innovation is in our genes. 1 siemens medical solutions molecular imaging what are spect basics?
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Innovation is in our genes.
1 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
What are SPECT basics?
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Innovation is in our genes.
2 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Anger camera
Hal O. Anger invented the scintillation camera in 1958
Established basic design: NaI(Tl) crystal PMT array Position weighted signals
Hal O. Anger
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Innovation is in our genes.
3 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Overview
PULSEHEIGHT
ANALYZERPOSITIONSIGNALS
ENERGYSIGNAL
X Y Z
Image Display
COLLIMATOR
NaI(Tl)Crystal
. . . . . . .
PMT ARRAY
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Innovation is in our genes.
4 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Scintillation camera components
Detector
NaI(Tl) crystal
Photomultiplier tube (PMT) array
Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)
Collimator
Low energy
Medium energy
High energy
Axial shields (coincidence imaging)
Pinhole
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Innovation is in our genes.
5 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Scintillation camera components
Computer(s)
Acquisition
Processing
Acquisition & processing
Physicians viewing
Patient Table
Pallet
Accessories
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6 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Nal(TI) Scintillator
Sensitive material for gamma ray detection
Large rectangular (40 x 50 cm), thin (9.5 mm) crystal*
Converts gamma ray energy into visible light (Total absorption of a 140 keV gamma ray yields 5000 photons)
Fragile: Sensitive to trauma and temperature changes
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7 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Nal(TI) Crystal
Advantages
85% sensitivity @ 140 keV
Moderate energy resolution (9-10% @ 140 keV)
Moderate cost
Disadvantages
Hygroscopic (requires hermetic seal)
Limiting component in count rate performance (200 nSec scintillation decay time)
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8 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
PMT array
FOV 3" PMTs 2" PMTs
30 x 40 cm 28 6040 x 55 cm 55 120
PMT Cross SectionsPMTs are arranged in a close-packed array to cover the crystal surface
SideView
Circular
Hexangonal
Square
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9 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Analog position electronics
WeightedSum
TotalSum
PositionSignal (x or y)
EnergySignal (Z)
Normalization
NormalizedPositionSignal (x or y)
X/ZY/Z
Position-basedSignal Weights
PulseHeightAnalyzer
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Innovation is in our genes.
10 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
POSITIONSIGNALS
ENERGYSIGNAL
PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER
X
Y
Z
Image Display
COLLIMATOR
NaI(Tl)Crystal
. . . . . . .
PMT ARRAY
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
Y
X
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11 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Collimation
Purpose: To project gamma ray distribution onto the detector
Basic design
Distance performance
Spatial resolution vs. count sensitivity
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12 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Collimator design
25 mm
1.2 mm
Collimators are fabricated from lead.
Gamma rays that hit the septa are absorbed.
Image forming aperture of the scintillation camera.Limiting component in spatial resolution & count sensitivity.
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13 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Collimator performance
Count sensitivity
~ 1/5,000 gamma rays are transmitted
Requires short holes with large diameters
Inverse relationship with resolution
Spatial resolution
6 - 12 mm FWHM @ 10 cm Requires long holes with small
diameters Distance dependent
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14 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Spatial resolution Dependence on source to collimator distance
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
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15 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Energy correction
Corrects for the difference in energy responses within and betweenPMTs
Digitize local spectra (e.g. @ 64 x 64 locations) Set local photopeak windows Event must fall within local window
Before energy correction After energy correction
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16 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Linearity correction
Event location is estimated as x’,y’
New locationx = x’ + Dx’y = y’ + Dy’
Image a known rectangular hole pattern
Calculate x & y correction offsets
Interpolate values over entire field
Before linearity correction After linearity correction
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17 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Linearity correction
Correcting the mispositioning of events (spatial linearity) has a profound effect on field uniformity.
Before correction After correction
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Uniformity correction
After energy and linearity corrections are performed, residual non-uniformities are corrected using a reference flood image.
The high count reference flood image is used to regionally weight events.
Energy & linearity correction Energy, linearity & uniformity correction
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19 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Scintillation camera performance specifications
Field uniformity (2% - 4%)
Intrinsic spatial resolution (3.5-5.5 mm)
System spatial resolution at 10 cm (8-12 mm)
Energy resolution (9-10%)
Multi-energy window spatial registration (< 2 mm)
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20 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Spatial resolution
Ideal point
Image of point with real system
pixels
Count profile
FWHM
Specifies amount of image blur
Quantified by the full-width-at-half maximum (FWHM) of the point or line spread function
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21 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Clinical ApplicationsPlanar & SPECT
Cardiac
Whole-body bone
Renal
Gastric
Hepatobiliary
Thyroid
Pulmonary
Brain
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22 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Acquisition types
Static
Dynamic
Whole-body
SPECT
Gated SPECT
Dynamic SPECT
Whole-body SPECT
Coincidence imaging
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23 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
SPECT Reconstruction Algorithms
FBP (Filtered Back Projection)
Iterative reconstruction (MLEM, OSEM)
2D 3D
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24 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Iterative reconstruction process
If the correct physical model for the collimation is used in estimating the projections, then the feedback of the iterative process drives the convergence with implicit recovery of resolution. Enhancement filtering of projection data is not required.
Estimated Reconstruction Volume Acquired (measured) ProjectionsEstimated Projections
Estimate Projections
Compare Projections
Update Image Estimate
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25 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Bone SPECT comparison
FBP Flash 3D 2D - OSEM
e.cam 3/8”Hx: 36-year-old female. Indication staging for osteosarcoma
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26 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Myocardial perfusion SPECT
FBP
Flash 3D
2D Iterative
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27 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
GATED SPECT
Aufsummierte Datensatz
Gates Gate 7 Gate 8 Gate 1
R-Wave
Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate 4 Gate 5 Gate 6
R-R interval
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28 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Clinical software
Organ specific software (cardiac, renal, gastric, pulmonary, brain, etc.)
Cardiac quantification software Cedars Sinai QGS, QPS, QBS 4D-MSPECT (Univ. of MI) Emory Cardiac Toolbox
3D display software
Image fusion software
CT-based attenuation correction
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29 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
PhysicianReview
Schedule
Acquisition
Processing
Administrative Data
Data Aquisition
Quality Control
Automatic ReconstructionAutomatic Processing
Data Display
HARDCOPY ActivityPrinting
Innovative Workflow ConceptInnovative Workflow Concept
SYNGO
e.so
fte.
soft
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30 Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging
Fully Automated Data DistributionFully Automated Data Distribution
Archiving
Printing
e.station
OEM WorkstationWorkflow Complete
PACS
e.so
fte.
soft
Administrative Data
Data Aquisition
Quality Control
Automatic Reconstruction
Automatic Processing
Data Display
HARDCOPY Activity
SYNGO