innovating clean technologies at bp by dr. steve koonin, bp
TRANSCRIPT
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Steven E. KooninChief Scientist, BP plcClean Tech Investor Summit, Palm SpringsFebruary 6-7, 2008
Innovating clean technologies at BP
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US energy supply since 1850
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000
RenewablesNuclearGasOilHydroCoalWood
Source: EIA
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distinguishing aspects of energy technologies
• Scale
− Large infrastructure, amounts of material, numbers of units
− Requires large capital, leverage of existing infrastructure
• Longevity
− Lifetimes of large equipment and/or interoperability imply slow changes
• Ubiquity
− There are many players with sometimes divergent interests
− Consumers, suppliers, governments, NGOs, …
• Incumbency
− New energy technologies must compete on cost
− May not provide any qualitatively new service to the end-user
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evaluating energy technology options
• Materiality
• Current technology status and plausible technical headroom
• Budgets for the three E’s:
− Economic (cost relative to other options)
− Energy (output how many times greater than input)
− Emissions (pollution and CO2; operations and capital)
• Other costs - reliability, intermittency etc.
• Social and political acceptability
Two BP examples:
1) Hydrogen Power
2) Energy Biosciences
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Source: IEA WEO 2006
Gas19.60%
Oil6.67%
Hydro16.14%
Biomass1.30%
Other2.13%
Coal39.73%
Nuclear15.74%
Geothermal0.32%
Wind0.47%
Solar0.02%Tidal/Wave
0.01%
electricity generation shares by fuel - 2004
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Hydrogen Power Project – California
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Rationale for Hydrogen Power
• Power demand will grow strongly (and disproportionately)
• Absent emissions controls, coal will continue to be the dominant source of power for some time
− Abundant reserves, cheap, easy to use, co-located with demand
• Coal is the most emissions-laden of the fossil fuels
• GHG emissions will be priced in the future
• We can reconcile these two through hydrogen power
− Nuclear a competitor on cost and scale
• BP has established a Hydrogen Energy business
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The challenges of Hydrogen Power
• Integration and demonstration of above-ground kit at scale
• Integrity of underground storage on a millenial scale
− Depleted reservoirs (with EOR)
− Saline aquifers
• Cost reduction through optimization, scale
− Membranes
• Legal issues
− Monitoring criteria, liability
• Public acceptance
− Storage
− Pipelines
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It’s really hard to beat liquid hydrocarbons
Density = 1 gm/cm3
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optimizing biofuels requires fusing the petroleum and agricultural value chains
•Species•Yield / Morphology / Development•Chemistry•Unnatural products•Stress tolerance • / Bio-overhead•Safety
•Tillage•Planting•Fertilizer•Water•Pest control•Crop rotation•Sustainability
•Optimal catchment•In-field processing (e.g., pelletizing)•Transport energetics•Storage•Waste utilization
•Cellulose (bugs/ enzymes/ chems)•Microbial engineering •Plant integration / optimization•Co-products•Role of gasification
•Blends•Additives•Distribution•Engine mods
Exploration Production Transport Refining Blending
Petroleum Value Chain:
Germplasm Cultivation Harvest/Transport
Processing A real fuel
Biofuels Value Chain:
Germplasm Cultivation Harvest Process Distribution
Agricultural Value Chain:
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the rationale for Energy Biosciences is simple and compelling
• Biology is the most rapidly developing of the sciences
• Novel technologies emerge from rapidly developing science
Biology will generate disruptive technologies
• ~90% of the world’s primary energy is based upon carbon
• All of life is based upon carbon (and 3.5 billion years of evolution)
There are likely to be great synergies
• Major funding and applications of biotech are biomedical
• There have been far smaller investments in agriculture, materials, chemicals
“Energy bioscience” is largely open territory
Biofuels, enhanced oil recovery, conversion, sequestration
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BP Energy Biosciences Institute to pursue these opportunities• Dedicated research organization to explore application of
biology and biotechnology to energy issues
• Sited at a University of California – Berkeley, University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Open “basic” and proprietary “applied” research
• Initial focus on the entire biofuels production chain
− Smaller programmes in Oil Recovery, hydrocarbon conversion, carbon sequestration
• Involvement of BP, academia, biotechnology firms, government
• $500M, 10-year commitment; operations began November, 2007
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Questions/Comments/Discussion
Energy Trends and Technologies Video at
http://clients.mediaondemand.net/BP/#