innovative people's technologies

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INNOVATIVE PEOPLES

TECHNOLOGIES

Anumakonda Jagadeesh


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INNOVATIVE PEOPLES

TECHNOLOGIES

Anumakonda Jagadeesh


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Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives founded in 1994 has been acting as a Think Tank in promot-

ing Energy, Environment, and Appropriate Technology programs and projects.

First Floor, 2/210, Nawabpet,

Nellore, Andhra Pradesh 524002India

Copyright by Anumakonda Jagadeesh

Anumakonda Jagadeesh asserts the moral right to be identied as the author of this work.

Some Rights Reserved. This book can be reproduced or transmitted by means like electronic, photocopying, recording, orotherwise, with written permission from the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles orin reviews with appropriate citations. You are free to distribute it for non-commercial reasons accepting above terms with

appropriate credits.

Although every precaution has been taken in preparation of this book, the author and publisher assume no responsibil-ity for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information containedherein.

Cover Design, Book Design and Layout by Alahari RajaCover Photo of Green Planet from foto-tapeta.org

Typeset in Apple Garamond by Alahari Raja

Proofreading by Alahari Swetha

Note:This publication contains the opinion and ideas of its author. It is intended to provide helpful and informative mate-

rial on the subject matter covered.

NOT FOR SALE

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Table of Contents

Contents Page NumberAbout the Author iii

Foreword iv

Reviews v

Chapter 1 - Rural Industrialisation 1

Chapter 2 - Wind as an Alternate Energy Source 8

Chapter 3 - Science For the Poor 20

Chapter 4 - Biofuel Technologies 25

Chapter 5 - Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Areas 30

Photo Gallery 39

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About the Author

Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh obtained his Bachelorsand Masters Degrees in Physics from Sri VenkateswaraUniversity, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India and hisDoctorate degree in Wind Energy from the prestigiousUniversity of Roorkee (now the Indian Institute of

Technology Roorkee -IITR)

Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh has been involved in teaching and research for the last 30 years. He founded Society of Sci-ence for the People in 1973, an NGO which has been acting to formulate innovative science and technology programs andprojects. Dr. Jagadeesh widely interacted with several global and national organizations in Science and Technology pro-

jects; his programs attracted world wide attention, especially in Appropriate Technology, Afforestation, Renewable Energy,Environment, etc. Dr. Jagadeesh also founded Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives in Nellore, AndhraPradesh, India in 1994 which has been acting as a think tank in promoting Energy, Environment, and Appropriate Technol-ogy programs and projects. He has been Resource person to several organizations connected with Sustainable Develop-ment in India and abroad. Dr. Jagadeesh has travelled to over 30 countries and worked in Italy, Denmark, Sultanate ofOman, etc. He has held many important positions such as Director, Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Chennai, India;

Vice President, Subhash Projects and Marketing Ltd, Bangalore, India; Director, Infrastructure Consulting and EngineersPvt. Ltd, Bangalore; and currently Professor and Head, Centre for Energy and Sustainable Resources, R.M.K. EngineeringCollege, Kavaraipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. Dr. Jagadeeshs pioneering work won him several international and nationalawards including the prestigious Margaret Noble Foundation, Seattle Award for Research in Energy. He has membership

in several international and government bodies in India. It is rarely one nds an Innovator, social scientist and crusader forthe promotion of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, all blended into one.

To know more about Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh

Blog: www.drjagadeeshncda.blogspot.comFacebook: www.facebook.com/anumakonda.jagadeesh

E-mail: [email protected]

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Foreword

Dr. A. Jagadeesh, who has a doctorate in wind energy, is an expert in renewable energy sources. He provides many insightsinto renewable energy sources as alternatives to the use of fossil fuel. We urgently need to develop new technologies andimplement renewable sources if we are to slow, and hopefully reverse, the direction of climate change.

The challenges are great. It is predicted that by 2050 we will need to be producing twice our current amount of food inorder to feed the growing population of the world. Emerging economies will need ever increasing amounts of energy tosatisfy their higher standards of living. Much is known about how to reduce dependence on fossil fuels but the demandcontinues to grow. Short and long term strategies and incentives for dramatic change are needed in order to accomplishthis global challenge. What is called for is sustainable economic development that increases standards of living while nothaving a negative impact on our planet.

Readers are encouraged to understand and promote alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, water, geothermal,hydrogen, atomic, and biomass. We cannot simply leave it to governments to solve our energy problems. Each of us mustdo our part, in whatever small or large ways we can, to ensure we dont waste energy. More importantly, we need to userenewable energy sources wherever possible.

This book is part of Dr. Jagadeeshs life-long work encouraging scientic and technological innovations that support sus-tainable development. He shares a great deal of information, including useful technical data and examples of the practicaluse of renewable energy sources such as wind, biofuel, and solar. He also encourages Innovative Technology includinginventions and initiatives by people from all walks of life.

Vern Burkhardt, Author and Director, IdeaConnection.comIdeaConnection Ltd.1027 Pandora Ave.

Victoria, BC, Canada V8V 3P6

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The book is excellent in bringing up important issues, for instance Leaf to Root concept, putting nature rst, with accuratenumerical details and analysis of many leaf to root crops and uses, taking for example Agave Americana, Annona Squamosa(Sugar Apple), and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes), and giving the reader some idea of the varied and unexpectedpotential of these plants. It then moves to Wind Power in India of which it gives potential in different states. It also consid-

ers the difference in costs and energy output of onshore and offshore wind plants, looking also at wind programs in differ-ent countries.

The book also illustrates some of the authors own inventions for the poorer people, including a wind power generatingSavonius rotor, a system to sterilise water by exposing it in bottles to sunlight, and an evaporative cooling system to allowcheap cooling with a fan only, rather than expensive air conditioning. So, this book will give you plenty to learn, and alsoclues to have access to cheap variants for living coolly, having clean sterile water, and electric power from a homemade

wind rotor. An enjoyable and useful contribution to an ecological way of life.

Dominic Michaelis

Director, Energy IslandUK

In his valuable book, Dr Jagadeesh tells us about several great innovative technologies in the renewable energy arena wind, solar, biomass-, not only as futuristic clean sources of sustainable energy, but as a way to empower poor people andhelp them out of poverty. The democratization of socially-oriented energy production and usage in the country-side is amust, if we are to survive Climate Change.

This book puts us right in the center of the discussion about the need for true Sustainable Development, via the best alter-native energy technologies available in the agricultural, industrial and business arenas. As Dr Anumakonda describes it, In-novative Technology (IT) deliberately involving people from all walks of life is the need of the hour in identifying the feltneeds in the developing countries and nding solutions. The great promise of Innovative Technology is masterly revealedin this book, bringing hope for the future of mankind.

Arturo Velez JimenezDirector, The Agave ProjectMexico

It is an excellent book. It will provide good examples for future scientists. Congratulations for coming up with such animportant book.

Prof.T. Nejat VezirogluPresident, International Association for Hydrogen Energy5794 SW 40 St. #303Miami, FL 33155, USA

I would like to congratulate Dr Jagadeesh for his concern on draw backs from conventional energy sources and capturinghis thoughts as possible solutions in the form of a book which is so pithy; its is timely that too in view of Global warmingconcerns. One can see Dr Jagadeeshs passion on how Technology can be leveraged to address the global societal issues.Dr Jagadeesh succinctly explained how we can leverage the renewable energy sources (Nature) including Sun, Water, and

Wind for energy generation. This is a small book but wealth of information.

V RajannaVice President & Regional HeadGlobal Head - Telecom Technology Business UnitTata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, India

reviewsv


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Why This Book on Innovative

Peoples Technologies?

Lately there has been some problems in the supply of conventional energy sources (those that come from fossil fuels) so itis really no wonder that more and more nations are interested to use different renewable energy systems in order to satisfytheir growing energy demand. All renewable energy systems have one thing in common, namely the fact that they areharnessed from nature. This means that they are constantly replenished unlike the fossil fuels that are likely to run out in

years to come. These advantages are making them more and more popular compared to conventional energy sources.

Renewable energy sectors are all about using natural sources to create energy. These natural sources usually include thesun, water, wind, and geothermal sources. The science and technology are constantly developing so it is logical to expecteven more renewable energy sources in years to come, as well as the highly improved efciency of existing ones.

Many people think of the sun, or to be more precise solar energy as the main future energy source. Throughout the his-tory of the humanity Sun has been used to give light and heat but Suns almost unlimited potential can provide electricityenough for the whole planet. Different methods have been used to harness energy from Sun, and the simplest methodis through the use of a photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells contain a special technology that traps the suns energy andconverts it into electricity. Water is also one very important source for clean renewable energy.

The most common form of using water to get electricity is hydroelectric energy that is acquired from large river dams.Hydroelectric power stations are usually built in large river systems that have big quanties of water. The more water thereis, the easier it is to produce kinetic energy, which is then used to produce electricity.

Beside hydroelectric energy there are also some other energy sources that harness water to get electricity such as waveand tidal power. Wind power is also one renewable energy sector in the rise, especially in some European countries likeDenmark and Germany. Basically wind power uses the same principle found in hydroelectric dams to convert the windkinetic energy to electricity. There are lots of windy areas across the globe, and in many parts of the world people are try-ing to harness wind energy as much as possible, though efciency of this energy source still remains a big problem, largelybecause of inconsistency of wind blowing.

While Solar, wind, biomass, mini and micro-hydel, etc., are being utilised in several countries, their penetration in rural ar-eas especially in developing countries is limited. With inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. E. F. Schumacher and Prof. Y.

Nayudamma, an Internationally acclaimed Scientist who championed the cause and use of Science and Technology to bringto the doors of those who needed it, has been involved in the Design, Demonstration and Dissemination (3D) of PEOPLESTECHNOLOGIES in the elds of Renewable Energy, Environment and Appropriate Technology.

It is hoped this small book will act as source of information on Innovative Peoples Technologies and inspiration for othersto follow suit.

Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh

* Founder, Nayudamma Centre for Developing Alternatives, India* Founder, Dr. Yellaragada Subbarao Foundation, India

* Vice Chancellor, Scientic Communications, Australian Institute of High Energetic Materials, Australia* Member, Editorial Review Board of Science of International Journal of Green Economics and Production - ISSN 1929-2813

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RuralIndustrialisation

Chapter i


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Rural Industrialisation Leaf to Root ApproachNot mass production but production by the masses Mahatma Gandhiji

Small is beautiful Dr. E. F. Schumacher

Modernise the Traditional Traditionalise the Modern Prof. Y. Nayudamma

The goal of any country is development. Development is development of people their increased living standards andimproved quality of life. Industry provides goods, services and material comforts to increase living standards. Social valuessuch as human dignity, self-reliance and gainful employment for every person set the quality of life. Such developmentcan only come by generating, mobilizing and optimally utilizing natural and human resources, natural genius and skillsand maximizing the returns for the same. Majority of the people live in rural areas. The question then arises as to how tomaximize the returns, let us say, for a hectare of land. On land, we have soil, water, forest or agricultural crop, animals andpeople under a given climate. How to maximize the returns for these resources is the issue. How to grow more crops,

get better yields is one aspect:

Soil-water management, better seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farming techniques, etc. have given good results. But theseinvolved high-energy inputs. The emerging technologies like tissue culture, genetic engineering, etc offer great promise.Past experience has clearly shown that rural industrialization is not setting up large industries in rural areas. We are alsofed up with the opiate that rural development is synonymous with agricultural development. True, rural people live onland and agricultural development is a must. But it is not enough. Agriculture should have a nexus with industry. In foodcrops, the proportion of agricultural residues to the food obtained for human consumption is approximately 1.5 to 1 forroots and tubers; 2 to 1 for cereal grains; 6 to 1 for oil seeds and 10 to 1 for sugar crops.

Leaf to Root ConceptEvery part of the agricultural plant must become a raw material for industries. For example, several industries may be setup around paddy plant. Straw may be used for making card boards, wrapping paper, roof thatch; bed for mushrooms,apart from animal fodder. Paddy husk may be used as fuel and the resultant ash for producing sodium silicate, solar gradesilica, silica sol, ceramic materials and refractories and cement like products. It can also be used for making particle boards,activated carbon, furfural, llers and extenders, re resistant compositions. Paddy husk is used by brick manufacture,for mulching, soil reclamation and as ller in fertilizer industry and animal feed. Rice bran is extracted for oil for edibleand non-edible purposes like soaps, detergents, paints, etc. The deoiled rice bran contains 20 22% protein and used as

animal fodder. Rice as such is used for food and several food products for use in beer, wine and several starches basedindustries.

Similarly 25 industries could be started around sugar cane; 7 to 12 industries around cotton and groundnut, etc. Sugarindustry produces three principal residues, namely, bagasse, press-mud and molasses. These residues are no more wastes,if utilized properly to get various valuable products. The main product of the sugar industry sugar is used as an itemin food and as a raw material in chemical and bio-chemical industry. Bagasse is mostly used as a fuel in the sugar industry.It is also used for the manufacture of paper. If alternate source of energy is available to the sugar mills, large quantities ofbagasse would be available for the manufacture of pulp, paper, and boards, furfural, activated carbons and other products.The pith can continue to be used as a fuel while the depithed bagasse can be used for the manufacture of pulp and paper.

Along with other cellulosic wastes, bagasse can be used as a source of energy for enzymic and microbial reactions to pro-

duce single cell proteins (SCP) and sugars.

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Molasses is used for the production of alcohol, yeast and animal feeds. Production of organic acids from molasses include:acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid, lactic acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid. Oxidation ofmolasses will give oxalic acid. The types of yeasts produced from molasses are: bakers yeast, food and feed yeast and fat

yeast.

In fermentation, besides yeasts, ethyl alcohol and organic acids, some other products like butanol, butylenes glycol andglycerol are also produced.

Agave Americana

The main drawback for wider application of Biofuels is input. There was a big moment for biofuel from Jatropha in India

but in reality not much has been achieved. Agave (Americana), Sisal Agave is a multiple use plant which has 10% ferment-able sugars and rich in cellulose. The bre is used in rope making and also for weaving clothes in Philippines under thetrade name DIP-DRY. In Brazil a paper factory runs on sisal as input. A Steroid HECOGENIN is extracted from this plantleaves. Since on putrication, it produces methane gas, it can be cut and used as input in biogas plants. Also in Kenya andLesotho dried pieces of Agave are mixed with concrete since it has bres which act as binding.

Here is an excellent analysis on Agave as a biofuel:

Agave shows potential as biofuel feedstock, Checkbiotech, By Anna Austin, February 11, 2010:

Mounting interest in agave as a biofuel feedstock could jump-start the Mexican biofuels industry, according to agaveexpert Arturo Valez Jimenez.

Agave thrives in Mexico and is traditionally used to produce liquors such as tequila. It has a rosette of thick eshy leaves,each of which usually ends in a sharp point with a spiny margin. Commonly mistaken for cacti, the agave plant is actuallyclosely related to the lily and amaryllis families. The plants use water and soil more efciently than any other plant or treein the world, Arturo said. This is a scientic factthey dont require watering or fertilizing and they can absorb carbondioxide during the night, he said. The plants annually produce up to 500 metric tons of biomass per hectare, he added.

Agave bers contain 65% to 78% cellulose, according to Jimenez. With new technology, it is possible to breakdown over90% of the cellulose and hemicellulose structures, which will increase ethanol and other liquid biofuels from lignocellu-losic biomass drastically, he said. Mascoma is assessing such technology.

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Annona Squamosa (Sugar Apple)

Pulp in the fruit On top of ice cream, jelly & jam making Drinks and in fermented liquors.

The fruit has sizeable number of seeds. The seed yield about 30% oil.

The extraction of the oil can be done by the process of solvent extraction. Image Source: mgonlinestore.com

The oil is used in

Paints and varnishes As natural insecticide.

Annona seed oil contains acetogenins that are toxic to insects. Annonin, ascimicin, bullatacin, isobullatacin, desacecyluca-ricin and isodesacetylucaricin have been isolated from the sugar apple seeds and shown to be biologically active against thespotted stem borer, chilo partellus swin,oriental armyworm,Mythimna Separate wek., head bugs, Calocoris augustus Leth.,and the aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehnt.

Pesticides derived from plants like Annona Squamosa can play a major role in pest management in sustainable agriculture.They have renewable character, are non persistent in the environment, and are relatively safer to the natural enemies, non-target organisms, and human beings.

The Annona oil contains the following percentages of acids:

Oleic: 18.1 Linoleic: 55.1 Palmitic: 14.7

Stearic: 10.7

These acids nd use in the preparation of:

Oleic: Soap base, manufacture of oleates, cosmetics, polished compound, lubricants, Ore oatation, organic syntheticintermediate, surface coatings etc.

Linoleic:Soaps, special dryers, for protective coatings, emulsifying agents. Medicine, Foods, feeds, and bio-chemicalresearch.

Palmitic: Starting point in the manufacture of various metallic palmitates, soaps, Soaps, lube oils, and water proong.

Stearic:Chemicals, especially stearates and stearic driers, lubricants, soaps, candles, Pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic rubbercompounding, shoe and polishes, coatings and food packaging.

The seed cake after extraction of oil can be used as fertiliser. The nitrogen content of the defatted meal from the sugarapple is in the range of 4.3 %. The epicarp after removal of pulp and seed from the Annona Squamosa fruits can be used asgreen manure. The leaves of the plant are bitter and as such the cattle wont eat them.

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Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes)

Water hyacinth which is generally regarded as a menace can nd many uses:

In food production As leaf protein concentrate, which is rich in protein and vitamin A As a substrate for mushroom cultivation

By making soils more fertile which yield better crops By purifying water, in which sh can then thrive Through the production of silage, for fattening animals Through vermiculture, producing feed for poultry or sh In regenerating degraded soils As compost

As fertiliser, produced by mixing with other organic materials and phosphate rock.

In biogas production. 1 hectare of weed can produce 100 tons of dry water hyacinth/year which could produce 30,000cu.m of gas sufcient to supply cooking for 40 families. The residual slurry must be used as mulch.

As briquettes, which can be used for cooking in kitchens for schools and restaurants.

In providing employment and income, through the production and sale of : A range of art papers and cards, crafts andfurniture, (on industrial level), chemicals and liquid fuels.

Nutritious Protein from Water Hyacinth

Leaf fractionation produces up to 10 times as much protein per hectare as when the land is used to grow food for animals.

It does not require articially xed nitrogen, which is made using a large amount of energy. It is already being used onLucerne, or alfalfa in France, Hungary and the US to make supplementary feed for pigs and poultry.As Lucerne is a legume,it adds nitrogen to the soil. The process can be applied to almost any fresh green leaves, including weeds such as waterhyacinth and nettles. The leaf protein it produces contains no animal fats, and the brous residue is an excellent ruminantfood. Feeding trials in 14 countries have shown that regular leaf concentrate consumption promotes good health and

weight gain, increases hemoglobin and vitamin A status, and reduces the frequency and severity of illnesses. One series oftrials in which leaf protein was used to supplement the diet of badly nourished children for six months showed that the

weight increase was nearly three times as great as that of those whose diet was unaltered (New Scientist,5th April,2000).

Such enterprises, centered round the rural produce/waste as industrial raw material will mean: better use of local resourc-es; better dispersal of industries; reduced requirements of storage, transport and distribution; utilization of prot- generat-ing low-capital labor-intensive processes; starting a healthy economic chain leading to production of additional capital andmore capital and more capital being ploughed into the industries sector from the agriculture sector.

The present pattern of urban-oriented, capital-intensive industrialization has produced severe imbalances in developingcountries between the elite groups that monopolies wealth and power and the majority of rural people who are poor. Acorrection is called for. It is urged that decentralized rural industrialization, based on the generation and optimal utiliza-tion of biomass may well prove to be an alternate pathway for industrialization. Contrary to traditional thinking on cottageand rural industries, the coupling of large, rich, renewable local resource biomass with technological advances, utilizingevery part of a plant from leaf to root will help maximizing the returns for the resource, provide additional incomes,employment and equity and keep people in the rural areas instead of bringing them to the city slums.

Development is not development of things but development of people, their inherent resourcefulness and capabilities,resulting in increased employment, productivity and improved income distribution - Prof. Y. Nayudamma

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Furniture from Water Hyacinth

Image Sources: 1. madeinchina.com | 2. tradenote.net | 3. asia.ru

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Weed Harvestors at Work

Image Sources: 1. plants.ifas.u.edu | 2. trout-shing-scotland.blogspot.com

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Chapter ii

WIND AS ANALTERNATIVE

ENERGY SOURCE


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Abstract

Wind energy has been used for pumping water and milling grain for hundreds of years. In the last 4 decades Wind turbineshave been deployed for power generation .Today wind power is the most matured one among renewable energy. Theglobal scenario and current position of Wind power in India, state wise wind power installations presented in the article.Need for wind farm co-operatives to boost wind power and offshore wind farms discussed.

Introduction

Renewable sources of energy have a vital signicance in the context of growing concern about sustainable energy supplyand protection of the environment from adverse effects of fossil fuel utilisation. The currentpattern of energy consumption and the growing energy requirements on economic development and population growthare considered to be essentially unsustainable. The staggering increase in the burden of oil import, the crippling effects ofpower shortage and the deterioration in environmental quality are some of the critical issues facing India today.

Worldwide, vast amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are being dumped into the atmosphere byfossil fuel burning and other economic activities are causing grave concern about the possible global warming and atten-dant consequences. It is becoming increasingly clear that any effective strategy to eliminate global warming must involverational and efcient use of energy, and a gradual transition from reliance on fossil fuels to alternative and environmentfriendly energy technologies. A major component of this strategy will admittedly be the promotion of renewable energysystems. In this respect, wind energy is expected to play a big role.

The Advantages of Harnessing Wind Energy

* Wind energy is freely available.

* The production and use of wind energy does not pollute the atmosphere. Wind energy does not cause acid rain and doesnot contribute to greenhouse effects

* A wind farm irrespective of its size has a low gestation period.

Global Scenario

The use of wind power is increasing at an annual rate of 20%, with a worldwide installed capacity of 238,000 megawatts(MW) at the end of 2011, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. China leads with 62,400 MW.

Wind Power in India

The programme for demonstration of wind farms was initiated in 1985. Since 1992, private investors and developers havetaken the lead in setting up commercial wind power projects in the country.

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The Installed Capacity of Wind Power

The break-up of projects implemented in prominent wind potential states (as on December 31, 2011) is as given below

India occupies 5th position in wind power with17644 MW as on June 2012 next only to China, US,Germany and Spain. Wind power in India surged in2011, with the country crossing the 3GW barrier.

It added 3,019 MW of new capacity. Renewable en-ergy accounted for 12.1% of total installed capacity,of which wind power accounted for about 70%.

Source: MNRE, India

Tariff paid by respective Electricity Boards (State Governments) vary from state to state.

State RPS(%) specied Tariffs xed by commissionsin INR per kWh

Validity of tariff(year)

Charges for cap-tive users

Tamilnadu 14% 3.39 (xed) 10 10 % (includes5% for banking if

applicable)

Karnataka 10% 3.70 20 2% to 5%

Maharashtra 6% 5.07 (Wind Zone 1)*

4.41 (Wind Zone 2)*

3.75 (Wind Zone 3)*

3.38 (Wind Zone 4)*

13 Actual OA

charges

Rajasthan 7.45% 3.83 for Jaipur, Jodhpur and

Barmer district

4.03 for rest of Rajasthan

20 50% of normal

OA charges

Andhra Pradesh 5% 3.50 10 Actual OA

charges

Madhya Pradesh 10% 4.35 25 2% plus transmis-

sion charge

Kerala 3% 3.14 (xed) 20 5%

West Bengal 4-6.8% 4.00 (xed, to be used as a

cap)

Flexible 2%

Gujarat 4.5% 3.56 25 4%

Haryana 10% 4.08 (with 1.5 % escalation peryear) 5 2%

State Gross Potential

(MW)

Total Capacity (MW)

till 31.03.2011

Andhra Pradesh 8968 213

Gujarat 10,645 2641

Karnataka 11,531 1852

Kerala 1171 35

Madhya Pradesh 1019 330

Maharashtra 4584 2560

Rajasthan 4858 1830

Tamil Nadu 5530 6613

Others 4

Total (All India) 48,561 16078

* Wind Zone 1 - Annual mean WPD of 200-250 w/sqm * Wind Zone 2 - Annual mean WPD of 250-300 w/sqm* Wind Zone 3 - Annual mean WPD of 300-350 w/sqm * Wind Zone 4 - Annual mean WPD more than 400 w/sqm

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Central Government Policies

Accelerated Depreciation

The main incentive for wind power projects in the past was accelerated depreciation.

The Income Tax (Fourth Amendment Rules, 2012) vide Notication No.15/2012[F.No.149/21/2010-SO (TPL)] S.O.694 (E),dated 30 March 2012, has reduced the accelerated depreciation rate for wind power projects from 1 April 2012 onwardsfrom 80% to 15%. In the past it was 100%.

Accelerated depreciation provides a way of deferring corporate income taxes by reducing taxable in current years, in ex-change for increased taxable income in future years. This is a valuable tax incentive that encourages businesses to purchasenew assets This tax benet allows projects to deduct upto 80% of value of wind power equipment during rst year ofproject operation. Investors are given tax benets upto 10 years. Wind Power producers receiving accelerated depreciationbenets must register with and provide generation data to IREDA and are not eligible to receive more recent GenerationBased incentives.

Central-level Generation-based Incentives

Offered by the central government since June 2008 and administered by IREDA, the GBI for wind is available for independ-ent power producers with a minimum installed capacity of 5 MW for projects commissioned on or before 31/03/2012. Asof December 2009, the GBI is set at INR 0.50/kWh (USD 0.01/kWh) of grid- connected electricity for a minimum of 4 yearsand a maximum of 10 years, up to a maximum of INR 6.2 million (USD 140,000) per MW. The scheme will deploy a totalof INR 3.8 billion (USD 81 million) until 2012 and aims to incentivize capacity additions of 4,000 MW. Wind power pro-ducers receiving a GBI must register with and provide generation data to IREDA. The GBI is offered in addition to SERCsstate preferential renewable energy tariffs. However, IPPs using GBIs cannot also take advantage of accelerated deprecia-tion benets. The GBI program will be reviewed at the end of the Eleventh Plan and revised as deemed appropriate. As ofDecember 2011, 58 projects had been registered under this scheme with over 288.8 MW commissioned. (Tamil Nadu-30,Rajasthan-21, Gujarat-3; Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka-1 each).

Renewable Purchase Obligations

Several states have implemented RPOs with a requirement that renewable energy supplies between 1% and 15% of totalelectricity. The impact of the RPOs on wind development may depend on the penalties and enforcement of the targets as

well as an effective REC market to promote development of areas of the country with the most abundant wind resources.More details are available under state initiatives and policies towards Wind Power development.

Non solar REC (Rs/ MWh) Solar REC (Rs/ MWh)

Forbearance PriceControl Period upto FY 2012

3,900 17,000

Floor PriceControl Period upto FY 2012

1,500 12,000

Forbearance PriceControl Period 1st Apr 2012 onwards

3480 13690

Floor PriceControl Period 1st Apr 2012 onwards

1400 9880

Renewable Energy Certicates: framework on Forbearance and Floor Prices

This is framed to be applicable from 1st April 2012 for a control period of 5 years.

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A tax break that allowed projects to claim an accelerated depreciation at 80 percent of the cost of equipment expired onMarch 31, and that incentive has been dropped to 15 percent.

State Governments Policies

Different states have come up with Renewable energy policy

Need for Wind Turbine Co-operatives in India

Wind turbine cooperatives - Origin from Denmark

To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity withintheir own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchasedshares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines.

The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to single turbines. The Middelgrunden offshore wind farm with 20turbines the worlds largest offshore farm at the time it was built in 2000 is 50% owned by the 10,000 investors in the

Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company.

By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to wind turbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the wind turbines inDenmark. By 2004 over 150,000 were either members or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed,although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%.

Financially, community-based wind projects are structured much differently than traditional wind farms. In the traditionalmodel, the company that builds and manages a wind farm retains sole ownership of the development. The owners of theland on which the wind turbines were built usually have no stake in development, and are instead compensated throughlease payments or by royalty-based contracts.

The more people that become involved through community wind power, the more democratic the energy supply systembecomes. Energy sellers make a prot, landowners receive leasing fees, communities get improved infrastructure, localpeople get jobs, governments receive taxes, and consumers receive electricity at competitive prices.

Australia

The Hepburn Wind Project is a wind farm at Leonards Hill near Daylesford, Victoria, north-west of Melbourne, Victoria. Itcomprises two 2MW wind turbines which produce enough power for 2,300 households.

Canada

A number of community wind projects are in development in Ontario but the rst project that is likely to obtain a FITcontract and connect to the grid is the Pukwis Community Wind Park. Pukwis will be unique in that it is a joint Aboriginal/Community wind project that will be majority-owned by the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, with a local renew-able energy co-operative (the Pukwis Energy Co-operative) owning the remainder of the project.

Germany

In Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens wind farms across the country and thousands of

small and medium sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90,000 peo-ple and generated 8 percent of Germanys electricity. Wind power has gained very high social acceptance in Germany, withthe development of community wind farms playing a major role.

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The Netherlands

The Netherlands has an active community of wind cooperatives. They build and operate wind parks in all regions of theNetherlands. This started in the 1980s with the rst Lagerweij turbines. Back then, these turbines could be nanced by themembers of the cooperatives. Today, the cooperatives build larger wind parks, but not as large as commercial parties do.Some still operate self-sufciently; others partner with larger commercial wind park developers.

United Kingdom

As of 2012, there are 43 communities who are in the process of or already producing renewable energy through co-opera-tive structures in the UK. They are set up and run by everyday people, mostly local residents, who are investing their timeand money and together installing large wind turbines, solar panels, or hydro-electric power for their local communities.

United States

As of 2011, Iowa has just one community owned wind farm, that is Hardin Hilltop near Jefferson, Iowa. National Wind is a

large-scale community wind project developer, with thirteen families of projects in development or operation. These pro-jects have an aggregate capacity of over 4,000 MW. The vision of the company is to revitalize rural economies by promot-ing investment in domestic renewable energy resources. National Wind creates shared ownership with communities andallows them participation in decisions which are made.

In India also Wind Farm Co-operatives can be started.

A Wind Fund can be created by Government with contributions from Individuals paying Income Tax to get tax Exemptionunder Section 80 C.

This fund will invest in Community Wind Farms (Wind Turbine Co-operatives). This way Wind and will become a massmovement.

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Offshore Wind Farms in India Need of the Hour

WONDERS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WINDMILL

The TvindMill (Tvind Mllen, Skorkrvej 8, Tvind, 6990 Ulfborg, Denmark) is one of the biggest windmills in the world (54m). It is an impressive building, constructed by the pupils of the school with the advice of experts.

The construction of the mill started in 1975, and today the mill supplies the many school-buildings with electricity.There is a lift inside which takes people to the top. It is a tourist attraction. The author visited the Wind Turbine.

With their determination, their drive, their elbow grease and common sense, cooperation and support, where help was

to be found, this unparalleled structure was created - despite comments like: You are doing wind power a disservice bytrying to build a windmill, and despite the fact that no authority wanted to give any nancial assistance to the windmillconstruction, although it clearly followed the recommendations of the Akademiet for Teknisk Videnskaber [Academy forTechnical Sciences] to promote the development of wind energy in Denmark, with both practical experiments as well asresearch projects.

Upwind Vs Downwind Turbines

An Upwind turbine faces into the wind with the turbine blades in front of the Nacelle while a downwind turbine has bladesto the rear of the Nacelle and faces away from the wind. Up-wind turbines are by far and away the most common, but

down-wind turbines (usually two-bladed) are also used in certain situations.

Incidentally in India few Downwind Turbines were installed.

Tvindkraft was created to show the wayforward for wind energy - and to showthe way out for nuclear power. But the

most important thing was probably thatthe Teacher Group showed that it waspossible for normal people, without anysignicant scientic education, to build alarge wind power plant.

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Offshore Wind Farms

Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to generate electricity from wind. Betterwind speeds are available offshore compared to on land, so offshore wind powers contribution in terms of electricity sup-plied is higher.

Power P = 0.5 p A V3 ... (1)

Where P = Power, p density of air,V=speed ofthe wind and A is the area of the interceptedairstream (equal to the swept by the rotor).

In standard conditions (sea level, temperature15 degrees Celsius) the density of the air is1.225 kg/m3. So the amount of Power inter-cepted by each square rotor is:

Power P = 0.612 V3 Watts (2)

Picture Source: www.pmgenerators.com

For Example, if the wind speed is 6 m/s (a moderate breeze) the power intercepted per square meter is 0.612 X 63 = 132W; but if the speed rises to 24 m/s (a severe gale) the power becomes 0.612 X 243 = 8460 W. This massive increase is dueto cubic relationship between wind speed and power by equation (2). Here the word intercepted rather than captured isused because the above gures relate to the power in the wind, not the amount actually extracted by a turbine rotor. Largemodern turbines typically capture up of about 50% of the wind power presented to them.

Betzs law is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be derived from a wind turbine developed in 1919 by theGerman physicist Albert Betz. According to Betzs law, no turbine can capture more than 59.3 percent of the kinetic energyin wind. The ideal or maximum theoretical efciency n max (also called power coefcient) of a wind turbine is the ratio ofmaximum power obtained from the wind to the total power available in the wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betzs coef-cient. It is the maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can be extracted.

Economics and benets

Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel power generation), meet renewable electricity standards, and create jobs and local business opportunities.

COST COMPARISON OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

OnshoreInvestment of about $1.5 million per MWLevelized cost of 6-7 cents per kWhO&M 1-3% of capital costsMay be built in smaller units

OffshoreInvestment of $2.3 million per MWLevelized cost of about 10-11 cents per kWhHigher O&M 40$ per kW and 0.7 cents per kWh variableLarge turbines and farms required

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At the end of 2011, there were 53 European offshore wind farms in waters off Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ire-land, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, with an operating capacity of 3,813 MW, while 5,603 MWis under construction

USA, China, South Korea, Taiwan, France and Japan have ambitious plans to go in for offshore wind farms on a massivescale.

Length of coastline of India including the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshwad-weep Islands in the Arabian Sea is 7517 km. Length of Coastline of Indian mainland is 6100 km.

Thorough Wind studies have to be carried out along the coast to identify the prospective offshore wind farm sites. Basedon these studies a Pilot project can be started by MNRE which will help as a Demonstration project.

Accurate wind measurements at the site are the constraint. Many a time wind data is extrapolated to the hub height at siteswhere the wind turbines are to be erected. In the US in California wind farm developers used to monitor (Anemometers,Anemographs) in the past at the sites where wind turbines to be erected (Now Wind Masts). This gives more or less reliablewind data and hence the turbine output.Unfortunately in some cases Wind Farm developers cant wait for years to measurethe wind data(In some cases to avail the tax benets quickly) and hence correlate the nearest wind mast data. That is why

there will be variation in the output. Moreover terrain also plays an important role in wind energy production.

Remote sensing measurement techniques enable measurements to hub height and beyond. There are resource measure-ment technique using sodar and lidar which need to be adopted in India along with at least 75 meter Wind masts.

Conclusions and Prognosis

With advanced wind turbine technology and more accurate wind data at higher heights available, there is wide scope toexpand wind farms in India. Wind farm co-operatives can be started in India. A Wind Fund can be created and the invest-ments in it by Individual Income Tax payers can be exempted under Section 80 C. This way there will be funds available for

large scale wind farms besides large participation of people in the Wind Farms. Offshore wind farms will be future energyoption to supplement conventional power. With extensive research on large size wind turbines and installation techniquesof offshore wind turbines, the cost of power generation through offshore wind farms is expected to come down to becompetitive with conventional power. USA, China, South Korea, Taiwan, France and Japan have ambitious plans to go infor offshore wind farms on a massive scale.It is hoped MNRE will initiate at least a Pilot project of Offshore Wind Farm inIndia. All modern techniques of wind assessment have to be undertaken which will identify prospective locations to set upoffshore wind farms in the country. Wind masts to obtain wind data at higher hub heights (about 80 m) need to be carriedout at as many locations as possible besides resource measurement using Sodar and LIDAR. The Centre for Wind EnergyTechnology(C-WET) under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launching a reassessment programme to

validate the revised estimates for wind power potential made by various organisations will help generate data for taller

towers being erected in the country in the near future. C-WET had estimated the potential of 102GW at hub height of 80metres, and a decade back a potential of 49.2 GW was estimated at 50 metres hub height.

Put the WIND to WORK: To Get Inexhaustible, Pollution-free Energy which cannot be misused.

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Savonius Wind Turbine with Concentrator for Low to Medium Wind Sites

An Innovation by Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh, Wind Energy Expert

Savonius wind turbines are a type of vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), used for converting the force of the wind intotorque on a rotating shaft The turbine consists of a number of aerofoils, usuallybut not alwaysvertically mounted on a

rotating shaft or framework, either ground stationed or tethered in airborne systems.

Origin

The Savonius wind turbine was invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd Johannes Savonius in 1922. However, Europeanshad been experimenting with curved blades on vertical wind turbines for many decades before this. The earliest mention isby the Italian Bishop of Czanad, who was also an engineer. He wrote in his 1616 book Machinae novae about several verti-cal axis wind turbines with curved or V-shaped blades.

None of his or any other earlier examples reached the state of development made by Savonius. In his Finnish biography

there is mention of his intention to develop a turbine-type similar to the Flettner-type, but autorotationary. He experi-mented with his rotor on small rowing vessels on lakes in his country. There are no results of his particular investigationknown, but Magnus-Effect is conrmed by Knig.

Operation

Schematic drawing of a two-scoop Savonius turbine

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The Savonius Rotor

Advantages of the Savonius Rotor over the Conventional Airfoil

1. Relative ease of construction

2. Readily available materials for construction (for smaller units). Requires no unusual materials and can be made from

many materials including metal, wood, or plastic

3. Materials last longer

4. Specications are less stringent

5. Easily reversible. The airfoil is made to operate one way only, but the Savonius Rotor can be switched to operate in theopposite direction

6. The unit is unidirectional. This means:

No need for a vane to direct it into the wind No torquing problems Possibility of direct drive down the tower, meaning there are no slips rings or directional gearing necessary

(also, the generator or power application unit can be located at the base of the tower) Can be used for more applications. Airfoils are generally limited to electrical generation

Much safer operation (the sharp edge is the trailing edge)

Can more easily be made into a multiple unit on the same drive train, whereas the airfoil is solitary

Heavier construction provides the advantage of a ywheel effect

Disadvantages of the Savonius Rotor over the Conventional Airfoil

1. Difcult to balance (although balance is less critical)

2. Less efcient than a conventional airfoil

3. Requires a tower extension

4. Slower operating speed

How to increase the wind speed?

Power and rotational speed

The maximum power in watts [W] of a Savonius rotor can be calculated with the following formula:[W] where is the height and the diameter of the rotor, both expressed in meters [m] and

the cube of the wind speed in meters per second [m/s].

The rotational speed in revolutions per minute [rpm] of a Savonius rotor is calculated using the

following formula: [rpm] where is a factor called tip-speed ratio (dimensionless number), the windspeed in [m/s] and the diameter of the rotor Savonius in [m].

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The tip-speed ratio is a characteristic factor of specic windmill. Its value ranges between 0.5 and 14. It is obtained by di-viding the speed of the tips of the blades by the wind speed. In a Savonius rotor is approximately equal to unity .

Applying these two formulas to a Savonius constructed with the two halves of an oil barrel of approx. 200 liters -, ) under a wind of 10 m/s (36 km/h), the rotor will have a power of approx. 120 watts and

a rotational speed of approx. 150 revolutions per minute (depending on the load)

Origin of Wind Concentrator

When we stand on a hill or on a dam, we experience high winds. Why? One is due to the height and another due to theslope. Taking a clue from nature, we conducted number of wind tunnel tests on models simulating dams (Escarpment)and measured the wind speeds at different heights with the model and with out the model. It has been found a 30 degreesslope increases the wind speed by a factor of 1.5 times at half the height of the top of the model.

Since power is cube of velocity, power gain is 1.5 cubed = 3.34

This principle has been incorporated in the design of the concentrator (30 degrees over and below the rotor)

The generator is the automobile generator with change of windings to reduce RPM.

This Wind rotor can be used for battery charging and will be a boon in rural areas with even moderate wind speeds as roofmounted device. It can be mounted on a big oil drum with pebbles out in the bottom of the drum to give stability.

Savonius Rotor with Concentrator designed by

Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh

For Video: http://tinyurl.com/SavoniusWindmill

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Chapter iii

Science for the

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The Challenge today is to harness science to the chariot wheels of progress and to press science as a deliberate tool toserve the basic needs of the common man and contribute to the economic, social, and cultural transformation of the coun-try.

If the benets of science and technology are to reach the vast majority of our people who live in country side, some seri-ous thinking is called for to develop science to serve the needs of these people. Science must be relevant and percolate toreach these people and involve the people in the process of development. This calls for organisation and management ofscience and developing science to suit the development of these people.

Innovative Technolog y

The new awareness culminating in quest for Innovative Technology has three components: the realization that mans in-ner needs are as great as, if not greater than, his outer requirements; the appreciation of the inadequacy of our institutionsfor rethinking and the acceptance of the fact that the world is evolving not towards a plurality of civilizations.

The Innovative Technology arises from the new awareness. A prior commitment to enlightened cosmologies is a necessary

pre-condition for the development of the Innovative Technology. As such, the Innovative Technology :

Integrates values with knowledge Replaces linear thinking of old science by the multi-dimensional systems approach; Is multi-cultural, that is, it carries different hopes and aspirations for different groups of people; and Gives rise to alternative Innovative Technologies.

The Innovative Technology is based on a new concept and is intended for the well-being of men and his habitat. It encour-ages direct innovation with human needs and environmental imperatives in view. It is unique to people and their culture,it is their technology and will meet only their needs and their requirements.

Three essential ingredients to evolve such Innovative Technology are

Mass scientic network: This is basically an extension network covering agriculture and related activities, public healthand industry.

Local problem-solving capability: Formalized groups within rural industries and other production units:

(a) to articulate its demand for additional inputs;(b) to establish outward linkages into the national S&T system; and to extend inward linkages into the extension network serving the locality.

Content and Scope of Innovative Technologies

In this eld several terms have sprung up and have been indiscriminately used like (a) Intermediate technology or lowtechnology, (b) appropriate technology, and (c) Innovative Technologies.

(a) Intermediate or Low Technolog y

Intermediate technology has meant many things to many people as a type of technology which lies in between the primi-tive technology and sophisticated technology. The concept of intermediate technology comes very near the one propa-

gated by Mahatma Gandhi the Father of our Nation but this would hardly satisfy our scientists in these countries, who, bytraining and temperament, are keen on undertaking internationally fashion oriented sophisticated research. Developmentof intermediate technologies, by and large, has thus remained a programme to be worked at technicians level.

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(b) Appropriate Technology

Appropriate technology is a priori a normative concept which implies that its delimitation can take place only after thenorms are decided. These norms change with every shift in time and place. At the advent of Industrial Revolution, tech-nological innovations aimed at diversifying product design and cheapening the production cost for meeting the needs ofrapidly expanding consumer market. Appropriateness of technology was considered in terms of prot, with or without a

concern for social goals.

(c) Innovative Technologies

Innovative Technology is dened as development of technologies or production systems, which are not only appropriate toa social situation at a particular point of time, but also is free from the deleterious effects such as alienation or environmen-tal imbalances. It considers the possible social and environmental changes, and this has built-in exibility to adjust chang-ing needs. Since such technologies would have to be essentially based on the integrated development of the total region,the concept becomes wider in its economic, social and political perspective. At the scientic level it poses new challengesfor the scientists to devise new technologies that are not available anywhere. It compels the scientists to come out to the

people and try to understand them, their needs, their environment, their traditional technologies and skills, understandthe science behind such skills based on experience and observation, and then evolve new techniques of production to suittheir resources and native genius and meet their needs.

The quest for Innovative Technology means many things to many people and they are summarised as below:

To people it may mean

- Gainful employment;

- Self-help, and competence to utilize their skills and other resources;

- Inculcation of scientic temper: with the association of cultural change, they may turn for help to science rather than toquackery;

- Acceleration of development with multiplier effects; and

- A feeling of adventure and pride in achievement

To the Planners and Policy Makers, it may mean

- A different approach to grass-root planning

- Science is used deliberately as a tool for growth and selective changes;

- Better utilisation of resources (including wastes);

- More and better distributed employment opportunities with less movement of people;

- An integrated approach with exibility of adjustment as per available resources; and

- Maintenance of ecological balances.

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Human Resources Traditional Knowledge and Methods Great Assets to Develop-ing Countries

Ideas oat around in bewildering numbers, and scores of designs, ranging from windmills to the spinning wheel, are avail-able; papers are circulated stating the wonders of intermediate (not innovative) technology what could be done, why itshould be done, what must be done, and how the rural countryside can be changed if intermediate technology is imple-

mented. Experts are called from abroad to tell people this.

In all this talk, there seems to be no place for the ideas generated by farmers, rural artisans. A stand seems to have beentaken that this transfer of technology for the socio-economic regeneration of the rural areas is a novelty for country-folk.But rural communities have survived for generations without any help in ideas and materials from outside. They have de-

veloped a low-cost technology of their own, suited to their own particular areas. It would be foolish to overlook and takefor granted methods used by farmers and artisans.

When a ploughshare develops trouble on the eld, when a bullock cart breaks down on the road to market, when a housecollapses in a storm, the villager uses materials available in the immediate vicinity to solve his problem. It is the scientist

who must see these problems as challenges that must be met if there is to be development in rural areas. It is clear that thevillagers and scientists will see the problems of the villages quite differently, and it will not always be true that the projectsproposed by the scientists will be meaningful to the villages.

If projects are imposed on the villagers, they are likely to be skeptical and may well resist rather than co-operate with theprogramme. Rural Development Schemes, in the broadest sense, requires rst a good sociological approach, and as muchpsychology as scientic knowledge. After all country means people and not soil.

Problems People Solutions

Research, Development and Demonstration projects in developing countries have generated a variety of devices and sys-tems for exploitation for example, solar cookers, wind battery charges etc. In Innovation theory, this is a classic case oftechnology push, that is, technical solutions looking for a social application. Technology push innovations might of coursebe adopted if they happen to satisfy a real demand, or are heavily promoted. Success is much more likely, however if theneeds, priorities and demands are studied before attempting to introduce a new technology or system. This is the demandpull approach to innovation.

Often identifying the right problem is difcult rather than nding a possible solution. People are better judges to identifythe problems and since they benet most by the solutions, they can contribute for nding the best solutions.

A novel and innovative scheme is suggested to achieve the above goal.

In developing countries the Government can advertise in the media seeking problems from the people in different disci-plines like education, health, energy, industry etc. The problems received can be screened, studied and short-listed by acommittee comprising government ofcials, experts, representatives from N.G.Os etc. The short-listed problems can bere-advertised seeking solutions from people. The solutions received can be studied in detail and the best solutions givenawards. To catch a sh the bait should be attractive enough. As such there should be sizeable incentive so that people candevote their talent and energies for nding solutions. As the saying goes Anything can be done for a Dollar. In this waythe creative potential of the people can be tapped to the full and a thought process will be set in motion in the country. InIndia a general knowledge programme conducted by a Super Star on TV is a roaring success and children, youth and old-all alike have become addicted to get equipped with general knowledge so that they can try their luck for winning fabulouscash prizes.

The Author has developed Novel solutions and sustainable technologies for the benets of bottoms billions like Every-bodys Solar Water Heater, Simple Solar Drier, Safe Drinking Water from Solar Disinfection, Energy Conservation in Irriga-tion pumpsets, Hand operated Battery Charger, Savonius rotor with concentrator for Battery Charging, Multiple Uses ofGas Stove, Pedal operated Washing machine and several others.

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Conclusion

Innovation, Invention and creativity are the pillars of progress of any Society / Nation. The greater the participation of peo-ple in the developmental activities, the quicker will be the progress. A new approach Innovative Technology (IT) deliber-ately involving people from all walks of life is the need of the hour in identifying the felt needs in the developing countriesand nding solutions. Such a technology will contribute to Integrated Development (ID).

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Chapter iv

biofuel

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There were efforts to utilise Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in combination with animal dung to produce biogas.But Biogas from Opuntia offers promise especially in developing countries since Opuntia can be grown under a variety ofEnvironmental conditions.

Biogas from Opuntia

A source of renewable gas and fertilizer

Structure of the proposed process

1st step: Production of Biomass (Opuntia)

2nd step: Process of the Biomass into Biogas through Anaerobic Fermentation

3rd step: Process of the Digested Material into Fertilizer

The potential of Opuntia Biomass for energy production in semi-arid areas

100 to 400 tons of biomass/ha/year

1 ton Opuntia biomass = 50-60 m3 of biogas = 300-360 kWh of gas

30 000 to 140 000 kWh per ha

150 to 400ha necessary for 1MW electrical capacity

High efciency in water & fertilizer use

Reduced risk for farmers of crop failure due to high drought tolerance. No competition with food crops on arable land as itcan grow on degraded land.

Study on renewable biogas energy production from cladodes of Opuntia cus indica by Elias Jigar, Hameed Sulaiman andAraya Asfaw and Abraham Bairu (ISABB Journal of Food and Agriculture Science Vol. 1(3), pp. 44-48, December 2011)revealed:

Cladodes, which are a plate like section of Opuntia cus indica, were characterized for their physical properties, total sol-ids (TS) and volatile solides (VS) and they were assessed in ve combinations with or without cow dung for their suitability

to biogas production in 2.8 L triplicate batch digesters. The highest total biogas yields were obtained from T5 (75% Cowdung: 25% Cladodes combination) as 14.183 L followed by T1 (cow dung alone) as 13.670 L (0 .022 m3/kg) and the lowest

was from T2 (Cladodes alone) as 6.176 L. The percentage of methane gas obtained from the experiment for treatments T1,T2, T3 (50% cow dung: 50% cladodes), T4 (25% cow dung: 75% Cladodes) and T5 were 66.33, 53.16, 63.84, 52.1 and 69%respectively. Among all treatments, T5 was found to produce high methane percent of the biogas.

Treatments (T1 and T5) that have a C: N ratio within the range of 20 to 30 was found to perform better in biogas yieldand methane production than those that are not. Statistical test showed that the biogas and methane content of the gasproduced by T5 vary signicantly at 0.05 level except with T1 and T3 which means the biogas and methane content of thegas produced by T1 and T3 were comparable with that of T5. The experimental ndings further showed that the composi-

tion of methane for all treatments were within the range of 50 to 70%. The nding further revealed the suitability of thesubstrate as a supplement feedstock with the conventional cow dung for biogas production and if suitable materials forco-digestion, such as manure, are not available, Cladodes can be digested alone.

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There are other options like biofuel and conversion of biogas into power. Agave is a care free growth plant which canbe grown in millions of hectares of waste land and which produces Biofuel. Already Mexico is using it. Another Care freegrowth plant is Opuntia which generates Biogas. Biogas can be input to generate power through Biogas Generators. Biogasgenerators of MW size are available from China. Yet another option is Water Hyacinth for biogas. Water Hyacinth along withanimal dung can produce biogas on a large scale and then power. In Kolleru Lake in Godavari and Krishna Delta in AndhraPradesh it is available in 308 Sq. Km for nearly 8 months in a year.

Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon xation pathway that evolved in someplants as an adaptation to arid conditions in a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remains shut during the dayto reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbonacidmalate, and then used during photosynthesis during the day. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the en-

zyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efciency. Agave and Opuntia are the best CAM Plants.

What is needed in an agrarian country like ours is AGRO INDUSTRIES to utilise local resources and resourceful-ness - Mahatma Gandhi

Researchers nd that the agave plant will serve as a biofuel crop to produce ethanol.

Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in marginal or desert land, not on arable land, and therefore would not dis-place food crops, says Oliver Inderwildi, at the University of Oxford. The majority of ethanol produced in the world is stillderived from food crops such as corn and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for years now that using such crops for fuelcan drive up the price of food.

Agave, however, can grow on hot dry land with a high-yield and low environmental impact. The researchers proposing theplants use have modeled a facility in Jalisco, Mexico, which converts the high sugar content of the plant into ethanol.The research, published in the journal Energy and Environmental Science, provides the rst ever life-cycle analysis ofthe energy and greenhouse gas balance of producing ethanol with agave. Each megajoule of energy produced from the

agave-to-ethanol process resulted in a net emission of 35 grams of carbon dioxide, far below the 85g/MJ estimated for cornethanol production. Burning gasoline produces roughly 100g/MJ.

The characteristics of the agave suit it well to bioenergy production, but also reveal its potential as a crop that is adaptableto future climate change, adds University of Oxford plant scientist Andrew Smith. In a world where arable land and wa-ter resources are increasingly scarce, these are key attributes in the food versus fuel argument, which is likely to intensifygiven the expected large-scale growth in biofuel production.

Agave already appeared to be an interesting bio ethanol source due to its high sugar content and its swift growth. For therst time Researchers at the universities of Oxford and Sydney have now conducted the rst life-cycle analysis of the energy

and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agave-derived ethanol and present their promising results in the journal Energy &Environmental Science.

On both life cycle energy and GHG emissions agave scores at least as well as corn, switchgrass and sugarcane, while reach-ing a similar ethanol output. The big advantages agave has over the before mentioned plants is that it can grow in dry areasand on poor soil, thus practically eliminating their competition with food crops and drastically decreasing their pressureon water resources.

Plants which use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which include the cacti and Agaves, are of particular interest sincethey can survive for many months without water and when water is available they use it with an efciency that can be morethan 10 times that of other plants, such as maize, sorghum, miscanthus and switchgrass. CAM species include no major cur-rent or potential food crops; they have however for centuries been cultivated for alcoholic beverages and low-lignin bres.They may therefore also be ideal for producing biofuels on land unsuited for food production.

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In Mxico, there are active research programs and stakeholders investigating Agave spp. as a bioenergy feedstock. Theunique physiology of this genus has been exploited historically for the sake of bers and alcoholic beverages, and there is a

wealth of knowledge in the country of Mxico about the life history, genetics, and cultivation of Agave.

The State of Jalisco is the denomination of origin of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul, a cultivar primarily used for theproduction of tequila that has been widely researched to optimize yields. Other cultivars of Agave tequilana are grownthroughout Mxico, along with the Agave fourcroydes Lem., or henequen, which is an important source of ber that hastraditionally been used for making ropes. The high sugar content of Agave tequilana may be valuable for liquid fuel pro-duction, while the high lignin content of Agave fourcroydes may be valuable for power generation through combustion.

Along with Agave species described above, some other economically important species include A. salmiana, A. angustiana,A. americana, and A. sisalana. Agave sisalana is not produced in Mxico, but has been an important crop in regions of Africaand Australia. Information collected here could thus be relevant to semi-arid regions around the world.

Agave Competitive Advantages

* Thrives on dry land/marginal land. Most efcient use of soil, water and light* Massive production. Year-around harvesting* Very high yields with very low or no inputs* Very high quality biomass and sugars* Very low cost of production. Not a commodity, so prices are not volatile* Very versatile: biofuels, byproducts, chemicals* World-wide geographical distribution* Enhanced varieties are ready

Agave Plantation

Picture Source: tequilasource.com

Opuntia Plantation

Picture Source: desertication.wordpress.com

Water HyacinthPicture Source: duke.edu

Biogas Commercial GeneratorPicture Source: ecvv.com

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Prospects for Biofuel Production in Gujarat State (India)

There is much interest in harnessing Solar and Wind Energy in Gujarat State.Apart from Solar and Wind there is vast scopeto generate biofuel from Agave besides biogas from Opuntia in Gujarat.

There is huge area of wastelands in Gujarat state. The details are:

Gujarat - Category-wise Distribution and Changes in Wastelands

Category Total

1 392.02

2 1.73

3 11614.83

4 6658.03

5 0.00

6 80.59

7 696.55

8 0.00

9 0.00

10 0.00

11 1413.86

12 155.35

13 44.19

14 53.06

15 0.00

16 75.38

17 0.00

18 0.00

19 0.00

20 15.29

21 0.00

22 149.49

23 0.00

Total 21350.38

TGA 196024.00

% of TGA 10.89

Source: dolr.nic.in

Cant it be brought under cultivation through plants which require less water like Agave and Opuntia which can be put to

multiple uses.

Apart from Wind and Solar Gujarat can go in for Biofuel. One promising plant is Agave which is a care-free growth plant. Itis being done on a massive scale in Mexico.

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Chapter v

Renewable

Energy

Technologies

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Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to sustainable energy as they generally contribute to world en-ergy security, reducing dependence on fossil fuel resources, and providing opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases.The International Energy Agency states that:

Conceptually, one can dene three generations of renewables technologies, reaching back more than 100 years.

First-generation technologies emerged from the industrial revolution at the end of the 19th century and include hydropow-er, biomass combustion, and geothermal power and heat. Some of these technologies are still in widespread use.

Second-generation technologies include solar heating and cooling, wind power, modern forms of bioenergy, and solarphotovoltaics. These are now entering markets as a result of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) invest-ments since the 1980s. The initial investment was prompted by energy security concerns linked to the oil crises (1973 and1979) of the 1970s but the continuing appeal of these renewables is due, at least in part, to environmental benets. Manyof the technologies reect signicant advancements in materials.

Third-generation technologies are still under development and include advanced biomass gasication, bio renery technol-ogies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry rock geothermal energy, and ocean energy. Advances in nanotechnology

may also play a major role.

First- and second-generation technologies have entered the markets, and third-generation technologies heavily depend onlong term research and development commitments, where the public sector has a role to play.

A 2008 comprehensive cost-benet analysis review of energy solutions in the context of global warming and other issuesranked wind power combined with battery electric vehicles (BEV) as the most efcient, followed by concentrated solarpower, geothermal power,tidal power, photovoltaic, wave power, coal capture and storage, nuclear energy, and nallybiofuels.

Solar Energ y

Solar insolation is very high in most of the developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. But the main consrtraintis Technologies which are affordable and which can be built with local man power. The author designed some technologieslike Innovative Vertical and Cylindrical Solar Water Heater, Solar Water Purier and Simple Solar Drier.

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Innovative Solar Water Heater

The sun is an energy source available to everyone, an energy source that can be used simply, and inexpensively to reducedeveloping countries dependence on imported fuels. Solar water heater is the simplest and most cost-effective solar ap-plications.

Solar water heaters are based on a common natural phenomenon: cold water in a container exposed to the sun undergoesa rise in temperature. The solar water heater is basically a at-plate collector and an insulated storage tank. The collector iscommonly blackened metal plate with attached metal tubing and is usually provided with a glass cover and a layer of insu-lation beneath the plate. The collector tubing is connected by piping to a tank that stores hot water for use during non-sunny periods. When mounted on a roof or other suitable support, the collector absorbs radiation, by transfer of resultingheat to water circulating through the tubing, hot water is supplied to the storage tank. In the most common designs, thestorage tank is located above the top of the collector. The elevated position of the tank results in natural convection: watercirculates from the collector to the tank.

When solar water heater technology is so simple, how is it that developing countries are yet to catch up? The reasons are

not far to seek. The main constraint is prohibitive cost. For instance, in India a 100 liter solar water heater costs aroundRs. 20,000/- (about US $ 400). Another interesting point is that not many people living in towns and villages have access tooverhead water storage tanks to get continuous supply of cold water. To overcome the above barriers, the author designedand tested a vertical and cylindrical Solar Water Heater.

Design Details

Two vertical and cylindrical collectors made of stainless steel (normally used in the manufacture of drinking water drums)with a height of 0.6 m and a diameter of 0.32 m are made and placed one over the other with thermo Cole in between aswell as at the bottom to prevent heat losses. The top cylindrical auxiliary tank is provided with an inlet at the top and pro-vided with a cap and the same is provided with an opening at the bottom, which is connected to the bottom cylinder witha hose pipe (strong enough to withstand high temperatures).

There is a lever attached to the pipe to control water ow. The bottom cylinder is provided with an outlet at the top fromwhich water is drawn. Both the cylinders are provided with concentric rings to provide gap and covered with high densitytransparent polyethylene sheet to simulate green house effect. A lotus ower shaped reector (as shown in the picturebelow) made of stainless steel acts as a reector. This takes into account the diurnal motion of the sun.

The insulator is made of bamboo basket with a height of 1.3 m and a diameter of 0.45 m (circular) and covered with 6mmof glass wool (rock wool) and over it with transparent polyethylene cover so that the whole setup is airtight.

The collector is lled with potable water in the morning at 8 a.m. and is covered with the insulator (bamboo basket) at 4p.m. The hot water can be used either in the evening, night or next morning. Hot water up to 70 C is obtainable depend-ing on the sunshine. In 15 hours of storage about 7 C drop in the hot water temperature is observed.

This 100 liter unit costs around USD 150 in South India and will be highly useful as a pre-heater for cooking, for bathing,for washing cloths and utensils, for rural schools, hospitals etc.

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Advantages

The unit is mobile, modular and easy to install and dismantle for transporting No necessity of cold water supply through pipes No need for over head storage water tank There is no need to have separate collector as it is an integrated system

Since the collector is made of stainless steel, the hot water will be hygienic Because of the omni-directional reector, relatively higher water temperatures are obtained even in moderate sunshine The unit occupies less space being vertical and circular, on the ground or roof All the materials used in the fabrication of this simple and cost effective solar water heater is available locally The unit is durable except that the polyethylene cover has to be replaced once in 4 months, which costs just USD 1 When using pre-heated water for cooking from this unit, considerable fuel such as rewood, kerosene, gas, electricityetc. can be conserved.

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Simple Solar Drier

Drying soaked rice, pickles, salted sh, and millet in winnowing basket is a common sight in India. Winnowing basket insunlight is a common sight in our country. But this system suffers from many disadvantages like falling of dust in the con-tents, longer time to dry, no protection from insects, birds etc.

In order to overcome these defects a simple and inexpensive solar drier which can be fabricated locally has been designedand tested.

The bigger unit consists of a tray-shaped structure made of bamboo of dimensions 1 m x 0.16 m x 0.15 m height with slantsides for wider incidence of sun light. It is covered with black polyethylene sheet inside, which acts as absorbing mate-rial. In areas where there is difculty in procuring black high density polyethylene sheet the inside portion of the basket iscoated with enamel black paint and covered with transparent HDP cover.

Over the basket, a transparent polyethylene sheet is provided with opening at two sides and the other two sides beingxed to enable for easy lifting to put the contents. The top polyethylene sheet is provided with Velcro for xing. The basketis provided with holes on the sides for easy passage of air which avoids formation of water vapor at the top. This designcosts just Rs 350 in South India. The second system is meant for drying small quantities in rural areas. In this, a winnowingbasket is provided with similar arrangement as in the previous case.

This costs Rs.100 Experiments reveal that on an average it saves half of the time to dry the contents when compared toopen drying.

The advantages offered are:

(a) The contents dry quickly(b) The contents will be hygienic as they are protected from dust because of cover

(c) The contents are free from bird menace like crows as there is a thick covering(d) When sudden rain comes, the contents are protected because of the polyethylene covering(e) The units are light and easy to carry(f ) All the materials used in the fabrication are available locally and can be fabricated by local people(g) Fabrication of this simple gadget helps generate rural employment

Safe Drinking for All through Solar Disinfection

Introduction

Every 8 seconds, a child dies from water related disease around the globe. 50% of people in developing countries sufferfrom one or more water-related diseases. 80% of diseases in the developing countries are caused by contaminated water.Providing safe drinking water to the people has been a major challenge for Governments in developing countries. Conven-tional technologies used to disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination and articial UV radiation.

These technologies require sophisticated equipment, are capital intensive and require skilled operators (1,17,20). Boilingwater requires about 1 kg of wood/liter of water which results in deforestation in developing countries. Also halazone orcalcium hypochlorite tablets or solutions (sodium hypochlorite at 1 to 2 drops per liter) are used to disinfect drinking wa-ter. These methods are environmentally unsound or hygienically unsafe when performed by a layperson. Misuse of sodiumhypochlorite solution poses a safety hazard (2,4,11).

Treatment to control waterborne microbial contaminants by exposure to sunlight in clear vessels that allows the combinedgermicidal effects of both UV radiation and heat has been developed and put into practice (5,712,13,14,18,19).

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The SODIS system (Solar Disinfection of water) developed by scientists at the Swiss Federal Agency for Environmental Sci-ence and Technology(EAWAG) recommends placing PET bottles (usually discarded mineral water/beverage bottles) paintedblack on one side, aerating (oxygenating) the water by vigorous shaking three fourths water lled bottles and then llingthem full and placing them in sunlight for 6 hours.

In this method, the water is exposed to UV radiation in sunlight, primarily UV-A and it becomes heated; both effectscontribute to the inactivation of water borne microbes. The use of PET bottles requires periodic replacement because ofscratches and they become deformed if temperature exceeds 65C. Also dust accumulates on these bottles in the groves(provided for strength). The PET bottle mineral water manufacturers print on the label, crush the bottle after use inIndia. Unless cleaned thoroughly everyday, PET bottles turn brown over usage rendering lesser transmission of sunlight.

Microorganisms are heat sensitive. Table 1 lists up the required temperature to eliminate microorganisms within 1, 6 or 60minutes. It can be seen that it is not required to boil the water in order to kill 99.9% of the microorganisms. Heating up

water to 50 - 60C (122 - 140F) for one hour has the same effect (2,21).

The most favorable region for solar disinfection lies between latitudes 150 N/S and 35 0 N/S. These semi-arid regions arecharacterised by high solar radiation and limited cloud coverage and rainfall (3000 hours sunshine per year).The second

most favorable region lies between the equator and latitude 15 0 N/S, the scattered radiation in this region is quite high(2500 hours sunshine per year).

The need for a low-cost, low maintenance and effective disinfection system for providing safe drinking water is paramount,especially for the developing countries.

Materials And Methods

The innovative solar disinfection system has a wooden frame of length 2 ft,width 1 foot and depth 6 inches with bottomsinusoidal shaped polished stainless steel (curvature slightly larger than standard glass wine bottles, about 5 inches diam-

eter) . On the front is xed a glass sheet having lifting arrangement with a knob (this glass enclosure will protect the glassbottles from cooling down due to outside wind). There are screws which can be used to keep the contents airtight. Onthe backside a stand is xed which will help the unit to be placed according to the latitude of the place for maximum solarinsolation.

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