Innovative Energy Storage Technologies

Dr. Dr. Darius MilčiusDarius MilčiusHead of Center for Hydrogen Energy TechnologiesHead of Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies

Lithuanian Energy InstituteLithuanian Energy Institutewww.hydrogen.ltwww.hydrogen.lt

2012

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Content:Content:

1.1. Review of innovative energy storage technologies for Review of innovative energy storage technologies for

vehicles.vehicles.

2.2. Conventional vehicle vs. Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Conventional vehicle vs. Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell

vehiclesvehicles..

3.3. Development of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage.Development of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage.

4.4. Future technologies for hydrogen energy systems in Future technologies for hydrogen energy systems in

mobile applications.mobile applications.

3http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/chen/CarbonNanomaterials.html

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Hybrid vehicle vs. Conventional vehicleHybrid vehicle vs. Conventional vehicle

Toyota Prius HybridToyota Prius Hybrid (toyota.com) (toyota.com)PowerPower 60 kW60 kW

Mileage estimates (mpg Mileage estimates (mpg city/highway/combined) city/highway/combined) 44/40/4244/40/42

Price: 2500 - 6000 USD more than Price: 2500 - 6000 USD more than conventionalconventional

Toyota Avensis (toyota.com)Toyota Avensis (toyota.com)Power Power

MPG (city/highway/combined) MPG (city/highway/combined) 26/34/29 26/34/29

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Toyota+ Tesla electric car (http://www.toyota.com/)

Year of production: 2010

DistanceDistance: : 160160 km km

Li ion baterry 41,8 kWh

Honda FCX (www.honda.com)Year of production: 2007Power: 195 kWMaximum speed: 150 km/hDistanceDistance: : 430 km 430 kmEngine (power source): fuel cell+engine

Electric vehicle vs. Fuel Cell vehicleElectric vehicle vs. Fuel Cell vehiclehttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/

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End of electric vehicleEnd of electric vehicle storystory? ? EPA-rated driving range of 103 miles (41.8-kWh Lithium-ion battery) 

$49,800

Toyota RAV4 EVToyota RAV4 EV

"The current capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society's "The current capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society's needs, whether it may be the distance the cars can run, or the needs, whether it may be the distance the cars can run, or the costs, or how longcosts, or how long it takes to charge," said, Takeshi it takes to charge," said, Takeshi Uchiyamada, who spearheaded Toyota's development of the Uchiyamada, who spearheaded Toyota's development of the Prius hybrid in the 1990s.Prius hybrid in the 1990s.

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/429350/toyota-scales-back-electric-vehicle-plans/

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PetrolL. Schlapbach and A. Züttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353-358

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2009 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIESMARKET REPORT, June 2010

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2009 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIESMARKET REPORT, June 2010

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2009.02.023http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2009.02.023

Formation of metal hydrides for hydrogen storageFormation of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage

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Plasma enchanced hydrogenation of metals and alloysPlasma enchanced hydrogenation of metals and alloys::

LEI CHET patent application LEI CHET patent application https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/20110629/patents/https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/20110629/patents/EP2338834NWA1/document.pdfEP2338834NWA1/document.pdf

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Hydrogen for vehicles: advantages and challengesHydrogen for vehicles: advantages and challenges

1.The use of hydrogen proposes unique possibilities to have environmentally friendly energy systems with zero emission of climate changes inducing pollutants.

2.Unfortunately most of the systems have one of the main drawbacks: it is impossible to store hydrogen for the long time in technologically and economically reasonable way.

3.Hydrogen energy systems potentially can change drastically in the future. It is mainly related to the so called hydrolytic approach to hydrogen production when needed. It can lead to elimination of hydrogen storage and essential technological simplifications.

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Cuomo and Woodall, 1982 and Kravchenko et al (2005)Cuomo and Woodall, 1982 and Kravchenko et al (2005), , M. WatanabeM. Watanabepproposed hydrogen production using direct reactions path: metal roposed hydrogen production using direct reactions path: metal nanoparticles reacts with water and produses hydrogen.nanoparticles reacts with water and produses hydrogen.

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New approachNew approach

LEI CHET Patent application No. 2012 026LEI CHET Patent application No. 2012 026

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Implemented/ongoing projects:Implemented/ongoing projects:• USA DoE/USA DoE/Sandia National Lab (USA)Sandia National Lab (USA) 2002-2005 2002-2005;;• JRC Institute for Energy (EU)JRC Institute for Energy (EU) 2005-2008 2005-2008;;• EU 6EU 6thth Framework Programme (6FP) Framework Programme (6FP) - 4 projects - 4 projects;;• Nordic Energy Research (NoE)Nordic Energy Research (NoE) – 2 projects 2002-2010 – 2 projects 2002-2010;• TaskTask 22 of The International Energy Agency Hydrogen 22 of The International Energy Agency Hydrogen Implementing AgreementImplementing Agreement (IEA HIA)(IEA HIA) 2002-up to now. 2002-up to now.

People, Publications, Patents:People, Publications, Patents:

•10 people (2 dr.; 2 PhD students; 3 Ms students, 3 engineers) 10 people (2 dr.; 2 PhD students; 3 Ms students, 3 engineers)

•35 publication on metal hydrides35 publication on metal hydrides

•44 – – patents/applications patents/applications Lithuanian Patent Offise;Lithuanian Patent Offise;

• 1- EPO application (1- EPO application (https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/20110629/patents/EP2338834NWA1/document.pdfdates/20110629/patents/EP2338834NWA1/document.pdf))

•SSpin-offpin-off company company established established for developfor developinging technologies commercialization in technologies commercialization in 2012 . 2012 . It was done with financial support of MITA (contract No. 31V-137 (2012)).It was done with financial support of MITA (contract No. 31V-137 (2012)).

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People and

EquipmentX-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Auger Electron Spectroscopy

X-ray diffraction (XRD) Scanning Electron microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Conclusions, challenges, future activities Conclusions, challenges, future activities 1.1. There are no clear answers about what kind of vehicles we will use There are no clear answers about what kind of vehicles we will use

in the future: in the future: hhybridybrid? ? eelectriclectric? Or powered by ? Or powered by hhydrogenydrogen? It gives ? It gives lots of possibilities for us in R&D.lots of possibilities for us in R&D.

2.2. We developed and patented new technologies for metal hydrides We developed and patented new technologies for metal hydrides synthesis and hydrogen production synthesis and hydrogen production when when needed. These needed. These technologies hatechnologies haveve clear technological interest from biggest car clear technological interest from biggest car manufacturers but in order to sell it we need to clarify manufacturers but in order to sell it we need to clarify economy economy factorsfactors, such as: “How much , such as: “How much does does it cost to produce 1 kg of metal it cost to produce 1 kg of metal hydrides using our approach at different scales?”, “We must clarify hydrides using our approach at different scales?”, “We must clarify that metal hydrides remains reversible, during continues usage”, that metal hydrides remains reversible, during continues usage”, “How much “How much does does it cost to produce 1 kg of hydrogen using our it cost to produce 1 kg of hydrogen using our developed reversible hydrolytic evolution of hydrogen approach?” developed reversible hydrolytic evolution of hydrogen approach?” and etc. and etc.

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Thank you for attention!Thank you for attention!