inovation & entrepreneurship - rudy...
TRANSCRIPT
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INOVATION &
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha
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SESSION 2
Rudy Wawolumaja / Universitas Kristen Maranatha
INNOVATION (1)
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“All things are created twice, the first
creation is mental creation, the second
creation is physical creation”
“Quote”
Steven R. Covey
(Seven Habits of Highly Effective People)
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Outline
SESI 2:
1. Inovasi & kreativitas
2. Inovasi merubah wajah dunia (tinjauan sejarah)
SESI 3:
3. Model Inovasi.
4. Apakah perkembangan teknologi modern akhirnya membawa manfaat atau malapetaka bagi umat manusia.
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• Zimmerer (1996): “Creativity is the ability to
develop new ideas and to discover new ways of
looking at problems and opportunities”
• “Innovation is the ability to apply creative solutions
to those problems and opportunities to enhance or
to enrich people’s life”
CREATIVITY – THINKING NEW THINGS
INNOVATION – DOING NEW THINGS
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Pola berpikir & bertindak entrepreneur :
berpikir dan melakukan sesuatu yang baru ATAU
melakukan sesuatu yang lama dengan cara yang
baru. (thinking and doing new things or old things
in new ways).
Dengan kata lain :
Entrepreneur dalam entrepreneurship yg ideal
(Drucker) adalah kreatif dan inovatif.
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INOVASI MERUBAH WAJAH DUNIA
Tinjauan sejarah peradaban ditinjau dari teknologi:
1. Era jaman batu
2. Era jaman perunggu
3. Era jaman besi
4. Era Industrialisasi / mekanisasi
5. Era Informasi
6. Era Bioteknologi
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Morgan : technology.
Morgan membagi 3 tahap evolusi sosial :
1. Savagery – primitif , ditandai dengan teknologi
seperti : api, busur/panah, keramik/tanah liat.
2. Barbarian – barbar, ditandai dengan teknologi
domestication of animal (memanfaatkan
binatang), agriculture (pertanian),
metalworking.
3. Civilisation – peradaban, ditandai dikenalnya
aksara dan tulisan.
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White: "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy."
White mengukur perkembangan / evolusi budaya
dari penggunaan energi:
1. Penggunaan tenaga otot sendiri
2. Memanfaatkan binatang, domesticated
animals
3. Memanfaatkan energi dari tumbuh-tumbuhan.
4. Memanfaatkan sumber energi alam: batu
bara, minyak bumi, gas.
5. Memanfaatkan energi nuklir.
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Lenski : Information
Lenski takes a more modern approach and focuses on information.
The more information and knowledge (especially allowing the shaping
of natural environment) a given society has, the more advanced it is.
He identifies four stages of human development, based on advances
in the history of communication.
1. In the first stage, information is passed by genes.
2. In the second, when humans gain sentience, they can learn and
pass information through by experience.
3. In the third, the humans start using signs and develop logic.
4. In the fourth, they can create symbols, develop language
and writings. Advancements in the technology of
communication translates into advancements in the economic
system and political system, distribution of goods, social
inequality and other spheres of social life.).
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He also differentiates societies based on their level of
technology, communication and economy: (1) hunters and
gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural,
(4) industrial (5) special (like fishing societies)
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Alvin Toffler membagi jaman ini dalam 3 gelombang:
1. Gelombang pertama (Agriculture)
2. Gelombang kedua (Industri)
3. Gelombang ketiga (Informasi)
PERUBAHAN ERA & GELOMBANG dipicu oleh
adanya perubahan / terobosan dalam :
1. Cara berpikir, cara memahami realita dunia (fisik,
sosial ekonomi)
2. Penemuan dalam teknologi.
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Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
Waktu - abad 15 18
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Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
• Peradaban Barat, dari thn 0 – abad ke 14 tidak banyak
perubahan wajah dunia, dunia barat pada masa itu disebut
Dark Age – masa kegelapan.
• Kecepatan perubahan ini makin tinggi setelah abad ke 15-
16 dan setelah jaman pencerahan (Enlightenment –
Aufklarung), dimana kebebasan berpikir kritis dan
pengetahuan memberi pencerahan.
• Francis Bacon mengemukakan metodologi saintifik, yaitu
metodologi objektif untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan
objektif.
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Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
Perubahan besar terjadi dalam era “Revolusi Industri”
pada abad ke 18 :
• Perubahan drastis cara manusia berproduksi,
tenaga manusia / binatang disubstitusi dengan
tenaga yang didapat dari bahan baku fosil (batu
bara – minyak bumi). (Mesin uap, motor bakar,
turbin, pemanfaatan listrik).
• Mekanisasi
• Perubahan dalam metoda berproduksi
(scientific management Taylor)
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Perkembangan teknologi penggerak mula , tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
penemuan turbin uap (Giovanni Branca – Italian-1629), Mesin uap (James Watt – British-1769), Turbin gas (John Barber-British-1791), Locomotive uap (Richard Trevithick-British-1804), Locomotive Kereta api (George Stephenson-British-1814), Motor bakar – Internal Combustion Engine (fourcycle) (Nikolaus August Otto – German-1877), Automobile engine (Karl Benz-1879), turbin uap (CA Parsons-British-1884, CG de Laval – Swedish-1889), mesin Diesel (Rudolf Diesel – German – 1893), Gasoline Automobile (CE Duryea & JF Duryea- USA-1893).
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A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The
development of the steam engine
started the industrial revolution in
Great Britain. The steam engine was
created to pump water from coal
mines, enabling them to be
deepened.
Newcomen's atmospheric
steam engine
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General Motors Electromotive
Division V16 264.7 L 6300 hp (4700
kW) Rail Locomotive engine
Mercedes Benz MBE
4000 350-450HP
(261-336Kw)
Caterpillar
C15 15.2 L
435–625 hp
(324–466 kW)
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A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15
Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base,
Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine
muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. The
mesh cover at the front of the engine (left of
photo) prevents debris—or people—from being
pulled into the engine by the huge volume of air
rushing into the inlet.
Jet engine airflow
simulation
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Perkembangan teknologi listrik, tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
Penemuan Motor listrik (Faraday-British-1821),
Dinamo/generator listrik (Faraday-British-1831),
Lampu filamen (Thomas A Edison-USA, Sir Joseph
Wilson Swan-British-1879), AC Transformer
(William Stanley-USA-1885), AC Motor (Nikola
Tesla-USA-1872), Lampu Neon (George Claude-
French-1911), lampu Mercury (Peter Cooper
Hewitt-USA-1912).
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Perkembangan dalam teknologi tekstil, tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
penemuan spinning jenny -mesin pintal (James
Hargreaves-British-1764), Spinning frame - pintal
(R Arkwright- British 1769), Cotton gin - mesin
pemisah biji kapas (Eli Whitney -USA-1793),
Jacquard Loom - tenun Jacquard (Joseph Marie
Jacquard - French - 1800), Pattern Loom-mesin
tenun corak (Jacquard, 1801)., Flying shuttle
(teropong tenun), mesin carding (John Kay),
perbaikan penenunan (Samuel Crompton).
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A Turkish woman in Konya works at a
traditional loom. Vertical looms were
probably the first to be invented.
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• Perkembangan teknologi diatas mengiringi era industri modern, yang ditandai dengan mekanisasi dalam produksi, pola bekerja yang berubah. Dalam era tradisional pertanian produksi lebih merupakan industri rumah dan pertukangan dimana si tukang mengerjakan dari awal sampai akhir produk, dikenal dengan tukang kayu, tukang besi, tukang sepatu, tukang jahit, tukang kerajinan perhiasan.
• Pada era industri modern yang ditandai dengan tumbuhnya pabrik-pabrik besar dengan cerobong asap yang sangat pekat mengotori udara, muncul kelas baru yang disebut dengan buruh pabrik yang mempunyai pekerjaan yang sangat monoton, sangat spesialisasi pada satu stasiun kerja, dengan waktu kerja yang panjang dan pembagian shift dimana pabrik berjalan 24 jam/hari.
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A farmer in Germany works the land in
the traditional way with a horse and
plough.
Farming, ploughing rice
paddy, in Indonesia A tractor ploughing an alfalfa field
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Wheat harvest on the Palouse
Combining wheat in Hemingway,
South Carolina.
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A combine harvesting corn
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Early 20th century USA photo:
"Negroes picking cotton on a
plantation in the South"
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• Abad 18- pertengahan abad 20 : Era industrialisasi
– mekanisasi.
• Ditandai dengan munculnya serikat pekerja,
ancaman pengangguran, kolonialisme &
imperialisme, kapitalisme, marxisme- komunisme
dan dalam dunia politik munculnya negara
komunis dan sampai dekade 7 dan 8 abad 20
ditandai dengan perang dingin antara blok Amerika
dan blok komunis (Soviet).
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Perkembangan transportasi
Dari tonggak penemuan penggerak mula,
menyebabkan revolusi dalam transportasi :
• Otomobil
• Kereta api
• Pesawat terbang.
• Pada kapal laut, yang semula menggunakan
tenaga angin, menggunakan tenaga uap, diesel.
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Perkembangan dalam teknologi telekomunikasi, tonggak penemuan (abad
19-20): Penemuan telegraph (Morse-USA, Wheatstone -British-
1837), kode Morse (Morse - 1838), telephone (Alexander Graham Bell - 1876), Microphone (Emile Berliner-USA-1877), Cathode Ray Tube (Sir William Crookes-British -1878), wireless telegraph (Marconi 1896), Diode rectifier tubes(radio) (Sir John Ambrose Flemming - British 1905), Triode amplifier tube (radio) (Lee De Forest - USA 1907), merupakan cikal bakal dari telekomunikasi modern yang kita kenal sekarang ditambah dengan penemuan mesin bicara -talking machine (phonograph) (Thomas Alva Edison - USA - 1877), Gramaphone (disk records - piringan hitam) (Emile Berliner - USA -1887), Motion Picture Machine (Thomas Alva Edison - USA-1893), Motion Picture Projection (Lumiere-French, Jenkins-USA - 1893) merintis industri film (Holywood dll)
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Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (1):
penemuan tabung elektronik Diode rectifier tubes(radio) (Sir John Ambrose Flemming - British 1905), Triode amplifier tube (radio) (Lee De Forest - USA 1907), Heterodyne radio receiver (Reginald Aubrey Fessenden-USA-1913), Frequency Modulation (FM) (Edwin Howard Armstrong-USA-1933), Televisi (Television iconoscope - Vladimir Kosma Zworykin-USA-1913, Television image dissector tube - Philo Taylor Farnsworth-USA-1925), Radar (Sir Robert Watson Watt-British-1935), Gambar hidup bersuara - sound motion picture (TW Case -USA-1922-26), Differential Analyser (Analogue Computer) (Vannevar Bush-USA-1931), Electron Microscope (German Scientist-1935), Electronic Digital Computer (John Presper Eckert,Jr, & John W Mauchly-USA-1946).
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An RCA 12AX7
dual-triode tube
(1947)
A two-tube homemade radio
from 1958. The tubes are the
two glass columns with the dark
tops. The leads at the bottom
connect to the low-voltage
filament supply and to the high-
voltage anode supply
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Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (2):
Pada tahun 1946 terjadi suatu tonggak inovasi yang menjadi awal dari arah perubahan teknologi elektronika kearah miniaturisasi , yaitu penemuan transistor (John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain dan William Shockley - USA - 1948), penemuan ini memungkinkan lebih kecilnya peralatan elektronika dengan digantinya tabung elektronik dengan transistor yang puluhan kali lebih kecil volumenya. Proses miniaturisasi ini lebih diperhebat dengan inovasi Teknologi Semiconductor dalam Integrated Circuit tonggak pertama oleh Jack Kilby dan Robert Noyce - USA - 1959), dimana beberapa rangkaian elektronik transistor dapat dirangkai dalam sebuah chip silikon (perkembangan akhir - sebuah IC terkandung jutaan transistor - VLSI = Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit)..
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Analog computer
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
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oscillator
Amplifier
Op amp 741
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Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (3):
Pada tahun 1971 tonggak inovasi microprocessor
oleh Ted Hoff-USA, dimana CPU dari digital
komputer dapat dirangkai dalam sebuah chip
silikon - IC., membawa pada applikasi Personal
Computer, Local Area Network dll.
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Perkembangan teknologi komputer & informasi & komunikasi (abad 20 –21):
• Komputer : Mainframe – PC
• Network - Internet -
The story of the Internet begins in 1969 with the implementation of Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) by academic researchers
under the sponsorship of the United States Department of Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPANET built on earlier fundamental
research into decentralized networks, queueing theory, and packet switching
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The Blue GenL IBM Supercomputer
135.5 TFLOPS (tera = 10 pangkat 12)
TFLOPS= teraFloating Points operation per second
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TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR (abad 20)
• Bom atom – Hiroshima – Nagasaki (Agustus 1945)
• Nuclear Power Plant
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Hiroshima, in the aftermath of the
bombing.
The mushroom cloud resulting from
the nuclear explosion over
Nagasaki rises 18 km (60,000 ft)
into the air.
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Perkembangan bioteknologi (abad 20 –21):
Penemuan yang menjadi tonggak (milestone) akhir abad 20 yang menjadi perintis era bioteknologi modern.:
• 1953 James Watson-dari USA dan Francis Crick dari Inggris menemukan (discover) model double helix DNA.
• 1960 Werner Arber's dari Swiss menemukan enzym khusus, disebut restriction enzymes.
• 1973 Stanley Cohen & Hebert Boyer, dari USA berhasilkan memisahkan gene tertentu dari suatu bakteri dan memasukkannya pada bakteri lain dengan menggunakan restriction enzymes.
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Teknologi masa depan, proyeksi 2020
1. - Bioteknologi
2. - Teknologi Informasi
3. - Nanoteknologi
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