTION D. Wrana, B. R. Jany, J. Rysz, F. Krok and K. Szot

45

LOCAL THERMAL MEASUREMENTS AT NANOSCALE BY SCANNING THERMAL MICROSCOPY J. Bodzenta, J. Juszczyk-Synowiec, A. Kaźmierczak-Bałata, Paulina Powroźnik and M. Chirtoc MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CE3CU3SB4 COMPOUND P. Witas, J. Goraus, L. Kalinowski, P. Zajdel, K. Balin, M. Wojtyniak, J. Lelątko, A. Ślebarski

DETECTION OF NERVE AGENTS AND ORGANIC VAPOURS USING THIN SEMICONDUCTOR FILMS P. Powroźnik, M. Krzywiecki, L. Grządziel, J. Wrotniak, M. Pietrzyk, W. Jakubik ULTRAFINE GRAINED STRUCTURE OF CuFe2 AND CuCr0,6 ALLOYS PROCESSED BY ROLLING WITH THE CYCLIC MOVEMENT OF ROLLS Anna Urbańczyk-Gucwa, Kinga Rodak ULTRAFAST PROCESSES IN TOPOLOGICAL INSULATOR BI2TE3 M.Weis, K.Balin, R. Rapacz, B.Wilk, J.Szade, G.Vaudel, P.Ruello

INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL MAGNETIC MATERIALS BY SCANNING PROBE AND KERR MICROSCOPY Aleš Hendrych, O. Životský, Dmitry Markov, Andrii Titov STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES Wojciech Glajcar, Michał Kamiński, J. Lelątko, K. Jurkiewicz, P. Bartczak, J. Polański, A. Burian

46

IN VIVO EFFECTS OF PRISTINE GRAPHENE ON GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME TUMORS

S. Jaworski1, A. Romaszko1, M. Kowal1, M. Kutwin1, E. Sawosz1

1 Warsaw Uniwersity of life Science, Faculty of Animal Scienc, Division of

Nanobiotechnology,Warsaw, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): jaworski.slawek@gmail.com Keywords: graphene, glioblastoma, apoptosis, necrosis Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor. Despite the medical

progress up to date, it is still considered to be an incurable disease. The studies on the use of

nanoparticles and nanomaterials such as graphene show that there is hope of finding an

alternative method of therapy based on the induction of tumor cell death (Jaworski et al 2015). Graphene and its related counterparts are considered the future of advanced nanomaterials owing to

their exemplary properties. However, information about their toxicity and biocompatibility is limited.

In this study, the effect of pristine graphene (GN) on U87 tumor cells was examined in the

context of inducing cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. It has been proven that the graphene

hydrocolloid at a concentration of 500 ppm delivered directly to the tumor induces cell death

by necrosis and apoptosis in the U87 Glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells. Toxicity on U87

glioma tumours was evaluated by calculation of weight and volume of tumours and analyses

of ultrastructure, histology and protein expression. Mass and volume of tumours were reduced

in vivo after injection of graphene. Moreover, the level of apoptotic and necrotic markers

increased in graphene-treated tumours. We show that graphene nanoplatelets induces cell death

through apoptosis and necrosis, indicating the potential applicability of graphene in cancer

therapy.

References :

1. S. Jaworski, E. Sawosz, M. Kutwin, M. Wierzbicki, M. Hinzman, M. Grodzik, A. Winnicka, L. Lipińska, A. Chwalibog. In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2015, 1585-1596. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Polish National Research Council grant NCN Preludium 2013/09/N/NZ9/01898

47

THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HIERARCHICAL NANOPOROUS CARBONS (HNCS) ON GLIOBLASTOMA

Żaneta Bugajska 1, Karolina Daniluk 1, Paulina Biniecka1, Sławomir Jaworski1

1 Division of Nanobiotechnology

Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland

E-mail: zaneta.bugajska@gmail.com

Keywords: nanoparticles, cancer, treatment, glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most agressive and the most common brain tumor. It was qualified by WHO as the grade 4 astrocytoma, which means that it is highly malignant. The cells reproduce quickly and are supported by a large network of blood vessels1. Recently there were accomplished many experiments using different allotropic forms of carbon nanoparticles, where their biological activity on in vitro and in vivo models was invastigated. Previous studies have shown that graphene has a strong affinity to the body of the cell and plays a vital role in biomedical applications due to its ability to decrease the volume of tumors2.

Hierarchical nanoporous carbons have a uniform size, cubic shape with hierarchical nanoporosity and a specific surface area3. In vitro cell culture model of glioblastoma U87 cell line was used to verify the biological effect of HNCs on cancer cells.

The morphology of cells incubated with HNCs was checked with SEM. The test for integrity of cell membranes was done in order to check biological features of HNCs. Cell viability was defined with PrestoBlue test. The pathway of cell death was analysed with flow cytometry. It was also specified how cells induce their apoptotic way of death and it was checked if mitochondrial membrane integrity was disturbed. The Real-Time PCR was used to establish the important role of two caspases 3 and 9 - the main markers of apoptosis. The results reveal that HNCs slow down proliferation of cancer cells. It influences the disintegration of cell and mitochondrial membranes. After in vitro incubation with tested nanoparticles, the lower viability occures and apoptotic pathway of cells death is induced. The final results indicate that HNCs nanoparticles, which are the first nanoparticles occuring in a cubic shape, inhibit proliferation and initiate apoptotic death of glioblastoma cells. The tests suggest that HNCs have a potential impact on the glioblastoma cells, although it is needed to conduct further in vivo research. References:

1. Zhang X, Zhang W, Cao W-D, Cheng G, Zhang Y-Q. Glioblastoma multiforme: molecular characterization and current treatment stratedy (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2012;3(1):9-14.

2. Jaworski S, Sawosz E, Grodzik M, et al. In vitro evaluation of the effects of graphene platelets on glioblastoma multiforme cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8(1):413-420.

3. S. Dyjak, W. Kiciński, M. Norek, A. Huczko, O. Łabędź, B. Budner, M. Polański “Hierarchical, nanoporous graphenic carbon materials through an instant, self-sustaining magnesiothermic reduction” Carbon 2016, 96, 937–946

48

IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF CYTOTOXI C EFFECT OF POLYELECTROLYTE NANOCAPSULES

Alicja Karabasz 1,2, Krzysztof Szczepanowicz 3, Joanna Bereta 1,2, Monika Bzowska 1,2.

1 Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology,

Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland. 2 Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387

Cracow, Poland. 3 Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek

8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.

E-mail (corresponding author): alicja.karabasz@doctoral.uj.edu.pl Keywords: nanomedicine, drug delivery, anticancer, nanotoxicity, polyelectrolytes.

Despite advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy, cancer is the leading cause of the death worldwide [1]. The principal reason of that is chemical structure of chemotherapeutic agents which are small, hydrophobic molecules characterised by poor water solubility. This cause unfavourable in vivo biodistribution, rapid degradation, adverse effect on normal tissue and low treatment efficiency. Mentioned drawbacks inspired many scientist to develop alternative drug delivery systems which could overcome disadvantages of traditional drug formulations. One of the most promising group of drug carriers are nanoparticles. Unique properties and diversity of potential modifications make nanomaterials powerful tool for nanomedicine applications. Despite high hopes, only few nanoparticles based drug formulation are now in clinical use. The main reason of this phenomenon is nanostructures toxicity.

The objects of my studies were multilayer, polyelectrolyte nanocapsules which were prepared by a sequential adsorption of an opposite charged polyelectrolyte on liquide core (layer-by-layer technique). The main advantage of this nanocapsules were composition of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Our previous studies showed that polyelectrolyte nanocapsules could be used as drug carrier for paclitaxel [2,3], however before further animal or clinical studies detailed in vitro toxicity analysis need to be performed and that was the aim of my study. To accomplish that I used different mouse or human cell lines or human blood to verify interaction between cell surface and diverse nanoparticles Moreover, I used spectrum of biochemical methods to examine cell viability, intracellular oxidative stress, activation of immune cells and potential hemolysis of erythrocyte.

Results of my research indicate that there is no visible nanocapsules toxicity against studied cell lines. Although some nanoparticles type could cause erythrocyte hemolysis which exclude them from future studies. This research enables to choose the most potent candidate for drug carrier for human cancer therapy. References:

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2. Karabasz, A., Bzowska, M., Łukasiewicz, S., Bereta, J., Szczepanowicz, K. (2014). Cytotoxic activity of paclitaxel incorporated into polyelectrolyte nanocapsules. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 16(4). 3. Szczepanowicz, K., Bzowska, M., Kruk, T., Karabasz, A., Bereta, J., Warszynski, P. (2016). Pegylated polyelectrolyte nanoparticles containing paclitaxel as a promising candidate for drug carriers for passive targeting. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 143, 463–471.

49

SEGREGATION OF FRACTIONS OF IRON NANOCRYSTALLITES WITH DETERMINED SIZES

R. Pelka, U. Nowosielecka, A. Jędrzejewska, I. Moszyńska, W. Arabczyk

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Institute of Chemical and Environment

Engineering, 10 Pułaskiego Str., 70-322 Szczecin, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): rpelka@zut.edu.pl Keywords: separation of nanocystallites, nanocrystalline iron, oxidation, nitriding. Nanocrystalline iron promoted by oxides of aluminium, calcium and potassium was studied. Precursor of the nanocrystalline iron was obtained by fusing magnetite with small amounts of promoters. The precursor was then reduced with hydrogen (30 dm3 H2/(h g)) in a tubular differential reactor at a temperature of 500oC (sample S0). The average size of iron nanocrystallites after reduction process of iron oxides, as determined by XRD, was 18 nm and σ = 15 nm (parameter characterizing the width of size distribution). The 1 g samples were then oxidized at 500oC in a stream of nitrogen (20 dm3 N2/(h g)) saturated with water vapour (0.02 bar H2O) to oxidation degree α = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 (samples S1, S2 and S3) in relation to Fe3O4. After that, metallic iron was dissolved with a dilute nitric (V) acid solution. Magnetite remaining after etching was subjected to reduction with hydrogen. The obtained samples were nitrided with ammonia in the above mentioned reactor at a temperature of 375oC. Both processes of oxidation and nitriding were carried out under such conditions that the rate of the process was limited by the surface chemical reaction rate. Thus, nanocrystallites undergo a phase transition in the order of their size, from the smallest to the largest. Samples of nanocrystalline iron with narrower diameter ranges (parameter σ = 3-8 nm) and different average crystallite sizes, respectively 20 nm (S1), 25 nm (S2), 35 nm (S3), as compared to the sample S0, were obtained. These values did not change after nitriding. Exemplary TG curves and iron nanocrystallite size distributions are presented in Fig. 1 and 2, respectively.

Fig. 1. TG curves for nitriding process of S0 Fig. 2. Nanocrystallite size distributions of iron. and S2 (375oC). Samples S0 and S2

Acknowledgments: The scientific work was financed by The National Centre for Research and Development, program 'Lider', project No. LIDER/025/489/L5/13/NCBR/2014.

50

CHEMICAL POTENTIAL PROGRAMMED REACTION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

W. Arabczyk, B. Wilk, R. Pelka

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Institute of Chemical and Environment

Engineering, 10 Pułaskiego Str., 70-322 Szczecin, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): rpelka@zut.edu.pl Keywords: programmed processes, characterization of nanomaterials, thermodynamics, nitriding. Based on previous studies of processes taking place between nanocrystalline materials and gases at temperatures above 300oC, wherein the product is a solid phase, it was found that the rate limiting step of the process is the adsorption of a gas on the surface. During the process, the states of chemical equilibrium between gas phase and solid occur as well as stationary states characterized by constancy of the composition of the two phases in which the conversion of nanocrystalline material is a function of temperature and chemical potential of the gas phase. These statements led to a method ‘Chemical Potential Programmed Reaction’. The method for testing of nanomaterials by determining their physicochemical properties using programmed techniques in chemical processes is that in chemical processes involving nanomaterials the chemical potential of a gas phase is changed programmatically so as to enable to determine the states of equilibrium and/or quasi-equilibrium and then a chemical conversion degree in a solid phase is measured. Application of the proposed method is shown in the example of nanocrystalline iron nitriding process. Chemical processes were carried out in a differential tubular thermogravimetric reactor equipped with a system to perform measurements of the gas composition and in the reaction chamber XRK 900 connected to X-ray diffractometer. On the basis of measured values of parameters specific to measuring methods related to the change in the gas phase chemical potential, the following properties of the nanomaterials were determined: - phase composition, - crystallite size distribution, - average crystallite size, - the minimum potential of phase transformation (α-Fe(N) to γ’-Fe4N and γ’-Fe4N to ε-Fe3N), - the maximum chemical potential of nitrogen in the nanocrystalline α-Fe(N) solution depending on the size of nanocrystallites, - chemical potential of nitrogen adsorbed on the surface of nanocrystalline iron, - lattice strain, - lattice constant. Acknowledgments:

The scientific work was financed by The National Centre for Research and Development, program 'Lider', project No. LIDER/025/489/L5/13/NCBR/2014

51

GAS SENSORS BASED ON SILICON NANOWIRES WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY

Z. Zh. Zhanabaev, Ye. Sagidolda, M.K. Ibraimov, M. Alimova*

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

*e-mail: lipkaznu@mail.ru

Keywords: nanowires, gas sensor, sensitivity

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are perspective materials in the production of gas sensors. It was firstly demonstrated in 2001 by Lieber et.al. [1]. A series of works demonstrated that SiNWs have good sensitivity for both organic and inorganic gases. In 2007 Heath et al. constructed NO2 gas sensor based on SiNWs that detects gases with low concentration until 20 ppb [2]. Therefore, creation of highly sensitive, stable, high-performance gas sensors based on SiNWs is an urgent problem.

For this purpose gas sensing electrical characteristics of the SiNWs have been investigated [3].

To obtain SiNWs we used very effective and inexpensive method of metal-induced chemical etching, which has a number advantages as compared with other methods of obtaining SiNWs. As the initial substrate we used boron doped p-type crystalline silicon with a charge carrier concentration 1015 cm-3. Thickness of the substrate was 300 microns and the direction of the plane (100). AFM results indicate that the SiNWs have height 5 - 7 microns. SiNWs randomly arranged and the distances between the individual filaments are from 50 nm to 1 micron. The resulting concentrations are ~ 0.5 P/P0, where P is the vapor pressure and P0 is the saturated vapor pressure.

As a result of supplying vapors, such as methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetonitrile, and toluene the maximum sensitivity was observed for methanol (relative change in conductivity is about 400%). The gas sensor based on SiNWs responds immediately to all measured vapors of liquids and reset by 5 s without external thermal and diffusion effects. References:

1. Y.Cui, C.M.Lieber , Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks, Science 291 (2001) P. 851–853. 2. M.C.McAlpine, H.Ahmad, D.Wang, J.R.Heath, Highly ordered nanowire arrays on plastic substrates for ultrasensitive flexible chemical sensors, Nat. Mater. 6 (2007) P. 379–384. 3. M.K. Ibraimov, Y. Sagidolda, S. L. Rumyantsev, Z. Zh. Zhanabaev, M. S. Shur, Selective Gas Sensor Using Porous Silicon, Sensor Letters 14 (2016) (in press)

52

NANOCOMPOSITE BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES DECORATED WITH PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES (PT NPS/CNTS) LIKE A

EFFICIENT GAS SENSOR

Dariusz Łukowiec1, Anna Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz1, Marcin Procek2

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 a St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 St., 44 -100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): dariusz.lukowiec@polsl.pl Keywords: gas sensors, carbon nanotubes, platinum nanoparticles, nanocomposites The fast and efficient detection of low concentrations of gases as H2, CH4, CO, CO2, NO2 is a very important task in the aspect of chemical safety, environmental objectives and evaluation of leak-tightness and detection of hazardous substances in industrial and home gas installations. It has been proven that unmodified carbon nanotubes are sensitive to the chemical character of an environment in which they are located. This effect is even stronger after deposition on the surface of nanotubes noble metal nanoparticles, such as Pt, Pd, Rh, Au, Ag [1,2] . The research conducted has confirmed the suitability of employing carbon nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles as active elements of gas sensors. It was confirmed, by measuring resistance variations, that the sensor is responding correctly to the varying concentration of different gases (hydrogen, methane, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide) in the synthetic air atmosphere. The investigated sensor was shown to possess a short response time and repeatable operation. The investigations conducted prove that the proposed nanocomposite material allows to construct small-sized gas sensors. The advantages of using sensors containing a CNT-metal nanoparticles is small size, high chemical and thermal resistance, no requirement to work at elevated temperature, operating sensitivity, fast reaction and selectivity. References:

1. A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, M. Pawlyta, D. Łukowiec, T. Gaweł, M. Procek, Resistance changes of the carbon nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen at different and constant concentrations, Physica Status Solidi B 251/12 (2014) 2426-2431

2. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A.D., Łukowiec D., Kubacki J., Investigations of electron properties of carbon nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles with their varying fraction, Journal of Nanomaterials (2016)

53

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF MWCNTs-Pd AND

MWCNTs-Rh NANOCOMPOSITES

A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz 1, D. Cichocki 1

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a

st., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): dawid.cichocki@polsl.pl Keywords: carbon nanotubes, nanocomposite materials, palladium, rhodium, TEM, The main purpose of the research was to produce nanocomposites consisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with palladium and rhodium nanoparticles and the characterisation of the obtained materials. High quality multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with the length of 100÷400 nm and the diameter of 5÷25 nm obtained in advance with Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) were employed in the investigations. Carbon nanotubes – palladium and rhodium nanoparticles system was fabricated by direct deposition of palladium and rhodium nanoparticles, produced earlier, onto the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The characterization of the produced material including the examination of the structure, morphology, chemical composition and evaluation of the distribution of palladium and rhodium nanoparticles on the surface of carbon nanotubes has been performed using: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy in the field of X-ray (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced nanomaterials may be used as the active layer of sensors of chemical agents.

54

NANOCOMPOSITES CONSISTING OF CARBON NANOMATERIALS AND RHENIUM IN THE NANOMETRIC SCALE

A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz 1, W. Wolany 1

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a st.,

44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): weronika.wolany@polsl.pl Keywords: carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, rhenium, nanowires Rhenium is very rare element in the Earth's crust, which has very good thermal, electrical and catalytic properties and it is used in the developing industries such as: space, electrical, petrochemicals, chemical. Searching for new uses of Re is purposeful and important for new applications. The main aim of the research was to fabricate nanocomposites consisting of rhenium in the nanometric scale. The structural components of such nanocomposites are single-walled carbon nanotubes or single-walled carbon nanohorns decorated with rhenium. Perrhenic acid was used as the rhenium precursor. Single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanohorns were functionalized in HNO3 using ultrasounds. After functionalization the carbon nanomaterials were impregnated using HReO4, the process was aided with an ultrasounds. The portions of the impregnated carbon materials were then placed in a quartz vessel and heated in the atmosphere of hydrogen and in an argon shield. The process conditions was appropriate for obtaining metallic rhenium. To image the morphology and structure of newly synthesized called SWCNTs-Re and SWCNHs-Re nanocomposites scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. The microscope examinations have shown that rhenium may occur in the form of nanoparticles or nanowires. It was confirmed that the selected fabrication method of SWCNTs-Re and SWCNHs-Re nanocomposites is simple and effective. The potential applications of presented nanocomposites were discussed.

55

POLYMER NANOOCAPSULES PREPARED FROM TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR NANOCATALYST A PPLICATIONS

K. Bednarczyk1, M. Libera1, A. Horechyy2, A. Dworak1

1 Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

2 Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany

Keywords: triblock copolymers, nanocarriers, cryo-TEM

For nearly 50 years, the scientific researches were focused on the use of diblock copolymers as macromolecules capable for nanoparticles formation. Self-organization of linear ABC triblock copolymers expands the possibilities of creating polymer microcapsules, which can be used as containers for encapsulation of the nanocatalyst. Aggregation of triblock copolymers may lead to the formation of micellar structures, which may be used to control the capacity and catalyst loading efficiency, and hence, the catalytic activity of the whole system.

Amphiphilic ABC triblock copolymer of styrene, N-isopropylacrylamide and ethylene oxide (PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PEO) was synthesized by step-wise coupling reaction of α-carboxy-ω-hydroxy-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with amino terminated polystyrene and next Br-functionalized poly(ethylene oxide). Copolymer was used to form reverse micelles with a hydrophilic core and hydrophobic shell in mixture of solvents. Vehicles were formed by water-induced micellization of terpolymer in THF/toluene mixture. Microcapsules were stabilized applying transamidation reaction of N-isopropylacrylamide blocks at the temperature above phase transition of PNIPAM using Pd salt as catalyst. The precursor for Pd nanocatalyst was reduced after micelle stabilization to form metal nanocatalyst inside the microcapsules. The nanocarriers were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of Pd-loaded microcapsules was proved using a model reaction of catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.

56

POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED BY TECHNIQUE AND LAYERED 2:1 SILICATES

Marcin Bilewicz

Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: marcin.bilewicz@polsl.pl

Keywords: polymer composites, non-conventional injection molding, polymer processing, nanomaterials, thermoplastics Accordingly to the need of new materials with still better properties engineers, designers and technologists combine engineering tools including computer programs, simulations and designing new technology and materials. One of the most significant property of material is the low weight and relative strength (strength to its density). Among engineering materials polymer composites and nanocomposites are widely used thanks to their high relative strength. This work focuses on technology and materials to improve properties. The work concentrates to control structure of material basing on PP with nano fillers of MMT. Similar effect like in the outer part of injected polymer inside cavity of mold was achieved and multiplied in developed injection molding process which lead to contains creation of multilayered section, due to repeating sequences of reciprocating movements of pistons in the mold. Addition of nanoparticles to PP influences on structure, increasing the number of layers. Nanoparticles induce forming a multilayer structure, so the energy absorbed by specimen of PP/MMT was higher than in the pure PP. The developed injection molding process created multilayer region. Structure of mouldings performed by typical injection molding contains twice bigger core comparing to structure of specimens performed by developed injection molding. This indicates, that development of the process brought developed zone bigger than skin with higher orientation. Because of the high orientation, MMT agglomerates can be splitten, due to the high shear rates in the injected and reciprocally moved flow of polymer.

57

FUNCTIONALIZED GRAPHITE AND ANTHRACITE-BASED CARBON NANOMATERIALS

B. Kumanek1, U. Szeluga1, S. Pusz1, J. Kubacki2,3, A. Borowski1, B. Trzebicka1

1 Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

2 A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 3 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Chorzów, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author) bkumanek@cmpw-pan.edu.pl Keywords: Functionalized carbon nanomaterials, anthracite, graphite, spectroscopy methods Graphene-based materials consist of sheets of carbon atoms arranged in a characteristic hexagonal lattice is one of the most intensively studied carbon materials. To improve the dispersability and reactivity of carbon layers towards polymers, the covalent attachment of functional groups is performed. One of the method used for functionalization of graphene structures is Hummer’s method. It leads to disrupt the translation symmetry of graphene

surface by changing of hybridization of carbon atoms from sp2 to sp3. In a consequence of better compatibility of functionalized carbon materials to polymer matrix, it is possible to obtain carbon/polymer nanocomposites with improved properties.

The main objective of research is the preparation and characterization of coal-derived functionalized graphene materials using thermally treated anthracite and graphite powder as precursors. At the first stage, the anthracite modified at the temperature 2000 oC (SV2000) as well as graphite with a high degree of ordering of graphene layers, were subjected to the processes of oxidative intercalation using modified Hummers’ method. In next step, the thermal partial reduction of oxygen functional groups attached to the carbon surface accompanied by expansion of graphene sheets was performed. Obtained materials was characterized by FTIR, Raman and XPS spectroscopy. Detailed SEM observations was conducted to confirm the structure transformation as a result of functionalization. This allowed to obtain reduced graphite oxides, consisting of well-separated several and multiple graphene layers which, after solvent and ultrasonic exfoliation, may constitute a promising nanofiller for composites.

SEM photographs of ini�al SV2000 a�er oxida�on and a�er thermal reduc�on.

58

SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE FOR GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS

Pawel S. Wrobel1, Michal D. Wlodarski1, Slawomira Pusz1, Barbara Trzebicka1

, Mark H. Rümmeli1,3,4, Alicja Bachmatiuk1,4

1Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-

Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland, 3College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of

Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China, 4IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, P. O. Box D-01171 Dresden, Germany

Alicja Bachmatiuk: abachmatiuk@cmpw-pan.edu.pl

Keywords: Graphene Oxide, Sensors We demonstrate the chemical modification of graphene oxide (GO) and the influence of its chemical composition (Fig. 1) on its sensing ability (Fig. 2). GO was obtained using a modified Hummers’ method. Additionally, we explored reduction of GO with ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride. The sensors were fabricated via drop coating of graphene-based material onto interdigitated chip surfaces. Basic analysis of the explored materials were performed with FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (lateral size) and atomic force microscopy (height). The sensing responses were measured for different concentrations of ethanol vapors. It was observed that decreasing share of groups containing oxygen in graphene material improves its sensing abilities for ethanol vapors.

Fig. 1. Infrared spectra of GO Fig.2. Sensor response of GO on ethanol vapors

Acknowledgments: P. S. W, M.D. W. & A.B. thank the National Science Centre for the financial support within the frames of the Sonata Program (Grant Agreement 2014/13/D/ST5/02853).

800 1600 3200 4000

C-O

( 1

00

0-1

20

0 c

m-1

)

C-H

( 1

38

5 c

m-1

)

C-H

( 1

47

0 c

m-1

)

C=

O (

17

35

cm

-1)

O-H

( 3

00

0-3

60

0 c

m-1

)

C-H

( 2

85

0 c

m-1

)

Ab

so

rban

ce [

arb

. u

nit

s]

Wavelenght [cm-1]

C-H

( 2

92

0 c

m-1

)

05:00 05:10 05:20 05:30 05:40 05:50-20

-10

0

Se

ns

or

Re

sp

on

se

[%

]

Time [HH:MM]

59

NANODIAMONDS – FUTURE OR RISK

J. Karpeta-Kaczmarek1, M. Dziewięcka1, M. Augustyniak1, M. Rost-Roszkowska2, A. Ostróżka2, B. Flasz1

1 Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice,

Poland 2 Department of Animal Histology and Embriology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): jukaczmarek@us.edu.pl Keywords: Nanodiamonds, Ultrastructure, Midgut, Testis Nanodiamonds (ND) have all of the features to be the material of the future [1]. After confirmation of the ND safeness, the particles will probably be implemented on a very large scale. Although, the results about toxicity of nanodiamonds are not clear. There are some in vitro and in vivo studies that have unequivocal shown no particular risks, others have indicated that ND might pose health hazards [2]. The duration of the exposure to ND may be extremely important in relation to their toxicity. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate ND toxicity at the cellular level in a model organism (Acheta domesticus) after short-term exposure in food. The histological evaluation of the ultrastructure of the gut epithelium and testis of A. domesticus was performed on the tenth day of the experiment, during which the insect have continuously consumed food contaminated with ND. The histological morphology did not indicate a severe toxicity of ND. Microscopic observations revealed that the midgut from control organisms presented a typical structure for this species [3]. In case of insects treated with nanodiamonds the midgut and male germ cells were not changed, and dose-dependent relationship was not observed. The epithelium of the anterior and posterior midgut were formed by two types of cells – digestive and regenerative cells. No changes were observed in any of the midgut epithelial cells at the ultrastructural level – digestive and regenerative cells. Transmission electron microscopic analysis clearly showed that no alterations in the structure and organization of male germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms) occurred at the ultrastructural level after short-term exposure. The structure of the membranous organelles, mitochondria, the centriole and axoneme were not destroyed. In light of all of the results, it can be assumed that short-term, occasional exposure to trace amounts of ND, which will most likely to be the case in medical applications, is probably safe for organisms. References:

1. K-K Liu, C-L Cheng, C-C Chang, J-I Chao. Biocompatible and detectable carboxylated nanodiamond on human cell. Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 325102. 2. J. Mytych, A. Lewinska, J. Zebrowski, M. Wnuk. Nanodiamond-induced increase in ROS and RNS levels activates NF- κ B and augments thiol pools in human hepatocytes. Diam Relat Mater 55 (2015) 95–101. 3. J. Karpeta-Kaczmarek, M. Augistyniak, M. Rost-Roszkowska. Ultrastructure of the gut epithelium in Acheta domesticus after long- term exposure to nanodiamonds supplied with food. Arthropod Struct Dev (2016) in press.

60

THE DARK SIDE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO)

M. Dziewięcka1, J. Karpeta-Kaczmarek1, M. Augustyniak1, M.Rost-Roszkowska2, F. Kaszuba2, B. Flasz1

1 Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice

2 Department of Animal Histology and Embriology, University of Silesia in Katowice

E-mail (corresponding author): marta.dz1988@gmail.com Keywords: graphene oxide, toxicity, histology, environmental safety, reproductive system From a scientific point of view the most attractive are materials of the graphene family [1]. One of them is graphene oxide (GO), which is a derivative of graphene sheets with a large number of oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups in the structure. Graphene oxide has unique chemical and physical properties and could be used in many field of science (industry, medicine). Demand for nanotechnology in medical products still growing every year, but knowledge about toxicity of nanoparticles is still limited. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that GO exposure lead to adverse effects and could be the potentially environmental risk factor [2]. Use of graphene oxide in a consumer products requires thorough understanding of the kinetics and toxicology on various levels of physiological reactivity (e.g., molecular, cellular, tissue, organ toxicity). In vivo studies are essential to understand mechanisms and pathways of nanoparticles in a multicellular organism [3]. Because of that, in this study we estimated the in vivo toxicity GO that were administrated with food via ten days to Acheta domesticus. The ultrastructure of selected tissues (gut and male gonad) by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were analyzed. The experiment showed numerous changes in the ultrastructure of gut tissues but the most important result of this study were a number of degenerative changes in the structure of the male germ cells in crickets that had continuously consumed food with graphene oxide for 10 days. Unexpected, GO could be translocated into both the primary targeted (intestinal cells) and the secondary targeted tissues such as reproductive organs or other tissues in the body. Probably, GO are distributed throughout the organism and has influence on reproductive system. Enthusiasm for nanotechnology could lead to unpredictable consequences not only for humans but also for other animal populations. Therefore using graphene oxide and other nanoparticles on a large scale calls for special attention.

References:

[1] A.M. Jastrzebska, A.R. Olszyna, The ecotoxicity of graphene family materials: current status, knowledge gaps and future needs, J. Nanoparticle Res. 17 (2015). doi:10.1007/s11051-014-2817-0.

[2] Z. Magdolenova, A. Collins, A. Kumar, A. Dhawan, V. Stone, M. Dusinska, Mechanisms of genotoxicity. A review of in vitro and in vivo studies with engineered nanoparticles., Nanotoxicology. 8 (2014) 233–78. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.773464.

[3] C.F. Jones, D.W. Grainger, In vitro assessments of nanomaterial toxicity, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61 (2009) 438–456. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.005.

61

NOVEL MECHANOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR VALORIZATION OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER

Zbigniew Najzarek, Janusz Wełnowski

Inoguma Sp. z o.o., Białe Błota, Poland

e-mail: mjaguszewska@hydrapress.pl

A novel patent pending processes and reactors have been developed for valorization of

waste tire rubber. The processes were based on the use of high power mechanochemical action assisted by microwave activation. The mechanochemical forces of sufficient levels particularly in the presence of pressure, heat and ultrasonic rapidly break up the three-dimensional network of the tire rubber. The high-energy impact action with high sheer stresses used in this technology are known to trigger destruction of rubber-like materials. However, recent work has shown that the same impact and shear forces can be controlled using the above mentioned reactors, and, consequently, can be applied to perform non-destructive valorization of the rubber via devulcanization with mechanosynthesizing and solublization. The mechanochemical experiments were carried out with model styrene-butadiene rubber and with the ground tire rubber. Various nanomaterials were synthesized. A possible mechanism of the nanoprocessing were discussed. The new reactors developed here were detailed. The rubber processes were performed in an electromagnetic mill-reactor with microwave activator. The reactor working with ferromagnetic milling media was designed to perform mechanochemical processes including the nanoprocesses. The electromagnetic mill-redactor was integrated with an supersonic rotor-mill which provides in situ activated materials and nanomaterials into the electromagnetic mill-reactor. The integrated unit can be efficiently used in many applications of nanotechnology.

62

BIODISTRIBUTION OF A HIGH DOSE OF DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, AND GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AFTER MULTIPLE

INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS IN RATS

Natalia Kurantowicz1, Barbara Strojny1, Ewa Sawosz1, Sławomir Jaworski1, Marta Kutwin1, Marta Grodzik1, Mateusz Wierzbicki1, Ludwika Lipińska1, Katarzyna Mitura2,

André Chwalibog3

1Warsaw University of Life Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal

Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw, Poland 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin,

Poland 3University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences,

Copenhagen, Denmark

E-mail (corresponding author): natalia.kurantowicz@gmail.com Keywords: nanodiamond, nanographite, graphene oxide, rat, biodistribution Carbon nanoparticles have recently drawn intense attention in biomedical applications. Hence, there is a need for further in vivo investigations of their biocompatibility and biodistribution via various exposure routes. We hypothesized that intraperitoneally injected diamond, graphite, and graphene oxide nanoparticles may have different biodistribution and exert different effects on the intact organism.

Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the control and treated with nanoparticles by intraperitoneal injection (4 mg of nanoparticles/kg body weight) eight times during the 4-week period. Blood was collected for evaluation of blood morphology and biochemistry parameters. Photographs of the general appearance of each rat’s interior were taken immediately after sacrifice. The organs were excised and their macroscopic structure was visualized using a stereomicroscope.

The nanoparticles were retained in the body, mostly as agglomerates. The largest agglomerates (up to 10 mm in diameter) were seen in the proximity of the injection place in the stomach serous membrane, between the connective tissues of the abdominal skin, muscles, and peritoneum. Numerous smaller, spherical-shaped aggregates (diameter around 2 mm) were lodged among the mesentery. Moreover, in the connective and lipid tissue in the proximity of the liver and spleen serosa, small aggregates of graphite and graphene oxide nanoparticles were observed. However, all tested nanoparticles did not affect health and growth of rats. The nanoparticles had no toxic effects on blood parameters and growth of rats, suggesting their potential applicability as remedies or in drug delivery systems.

63

LONG TERM INFLUENCE OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES ON RATS HEALTH

B. Strojny1, N. Kurantowicz1, E. Sawosz1, M. Grodzik1, S. Jaworski1,M. Kutwin1,

M. Wierzbicki1, A. Hotowy1, L. Lipińska2, A. Chwalibog3*

1 Div. of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland

3 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

E-mail (corresponding author): barbara_strojny@sggw.pl Keywords: carbon nanomaterials, exposure, rats, health Nanoparticles are an attractive alternative in drug delivery systems. Since carbon is the most widespread element in organisms, nanomaterials composed of carbon are considered as non-toxic and biocompatibile. We investigated biological properties of diamond nanoparticles (DN), graphene oxide (GO) and graphite nanoparticles (GR) – carbon nanoparticles which differs in shape, size, chemical bonds, atomic hybridization and functional groups; these factors affect their electrochemical and redox potential and influence their behavior in biological models. Impact of the selected nanomaterials on an organism after prolonged exposure is barely known, since most of the studies on animal models are based on short-term exposure. Therefore, the objective of our study was the evaluation of systemic response of Wistar rats after three months of exposure to DN, GO, GR. Nanoparticles were administrated repeatedly for four weeks, then part of the animals was sacrificed, whereas the rest was sacrificed after additional eight weeks of growth period. Animals dissection revealed that nanoparticles created prominent aggregates within the body, however it did not affected the health of the animals. No prominent changes were observed in blood morphology and serum chemistry enzymes, as well as in oxidative status and inflammatory state of liver – an organ mostly susceptible to damage during any drug administration. References:

1. Strojny B., Kurantowicz N., Sawosz E., Grodzik M., Jaworski S., Kutwin M., Wierzbicki M., Hotowy A., Lipińska L., Chwalibog A., Long Term Influence of Carbon Nanoparticles on Health and Liver Status in Rats, PLoS ONE 10(12):e0144821

2. Kurantowicz N., Strojny B., Sawosz E., Jaworski S., Kutwin M., Grodzik M., Wierzbicki M, Lipińska L., Mitura K., Chwalibog A., Biodistribution of a High Dose of Diamond, Graphite, and Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles After Multiple Intraperitoneal Injections in Rats, Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:3982.

64

STRUCTURE AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIAMOND – LIKE CARBON(DLC) FILM DEPOSITED BY PACVD PROCESS

A . Paradecka 1, K. Lukaszkowicz 1

1 Department Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical

Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): agnieszka.paradecka@polsl.pl Keywords: Diamond – like carbon, Tribological properties, TEM, scratch test, ball on disk

Structural elements of machines and equipment operate in the conditions of variable tribological and corrosive extortion. Their functional properties depend mainly on the structure and properties of the surface layer. The most efficient way to incr ease the durability of many elements is to apply the CVD coatings. For items particularly vulnerable to mechanical wear, good choice is the use of DLC films.

Diamond – like carbon (DLC) is a meta-stable form of the amorphous carbon with predominance tetragonal bonds (sp3), characteristic of the diamond. DLC shows a high hardness, high modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, optical transparency in the IR spectrum and a high electrical resistance, abrasion resistance, fracture toughness, chemical resistance and biocompatibility. The most important properties are the low coefficient of friction (<0.1) and wear resistance under dry friction conditions. This property of DLC coatings due to the process of gratification and oxidation formed in the boundary layer. The film is a type of solid lubricant, which consists mainly of graphite and the corresponding respective metals oxides.

DLC films are used in many different industries for example: in medicine, in electronics, in optics and the automotive industry.

This paper provides an analysis of the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of DLC films. In the study of the coating used several surface sensitive techniques and methods, i.e. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and tribological tests like pin-on-disc.

HRTEM investigation shows an amorphous character of DLC layer. In sliding dry friction conditions, the friction coefficient for the investigated elements is set in the range between 0.02-0.03. The investigated coating reveals high wear resistance. The coating demonstrated a good adhesion to the substrate. References:

1. J. Robertson, Diamond-like amorphous carbon, Materials Science and Engineering R 37 (4-6) (2002) 127 – 281

2. R. Crombez, J. McMinis, V. S. Veerasmamy, W. Shen, Experimental study of mechanical properties and scratch resistance of ultra-thin diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings deposited on glass, Tribology International 44 (1) (2011) 55 – 62

3. J. Vetter, 60 years of DLC coatings: Historical highlights and technical review of cathodic arc processes to synthesize various DLC types, and their evolution for industrial applications, Surface and Coatings Technology 257 (2014) 213 – 240

65

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

M. Zorychta 1

1 Department Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical

Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): magdalena.zorychta@polsl.pl Keywords: Nanomaterials, medicine, NanoBio, implants, technology

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines.

Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials (materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers, i.e. billionths of a meter).

Functionalities can be added to nanomaterials by interfacing them with biological molecules or structures. The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications.

Thus far, the integration of nanomaterials with biology has led to the development of diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications, and drug delivery vehicles.

Nanotechnology medical developments over the coming years will have a wide variety of uses and could potentially save a great number of lives. Nanotechnology is already moving from being used in passive structures to active structures, through more targeted drug therapies or “smart drugs”.

These new drug therapies have already been shown to cause fewer side effects and be more effective than traditional therapies.

References:

1. Dwaine F Emerich, Christopher G Thanos, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy - Nanotechnology and medicine, Volume 3 , Issue 4, (2003), 655-663

2. Robert A. Freitas Jr, Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities , (1999) 3. Wagner V; Dullaart A; Bock AK; Zweck A., The emerging nanomedicine landscape, Nat.

Biotechnol. 24 (10), (2006), 1211–1217

66

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES HYDROCOLLOIDS ON LIVER DEVELOPMENT

E.Migurska1, A.Lisek1, B.Strojny2, M.Grodzik2, B.Gralec3, A.Lewera3

1 Międzywydziałowe Koło Naukowe Nanobiotechnologii,, Warsaw University of Life

Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

3 Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): e.migurska@gmail.com

Keywords: nanobiotechnology, toxicity, platinum, liver, chicken embryo Nanoparticles are unique due to their size and extraordinary properties. All of their characteristics depend on the synthesis process and are difficult to predict. Nevertheless, nanoparticles are more and more common in biomedical fields such as drug delivery systems investigation, bio-imaging or cosmetology. There is a great need of precise investigations, due to the fact, that it is still little known about their influence on a living organism. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of platinum nanoparticles on liver development. Based on previous investigations, liver is the organ mostly exposed to the toxic effect of applied nanoparticles. In the experiment we used platinum nanoparticles synthesized by three different chemical methods based on platinum salt reduction with ethylene glycol. The differences in preparation include temperatures and flow conditions during nanoparticles synthesis. Despite the differences, all of these processes allowed to obtain nanoparticles of high purity. The model organism in our experiment was chicken embryo because of the separation of development from influence of mother organism and the short time of this process (21 days). Eggs were divided into three groups based on nanoparticles given. After 19 days of the organs were collected and analysed. Even though no significant changes in general embryos development were observed, livers in treated groups were reduced. Lowered expression of hepatocyte growth factor, measured by Real-Time PCR method, confirmed the negative impact on liver development.

References:

1. M. Prasek et al., Influence of nanoparticles of platinum on chicken embryo development and brain morphology, Nanoscale Res Lett., 2013 2. A. Januszewska et al., Outstanding catalytic activity of ultra-pure platinum nanoparticles, Chemistry, 2013 3. A. Lewera et al., A method of preparing pure precious metal nanoparticles with large fraction of (100) facets, nanoparticles obtained by this method and their use, WO2013186740 A1, 2014

67

THERMORESPONSIVE STAR POLYMER NANOLAYERS FOR CELL CULTURING

I. Żymełka-Miara,1 B. Mendrek,1 B. Trzebicka,1 A. L. Sieroń,2 A. Dworak,1 A. Kowalczuk1

Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Department of General, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): izymelka@cmpw-pan.edu.pl

Keywords: thermoresponsive star polymers, ATRP, nanomaterials, cell adhesion/detachment Thermoresponsive star polymers have been used for a variety of applications, among others in drug/gene delivery systems.1 The great interest in these macromolecules is attributed to their unique nanostructure and interesting chemical/physical properties. Recently a lot of attention is paid to the attempts of star polymer linkage to different types of surfaces in order to obtain nanolayers, mainly for biomedical applications.1

The aim of this work was to develop thermosensitive star polymer surfaces intended for culturing of cells, followed by their detachment controlled by the change of temperature. Above the phase transition temperature, the polymer nanolayers were hydrophobic, allowing cell growth on their surface. Lowering the temperature below the phase transition temperature caused the hydrophilicity of the polymer layers. This eliminated the affinity of the polymeric substrate to the cells and leads to their separation without damaging tools or reagents.

For this purpose poly(arylene oxindole) having 28 functional groups was applied as the star core.2 Atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylates of oligoethylene glycol enabled precise control over the number and length of the star arms, yielding stars with molar masses up to Mn= 880 000 g/mol.3 Additionally, methacrylate monomer units containing reactive group i.e. glycidyl methacrylate was introduced into the arms of the stars. In the next step stars were attached to a glass substrate using "grafting to" technique by the reaction between functional epoxy- groups of stars with the amine groups of the functionalized glass. The change in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of polymeric layers estimated using contact angle measurements confirmed the thermosensitive properties of obtained surfaces. The successful adhesion, proliferation and detachment of human fibroblasts from such nanolayers showed that studied systems may be used as tools in cell sheet engineering.

References:

1. W.Wu, W.Wang, J. Li, Prog. in Polym. Sci., 46 (2015), 55-85

2. A. Kowalczuk, A. Vandendriessche, B. Trzebicka, B. Mendrek, U. Szeluga, G. Cholewiński, M. Smet, A. Dworak, W. Dehaen, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 47 (2009), 1120–1135

3. A. Kowalczuk, B. Mendrek, I. Żymełka-Miara, M. Libera, A. Marcinkowski, B. Trzebicka, M. Smet, A. Dworak, Polymer 53 (2012), 5619-5631

Acknowledgments:

This work was supported by National Science Centre, Poland No. UMO-2015/17/B/ST5/01095.

68

COMPOSITE FLEXIBLE BASED ON PZT/CNT/CELLULOSE

R. M. Silva1, B. S. Noremberg1, L. Santana1, N. H. Marins1, M. R. Gonçalves1, N. L. V. Carreño, W. Matysiak2, T. Ta ński2

1 Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

2 Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (Ricardo Marques e Silva): rmarques.iqg@ufpel.edu.br Keywords: PZT, CNT, Cellulose The piezoelectric effect has contributed to obtain materials able to capturing the mechanical wasted energy, but the vast majority of piezoelectric materials are ceramics crystal, which are rigid and in some applications there is need of flexible materials. Other materials which often is not sufficiently exploited and that can enhance several properties are rare-earth elements. Thus, the present work aims to achieve piezoelectric properties under a flexible matrix. For this nanosized crystals Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) doped with rare-earth are functionalized in composites of cellulose attached to carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Also is possible the grownth of the nanoparticles on carbon fiber. The first step should be obtained through the chemical bond between CNTs and cellulose extracted from the banana stalk. The resulting pulp is then linked to the nanotubes through estherification reaction for that nanotubes are carboxylated. The synthesis consists in a reaction between the cellulose and the carboxylated nanotubes in the presence of hydrogen as catalyst (H2SO4). The second step is realized the synthesis and deposition of PZT doped with rare-earth on cellulose or on carbon fiber. This was conducted by microwave hydrothermal synthesis (MHS) reaction with the cellulose is present inside the reactor with the precursors of the PZT doped such as carbon fiber substract. We reported a simple, efficient and low-cost process to chemical transform the residue of banana as source of cellulose to produce a promissory capacitive, conductive and flexible composite material. The transformation was monitored by transmission image, X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy techniques and analysis of average particle size. The composite developed presented electrochemical properties, measured by impedance spectroscopy, charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry, that suggest numerous applications. Cellulose paper as such as carbon fiber can also be applied as matrix to host selective molecules. References:

[1] BYRAPPA, K.; ADSCHIRI, T. Hydrothermal technology for nanotechnology. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, v. 53, n. 2, p. 117–166, 2007. [2] DURAN, N.; PAULA LEMES, A.; B. SEABRA, A. Review of Cellulose Nanocrystals Patents: Preparation, Composites and General Applications. Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, v. 6, n. 1, p. 16–28, 2012.

Acknowledgments:

CNPq, CAPES, FINEP and BE MUNDUS program.

69

OBTAINING OF NIOBIUM NANOSTRUCTURED MICROWAVE-ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS

N. Marins1, R. Silva1, V. Deon 1, C. Ruas2, O. Paniz1, N. Carreño1, F. Ogliari1

1Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

2Federal University of Rio Grande, Pelotas, Brazil

E-mail: nhmarins@gmail.com Keywords: Nb2O5, nanoparticles, MHS Several researches are being directed through of different methodologies for obtaining of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) nanoparticles with specific properties such as, for example, obtaining of particular crystalline phase with control size and morphology. Conventional hydrothermal (CH) synthesis has been applied in the obtainment of ceramic oxides to be a simple, versatile, efficient, and environmentally friendly route. However, the CH heating process is based on the thermal conduction, so the container serves as an intermediary to transfer the energy from the heating source to the solvent, and finally to the reactant molecules. Therefore, this method has disadvantages such as slow kinetics and nonuniform reaction, resulting in a poor nucleation and large particle size distributions. The introduction of the energy of microwave radiation is a relatively new technique, which the advantages of the heating microwave and hydrothermal are used. The obtaining of nanostructured materials by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MHS) has attracted great interest because it is a clean processing method, which presents as main advantages: obtaining small particles, high reactivity, and well defined morphology. The aim of this work was the obtainment of Nb2O5 nanoparticles by MHS at different times (15, 30 and 60 minutes) and these were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analyses showed of obtaining Nb2O5 nanoparticles with rounded shape covered by nanoneedles, and average particle size between 20 and 50nm. This nanoparticles can suggest numerous applications. References:

1. F. Hashemzadeh, R. Rahimi, A. Gaffarinejad. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine b dyes by niobium oxide nanoparticles synthesized via hydrothermal method. International Journal of Applied Chemical Sciences Research, 1, 2013, 95–102. 2. J. Ding, Y. Zhu, C. Qi, B. Lu, J. Wu, F. Chen. Porous microspheres of amorphous calcium phosphate: block copolymer templated microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and application in drug delivery. Journal of colloid and interface science, 443, 2015, 72–79. 3. Y. Zhu, F. Chen. Microwave -assisted preparation of inorganic nanostructures in liquid phase. Chemical reviews, 114, 2014, 6462–6555. Acknowledgments:

CNPq, CAPES, FAPERGS and FINEP.

70

THE STUDY OF PARAMETERS OF THE ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL S

Paweł Jarka 1, Tomasz Tański 1, Barbara Hajduk 2, Marian Domański 2

1 Division of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Computer Techniques in

Materials Science, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 41-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Centre of Polymer and Carbon and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): pawel.jarka@polsl.pl

Keywords: organic solar cells, bulk heterojunction, atomic force microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, current-voltage characteristics

The search for methods of increasing the efficiency of organic solar cells requires a multi -faceted research in the search for suitable materials and production technology. The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of nanometric thin films of organic materials used as active p-n junctions in organic photovoltaic cells. The thin films forming the p-n junction were prepared by using thermal vacuum evaporation method from a mixture of metal phthalocyanines (Me-PC) which acts as an electron donors, and perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) which act as an electron acceptor. The changing conditions of the manufacturing process was the participation of components of the Me-Pc/PTCDA mixture and evaporation temperature. In order to determine the properties of used thin films, the surface morphology and absorption spectra research were made. The study of surface morphology was carried out using a atomic force microscope (AFM) and confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The absorbance level of thin films were measured by Uv-Vis spectroscopy. In order to determine the basic parameters of the organic photovoltaic cells containing MePc: PTCDA current-voltage characteristics of obtained cells were examined. The electrical properties of produced cells have been characterized by the short circuit current Isc and the open circuit voltage Voc. The organic photovoltaic cells indicate the highest value of ISC and VOC to the layers deposited with 50% concentrations of MePc and and 50% of PTCDA evaporated with source temperature of 350 ° C. References :

1. J. Weszka P. Jarka, B. Hajduk, M. Chwastek-Ogierman, Investigations of morphology and optical properties of thin films of TiOPc/PTCDA donor acceptor couple, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 55/2 (2012) 396-402. 2. J. Weszka, P. Jarka, J. Jurusik, M. Domański, M. Szindler, Study of thin films for application in photovoltaic cellsu, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 64/2 (2013) 182-191. Acknowledgments:

Barbara Haduk was supported by the Polish National Science Centre, Grant No.UMO-2013/09/B/ST8/01629

71

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COATINGS' PROPERTIES OBTAINED BY PVD AND ALD TECHNIQUES

A . Filus 1, M. Staszuk 2

1 Student of Silesian University of Technology, Faculty Mechanical Engineering,

Gliwice, Poland E-mail: annafilus04@gmail.com

2 Division of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of

Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: marcin.staszuk@polsl.pl Keywords: ALD, PVD, nano Abstract The article presents the characteristic of coatings obtained by ALD and PVD techniques. Primarily properties of these coatings were compared. They are characterized by a variety of anticorrosion properties, but also a different wear resistance, microhardness, chemical composition, structure and morphology. As a result, the industry is possible to adjust the appropriate method to form coatings with certain characteristics. Their thickness is determined at the nanometric scale, which makes them more and more popular. They are widely used in today world. Technologies are constantly developed. Field, which deals with the application and production of the surface layer is a surface engineering. References:

1. Dobrzański L.A., Lukaszkowicz K., Labisz K., “Structure, texture and chemical composition of coatings deposited by PVD techniques”, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 37 Issue 1, 2009

2. Hornyak Gabor L., Tibbals Harry F., Dutta J., Moore John J., „Introduction to N anoscience & Nanotechnology”, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, London 2009 3. Jonathan R. Bakke, Katie L. Pickrahn, Thomas P. Brennan and Stacey F. Bent, „Nanoengineering and interfacial engineering of photovoltaics by atomic layer Deposition”, Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 3482

72

MANUFACTURING POLYPROPYLENE/SILVER NANOPARTICLES COMPOSITES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES

K. Żelechowska 1, J. Orlikowski 2

1 Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80 -233 Gdańsk, Poland

2 Orplast sp.j., ul. Marynarki Polskiej 73 a, 80-557 Gdańsk, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): kzelechowska@mif.pg.gda.pl Keywords: polypropylene, silver nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, composite Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer with good chemical and fatigue resistance, thus it has a wide variety of applications for example in domestic appliances and housewares, automotive industry or medicine. Antimicrobial technologies are rapidly spreading to many industrial applications thanks to increased consumer awareness in the safe handling of everyday appliances and surfaces. Metallic silver and silver based compounds have been investigated as an antibacterial and antifungal agent over several decades [1]. In recent years, development of consumer goods using nano-sized silver and its derivatives has attracted great attention due to the strong antimicrobial activities compared to bulk silver materials. The composites based on PP with silver nanoparticles are already known, however typically the silver nanoparticles are added to the polymer matrix immobilized on a carrier [2]. Different types of carriers were used, including silica, zeolites, activated carbon and more [2,3]. However, it raises the production costs and may influence the properties of composite, making it for example less transparent. Here, we present manufacturing method of PP composite with silver nanoparticles, where silver nanoparticles are thoroughly distributed within the PP matrix. Silver nanoparticles were firstly adsorbed on the chemical foaming masterbatch, which is then added to the polypropylene granules. The usage of foaming masterbatch leads to cost reduction, product weight reduction and material savings and eliminates the need of usage other silver nanoparticles carrier. Moreover, the composite can be processed on every common injection molding machine. Different Ag nanoparticles to PP ratio was examined. The structural features of produced composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of silver nanoparticles was also proved by X-ray fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial properties of produced composites were tested, showing linear relationship between bactericidal activity and silver nanoparticles content. References:

1. J. M. Lagaron, M. J. Ocio, A. Lopez-Rubio Antimicrobial Polymers, 2012 John Wiley & Sons 2. G-B Choi, J-H Lee, Patent WO2005085339 A1 3. Y. Li, Y. Wu, B.S. Ong, Patent US7270694 B2

73

THE INFLUENCE OF MULTI-AXIS DEFORMATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF 7075 ALUMINIUM ALLOY

S. Pisarek 1, W. Borek 1

1 Politechnika Śląska, Wydział Mechaniczny Technologiczny,

Instytut Materiałów Inżynierskich i Biomedycznych, Zakład Technologii Procesów Materiałowych, Zarządzania i Technik Komputerowych w Materiałoznawstwie

E-mail (corresponding author): sylwia.pisarek@o2.pl

Keywords: MAXStrain, Gleeble 3800, nanostructure, ultrafine-grain material, 7075 aluminium alloy Continuously increase of the requirements of the new materials compel engineers to use various technologies, which improving their properties. Thanks to the use of thermo-plastic treatment we can gain aluminum alloys with higher mechanical properties, lower density and other important functional properties. The methods of intensive plastic deformation of aluminum wrought alloy are increasingly being used to to the fragmentation of the structure, what causes improve the strength, ductility and hardness of materials. Prepared samples were deformed in device designed for physical simulation of metallurgical processes Gleeble 3800, using the MAXStrain module. The MAXStrain multi-axis hot deformation system is a research tool that can subject materials to virtually unlimited strain under precise control of strain, temperature and strain rate. The tests were performed on samples of an aluminum wrought alloy 7075. In order to produce nanocrystalline materials, experiments were performed at various deformation temperatures and total deformation. Examinations were carried out using optical microscope LEIC A, TITAN 80-300 high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR TEM) and Supra 35 electron scanning microscope by ZEISS. On the basis of technological experiments and the results obtained on light, scanning and transmission electron microscopes were confirmed the ultrafine-grain structure of the tested alloy for the nano-scale. In order to verify our results, also was made measurements of the size of crystallites by X-ray analysis and it was concluded that the average size of the crystallites reaches a value below 100 nm. It has been found that the use of multiple and multidirectional compression under different temperature-time conditions, using a metallurgical simulator Gleeble 3800 with MAXStrain module, allows for the fragmentation of the structure of the tested aluminum alloy 7075. References:

1. L.A. Dobrzański; Podstawy nauki o materiałach i metaloznawstwo, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Gliwice-Warszawa 2002.

2. M. Tokarski; Metaloznawstwo metali i stopów nieżelaznych, wydawnictwo Śląsk 1985. 3. S. Dymek, Nowoczesne stopy aluminium do przeróbki plastycznej, Wydawnictwa AGH, 2012

74

ANTIBACTERIAL AND AN TICORROSION PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE LAYERS

A. Radoń 1, S. Łoński 1, T. Warski1,S. Topolska1 B. Ziębiowicz1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): adrian-radon@wp.pl

Keywords: graphene oxide, electrophoretic deposition, antibacterial properties Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be used in many engineering devices. Among others GO and rGO were used to fabricate sensors, biosensors, field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes. GO can be synthesized by different methods like Hummers method, modified Hummers method or Brodie method [1,2]. In this study GO was synthesized by electrochemical oxidation of graphite in sulphuric acid solution. Reduction of GO suspension was conducted in water dispersion by nascent hydrogen. Two methods: electrophoretic deposition (EDP) and deposition of acrylic coating with graphene (AG) were used to modify corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of a carbon steel. Electrophoretic deposition was conducted in water dispersion of GO. Structures of GO, rGO and graphene layers were identified by Raman spectroscopy. Additionally Raman spectroscopy was utilized to determine the effects of electrophoretic deposition on the electrochemical reduction of GO. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional optical microscopy. Herein, anti-corrosion performance of EPD and AG coatings was characterized using the potentiodynamic polarization method and surface observation. Anti-bacterial properties of GO and rGO for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have been reported [3]. Loss of viability was observed both for GO and rGO. However the greatest loss was observed for GO. In this study anti-bacterial activity of EPD and AG shells was identified for pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. References:

1. S. Kang, T. Fang, Z. Hong, Electrical and mechanical properties of graphene oxide on flexible substrate, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 74 (2013) 1783-1793 2. J. Chen, Y. Li, L. Huang, C. Li, G. Shi, High-yield preparation of graphene oxide from small graphite flakes via an improved Hummers method with a simple purification process, Carbon 81 (2015) 826-834 3. O. Akhavan, E. Ghaderi, Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano (2010) 5731-5736.

75

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE LAYERS

A. Radoń1, W. Łoński 1, T. Warski1, B. Ziębowicz1, D. Łukowiec1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): adrian-radon@wp.pl

Keywords: graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, electrical properties Graphene and graphene oxide have found applications in nanoelectronics, flexible electronics, sensors, solar cells and as membranes for purification a water [1]. Graphene oxide (GO) in contrast to graphene is electrically insulating and cannot be used as conductive material. For example, the electrical conductivity of paper-like materials obtained by filtration of highly reduced graphene (rGO) oxide is higher than 16 000 S/m. The electrical properties of GO are determined by presence of functional groups such as epoxy, carboxyl and hydroxyl [2,3]. Graphene oxide is usually synthesized by exfoliation of graphite oxide, which is obtained by oxidizing graphite using strong oxidants. In this study graphene oxide was synthetized by electrochemical method in sulphuric acid solution. Herein, for the reduction of graphene oxide we used a nascent hydrogen (hydrogen in statu nascendi). Structure of synthetized/obtained material was identified by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Electrical properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide were determined in compressed-powder samples, water solution and thin layers. Surface morphology of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscope. Resistance of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide was measured at the room-temperature. Additionally, resistance and specific capacitance of reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide based polymer nanocomposites were measured at different temperatures. References:

1. V. B. Mohan, R. Brown, K. Jayaraman, D. Bhattacharyya, Characterisation of reduced graphene oxide: Effects of reduction variables on electrical conductivity, Materials Science and Engineering: B 193 (2015) 49-60 2. J. H. Park, J. M. Park, Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide on mild carbon steel for anti-corrosion application, Surface and Coatings Technology 254 (2014) 167-174 3. S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon 45 (2007) 1558-1565

76

PREPARATION OF EMULSION-TEMPLATED POLYSILOXANE MATERIALS FOR PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES

IMMOBILIZATION

A.Guzik

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Silicate Chemistry and Macromolecular Compounds, Al. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Kraków, Poland

E-mail: amf.guzik@gmail.com

Keywords: polyHIPE, polysiloxane networks, hydrosilylation, palladium nanoparticles Polymeric supports for transition metals are a popular topic amongst researchers, mostly due to the possible application of such composites as catalysts. Cross-linked organic molecules, often functionalized to give good stability and dispersion of the nanoparticles seem to be the most popular [1]. Another very interesting group of polymers to be used for this purpose are hybrid polymers, including polysiloxanes, that tend to have excellent resilience against corrosive environment and elevated temperatures. Polysiloxanes also yield Si-C-O ceramics when subjected to pyrolysis at extreme temperatures, which is promising from the standpoint of manufacturing ceramics-supported catalysts. PolyHIPE materials are highly-porous (cellular) polymers with up to 90% of open porosity, made by emulsion templating, i.e. the process of solidification of the continuous phase in an High Internal-Phase Emulsion. This work deals with preparation of polysiloxane polyHIPEs with excess Si-H moieties by means of hydrosilylation, and evaluation of their feasibility as in-situ reducing agents for supported Pd nanoparticles formation. The HIPE emulsions have been prepared according to the recipe reported in [2], further modified by addition of ionic surfactants and inert solvent. Solidification of the continuous phase has been carried out at 60ᵒC for 24 h in the presence of Karstedt's catalyst and was either due to crosslinking of polymethylvinylsiloxane with Si-H containing agents or a reaction between low-MW compounds, such as cyclic D4 Vi and D4 H. The products have been characterised using SEM, FTIR and swelling capacity. Some polyHIPEs have been subjected to pyrolysis at 600ᵒC and 1000ᵒC under inert gas and products have been examined with SEM, to assess the retention of microstructure after ceramization. Palladium has been incorporated into the material as a solution of Pd(CH3COO)2 in THF and its reduction rate has been studied with UV-VIS. Pd-containing networks have been inspected with SEM and XRD to evaluate the metal content and morphology.

References:

1. M. Zecca, P. Centomo, B. Corain, Metal Nanoclusters Supported on Cross-Linked Functional Polymers: A Class of Emerging Metal Catalysts, Metal Nanoclusters in Catalysis and Materials Science (chapter 10) (2008) 201-232.

2. M. Grosse, M. Lamotte, M. Birot, H.Deleuze, Preparation of Microcellular Polysiloxane Monoliths, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 46 (2008) 21-32.

77

INFLUENCE OF NANOPARTICLES OF PLATINUM ON CHICKEN EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

A.Lisek1, E.Migurska1, B.Strojny2, M.Grodzik2,B.Gralec3, A.Lewera3

1 Międzywydziałowe Koło Naukowe Nanobiotechnologii, Department of Animal Sciences,

Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 3 Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University,

Warsaw, Poland

E-mail : olalisek.al@gmail.com Keywords: Nanotechnology, chicken embryo, nanoparticles, platinum

Platinum is a noble metal, widely used in medicine as in a form of cis-platin salt. This chemotherapy drug, reacts in cells by binding DNA and leading to cell death. Because of its strong effect, it cause many side effects. Nanotechnology introduced new possibilities for using new forms of known materials like platinum nanoparticles. The process of production is the main factor which gives unique physiochemical features like their small size, shape and large surface-to-mass ratio.

Hereby, we investigated the toxicity of platinum nanoparticles (NP-Pt) produced in three different chemical synthesis (named Pt1, Pt2, Pt3), based on platinum salt reduction. In the experiment we used a chicken embryo (Gallus gallus) as a model organism. Eggs were divided into non-treated control group and three groups (Pt10, Pt20, Pt40) of different concentrations of NP-Pt, for each hydrocolloid. Eggs were incubated in standard conditions for 19 days. Meanwhile, at 3day of incubation, eggs were opened for assessment the toxicity by comparing the development of three days embryos. The rest of embryos was sacrificed at 19 day and then the body weight, mass of selected organs (liver, heart and brain), as well as blood morphology were analyzed.

Studied NP-Pt barely affected the chicken embryo development, but the effect of nanoparticles were visible in brain and in liver. Our results confirmed that differences between the nanoparticles produced by different methods have a significant influence on their biological properties, however further detailed studies are necessary to confirm obtained results. References:

1. M. Prasek, E. Sawosz, S. Jaworski, M. Grodzik, T. Ostaszewska, M. Kamaszewski, M. Wierzbicki, A. Chwalibog [2013] Influence of nanoparticles of platinum on chicken embryo development and brain morphology. 2. A, Januszewska, G. Dercz, J. Piwowar, R. Jurczakowski, A. Lewera [2013] Outstanding catalytic activity of ultra-pure platinum nanoparticles. 3. A. Lewera, R. Jurczakowski, J. Piwowar, B. Mielcarek [2014] A method of preparing pure precious metal nanoparticles with large fraction of (100) facets, nanoparticles obtained by this method and their use.

78

HYBRID HYDROGEL MATERIALS CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES

D. Zdybał, J. Bok-Badura, A. Jakóbik-Kolon, K. Karoń, A. Milewski

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: joanna.bok-badura@polsl.pl

Keywords: hydrogel, magnetic, magnetite, nanomaterials Magnetic nanoparticles are one of the most interesting materials from scientific point of view. Combining such nanoparticles with the polymer matrix let to obtain new valuable materials which exhibit both ferromagnetic and polymer properties. Therefore, this type of materials are very attractive for many applications [1,2]. The objective of this work was to fabricate and investigate material made of hydrogel and nano-magnetite according to novel polymer approach. Chemical modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) was found promising path toward obtaining of versatile nano-composites. The ‘one-pot’ synthesis, comprising saponification and cross -linking reaction, has been used for nanoparticles of Fe3O4 immobilization. Investigated polymer approach enabled us to obtain nano-composite during 30 minutes long reaction. PMMA was dissolved in diethylene glycol diethyl ether DEGDE (ca. 13% w/w). Flakes of potassium hydroxide have been suspended in DEGDE (argon atmosphere) according to [3] by means of heating up to 140 ºC and subsequent cooling with vigorous stirring. Solution of polymer and potassium hydroxide suspension were combined and homogenized in an agitated vessel. Dimethyl sulfoxide and polyols were added as a cross-linking couple. Nano-magnetite in organic solvent was introduced, content of the vessel was mixed and heated up to 120 ºC. Grey, elastic composite has been obtained. Reaction was quenched by addition of copious amount of water. Extensive swelling in water was due to slightly cross-linked poly(potassium methacrylate)-co-poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. Nano-composite was also obtained by precipitation of Fe3O4 in hydrogel matrix obtained by our method. Samples were freeze-dried for 48 hours in order to study surface morphology and to estimate the size of magnetite grains by means of SEM method. This enabled to compare the methods of nano-magnetite immobilisation. Total iron content was determined by ICP-AES method. FTIR and XRD spectra of obtained ferrogels were measured. References:

1. A.Y. Zubarev, L.Y. Iskakova, M.T. Lopez -Lopez, Towards a theory of mechanical properties of ferrogels. Effect of chain-like aggregates, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 455 (2016) 98–103.2. 2. 2. R. Muzzalupo, L. Tavano, C.O. Rossi, N. Picci, G.A. Ranieri, Novel pH sensitive ferrogels as new approach in cancer treatment: Effect of the magnetic field on swelling and drug delivery., Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 134 (2015) 273–8. 3. M. Glen, S. Everet, Patent US2479692 A (1949).

79

ELECTROSPINNING OF PMMA NANOFIBERS

W. Matysiak1, A. Skorupa1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: electrospinning, PMMA nanofibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM

This paper presents analysis the influence of electrospinning's parameters on the morphology and chemical composition of received PMMA nanofibers. Electrospinning is a process to form polymer micro or nanofibers from polymer solution or molten polymer. Polymer nanofibers can be used in the following main application areas: filtrations, affinity membranes and recovery of metal ions, tissue engineering scaffolds, wound healing, release control of drug, catalyst and enzyme carriers, sensors, energy storage (batteries, photovoltaic cells) [1]. The research consisted of electospinning of polymer nanofibres from solutions with various mass concentration of PMMA/acetone solution while voltage, distance between electrodes and speed of solution flow were constant. The result of this process was three different samples. The morphology of obtained nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of received PMMA nanofibers was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The analysis allowed determine influence of concentration of the solutions for morfology and chemical composition of received PMMA nanofibers. Analysis of the surface topography of obtained fibrous mats carried out using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that increasing the PMMA concentration in solution cause the homogeneity increases while the defects in the form of beads disappear and affect growth the diameter of the PMMA nanofibers. Carrying out the research on the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) allow to define that the polymer nanofibers present the same chemical composition of the PMMA compound [2]. The optimization of the parameters let select the most suitable of this to receive thin nanofibers, which cause increase surface area. The PMMA nanofibers can be surrendered functionalization and can be used to make membranes and filters [3]. References:

1. J. Fang, H. Niu, T. Lin, X. Wang, Applications of electrospun nanofibers, Chinese Science Bulletin vol. 53 no.15 (2008) 2265-2286. 2. S. Piperno, L. Lozzi, R. Rastelli, M. Passacantando, S. Santucci, PMMA nanofibers production by electrospinning, Applied Surface Science 252 (2006) 5583–5586. 3. T.Uyar, R.Havelund, Y. Nur, A. Balan, J. Hacaloglu, L. Toppare, F. Besenb acher, P. Kingshott, Cyclodextrin functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrospun nanofibers for organic vapors waste treatment , Journal of Membrane Science 365 (2010) 409–417. Acknowledgments:

Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

80

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PVP NANOFIBERS

W. Matysiak1, E. Rusek1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: electrospinning, PVP nanofibes, morphology nanofibers.

Electrospinning is a simple and versatile method to fabricate microfibers and nanofibers composed of various materials, such as polymers melts and their solutions [1]. Nanofibers can be applied in many fields such as medicine, pharmacy and automotive industry. They are used in the preparation of organic-inorganic composite materials, absorbing layers, transportation of drugs in fuel cells, batteries ionic or electronic sensors [2]. This is mainly due to the characteristic properties of nanofibers such as very large surface to volume ratio, the unique flexibility of physical or chemical and physical changes. A parameters consisting of the solution concentration, applied voltage and collector distance, was suggested for the potential nano-scale fiber production.

In this paper determined the influence of various mass concentration of PVP in PVP/EtOH solution on the morphology of obtained composite nanofibers. Morphologies of obtained fibers investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Carrying out the test served an attempt to optimize the process of electrospinning and analysis of the impact of the concentration of the polymer solution on the morphology of the resulting PVP nanofiber. Nanofibers which were prepared using low concentration solutions, contained beads and high packing fibers. A further increase in the solution concentration resulted in the formation of uniform fibers because of the increased viscosity.

References: 1. Duc-Nam Nguyen, Yonghwan Hwang, Wonkyu Moon, Electrospinning of well-aligned fiber bundles using an End-point Control Assembly method, European Polymer Journal Volume 77 (2016) p.54-64 2. Surawut Chuangchote, Takashi Sagawa,Susumu Yoshikawa, Electrospun PVP fibers and gas sensing properties of PVP/36° YX LiTaO3 SAW device , Journal of Applied Polymer Science Volume 112 (2009) p.2777-.

Acknowledgements:

Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

81

SYNTHESIS OF BISMUTH OXIDE NANOWIRES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GROWTH MECHANISMS

W. Matysiak1, E. Pieńkosz1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: Nanostructures; Nanowires; Bismuth oxide; Growth mechanism The diameters of metal oxides nanostructure materials are measured in nanometres and lengths in micrometres; this causes them the one-dimensional structures, which properties are not similar with their conventional bulk form. Bismuth oxide is a semiconductor with many different properties, depends on polymorph, including: high refractive index, photoconductive response and high oxygen-ion conductivity. This makes Bi2O3 useful as supercapacitors and gas sensors, also as optical coatings because of its high luminescence. The most stable phases of bismuth oxide are α (stable at room temperature) and δ (stable at high temperature), the others polymorphs (such as β, γ, ɛ) are metastable. This cause α and δ target in synthesis experiments. This review is attempting to give an overview about growth methods of stable in room temperature, α phase of Bi2O3 such as APCVD and MOCVD. With pressure chemical vapor deposition we can get single-crystalline nanowires of Bi2O3, which has the smallest diameter. Using Bi(S2CNEt2)3 as a precursor in the atmosphere of oxygen in next few stages we are able to recieve α-Bi2O3 at about 600°C. The other method is metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, which can has use in coatings. The final product is getting by caused reaction in trimethylbismuth (TMBi) and oxygen (O2) mixture at 450 °C. References:

1. L. C. Tien, Y. C. Lai, Nucleation control and growth mechanism of pure α -Bi2O3 nanowires, Applied Surface Science 290 (2014) 131-136. 2. X. P. Shen, S. K. Wu, H. Zhao, Q. Liu, Synthesis of single-crystalline Bi2O3 nanowires by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition approach, Physica E:Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 39 (2007) 133-136. 3. H. W. Kim, J. H. Myung, S. H. Shim, One-dimensional structures of Bi2O3 synthesized via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process, Solid State Communications 137 (2006) 196-198. Acknowledgements:

Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

82

PRODUCTION OF PAN/SIO2 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING AND SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE

W. Matysiak1, M. Krzesiński1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords : PAN, SiO2, nanofibers, electrospinning method, sol-gel The aim of the study was the preparation of the composite nanofibers with the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer reinforced by SiO2 ceramic nanoparticles using the electrospinning method from the 10% PAN/DMF solutions with the different mass concentration from 5 to 30% of Si02 nanoparticles. sol-gel technique was used to obtain nanofiber membranes with high amount of inorganic nanoparticles. When an metal alkoxide is mixed with organic polymer, such as tetraethyl orthosilicate TEOS, hydrolysis and polycondensation of TEOS occur in-situ with the presence of polymer matrix , that allows to fabricate organic-inorganic composite structures with uniform dispersion, and the investigate their morphology and chemical structure [1,2]. The examine of the morphology of the resulting materials was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical structure of SiO2/PAN hybrid nanofiber membranes was analyzed using FTIR. The PAN nanofibres produced by electrospinning process have a many applications. Because of small pore size and large porosity are used as membranes in lithium-ion batteries and solar and fuel cells [2]. PAN is a material with very high properties like high electrolyte uptake, high thermal stability and good ionic conductivity [1]. It is also well-known ceramic nanoparticles are very good support for polymer to increased thermal stability. PAN nanofibers can have different porosity of surface and size depending on the amounts of introduced SiO2 and from process parameters. Will be produced a few PAN/SiO2 composite nanofiber with different amounts of introduced SiO2 to check influence for porosity surface [1,2]. References :

1. Meltem Yanilmaz, Yao Lu, Jiadeng Zhu, Xiangwu Zhang, Silica/polyacrylonitrile h ybrid nanofiber membrane separators via sol-gel and electrospinning techniques for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources Volume 313, (2016) , Pages 205–212 2. T. Tański, W. Matysiak, L. Markovičová, N. Florek-Szotowicz, P. Snopiński, Ł. Krzemiński, M. Wiśniowski, Analysis of the morphology and properties of PAN/Bi2O3 composite nanomaterials produced by electrospraying method, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, (2015), Pages 175–184 Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

83

PRODUCTION OF THIN LAYERS OF PMMA/CARBON PARTICLES AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR PROPERTIES

W. Matysiak1, M. Pawełczyk1, M. Szatkowski1, T. Tański 1,2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of

Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-

100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: PMMA, carbon particles, spin-coating method, thin layers

Thin layers made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) reinforced carbon particles are widely used as acoustic screens, small utility items for daily use, machine components and some elements for devices [1]. A characteristic aspect of thin layers produced is significant improvement in properties in respect of polymer matrix and reinforcing phase.

Polymer PMMA could be a great replacement for glass, because of its scratch resistance. Its basic properties are: high stiffness, gloss and good optical properties. The polymer is UV radiation resistant and also weatherproof, so it can be used in wide range of conditions [2].

In this paper were prepared the thin PMMA layer and thin PMMA/carbon particles layers using the spin coating technique.

The 5% solution of PMMA was diluted with solvent which was DMF. To research were used polymer nanocomposites at a concentration as follow: 5, 10 and 15% of carbon particles. For analysis of morphology of obtained layers was used the atomic force microscope. In order to study the optical properties of the nanocomposite, we used the UV-VIS Spectroscope, which uses electromagnetic radiation which is located in the range from 190 nm to 1100 nm. Location of carbon particles in the composite volume was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Analysis of the chemical composition of obtained thin films were performed on the basis of X-ray Diffraction.

References: 1. Fatma Bilge Emrea, Melis Kesikb, Fulya Ekiz Kanikc, Hava Zekiye Akpinard, Evren Aslan-Gurele, Rene

M. Rossie, Levent Toppare, A benzimidazole-based conducting polymer and a PMMA–clay

nanocomposite containing biosensor platform for glucose sensing, Synthetic Metals Volume 207,

September 2015, Pages 102–109.

2. Fang-Chyou Chiu, , Ying-Jing Chen, Evaluation of thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of

PVDF/GNP binary and PVDF/PMMA/GNP ternary nanacomposites, Composites Part A: Applied

Science and Manufacturing Volume 68, January 2015, Pages 62–71.

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

84

ANALYSIS OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PVP/ZnO COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS

W. Matysiak1, M. Zaborowska1, P. Jarka1, A. Drygała1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: nanofibers, polymer composite nanofibers, PVP/ZnO, electrospinning methods, optical properties Zinc oxide due to its physical properties, which include, wide-direct band gap 3,37 eV and large excitation binding energy (-60 eV), is widely used for the manufacture of gas sensors, solar cells, LEDs and cosmetics [1]. The current developments in the field of nanotechnology allow for the production of innovative nanocomposites based on polymers reinforced ceramic nanostructures, including nanoparticles ZnO. A distinctive feature of the composite materials produced is significant improvement in physical properties in respect of the polymer matrix and the reinforcing phase [2]. Composites PVP/ZnO are for example used in medicine as transporters of drugs to tumor cells in the treatment of leukemia. Complex used in drug delivery system consist of nanocomposites PVP/ZnO and daunorubicin on the surface of the composites, which is attached by means of phenol groups. Ready sets are used as carries of drugs to infected tumor cells [3]. The aim of this study was to produce a nanocomposites polymer fibers, with the participation of the reinforcing phase in the form of ZnO nanoparticles with a matrix of polyvinylopyrrolidone (PVP), made by electrospinning of solution and examining the impact of the concentration of reinforcing phase on the optical properties of the obtained composites nanofibers. The morphology of nanofibers was examined by atomic force microscope and it showed that the applied process parameters gave the polymer fiber mats PVP from 10% solution PVP/EtOH and composites PVP/ZnO from 10% solution, wherein the concentration by weight of the used reinforcing phase was as follow: 5 and 10%. To improve the influence of the concentration by weight of the used reinforcing phase on the optical properties, the spectroscopy UV-Vis has been used. References:

1. Z.J. Yu, M. Rajesh Kumar, D.L. Sun, L.T. Wang, R.Y. Hong, Large scale production of hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles using PVP as a Surfactant, Materials Letters 166, 1 March 2016, Pages 284–287].

2. M. Olejnik, Nanokompozyty polimerowe – rola nanododatków, Instytut Technologii Bezpieczeństwa

„Moratex”, Łódź. 3. R. Hariharan S. Senthilkumar, A. Suganthi, M. Rajarajan, Synthesis and characterization of

daunorubicin modified ZnO/PVP nanorods and its photodynamic action, Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A: Chemistry 252 (2013) 107–115.

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

85

UV-VIS ANALYS IS OF PVP/SIO2 THIN FILMS

W. Matysiak 1, S. Zieliński 1, T. Tański 1,2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail: Wiktor.Matysiak@polsl.com

Keywords: Thin films, UV-VIS analysis, PVP/SiO2 Nanocomposite, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotechnology allows to create nanoparticles, which added to composites materials allows to control different properties such as light reflectiveness or conductivity. SiO2 Nanoparticles has relatively good optical, electrical and magnetic properties. They are often fabricated by sol-gel technique and they are used in e.g. pharmaceutical industry or to make lithium batteries. Thin films were received from PVP composite strengthened with SiO2 nanoparticles. To make the composite, PVP was dissolves in alcohol and SiO2 nanoparticles were added to solution. [1, 3] Two samples were prepared, first contains 0,01g and second 0,02g of SiO2 nanoparticles. Mixture was subjected to sonification process for 15 minutes in order to decrease nanoparticles agglomeration, and mixed with magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. Solution was used to fabricate thin film by spin coating method with 3000 and 4000 RPM. It allows to control homogeneity of material, and thickness of coating. UV-Vis analysis was conducted in order to examine light absorption in compare with pure PVP. Topography of the sample was examined in AFM to look into agglomeration of particles and surface smoothness. Thin film is supposed to be used as a anti-reflective coating to increase the light absorption in photovoltaic cell. That could increase effectiveness of generation in solar renewable energy sources. [2, 3] References:

1. A. Jannata, W. Leea, M. Shaheer Akhtara, Z. Y. Lia, O.Bong Yanga Low cost sol –gel derived SiC–SiO2 nanocomposite as anti reflection layer for enhanced performance of crystalline silicon solar cells, Applied Surface Science (2016) Pages 545–551

2. D. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Wang , Y. Shan, F. Huang Eff iciency Enhancement of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells by Applying SiO2–PEG/PVP Antireflection Coating, Journal of Materials Science and Technology (2015) Pages 229-234

3. R.S. Dubey Synthesis and Characterization of SiO2 Nanoparticles via Sol-gel Method for Industrial Applications, Materials Today: Proceedings (2015) Pages 3575–3579

Acknowledgments: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

86

Influence of ZnO nanoparticles on the optical properties of PVP/ZnO composite thin films

W. Matysiak1, a, T. Tański 1,2, P. Jarka1, P. Snopiński1, Ł. Krzemiński1, M. Wiśniowski1

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: polymer composite thin films, PVP/ZnO, spin coating methods, optical properties, energy band gap

The aim of the work was the preparation of thin composite layers from PVP polymer

doped by ZnO nanoparticles using the spin coating method and the analysis of the applied

reinforcing phase on the morphology and optical properties of obtained composites. In order to

analyze the morphology of thin coatings a technique of surface topography imaging using the

atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied. Results shows that mass concentration of ZnO

nanoparticles of 10 % in solution of PVP/EtOH polymers has meaningful influence on the

morphology of the surface of the PVP/ZnO composite coatings. Analysis of the optical

properties was conducted using absorbance spectra in function of wavelength for all produced

thin coatings using UV-Vis spectroscopy.

It was shown that the thin layers of composites based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

reinforced with ZnO nanostructures, prepared by sol-gel dip coating and spin coating methods

are a hybrid thin semiconductor material Which can be used as biosensors for superoxide anion

radicals (SOR) and Potentially for characterizing the antioxidant properties of fluids [1, 2].

The work presents the methodology of thin polymer and composite PVP/ZnO nanoparticles

coatings preparation and its mass concentration influence on the optical properties of obtained

composite materials. Based on the absorbance spectrum in function of wavelength of the

radiation interacting with the sample, peak positions and the absorption values was determined

for the width of the band gap of ZnO nanopowder and thin films containing PVP reinforcing

phase having a mass concentration in a range of 0.5 to 10 %

References: 1. O. J. Ilegbusi, H. Song, R. Chakrabarti, Biocompatibility and Conductometric Property of Sol-Gel Derived

ZnO/PVP Nanocomposite Biosensor Film, Journal of Bionic Engineering, Volume 7, Supplement , September 2010, Pages S30-S35

2. T. Du, H. Song, O. J. Ilegbusi, Sol–gel derived ZnO/PVP nanocomposite thin film for superoxide radical sensor, Materials Science and Engineering: C, Volume 27, Issue 3 , April 2007, Pages 414-420

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

87

MORPHOLOGY AND UV/VIS SPECTRA OF ROD-LIKE BI2O3

PARTICLES PREPARED BY SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE

W. Matysiak1, W. Uchacz, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords : Bi2O3, nanoparticles, morphology, nanorods, sol-gel The aim of the study was the preparation of the rod-like Bi2O3 particles, which were prepared via a sol–gel method using Bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate Bi(NO3)3•5H2O as a precursor which was dissolved in aqueous nitric acid HNO3:H2O=1:8 to form a solution. The sol–gel technique is attractive because of good electrochemical properties, its ease of composition control, low processing temperature [1, 2]. The SEM analysis was examined to determine the morphology of the synthesized particles. The photocatalytic activity of fabricated nanorod was determined by studying UV–Vis Spectroscopy during degradation of pollutant dyes under visible light illumination in the presence of atmospheric oxygen [1, 2]. Bi2O3 nanorods produced by sol-gel method have many applications. Because semiconductor oxides have a narrow band gap capable to absorb visible light, so they are active to promote photocatalytic reactions, which increase their industrial applications. Photocatalysis process takes place in the semiconductor surface when the photogenerated charge carriers migrate to the surface to initiate redox reactions. Bi2O3 polymorphs are inert to neutral water and are considered as one of the most efficient materials for energy conversion due to high refractive index, high oxygen-ion conductivity due to the high ratio of oxygen vacancies and a deep valence band [1, 3]. References:

1. Xiaoxiong Huang, Wei Zhang, Yueyue Tan, Jianxiang Wu, Yilong Gao, Bohejin Tang, Facile synthesis of rod-like Bi2O3 nanoparticles as an electrode material for pseudocapacitors, Ceramics International, Volume 42, Issue 1, Part B, January 2016, Pages 2099 –2105

2. T. Tański, W. Matysiak, L. Markovičová, N. Florek-Szotowicz, P. Snopiński, Ł. Krzemiński, M. Wiśniowski, Analysis of the morphology and properties of PAN/Bi2O3 composite nanomaterials produced by electrospraying method, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, (2015), Pages 175–184

3. Waseem Raza, Azam Khan, Umair Alam, M. Muneer, D. Bahnemann, Facile fabrication of visible light induced Bi2O3 nanorod using conventional heat treatment method, Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1107, 5 March 2016, Pages 39 –46

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

88

ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF PAN/FE2O3 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING METHOD

W. Matysiak1, D. Kamiński1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: electrospinning, poliacrylonitrile, PAN/Fe 2O3, UV-VIS, conductivity properties

Iron oxide nanoparticles have wide range of properties and a lot of applications in today nano-world. They can be used as: catalyst system[1], biomaterials for the tissue engineering[2], good base for magnetic nanoparticles – to locate hyperthermia, membranes for water purification[3] or thermal energy storage. Poliacrylonitrile, although it is thermoplastic, it is rigid and brittle and is used to manufacture of synthetic fibers. Most useful application of nanofibers reinforced Fe2O3 nanoparticles is in catalyst systems. Space between nanofibers is so small, that all impurities are stopped and removed. In water treatment plants, chrome is the main element to remove, because it is very noxious for humans[3]. The aim of this study was produced composite nanofibers reinforced by Fe2O3 nanoparticles, with a polymer matrix of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by electrospinning of solution method. After production, morphology and structure were analyzed on scanning electron microscope, optical properties were analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy and band gap was measured. Width of band gap depends on the concentration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in composite. With higher concentration of nanoparticles, band gap increases. References: 1. X. Xu, Q. Wang, H. Ch. Choi, Y. H. Kim, “Encap sulation of iron nanoparticles with PVP nanofibrous

membranes to maintain their catalytic activity”, Journal of Membrane Science, (2009), pages 231-237 2. N. H. A. Ngadiman, A. Idris, M. Irfan, D. Kurniawan, N. M. Yusof, R. Nasiri, “γ -Fe2O3 nanoparticles filled

polyvinyl alcohol as potential biomaterial for tissue engineering scaffold”, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior

of Biomedical Materials, (2015), pages 90-104 3. C. Li, S. Zhang, J. Wang, T. Liu, “Preparation of polyamides 6 (PA6)/Chitosan@FexOy composite nanofibers

by electrospinning and pyrolysis and their Cr(VI)-removal performance”, Catalysis Today, (2013), pages 94-103

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

89

CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS FOR GAS SENSING PURPOSE

W. Matysiak1, P. Witek1, T. Tański 1, 2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl

Keywords: Electrospinning method; Nanofibers; Gas sensors

Gas sensors are devices responsible for detecting the presence and concentration rate of different kinds of gases. To achieve this, many physical properties change of materials can be measured in gaseous environment. One of the most promising are sensors using change in optical properties. To amplify the sensing properties, mats fabricated from nanofibers doped with various kinds of particles can be used as a sensing material. Thanks to their large specific surface area and porosity, nanofibers interaction with surrounding gases greatly increases, enhancing the physisorbtion mechanism, thus making them excellent for application in gas sensors. Due to the nature of physical mechanism responsible for the sensing properties, sensors based on nanofibers can operate at room temperature and can be used repeatedly with response time relatively short in comparison with other types of sensors. The aim of this study is to characterize some of the nanofibers composites. Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were manufactured from polymer solution using the electrospinning process. Those fibers were doped with several kinds of nanoparticles including titanium dioxide, bismuth oxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide, making a nanocomposite fibrous mats. Those electrospun fibrous mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, revealing their morphology, structure and optical properties. This data can contribute to the development of more sensitive gas sensors. References:

1. B. Ding, M. Wang, X. Wang, J. Yu, G. Sun, Electrospun nanomaterials for ultrasensitive sensors, Materials Today (2010) 16-27

Acknowledgements:

Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767

90

ULTRA-FINE GRAINED Al-Mg ALLOY PROCESSED USING EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING METHOD

P. Snopiński1, a, T. Tański 1,2, W. Matysiak1, Ł. Krzemiński1, M. Wiśniowski1

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): przemyslaw.snopinski@polsl.pl

Keywords: Aluminium, ECAP, structure, mechanical properties

The Al-Mg aluminium alloys, because of their mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance are increasingly used in the industry. The main methods of improvement of the mechanical properties of these alloys is solid solution strengthening, precipitation treatment and strain hardening. It has been shown that grain refinement using severe plastic deformation method (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) may influence on the strength of such alloys [1]. For example, Hayes et al. [2] showed in his work that the yield strength of the Al–3% Mg alloy with a fine-grained structure produced by ECAP is similar to that obtained for age-hardenable wrought Al–Cu alloys. For this reason it is necessary to study the effect of the plastic working using new severe plastic deformation methods to increase the propertied of Al-Mg alloys.

The aim of this study was to produce the Al-Mg alloy with ultra-fine grained structure using the Equal Channel Angular Pressing method. Because of reduced workability of investigated material, samples were subjected to the heat treatment (precipitation treatment) before plastic deformation. The result of investigation shows that there is possibility to improve the workability and total number of pressings through the precipitation treatment. It was also observed that combination of heat treatment with severe plastic deformation causes increase in mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) in comparison to the initial state material. In order to characterize structural changes that occurs after plastic deformation Scanning Electron Microscope (EBSD) and Transmission Electron Microscope was used.

References:

1. Jin, H. & Lloyd, D.J. 2004, "Effect of a duplex grain size on the tensile ductility of an ultra-fine grained

Al-Mg alloy, AA5754, produced by asymmetric rolling and annealing", Scripta Materialia, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1319-1323.

2. Nikulin, I., Kipelova, A., Malopheyev, S. & Kaibyshev, R. 2012, "Effect of second phase particles on grain refinement during equal-channel angular pressing of an Al-Mg-Mn alloy", Acta Materialia, vol. 60, no. 2,

pp. 487-497.

91

MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS OF PAN/BI2O3 NANOFIBERS

W. Matysiak1, M. Latusek1, T. Tański 1,2

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of

Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-

100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): wiktor.matysiak@polsl.pl Keywords: nanofibers, polymer composite nanofibers, PVP/Bi 2O3, electrospinning, morphology Low dimensional structure of oxide nanostructured materials is becoming widely used in many technical fields such as military, electronics and photonics [1]. Due to the unique electrical, optical and catalytic properties of those type materials many of them is used as heterogeneous photocatalysts. Such use has a significant impact on the environment, including the restoration of the environmental pollution caused the photovoltaic reaction [2]. Composite materials reinforced ceramic nanostructures are becoming increasingly popular, including with particular emphasis on composites of a polymer matrix. Some of the most commonly used polymers include polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which through the method of electrostatic allows the preparation of porous fibers of nanometric diameter. Those kind of materials are widely used as a membranes in the next-generation lithium battery, as well as solar cells and fuel cells [3]. The analysis showed the impact of the concentration of reinforcing phase, which constituted Bi2O3 nanoparticles, on the morphology obtained composite nanofibres of matrix polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The fibrous poly meric and composite PAN/Bi2O3 mats was prepared using the electrospinning method of polymer solution with a PAN/DMF mass concentration of 5% of the polymer with the mass fraction of the reinforcing phase contained nanoparticles of the polymer of respectively : 0, 6 and 12%. The measurement analysis of the morphology and diameter of produced nanofibres was based on the SEM images obtained surface of fibrous mats and polymeric composite. References:

1. J. Hu, M.Y. Ouyang, C.M. Lieber, Controlled growth and e lectrical properties of heterojunctions of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires, Nature 399 (1999) 48.

2. D.S. Bhatkhande, V.G. Pangarkar, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications–a review, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 77 (2001) 102.

3. S. Agarwala, A. Greinera, J.H. Wendorff, Functional materials by electrospinning of polymers, Progress in Polymer Science 38 (2013) 963-991.

Acknowledgements: Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/0476

92

IN-SITU NANOCOMPOSITE FORMATION ON TI-6AL-4V TIATNIUM ALLOY WITH HIGH POWER LASER

M. Wiśniowski1, T. Tański1,2, W. Matysiak1, P. Snopiński 1, Ł. Krzemiński1

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): maciej.wisniowski@polsl.pl

Keywords (max. 5): titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, laser alloying, high power laser, Fe -Cr

One of most important aspects of ecological movement implementation is maximum weight reduction of every moving part. Law of conservation of energy reminds us that with increase of moving object weight, more energy is needed to move it. Limited resources are being consumed for generation of energy so maximum weight reduction is very important. Light alloys like magnesium, aluminium and titanium because of small weight are being taken into consideration in applications where weight is important. Titanium and its alloys are exploited wide within many industry areas. Thanks to low density, high hardness, corrosion and chemical resistance in most corrosive environments, they are being used within automotive, aerospace, biomedical industries and even sports and everyday use objects. Currently, there are wide investigations over surface layer properties modification of titanium and its alloys. Surface treatment using high power laser is promisingly method of surface layer forming that will be characterized by specific properties – depending on application. Formation of macro- and nano-scalled structures with specific morphology, chemical and phase composition can lead to extension of materials’ application. The paper shows investigation of Ti -6Al-4V titanium alloy which was subjected to laser alloying with Fe-Cr macro gradation powder. With use of specific set of process parameters like laser beam power, its traverse speed, amount of alloying powder and shield gas it is possible of obtaining nano composite surface layer formed in in-situ process. Description of laser alloying, specimen metallographic preparation and scanning electron microscope SEM investigation are presented within the paper. References:

1. Melechow R., Tubielewicz K., Błaszczyk W.: Tytan i jego stopy, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej, 2004.

2. Wierzchoń T., Czarnowska E., Krupa D.: Inżynieria powierzchni w wytwarzaniu biomateriałów tytanowych, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, 2004.

3. Skrzypek S. J., Przybyłowicz K.: Inżynieria metali i ich stopów, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 2012.

93

STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMORPHIC Al/TiO/C COMPOSITES MATERIALS REINFORCED WITH CARBON

CHAR

Ł. Krzemiński1, T. Tański 1,2, W. Matysiak1, P. Jarka1, P. Snopiński1, M. Wiśniowski1

1 Department of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Technology in

Materials, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Center for Nanotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): lukasz.krzeminski@polsl.pl

Keywords: biomorphic, composites, sol-gel, infiltration, aluminium

The composite materials are an important group of engineering materials. Application

of natural materials allows for production the biomorphic composite materials with unique

mechanical and structural properties. Porous structures of wood are successfully applied in

carbonaceous wood templates as reinforcement and exhibits fully reproduction of the cellular

structure of native wood at the micrometer scale [1, 2].

Charred pine wood samples were purified and functionalized. Carbon chars uncoated and

coated with TiO2 in ALD process were infiltrated with AlSi12 alloy under high pressure

condition. As a result of infiltration pure carbon char with AlSi12 alloy composite materials

with carbon reinforcement were obtained. The structure, phase composition and mechanical

properties of the obtained composite materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy,

light microscopy, hardness test, ball-on-disk tribotester and XRD analysis. Research result of

biomorphic structure in the AlSi/C composite after pressure infiltration was presented. Matrix

components formed surrounded by the carbon reinforcement during the crystallization were

specified. Effect of ALD coating on the formation of reinforcement phases was determined.

Mechanical and functional properties of the biomorphic composite material and matrix AlSi12

material were compared.

References:

3. T. Ota, N. Kinoshita, H. Miyazaki, Porous Titania Ceramic Prepared by Mimicking Silicified Wood, Journal Of The American Ceramic Society, Volume 83, 2004, Pages 1521 –1523

4. P. Greil, T. Lifka, A. Kaindl, Biomorphic Cellular Silicon Carbide Ceramics from Wood: I. Processing and Microstructure, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Volume18, 1998, Pages 1961–1973

Acknowledgements:

Project was funded by the National Science Centre, Paland based on the decision number 2014/15/B/ST8/04767.

94

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF FEPTNBB-BASED NANOCRYSTALLINE ALLO YS

P. Łopadczak 1,2, N. Randrianantoandro 3, A. Bajorek 1,2

1August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007

Katowice, Poland 2Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku

Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland 3 Laboratoire de Physique de l’Etat Condense, UMR CNRS 6087, Universite du Maine, 72085

Le Mans Cedex 9, France

E-mail (corresponding author): p.lopadczak@gmail.com Keywords: nanocrystalline alloys, FePt, exchange coupling, exchange-spring, permanent magnet

The present work is a contribution to the study and development of a new class of permanent magnets based on the exchange spring effect. These materials are made of hard magnetic grains dispersed in a soft magnetic matrix. The coupling of hard magnetic grains through the soft matrix allows a significant improvement of the coercivity and remanence, and there by, an improved of maximum energy product can be obtained in these alloys. The aim of this work is to analyze properties of synthesized this type of magnetic material with nanocrystalline FePt-based alloys. The rapid solidification by melt spinning method was used to cast metastable precursor alloys with composition FePtNbB. After annealing, a microstructure made of hard magnetic nanograins of face-centred-tetragonal symmetry (L10 phase) with high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (7 MJ/m3), dispersed in a residual soft magnetic phase with composition FePt(NbB) has been obtained.

The structural parameters of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry while the magnetic parameters were determined using SQUID magnetometry, as well as Faraday balance. The performances obtained at 300K, coercivity 834kA/m, remanence 0,7 T and (BH)max 84 kJ/m3 show that these alloys are good candidates as permanent magnets. References:

1. O. Crisan, A.D. Crisan, N. Randrianantoandro, R. Nicula and E. Burkel, “Crystallization processes and phase evolution in amorphous Fe-Pt-Nb-B alloys”, J. Alloys & Comp. 440 (1-2) (2007) L3-L7.

2. A.D. Crisan, O. Crisan, N. Randrianantoandro , M. Valeanu, M. Morariu, E. Burkel “ Crystallization processes in Fe–Pt–Nb–B melt spun ribbons” Materials Science and Engineering C 27 (2007) 1283–1285

3. N. Randrianantoandro, A.D. Crisan, O. Crisan, J. Marcin, J. Kovac, J. Hanko, J.M. Grenèche, P. Svec, A. Chrobak, and I. Skorvanek .” The influence of microstructure on magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Pt-Nb-B permanent magnet ribbons” J. Appl. Phys. 108 (2010) 093910

95

STUDY OF STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NIFE2O4 NANOPARTICLES

C. Berger1, N. Randrianantoandro1, A. Bajorek 2, M. Wojtyniak 2, M. Zubko3, J.

Klimontko2

1 Laboratoire de Physique de l’Etat Condense, UMR CNRS 6087, Universite du Maine, 72085

Le Mans Cedex 9, France 2 August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007

Katowice, Poland 3 Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500

Chorzów, Poland

E-mail: clement.berger.etu@univ -lemans.fr Keywords: nanoparticles, nickel ferrite, characterisation, magnetism

Since the beginning of the 90’s, nanotechnologies has known a growing-fast thank to thin films or nanoparticles. Indeed those structures have special properties comparing to bulk materials due to their high volume to surface ratio.

In the field of magnetism, nanoparticles get wide applications like in the data storage, ferrofluids or drug delivery. Ferrites are magnetic materials used in technological applications because they exhibit low-eddy current losses. Nano-ferrites are usually presented by this formula MFe2O4 where M is a divalent metal ion. The composition of ferrites modify their properties due to the redistribution of ions, but the method of preparation also changes properties. In our work, the divalent metals are Ni or Zn. The aim is to study the influence of nickel in the ferrite composition.

We studied three samples composed of nanoparticles: pure NiFe2O4, Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4

and NiFe2O4 encapsulated in silica balls (NiFe2O4@SiO2). All of them were produced by using co-precipitation method and to coat particles in silica we used micro-emulsion.

We characterised the atomic structure by using X-rays diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electronic Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Magnetic proprieties were investigated with a Faraday balance and a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID).

The crystal structure of three types of nanoparticles is different due to various amount of amorphous phase. The sample with Zn shows a spinel structure with a lattice parameter of 8.31Å, an average grain size about 15nm. The other two samples contains some amorphous phase, especially NiFe2O4@SiO2 which seems to be covered by amorphous SiO2 similarly to yolk-shell structure. References:

1. P. Sivakumar, R. Ramesh, A. Ramanand, S. Ponnusamyb, C. Muthamizhchelvan, Preparation and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles via sol–gel auto-combustion method, Materials Research Bulletin 46 (2011) 2204–2207.

2. Ashok Kumar, Parmod Kumar, Geeta Rana, M. S. Yadav, R. P. Pant, Finite size effect on Ni doped nanocrystalline NixZn1−xFe2O4 (0.1≤x≤0.5), Thin Solid Films 519 (2010) 1056–1058

96

STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BALL-MILLED DyNi3

K. Ociepka1,2, A. Bajorek1,2, A. Chrobak1,2, G. Chełkowska1,2, K. Prusik2,3

1 A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007, Poland 2 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-

500 Chorzów, Poland 3 Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice,

Poland

E-mail: kociepka@us.edu.pl Keywords: Magnetic materials, nanomaterials, ball milling, rare earth metals.

The morphology and the magnetic properties of the ball-milled DyNi3 compound have been studied. The results were compared with those obtained for the bulk compound which was prepared by arc-melting technique. The effect of the milling time on the magnetic properties and powder characteristics was investigated. With the increase of the milling time (6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 60h) the SEM technique showed that the particles have the shape of flakes with size of a few μm in length and width, and thickness of several tens of nanometers. The average crystallite size of 40 - 10 nm (for 0h and 60h milling time, respectively) was determined by X-ray diffraction. Magnetic measurements indicate that the coercivity reaches the maximum value (0.29 T) after 6 h of milling. Additionally, the reduction of the saturation magnetization as well as the Curie temperatures has been observed. The maximum value of the magnetic entropy change |ΔSm| was estimated from the isothermal M(H) dependences. For the bulk sample the value of |ΔSm| is equal to 1.18 J/kg K and decreases with the increase of milling time. References:

1. S. K. Pal, L. Schultz, O. Gutfleisch, Effect of milling parameters on SmCo5 nanoflakes prepared by surfactant-assisted high energy ball milling, J. Appl. Phys. 113 (2013) 013913-013916. 2. Anna Bajorek, Paweł Skornia, Krystian Prusik, M. Wojtyniak, Grażyna Chełkowska, Study of morphology and magnetic properties of the HoNi3 crystalline and ball-milled compound, Mater. Charact. 101 (2015) 58-70. 3. K. Ociepka, A. Bajorek, A. Chrobak, G. Chełkowska, K. Prusik, Magnetic Properties of Tb(Ni1-xFex)3 (x = 0.2, 0.6) Crystalline Compounds and Powders, Acta Phys. Pol. A 125 (2014) 180-181. Acknowledgments:

This work was partially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under grant no. N N202 200039 and FORSZT project co–financed by the European Social fund

97

INFLUENCE OF GRAINS SIZE ON STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Sm(Ni1-xFex)3 COMPOUNDS

Marcin Sikora1,2

, Grażyna Chełkowska1,2, Krzysztof Ociepka1,2, Anna Bajorek1,2, Krystian

Prusik2,3

1A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice,

Poland 2Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500

Chorzów, Poland 3Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Poland

E mail: marcin.sikora.us@gmail.com

Key words: magnetic properties, magnetocaloric effect, SmNi3.

The objects of the studies were Sm compounds as like as the SmNi3 in bulk and nanoparticles form and bulk form of the Sm(Ni1-xfex)3 series. The studied compounds have been obtained by arc melting of appropriate mixture of high purity elements (99.99%) of Sm, Ni and Fe. The ingots were remelted several times. The samples were annealing in 900 Celsius degrees by seven days. The X-Ray measurements were performed on XRD diffractometer Empyrean produced by PANalytlical. The studies showed the obtained SmNi3 compound occurs in single phase and PuNi3 structure. The substitution of nickel by iron influences the increase of the a and c parameter. The pulverisation has been performed on high energy ball mill Mixer Mill 400 produced by Retsch. The SmNi3 was grinded in DMF media by ZnO2 balls in room temperatures. The XRD measurements shows the vanishing of the crystal structure with the increasing milling time. The shape has been obtained by scanning electron microscope method (SEM). The SEM measurements showed the inhomogeneus distribution of particles. The shape of the particles is similar to flakes. The approximate size has been obtained by dynamic light scattering method (DLS). The average size of the grains changes from the 531.20nm (for 6h grinding) to 141.80nm (60h). The magnetic measurements have been penformed on SQUID MPMS XL–7 produced by Quantum Desing. The measurements were performed in temperatures from 2K to 400K in magnetic field up to 7T. The SmNi3 in bulk and nanoparticles form is ferromagnetic. The magnetocaloric effect was calculated from isotherms for SmNi3 bulk and nanoparticles form grinded by 24 hours. With increase of milling time the value of magnetocaloric effect decreased. The substitution of nickel by iron caused the increase of the temperature of the phase transition Tc.

References:

1. A. Bajorek, P. Skornia, K. Prusik, M. Wojtyniak, G. Chełkowska, Study of morphology and magnetic properties of the HoNi3 crystalline and ball-milled compound, Mater. Charact. 101 (2015) 58-70. 2. K. H. J. Buschow, Intermetallic compounds of rare-earth and 3d transition metals Rep. Prog. Phys, 1977 40 1179-1256

98

TUNING THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METAL OXIDE SURFACES BY THERMAL REDUCTION

D. Wrana1, B. R. Jany1, J. Rysz1, F. Krok1 and K. Szot2

1 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

2 A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): dominik.wrana@gmail.com Keywords: memristive devices, semiconductors surface, titanium dioxide, reduction Transition metal oxides exhibiting a variety of electronic and catalytic phenomena have become key materials for future energy and information technologies. In particular the prototype oxide TiO2 has been investigated intensively e.g. as substrate for the controlled adsorption of functional molecules [1] or for redox-based memristive applications [2]. In the presentation we focus on the surface transformations during thermoreduction of rutile TiO2(110) single crystals, both Nb-doped and undoped, in UHV conditions. While in undoped TiO2(110), the surface reconstruction changes from (1x1) to (1x2) upon annealing, we have found that the surface of crystals doped with 0.5 wt% Nb undergoes two phase transitions, as provided by LEED, STM and conductive-AFM measurements. The first, happening at 850oC regards change from filamentary to quasi-homogenous conductivity, connected with new, previously unknown reconstruction of “zig-zag” rows. Second transition occurring at 950oC causes formation of higher conducting domains. The island’s conductivity can easily be reduced by oxygen exposure, unlike the zig-zag rows areas. Due to reducing conditions while annealing, Nb diffuses from the surface, as proved by SIMS depth profiling. We will present the importance of redox processes on the very surface of oxide single crystals – reduction (annealing in UHV conditions) and oxidation (oxygen exposure) connected with ongoing phase transitions opening up the opportunity to tune the electronic properties of transition metal oxide surfaces for photocatalytic, optoelectronic or memristive purposes by dedicated control of doping and subsequent reduction steps. References: 1. D. Wrana et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 17004 (2015). 2. K. Szot et al. Nature materials 5.4, 312 (2006):.

99

LOCAL THERMAL MEASUREMENTS AT NANOSCALE BY SCANNING THERMAL MICROSCOPY

J. Bodzenta1, J. Juszczyk-Synowiec1, A. Kaźmierczak-Bałata1, Paulina Powroźnik1 and M.

Chirtoc2

1 Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

2 Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France

E-mail (corresponding author): justyna.juszczyk@polsl.pl Keywords: Local thermal properties, Scanning thermal microscopy, Thermal conductivity, Thin layers, Nanomaterials. Manufacturing of modern nanostructures and devices causes the need for a thorough investigations of their thermal properties and thermal transport mechanisms, as the thermal performance and efficiency of heat dissipation are one of the most important factors restraining the proper functioning and progressive process of miniaturization. Quantitative thermal measurements, that provide the spatial resolution sufficient for the examination of nanoscale objects, are still a challenging task. This is why development of new methods and methodologies is important. One of them is scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). It can be used for investigation of thermal transport at nanoscale and determination of local thermal properties. This method is a variant of atomic force microscopy additionally equipped with a thermal module and thermal probe (TP), with a temperature sensor near its apex. Nanofabricated thermal probes (NThP) provide spatial resolution better than 100 nm and good temperature sensitivity. There are two standard SThM operation modes available. In passive mode local temperature at the surface of a sample is measured. Such measurement allows for mapping temperature distribution i.e. of self-heated structures or devices. In active mode the TP acts a sample heater and the probe temperature is measured. The spatial distribution of thermal conductivity at the sample surface can be obtained. In standard operation modes SThM simultaneously provides topographic and thermal images of a sample. However, it also allows highly localized quantitative measurements, which now are which are currently particularly intensively developed. The poster presents so far obtained achievements related to the development of different SThM measurement modes, both qualitative and quantitative, as well as the most important results of thermal investigations of selected nanostructures and nanomaterials, i.e. photonic structures, ultrathin films, micromechanical devices, etc.

Acknowledgments:

The support of the PHC Polonium 2015 Project no. 33564VE is greatly acknowledged.

100

MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CE3CU3SB4 COMPOUND

P. Witas, J. Goraus, L. Kalinowski, P. Zajdel, K. Balin1, M. Wojtyniak1, J. Lelątko2, A.

Ślebarski

Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland

1 Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

2 Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

E-mail: pwitas@us.edu.pl Keywords: thermoelectrics, rare-earth materials

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in the research of rare-earth based intermetallic compounds since they are potentially good thermoelectric materials. The efficiency of a thermoelectric material is characterized by dimensionless figure of merit ZT which is proportional to square of thermopower and inversely proportional to thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity [1][2]. We present detailed studies on thermoelectric properties of Ce3Cu3Sb4 compound and its Ni-doped variant. It attracted our attention due to its high thermopower above room temperature and remarkably low thermal conductivity. Moreover, we show that substitution of Cu with Ni atoms greatly increases the ZT value. These features provide this compound to be considered as potentially good thermoelectric material. We also studied the influence of the material quality in terms of its microstructure and impurities. The results revealed that foreign phases formed within the material weakly affects the thermoelectric parameters. However, even slight off-stoichiometry from ideal composition strongly diminish material properties. The sample structure analysis show that these inhomogeneities in composition are most likely due to increased deposition of copper on material bulk defects. References:

[1] D.M. Rowe et al., Thermoelectrics Handbook - Macro to Nano, Taylot & Francis Group (2016). [2] G.J. Snyder, E.S. Toberer, Complex thermoelectric materials, Nature materials, vol.7 (2008). Acknowledgments:

The research was supported by National Science Centre (NCN) on the basis of Decision No. UMO-2015/17/N/ST3/02361. A.Ś. acknowledges support by NCN under grant DEC-2012/07/B/ST3/03027. L.K acknowledges support by NCN under grant UMO-2014/15/N/ST3/03799.

101

DETECTION OF NERVE AGENTS AND ORGANIC VAPOURS USING THIN SEMICONDUCTOR FILMS

P. Powroźnik 1, M. Krzywiecki 1, L. Grządziel 1, J. Wrotniak 2, M. Pietrzyk 3, W. Jakubik 1

1 Institute of Physics CSE, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland 2 Institute of Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland 3 Insititute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): paulina.powroznik@polsl.pl

Keywords: gas detection, organic vapors, nerve agents, organic semiconductors, semiconductive oxides

Adsorption of a gas on the surface of a semiconductor changes the conductivity of the material. Semiconductor gas sensors have been extensively used to monitor trace amounts of environmentally important and toxic gases. In our work we focused on detection of a simulant of chemical warfare agents, DMMP and organic vapours, especially acetone.

The control of electronic and structural properties of materials is important for modifying the response spectrum towards gases. It can be achieved by the doping or preparation of multilayers. These techniques allow either the modulation of the material structure or the modification of its catalytic activity. We would like to present sensing responses towards DMMP of bilayer phthalocyanine-palladium structures and thin layers of zinc oxide doped with magnesium in case of acetone vapour. CuPc, H2Pc and CoPc layers (10 nm and 100 nm) were deposited onto glass substrates by physical vopour deposition (PVD) method in ultra-high vacuum conditions. Mg:ZnO layer was deposited onto silicon substrate by molecular beam epitaxy method. For bi-layer structures additional 10-nm-thick film of Palladium was evaporated on the phthalocyanines’ layers in high vacuum conditions. To investigate the topography of structures the standard atomic force microscopy technique was applied. Gases were dosed with Owlstone vapour generator (OVG-4) with certified permeation tubes. Synthetic dry air was applied as a carrier gas. Humidity of flowing air was controlled and measured with Owlstone Water Vapor Generator OHG -4. Resistance of samples was monitored with Agilent Multimeter type 34401a. Results showed sensitivity of bilayer Pc-Pd structures to DMMP vapours at ppb level at the room temperature. Single layer of CuPc with a higher thickness (100 nm) responded to the studied gas at 100 oC. Very thin film of CuPc (10 nm) was not sensitive to DMMP vapour. Structures which responded to studied gas exhibited more developed surface. Thin layer of CuPc was not fully crystalized, hence we assume that crystallization influences sensing properties. Mg:ZnO revealed sensitivity to the ppm level of acetone vapour. Acknowledgments:

The work was financed by Silesian University of Technology grant No: BK 219/RIF/2015

102

ULTRAFINE GRAINED STRUCTURE OF CuFe2 AND CuCr0,6 ALLOYS PROCESSED BY ROLLING WITH THE CYCLIC

MOVEMENT OF ROLLS

Anna Urbańczyk-Gucwa1, Kinga Rodak1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, Poland

E-mail (corresponding author): anna.urbanczyk-gucwa@polsl.pl

Keywords: CuFe alloy, CuCr alloy, SPD, microstructure, tensile test This work focuses on the effect of rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR) on microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of CuFe2 and CuCr0.6 alloys in states after different heat treatments. The microstructures of the CuFe2 and CuCr0,6 alloys were analyzed using light microscope (LM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) microscope technique and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The presence of high- density of coherent Fe particles in the matrix inhibits recovery process and in the result obtained grain/subgrain boundaries have diffused character and are weakly visible. The largest particles which are not coherent with the matrix act as an effective barrier against the boundary motion. The RCMR processed alloys shows high mechanical strength attributed to the high density of coherent precipitates (after aging at 500°C/2h) and ultrafine grained structure. Mechanical properties for quenching and aging at 700°C/24h states before deformation are lowered compared with samples aging at 500°C/2h before deformation. Mechanical properties of samples quenching and aging at 700°C/24h states before deformation are quite comparable for CuFe2 alloy. While for CuCr0.6 alloy mechanical properties in quenching state before deformation were higher. Plastically properties as uniform elongation (Agt) was about (~1 %) for both alloys after RCMR deformation. The RCMR processing induces a significant reduction of the electrical conductivity for samples after quenching before deformation, but for samples deformed after aging treatment it was restored thanks to precipitation process. References:

1. Dobatkin S.V., Gubicza J., Shangina D.V. Bochvar N.R., Tabachkova N.R.: High strength and good electrical conductivity in Cu-Cr alloys processed by severe plastic deformation, Materials Letters 153 (2015) pp. 5-9.

2. Islamgaliev R.K., Nesterov K.M.,Bourgon J., Champion Y., Valiev R.Z: Nanostructured Cu -Cr alloy with high strength and electrical conductivity, Journal of Applied physics 115 (2014) pp. 194301-4

3. Wen-xiong He., Yang YU., Wang Er-de, Sun Hong-fei, Hu Lian-xi, Cheng Hui.: Microstructures and properties of cold drawn and annealed submicron crystalline Cu-5%Cr alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 19 (2009) pp.93-98.

Acknowledgments:

This work was carried out with a project No. UMO-2013/09/B/ST8/01695

103

ULTRAFAST PROCESSES IN TOPOLOGICAL INSULATOR BI2TE3

M.Weis1,2, K.Balin 1, R. Rapacz1, B.Wilk1,2, J.Szade1, G.Vaudel2, P.Ruello2 1 A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and ŚMCEBI, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, University of Silesia,

41-500 Chorzów, Poland 2Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, 72085

Le Mans, France

mweis@us.edu.pl Keywords: Topological Insulators, Optospintronics, Ultrafast processes

Topological insulators are a novel group of materials exhibiting spin polarization of electrons combined with ballistic conductance at room temperature. Origin of this novel quantum phase is based on the spin-orbit interaction which can lead to topological insulating electronic phases [1]. Due to their extremely promising properties investigation of ultra-fast processes, that may allow direct control of spin current in materials such as bismuth telluride, paves the way for optospintronic technologies and extremely high speed of information processing [2]. Femtosecond (ultrafast) spectroscopy employed in this research allowed direct investigation of properties of the excited hot electron carriers. This technique is based on the simple idea of time-lapse motion detection like in normal cameras and is a versatile tool in characterization, without damaging of ultra-thin films, which allows direct control of the elastic properties and thickness of investigated material.

This work focuses on direct observation with femtosecond spectroscopy of the dynamics of the hot electron carriers and lattice dynamics of the structure. Investigated samples were made by molecular epitaxy, in high vacuum chambers, in ŚMCEBI. Such results were possible thanks to the high quality of ultra thin films and the ability of the direct manipulation of theirs structure as well as thorough investigation of their surface structure [3]. References:

1. J.E. Moore, Nature 464, 194-198 (2010) 2. Y. Zhang, et al., Nature Phys. 6, 584 (2010) 3. M. Weis, K. Balin, R. Rapacz, A. Nowak, J. Szade, G. Vaudel, M. Lejman, P. Ruello, Phys. Rev. B 92, 014301 (2015) Acknowledgments:

Ambassade de France à Varsovie, Campus France

104

INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL MAGNETIC MATERIALS BY SCANNING PROBE AND KERR MICROSCOPY

Aleš Hendrych 1,2, O. Životský 1, Dmitry Markov 1, Andrii Titov 1

1Department of Physics, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

2 IT4Innovations and Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

E-mail (corresponding author): ales.hendrych@seznam.cz

Keywords: Magnetic domains; magnetic force microscopy; magneto-optic Kerr microscopy, amorphous ribbons; Heusler compounds The contribution is devoted to the Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) and Magneto-Optical Kerr Microscopy (MOKM), i. e. to the methods that are currently often used for observations of magnetic domains on the surfaces of magnetic materials. Both methods are described in details with emphasis on their principle and concrete way how to obtain the magnetic contrast. Work also summarizes their main advantages and disadvantages. Practical part of work includes examples of magnetic domain patterns observed on materials with broad application potential. The Fe-Al alloys attract ongoing interest of the wide scientific community because of their outstanding corrosion and oxidation resistance, mechanical properties, low material costs. Bilayered amorphous ribbons FeNbSiB/FeSiB prepared by planar flow casting process are soft magnetic materials with main applications in sensorics. Co2FeSi Heusler compounds are prepared by section casting process in the form of ingots having different magnetic properties in comparison to the thin film samples of the same composition. References:

1. A. Titov, O. Životský, Y. Jirásková , A. Hendrych,J. Buršík, P. Švec, Influence of magnetostriction on cross-sectional magnetic properties in bilayered ribbons, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50 (2014) 6500804.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports from the National Programme of Sustainability (NPU II) project „IT4Innovations excellence in science - LQ1602.

105

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

Wojciech Glajcar1,2, Michał Kamiński1,2, J. Lelątko2,3, K. Jurkiewicz1,2, P. Bartczak4,

J. Polański4, A. Burian1,2

1 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland 2 Silesian Centre for Education and Interdysciplinary Research, University of Silesia , ul. 75

Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland 3 Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500

Chorzów 4 Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, ul. Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice

E-mail (Wojciech Glajcar): wglajcar@us.edu.pl

Keywords: : nanoparticles, atomic structure, diffraction, computer simulations, paracrystal Over the last few years an increasing interest in nanomaterials can be observed, mostly due to their numerous applications. Silver nanoparticles possess antimicrobial activity against planktonic and sessile bacteria [1]. Additionally they can be used in electric applications. Platinum nanoparticles shows good catalytic properties. The nanoparticles samples were obtained by deposition of the metal precursor in sol-gel silica and then chemically purified. Due to these extraordinary properties, it is essential to examine the atomic scale structure of nanoparticles. Available research methods were employed in order to obtain high resolution data needed for model optimization. Specifically x-ray powder diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used. Sophisticated data analysis based on real space representation [2] was conducted to extract basic lattice parameters. Computer simulation based on acquired data showed that a kind of disorder exists in the examined material. Understanding type of atomic disorder in these nanoparticles can give insight into structure-property relations for applications. Assumption about purely crystalline structure was proved to be not valid in the case of examined nanoparticles. Due to this fact alternative approach, first introduced by German crystallographer R. Hosemann and his group [3] – the paracrystalline model, was implied. This led to sufficiently good agreement between experimental data and assumed model. References:

1. P. Hartemann et al., Materials Today, Volume 18, Number 3 (2015) 2. A. Szczygielska, A. Burian, J.C. Dore, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13 5545-5561 (2001) 3. R. Hosemann et al., J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 16 4959-4971 (1983)

106 www.silvercon.com.pl

107

108

109

110

107

ISBN: 978-83-944591-1-6