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Innovations Bringing Safe Drinking Water to 1 Billion People
at the Bottom of the Pyramid
4th World Conference on the Future of Science
Food & Water for LifeVenice, Italy
September 24-27, 2008
by Susan MurcottSenior Lecturer,
Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept.Mass. Institute of Technology
Water pollution and water scarcity are the 2 biggest water challenges of the 21st century
Clean Water for 2 Billion People?By Susan Murcott, Lecturer, MIT
Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept.
Today, an estimated 884 million people drink water from an “unimproved” water supply
Drinking Water Ladder
54%
33%
13%
• Household connection inside or outside user’s dwelling
Piped Supply on Premises
• Public taps• Tube wells & boreholes• Protected dug wells & springs• Rainwater harvesting
Other Improved
• All surface waters (rivers, streams, dams, lakes, ponds, canals, irrigation channels)• Unprotected dug wells & springs• Tanker trucks and carts• Vended water
Unimproved
(UNICEF/WHO, 2008)
Drinking Water Coverage, 2006
(UNICEF/WHO, 2008)
Who are the people lacking improved water? Where do they live? Rural areas…
(Credit: Time Magazine)
746 million people in rural areas use unimproved water supplies
(UNICEF/WHO, 2008)Rural Drinking Water Coverage 1990 - 2006
(Photo: Genevieve Connors)
… and Urban / Peri-urban Slums
Women and children are the ones most profoundly impacted by water pollution and water scarcity.
Photo: Sheila McKinnon
Photo: Ralph Coffman
Women shoulder the largest burden in collecting water
(UNICEF / WHO, 2008)
Women are the primary care-takers of children and other family members sick and dying from waterborne illnesses.
Clean Water for 1+ Billion People?By Susan Murcott, Lecturer, MIT
Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept. National Geographic
Leading Infectious Killers - 2002
Lower RespiratoryInfections
HIV/AIDS DiarrhoealDiseases
Tuberculosis Malaria Measles
Over age 5
Under age 5
Dea
ths
in m
illio
ns
Source: WHO 2004
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 3.9
2.8
1.81.6
1.3
0.6
Diarrheal diseases are the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide from infectious diseases and are responsible for the stunted growth, from loss of nutrients, of 1/4 of surviving children in the developing world
Photo: Donna Coveney
3 Global Economic Classes
BiomassDurablesThrow-awaysMaterials
WalkingBicycles, buses
Private carsTransportation
Insufficient grain and nutrients
GrainMeat, canned & packaged food, soft drinks
Food
Unimproved water sources
Unimproved & improved water source
Piped water, bottled water
Water
Low<=$1/day20%
Medium<=$2/day60%
High >$2/day20%
Income
“Bottom of the Pyramid”
Microbially Unsafe Water
Chemically Unsafe Water
Arsenic contaminated well painted with a red spout
(Photo: RIchard Cash, 2007)
Example of Diseases from Unsafe Water: Diarrhea, Dysentery, Cholera
Examples of Diseases from Unsafe Water: Guinea Worm
Photo: Braimah Apambire, World Vision
Arsenicosis from Arsenic Contaminated Water
Toxicology• Poison• Skin disease such as melanosis, keratosis• Vasular diseases• Cancer to lung, kidney, bladder• Low IQ in children• Low birth weight
Based on numerous studies in India, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Chile, US, etc
50 ug/LNepali Interim guideline
10 ug/LWorld Health Organization (WHO) guideline
Skeletal and Dental Fluorosis from Excessive Fluoride in Water
One “Future of Science & Engineering” solution to global water pollution and scarcity is the
application of Household Water Treatment
and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)
What are Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage Technologies?
Stone Filter – Peru,c.1600 (Photo: Tom Clasen)
A cluster of innovative technologies invented and disseminated only within the last 3 to 15 years that are explicitly designed to address the safe water needs of more than one billion people at the bottom of the economic pyramid.
They are distinct from 1st World post-tap devices that give “luxury water” to the rich, or to traditional water management practices, that may or may not give safe water.
Post-tap filter for “luxury water”
Traditional unsafe storage
Health impact of household drinking water treatment and safe storage:
“safe water alone can reduce diarrhoeal and other enteric diseases by 6% to 50%, even in the absence of improved sanitation or other hygiene measures.”
(Nath, 2006)
Cost Effectiveness
“While increasing access to piped water supply and sewage connections on plot was the intervention that had the largest health impact across all the sub-regions, household water treatment was found to be the most cost-effective intervention.”
(Haller et al., 2007)
I. Safe Storage Products
CDC Safe Storage Vessel Oxfam Safe Storage Modified Clay Pot
II. Disinfection
Photo: Jeff Albert, AquayaBoiling Liquid and dry chlorine products
Solar Disinfection (SODIS) UV Disinfection
III. Filters
Ceramic Candle Filter, Biosand Filter
Cloth Filter Ceramic Pot Filter
VI. Coagulation Products
Settling Time
0 min
Raw Water Settling Time
30 minCoagulation
Regime
V. Membrane & Reverse Osmosis
Photo: Vestegaard Franden
VI. Combined Systems
“Aquasure” - Eureka Forbes Ltd. “PureIt” – Hindustan Lever Ltd.
“PUR” - Proctor & Gamble
VII. Arsenic or Fluoride Chemical Removal Systems
Arsenic FiltersArsenic Filters Defluoridation FilterDefluoridation Filter
Examples - Household Safe Storage and Water Treatment Systems
I. Safe Storage• Plastic or modified clay pot safe storage containers
II. Disinfection• Boiling• Household chlorination – liquid or dry tablet • Solar disinfection (SODIS) and UV disinfection
III. Filters• Cloth Filtration• Ceramic Filters
– Candle Filters, Pot Filters, Siphon Filters• Biosand Filters
IV. Coagulation Products
V. Membrane / Reverse Osmosis• Membrane, Reverse Osmosis, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration
– Family Life Straw
VI. Combined Systems • Coagulation/Precipitation + Chlorine Disinfection (e.g. PUR) • Filtration + Disinfection + Aesthetics (Hindustan Lever, Pure-it)
VII. Chemical Removal Systems • Arsenic Removal System• Fluoride Removal Systems
World Health Organization
A Public-Private Partnershiphosted by:
theInternational Network to Promote Safe Household Water Treatment
and Storage
Number of HWTS Projects
• HWTS Network is comprised of 117 organizations
• Disseminating in 60 countries and rapidly expanding
• Exclusive of boiling, HWTS reaching an estimated 6 million people in 2005.
MIT Experience with HWTSImplementation and Scale Up
Since 1998, about 26 MIT Since 1998, about 26 MIT multimulti--disciplinary teams of disciplinary teams of engineers, planners & engineers, planners & MBA business students MBA business students have supported HWTS have supported HWTS research & dissemination research & dissemination in about 10 countriesin about 10 countries
Our Group
• Put group photohere
Systems Approach
• Technical feasibility• Socio-cultural acceptability• Behavioral• Financial sustainability• Inter-disciplinary• Focus on women and children