INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING EDUCATIONCOMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING EDUCATION

Mrs. Sahbanthul Missiriya, M.A., M.Sc (N), Mrs. Sahbanthul Missiriya, M.A., M.Sc (N), M.A. Child care & Edu., Ph.D M.A. Child care & Edu., Ph.D

Associate Professor,Associate Professor,

Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing Department,Department,

Saveetha College of Nursing,Saveetha College of Nursing,

Saveetha University, Chennai -77Saveetha University, Chennai -77

INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING EDUCATIONCOMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION :-INTRODUCTION :- It is our experience that increase of It is our experience that increase of

population and explosion of knowledge are population and explosion of knowledge are not only affecting the pattern of human life not only affecting the pattern of human life but also inflicting their full impact on but also inflicting their full impact on education. education.

There is a requirement of simplifying all There is a requirement of simplifying all

the innovations and technology to make it the innovations and technology to make it understandable, adaptable and affordable understandable, adaptable and affordable to the society. to the society.

DEFINITIONS :-DEFINITIONS :-

• INNOVATIONINNOVATION : : It refers to both radical and It refers to both radical and incremental changes in thinking, in things, incremental changes in thinking, in things, in processes or in services. in processes or in services. (Mckeown – 2008) (Mckeown – 2008)

• EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY : It is a It is a complex integrated process involving complex integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devising, people, procedure, ideas, devising, implementing, evaluating and managing implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.aspects of human learning.

ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-

• It was recognized in 1967 with the It was recognized in 1967 with the establishment of the national council establishment of the national council for educational technology in the for educational technology in the United Kingdom.United Kingdom.

PURPOSES:-PURPOSES:-

• To make education more productive To make education more productive and more individual.and more individual.

• To give instruction more scientific To give instruction more scientific base etc.,base etc.,

CATEGORIES OF EDUCATION TEC HNOLOGY:-CATEGORIES OF EDUCATION TEC HNOLOGY:-

• PROJECTED AIDS :-PROJECTED AIDS :-– FILMSFILMS– FILM STRIPSFILM STRIPS– SLIDESSLIDES– OPAGUE PROJECTIONOPAGUE PROJECTION– OHP etc.,OHP etc.,

• NON PROJECTED AIDES :-NON PROJECTED AIDES :-• GRAPHIC AIDS :-GRAPHIC AIDS :-• DISPLAY BOARDS :-DISPLAY BOARDS :-• 3-DIMENTIONAL AIDS :-3-DIMENTIONAL AIDS :-• AUDIO AIDS :-AUDIO AIDS :-• ACTIVITY AIDS :-ACTIVITY AIDS :-

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IN COMMUNITY HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IN COMMUNITY

HEALTH NURSING EDUCATIONHEALTH NURSING EDUCATION

• Hardware is based on the application Hardware is based on the application of engineering principle for developing of engineering principle for developing electro mechanic equipments for electro mechanic equipments for instructional purpose., Motion pictures, instructional purpose., Motion pictures, Tape recorder, TV, teaching machines Tape recorder, TV, teaching machines and computers are called educational and computers are called educational hardware.Newspaper, books, hardware.Newspaper, books, magazines, educational game, flash magazines, educational game, flash cards may form part of software.cards may form part of software.

SYSTEM APPROACH :-SYSTEM APPROACH :-

• It is a systematic attempt to It is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of problem coordinate all aspects of problem towards specific objectives. Systems towards specific objectives. Systems is composed of teacher, student and is composed of teacher, student and programme of instruction all in a programme of instruction all in a particular pattern of interaction.particular pattern of interaction.

EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS :-EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS :-

• DIAL ACCESSDIAL ACCESS• EDUCATIONAL TELEVISIONEDUCATIONAL TELEVISION• VIDEOVIDEO• INTERACTIVE VIDEOINTERACTIVE VIDEO• TELE CONFERENCING TELE CONFERENCING • E- MAILE- MAIL• COMPUTERCOMPUTER• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE• COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION.COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION.• LOCAL AREA NETWORK.LOCAL AREA NETWORK.• COMPACT DISC (READ ONLY MEMORY)COMPACT DISC (READ ONLY MEMORY)• DIGITAL VIDEO INTERACTIVEDIGITAL VIDEO INTERACTIVE

THEORIES IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-THEORIES IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-

• Anchored InstructionAnchored Instruction :- :- Anchored Instruction Theory maintains that Anchored Instruction Theory maintains that

real world contexts imbedded in educational real world contexts imbedded in educational media serve as anchors of learning in the media serve as anchors of learning in the sense that learners construct knowledge sense that learners construct knowledge while solving the subsequent problems. The while solving the subsequent problems. The theory was developed by the Cognition & theory was developed by the Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt with John Technology Group at Vanderbilt with John Bransford's lead. Exemplary products are Bransford's lead. Exemplary products are the Jasper Woodbury Videodiscs. the Jasper Woodbury Videodiscs.

• Cognitive FlexibilityCognitive Flexibility :-:-

Cognitive Flexibility Theory focuses on the Cognitive Flexibility Theory focuses on the learning in complex and ill-structured domains. learning in complex and ill-structured domains. The theory focuses on the spontaneity of learning The theory focuses on the spontaneity of learning situations. It maintains that learning should be in situations. It maintains that learning should be in context, however information should be context, however information should be presented from multiple perspectives and various presented from multiple perspectives and various case studies should be utilized in instruction. case studies should be utilized in instruction. Rand Spiro is the leading theorist. Best tools are Rand Spiro is the leading theorist. Best tools are interactive technologies, hypertext being the interactive technologies, hypertext being the most important. Medical Education is the field most important. Medical Education is the field that most widely uses Cognitive Flexibility. that most widely uses Cognitive Flexibility.

• Constructivist TheoryConstructivist Theory :-:-

Constructivism argues that learning is an Constructivism argues that learning is an active process. Learners construct their own active process. Learners construct their own knowledge by selecting and transforming knowledge by selecting and transforming information, constucting and refining information, constucting and refining hypotheses, and decision-making. Discovery hypotheses, and decision-making. Discovery learning is one of the major themes of learning is one of the major themes of constructivist theory. One of the implications constructivist theory. One of the implications of the theory is the importance of learner's of the theory is the importance of learner's motivation. Major work in this theory is done motivation. Major work in this theory is done by Piaget and Bruner. by Piaget and Bruner.

• Diffusion of Innovations :-Diffusion of Innovations :- The Diffusion of Innovations Theory attempts to The Diffusion of Innovations Theory attempts to

explain the patterns of adoption of innovations in explain the patterns of adoption of innovations in general. Educators' adoption of technology is an general. Educators' adoption of technology is an important application of the principles of this important application of the principles of this theory. It explains the stages through which a theory. It explains the stages through which a technological innovation passes, the technological innovation passes, the charactesistics of innovations that affects their charactesistics of innovations that affects their adoption, adopter categories, and the different adoption, adopter categories, and the different roles of poeple in the process. Rogers is the most roles of poeple in the process. Rogers is the most prominent researcher of this theory. prominent researcher of this theory.

• Distributed Cognition:- Distributed Cognition:- The Theory of Distributed Cognition is The Theory of Distributed Cognition is

closely related to Social Constructivism in closely related to Social Constructivism in the argument it makes that cognition is not the argument it makes that cognition is not within the individual but rather it is within the individual but rather it is distributed over other people and tools. The distributed over other people and tools. The use of telecommunications technologies in use of telecommunications technologies in education has to rely highly on distributed education has to rely highly on distributed cognition. Major researchers in the field are cognition. Major researchers in the field are Pea, Salomon, Perkins, Cole, G. Hutchins, Pea, Salomon, Perkins, Cole, G. Hutchins, and Norman. and Norman.

• Dual-Coding Theory :-Dual-Coding Theory :-

The Dual Coding Theory which serves most to learning via The Dual Coding Theory which serves most to learning via multimedia focuses on the processing of information. It multimedia focuses on the processing of information. It argues that information is processed through two distinct argues that information is processed through two distinct channels - visual and auditory, each indivudual channel is channels - visual and auditory, each indivudual channel is limited in the amount of information it can process at a limited in the amount of information it can process at a time, and humans learn actively by integrating mental time, and humans learn actively by integrating mental representations. A major implication of the research based representations. A major implication of the research based on this theory is that learning occurs best when the on this theory is that learning occurs best when the information in the two channels are closely related and information in the two channels are closely related and match, enabling interaction between the two. Two match, enabling interaction between the two. Two important researchers are Paivio and Mayer. important researchers are Paivio and Mayer.

• Experiential Learning:- Experiential Learning:-

Carl Rogers' theory is rooted in humanistic Carl Rogers' theory is rooted in humanistic education. He identifies the two types of learning education. He identifies the two types of learning as cognitive and experiential. Cognitive learning as cognitive and experiential. Cognitive learning refers to the learning of isolated information out refers to the learning of isolated information out of context, which usually takes place in formal of context, which usually takes place in formal school settings. Rogers lists the qualities of school settings. Rogers lists the qualities of experiential learning as personal involvement, experiential learning as personal involvement, self-initiation, learner evaluation, and pervasive self-initiation, learner evaluation, and pervasive effects on learner. The theory suggests that effects on learner. The theory suggests that learner motivation and thus the relevance of the learner motivation and thus the relevance of the topic are keys to successful learning. topic are keys to successful learning.

• Multiple Intelligences:-Multiple Intelligences:- The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that

every individual possesses a unique combination every individual possesses a unique combination of distinct intelligences. The 7 main forms of of distinct intelligences. The 7 main forms of intelligence are, linguistic, logical-mathematical, intelligence are, linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal and interpersonal. Recently 'natural intelligence' and interpersonal. Recently 'natural intelligence' is proposed to be the 8th form of intelligence. The is proposed to be the 8th form of intelligence. The theory suggests that everyone learns best when theory suggests that everyone learns best when the material matches the intelligences he/she is the material matches the intelligences he/she is strong at. Thus, teaching should take into strong at. Thus, teaching should take into consideration the degrees of intelligences of each consideration the degrees of intelligences of each learner. The theory gains importance due to the learner. The theory gains importance due to the fact that most of our schooling focuses on only fact that most of our schooling focuses on only two of the intelligences - linguistic and two of the intelligences - linguistic and mathematical - so, does not provide equal mathematical - so, does not provide equal opportunities for all learners. opportunities for all learners.

• Script Theory :-Script Theory :-

Script Theory is primarily intended to explain Script Theory is primarily intended to explain language processing and higher thinking skills. language processing and higher thinking skills. Schank and Abelson, the pioneers, developed the Schank and Abelson, the pioneers, developed the theory to explain story-level understanding, but te theory to explain story-level understanding, but te work later was extended by Schank to cognition in work later was extended by Schank to cognition in general. The theory argues that all memory is general. The theory argues that all memory is episodic, that is, everything has to be attached to episodic, that is, everything has to be attached to personal experiences in order to be in the memory. personal experiences in order to be in the memory. However, there are generalized episodes, "scripts", However, there are generalized episodes, "scripts", that help individuals fill in missing personal that help individuals fill in missing personal information in conceptualizing a narrative. information in conceptualizing a narrative.

• Situated Cognition :-Situated Cognition :-

Situated Cognition argues that learning is Situated Cognition argues that learning is "situated", that is, learning is associated to high "situated", that is, learning is associated to high degree to the activity, context and culture in which degree to the activity, context and culture in which it occurs. According to the four major theorists, it occurs. According to the four major theorists, Lave, Brown, Collins, and Duguid, this is not the Lave, Brown, Collins, and Duguid, this is not the case with most classroom activities. Novice case with most classroom activities. Novice learners learn through a process of "legitimate learners learn through a process of "legitimate peripheral participation" within a "community of peripheral participation" within a "community of practice". This theory also promotes the use of practice". This theory also promotes the use of Anchored Instruction. Anchored Instruction.

• Social Constructivism :-Social Constructivism :-

Social constructivism maintains that learners construct Social constructivism maintains that learners construct knowledge in interaction with their social environment. knowledge in interaction with their social environment. Learning is regarded as a collaborative activity. Lev Learning is regarded as a collaborative activity. Lev Vygotsky, is the most prominent figure in the development Vygotsky, is the most prominent figure in the development of social constructivist theory. He outlines the community, of social constructivist theory. He outlines the community, the tools (e.g. language) in the learning environment, and the tools (e.g. language) in the learning environment, and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) as important the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) as important elements in learning. ZPD refers to the tasks the learner elements in learning. ZPD refers to the tasks the learner cannot perform on his/her own but can with the help of a cannot perform on his/her own but can with the help of a 'more knowledgeable other'. It promotes all learning 'more knowledgeable other'. It promotes all learning activities that include collaboration. Computer Supported activities that include collaboration. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning is the most recent application of this Collaborative Learning is the most recent application of this theory. theory.

• Symbol Systems :-Symbol Systems :-

The theory explores the symbols systems in The theory explores the symbols systems in different media and how they affect learning. different media and how they affect learning. Salomon, a pioneer of the theory, states that Salomon, a pioneer of the theory, states that different inherent symbol systems in the media different inherent symbol systems in the media affect the messages conveyed by the media and affect the messages conveyed by the media and the nature of learning. He also states that the the nature of learning. He also states that the symbol system has the most effect in learning symbol system has the most effect in learning novel topics. Research on Sesame Street deals novel topics. Research on Sesame Street deals closely with symbol systems in educational media. closely with symbol systems in educational media. Other major theorists are Perkins and Globerson. Other major theorists are Perkins and Globerson. Educational Technology owes this theory because Educational Technology owes this theory because it provides a foundation for educational multimedia it provides a foundation for educational multimedia applications.applications.

NURSING IMPLICATIONS IN EDUCATION PRACTICE AND RESEARCHNURSING IMPLICATIONS IN EDUCATION PRACTICE AND RESEARCH :-:-

The nursing profession is faced with the challenging role of providing The nursing profession is faced with the challenging role of providing individualized client care within the context of the whole person Individualized individualized client care within the context of the whole person Individualized care cannot be achieved without considering the factors associated with the care cannot be achieved without considering the factors associated with the personal being, such as culture, beliefs and tradition.personal being, such as culture, beliefs and tradition.

As nurses interact with clients from various cultural backgrounds, the need to As nurses interact with clients from various cultural backgrounds, the need to

consider and be aware of their own values is essential to enable them to consider and be aware of their own values is essential to enable them to provide unbiased care. Nurse education plays a major role in developing provide unbiased care. Nurse education plays a major role in developing individuals who are able to examine their own views with regards to cultural individuals who are able to examine their own views with regards to cultural biases. biases.

The importance of acknowledging other cultures as opposed to the nurses' The importance of acknowledging other cultures as opposed to the nurses' own is essential in order to ensure that the knowledge learnt will enhance the own is essential in order to ensure that the knowledge learnt will enhance the qualities of caring, competence and professionalism. This is necessary because qualities of caring, competence and professionalism. This is necessary because cultural context is viewed according to how it is perceived by the clients and cultural context is viewed according to how it is perceived by the clients and the nurses themselvesthe nurses themselves..

CONCLUSION :-CONCLUSION :-

• The demand for community health The demand for community health nursing practice is increasing as various nursing practice is increasing as various global factors influence the daily lives global factors influence the daily lives and health of individuals. We are an and health of individuals. We are an inclusive world class enterprise of inclusive world class enterprise of discovery that prepares innovative, discovery that prepares innovative, evidenced based health care providers, evidenced based health care providers, education leaders and researchers to education leaders and researchers to optimize health in culturally diverse optimize health in culturally diverse global community.global community.

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