initial environmental examination...initial environmental examination august 2019 kaz: irrigation...

Initial Environmental Examination

August 2019

KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

Zhambyl Province Subprojects

Project No. 50387-001

Prepared by the Republican State Enterprise “KazvodKhoz”, Republic of Kazakhstan, for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation or, or reference to a particular territory or geographic are in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Zhambyl Province

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary .............................................................................................. viii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... viii 2. Description of the Project ................................................................................. viii 3. Key findings ...................................................................................................... ix 4. Public Consultation Process ............................................................................. ix 5. Recommended actions ...................................................................................... x

A. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 A.1. Purpose of the report ......................................................................................... 1 A.2. Category of Project ............................................................................................ 2 A.3. Project proponent .............................................................................................. 2 A.4. Nature, size, and location of the subprojects ..................................................... 3 A.5. IEE Boundaries ................................................................................................. 3 A.6. Methodology applied ......................................................................................... 4 A.7. Constraints and limitations ................................................................................. 4 A.8. Structure of the report ........................................................................................ 4

B. Legal, policy and administrative framework ................................................... 6 B.1. General ............................................................................................................. 6 B.2. Country policies and administrative framework .................................................. 6

B.2.1. Overall legal framework ....................................................................................................... 6 B.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................................................... 6 B.2.3. Administrative Framework ................................................................................................... 7

B.3. Air, Water, Land and Noise Legislation .............................................................. 8 B.3.1. Air Quality Legislation .......................................................................................................... 8 B.3.2. Water Quality Legislation .............................................................................................. 9 B.3.3. Health and Safety........................................................................................................ 11 B.3.4. Physical Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................... 11 B.3.5. Waste .......................................................................................................................... 12 B.3.6. International Conventions and Treaties ...................................................................... 14

B.4. Environmental Quality Standards .................................................................... 15 B.4.1. Air Quality Standards .................................................................................................. 16 B.4.2. Water Quality Standards ............................................................................................. 16 B.4.3. Noise Standards .......................................................................................................... 19

B.5. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 ........................................................... 20 C. Project Description .......................................................................................... 24

C.1. Irrigation Rehabilitation Project ........................................................................ 24 C.2. Need for the Project ......................................................................................... 26 C.3. Location and scope ......................................................................................... 26

C.3.1. Subprojects location in Zhambyl Province .................................................................. 26 C.3.2 Scope of works ................................................................................................................ 36

C.4. Description of Typical Works ........................................................................... 42 C.4.1. Mechanical Cleaning ......................................................................................................... 42 C.4.2. Concrete Lining ........................................................................................................... 44

C.5. Alternatives. ....................................................................................................... 46 C.5.1 Lined vs. unlined canals alternatives .......................................................................... 46 C.5.2 “No project” alternative ................................................................................................ 47 C.5.3. Geogrids Alternative.................................................................................................... 47

D. Description of the Environment ..................................................................... 52 D.1. Physical Resources ........................................................................................... 52

D.1.1 Topography, geology and soils ....................................................................................... 52 D.1.2 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 55 D.1.3 Air quality ......................................................................................................................... 55 D.1.4 Hydrological resources and surface water quality ........................................................... 56 D.1.5. Natural Hazards ......................................................................................................... 62 D.1.6. Flora and fauna ........................................................................................................... 63 D.1.7 Protected areas ............................................................................................................... 64


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D.1.8. Radiation ............................................................................................................................ 65 D.2. Socio-Economic Development ........................................................................... 66

D.2.1. Industries and Agriculture .................................................................................................. 66 D.2.2. Current Status of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure ................................................... 68

D.3. Social and Cultural Resources ......................................................................... 69 D.3.1 Population and communities ........................................................................................... 69 D.3.2 Health & Education facilities ............................................................................................ 70 D.3.3. Ethnic Groups .................................................................................................................... 70 D.3.4. Languages ......................................................................................................................... 70 D.3.5. Religion .............................................................................................................................. 70

E. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................................... 71 E.1. Impacts .............................................................................................................. 71

E.1.1. Types of Project Impacts ................................................................................................... 72 E 1.2. Positive Project’s Impacts .................................................................................................. 72

E.2. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................. 73 E.2.1. Design / Pre-construction Phase ........................................................................................ 73 E.2.2. Construction phase ............................................................................................................ 73 E 2.3. Operation Phase ................................................................................................................ 81

F. Environmental Management Plan .................................................................. 96 F.1. EMP implementation responsibilities. ................................................................. 96 F.2. EMP Costs .................................................................................................... 119

G. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism .... 121 G.1. Public Consultations and Information Disclosure. ............................................ 121 G.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism. ...................................................................... 121

G.2.1. Three levels of grievance resolution ......................................................................... 122 H. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................... 124

H.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 124 H.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................... 124

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 125 Appendix A: Location Maps ................................................................................ 125

Appendix B: Photographs ................................................................................... 127 Appendix C: Typical Cros-Sections and Schemes of the Canals .................... 129

Appendix D: Public Consultations ...................................................................... 134 Appendix E: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist .................... 142


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List of Tables

Table 1: Summary of Final Project Area .................................................................................................ix Table 2: List of subprojects in Zhambyl Province. .................................................................................. 3 Table 3: Air quality legislation ................................................................................................................. 8 Table 4: Water quality legislation .......................................................................................................... 10 Table 5: International Conventions and Treaties .................................................................................. 14 Table 6: Air quality standards in Kazakhstan ........................................................................................ 16 Table 7: List of Pollutants and Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) Polluting the Surface Waters of the Republic of Kazakhstan .................................................................................................. 16 Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water .................. 17 Table 9: Soil quality standards in Kazakhstan ...................................................................................... 19 Table 10: IFC Noise Level Guidelines .................................................................................................. 20 Table 11: IFC Work Environment Noise limits ...................................................................................... 20 Table 12: Project scope ........................................................................................................................ 25 Table 13: Sub-projects in Zhambyl Province. ....................................................................................... 25 Table 14: List of canals to be rehabilitated in Zhambyl Region ............................................................ 28 Table 15: Zhambyl province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Improvement ................... 37 Table 16: Quantities of proposed works for Zhambyl subprojects ........................................................ 38 Table 17: Technological process of weeds removal from canal side slopes and banks in the earthen channel .................................................................................................................................................. 43 Table 18: Comparison of Steel Reinforced and Geogrid Reinforced Concrete .................................... 51 Table 19: Surface water quality of rivers by hydrochemical parameters in 2018 ................................. 57 Table 20: Indicators of Water Body Pollution ........................................................................................ 62 Table 21: Agricultural Production by districts ........................................................................................ 67 Table 34: Education and health statistics in selected sub-project areas .............................................. 70 Table 35: Environmental Aspects ......................................................................................................... 71 Table 36: Summary of probable residual impacts ................................................................................ 72 Table 37: Typical hazard scenarios and recommended measures ...................................................... 85 Table 38: Environmental Impacts and proposed mitigation measures for Zhambyl Province .............. 87 Table 39: Environmental Management Plan ......................................................................................... 97 Table 40: EMP Mitigation Costs .......................................................................................................... 119 Table 41: GRM levels and composition of the GRCs ......................................................................... 123

List of Figures Figure 1: Project districts in Zhambyl Province (red stars) ................................................................... 27 Figure 2: Cleaning of earthen channel. ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 3: Tower Concrete Mixing Plants ............................................................................................... 45 Figure 4: Geogrid’s rib formation in machine and cross machine directions of manufacturing process .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 5: A representation of Geogrid Confining the aggregates ......................................................... 49 Figure 6: Improvement of Bearing Capacity ......................................................................................... 49 Figure 7: Mechanism for Improved Bearing Capacity ........................................................................... 50 Figure 8: Lateral Restraining Capability ................................................................................................ 50 Figure 9: Topography of Kazakhstan and Zhambyl Province ............................................................... 53 Figure 10: Main River Basins of Kazakhstan ........................................................................................ 56 Figure 11: Seismic Hazard Map ............................................................................................................ 63 Figure 12: Forests in Kazakhstan ......................................................................................................... 64 Figure 13: Protected areas of Kazakhstan ............................................................................................ 65 Figure 14: Results of radiation research. .............................................................................................. 66


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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB

Asian Development Bank

Akimat Town Mayor Office

CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program

CFW Committee for Forestry and Wildlife

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CWR Committee for Water Resources

dBA decibel

DOE Department of Environment (Province level)

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework

EC Environmental Code

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EO Environment Officer

ERP Emergency Response Plan

ES Executive Summary

FS Feasibility Study

GoK Government of Kazakhstan

GOST Technical Standard

GRC Grievance Redress Committees

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

Ha Hectare

HSP Health and Safety Plan

IBA Important Bird Area

IFI International Financing Institution


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IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

km Kilometer

km2 Square kilometer

KVK KazVodKhoz

LARP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan

M Meter

M2 Square meter

M3 Cubic Meter

MAC Maximum Allowable Concentrations

MPE Maximum Permissible Emission

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoE Ministry of Energy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NOx Nitrogen oxides

Province Province

OM Operational Manual (of ADB)

OVOS EIA according to the Kazakhstan’s legislation

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Pb Lead

PC Public Consultation

PCR Physical and Cultural Resources

PEIA Preliminary Environmental Assessment

PM Particulate matter

PMU Project Management Unit

PPE Personal Protective Clothing

PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (Concept Paper)

Rayon District


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SanPiN Sanitary Regulations and Standards

SES Sanitary and Epidemiological Services of MoHSD

SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

TEPO Territorial Environmental Protection Offices

ToR Terms of Reference

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

USD United States Dollar

VER Valued Environmental Receptor

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WMP Waste Management Plan

°C Degrees Celsius

Currency Exchange Rates as of 10 June 2019:

1 US$ = 383.34 T (Kazakhstan Tenge)

($ refers in this report to US-Dollars)


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Executive Summary

1. Introduction

1. The present Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the subprojects in Zhambyl Province is prepared under the proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Project to meet requirements of ADB’s Guidelines and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), as well as to comply with environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. The IEE was prepared to:

• identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced environmental impacts and risks that may emerge due to implementation of Zhambyl subprojects;

• analyze subprojects’ alternatives of location, design and technical solutions, including “no project” option;

• develop general Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will include proposed mitigation, monitoring and reporting measures, institutional and organizational arrangements, and capacity development and training provisions, to be included into subproject design package and further implemented by contractor;

• describe undertaken consultations with stakeholders, information disclosure and propose grievance redress procedures for Zhambyl subprojects.

2. Description of the Project

3. The proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project (hereinafter – project) is being prepared as part of Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”1 in an effort to further diversify economy, lessen dependence on export of mineral resources, provide employment opportunities in rural areas, decrease poverty, and strengthen food security. The proposed project to be financed under ADB loan stipulates rehabilitation and modernization of agricultural irrigation infrastructure in order to return into operation currently unused 171,100 ha of previously irrigated agricultural lands in East-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, Karaghandy, and Zhambyl Provinces. Most of the irrigation infrastructure in Kazakhstan, which was built in the past century (1960-80s), has deteriorated over time after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Disassembly of the past soviet system of agricultural collective farms (kolkhoz) led to lack of proper management of water resources, abandonment of irrigation infrastructure, and its subsequent deterioration due to absence of capital investments.

4. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systemic management at national level, asset ownership and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK), a government owned utility that was established in 2011 by merging several state enterprises. Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture is the Implementing Agency and the administrator of KVK from the government side. KVK is the Executing Agency for the proposed project.

5. Technical Assistance TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project was provided by ADB in May 2017. TRTA team was created to develop project’s Feasibility Study and to undertake project management requirements, including financial management, procurement and safeguard due diligence. As of November 2018, national design entity “Ulmad” LLP that was recruited under the TRTA has finalized Feasibility Study of the project

1 Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 423 dated July 12, 2018. http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000423


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and submitted it for the State Expertise – a mandatory approval process for project development and implementation in Kazakhstan.

6. Following subprojects in four Provinces to be designed and implemented under the project are presented below.

Table 1: Summary of Final Project Area

Province Number of schemes Area, ha

Total Irrigation System Area

Area to be Rehabilitated

East Kazakhstan 22 104,717 79,256

Karaghandy 10 68,786 27,900

Kyzylorda 11 228,394 28,974

Zhambyl 202 63,191 34,977

PROJECT TOTAL 245 465,088 171,107 Source: KVK Regional Offices estimates.

7. This IEE is prepared for 4 subprojects, which are located in 4 districts of Zhambyl Province.

3. Key findings

8. As a result of this IEE, it can be concluded that Zhambyl subprojects corresponds to Environmental Category B project as defined in ADB SPS (2009).

9. The IEE established that there were no significant environmental issues that could not be either prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable to Kazakhstan and international standards. A complete Environmental Management Plan has been prepared, with tables listing mitigation measures and monitoring actions to be undertaken during the pre-construction, detailed design, construction and operating period of the project.

10. Although most of the proposed works are fairly small scale, they could generate adverse environmental impacts: (i) water and air pollution; (ii) noise; (iii) soil erosion; (iv) dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation; and (v) drainage channels, structures; occupational hazards, etc.

11. At the same time, the project will bring several positive environmental and social impacts, and in particular, reduction in: (i) water logging, (ii) salinization and water losses; (iii) improved irrigation distribution; (iv) reduction in seepage losses from main canal; (v) loss of lands; (vi) erosion of soil and (vii) over-supply of irrigation, with a beneficial effect for the area - a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the village causing health problems.

12. Direct positive impacts will be also generated by increased production, more employment and increased income, increased climate resiliency and adaptation capacity.

13. There are 2 protected areas in Zhambyl province, none of them are located close to the irrigation systems proposed to be rehabilitated under the Project.

4. Public Consultation Process

14. Stakeholder consultations were undertaken in November 2018 in Taraz city of Zhambyl Province to cover all districts of Zhambyl Province. During the meetings the project has been introduced, the IEE process explained and potential impacts discussed as well as recommendations, comments and concerns/complaints have been collected. The consultations with villagers, local officials and government representatives identified that all


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possible adverse environmental impacts could mitigated by measures proposed herewith. The consultations with the Zhambyl Province Department for Natural Resources, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, and Shu-Talas river Basin Inspection did not reveal any specific environmental issues that would result from Project works.

15. The communities support the proposed project activities. They welcomed the project activities and outcomes and expressed their desire that the project will be carried in accordance with the requirements of the national and international legislation in the social and environmental sphere.

16. On the basis of the consultations and the site visit to the project areas it appears that the project will have no insurmountable environmental impacts, but more potential positive social and environmental impacts. The overall process and results are described in the main text of this report.

5. Recommended actions

17. Implementation of the EMPs is required and the environmental impacts associated mainly with the construction of the subprojects need to be properly mitigated.

18. When the detailed designs are completed the impacts and mitigation measures will need to be further reviewed to take account of how the contracts are set up and in the light of any fine tuning of the project proposal, thus the revised and adapted IEEs/EMMP must be an integral part of the construction contracts. Relevant SSEMPs to be prepared by Contractors.

19. During the preparation for the project construction phase the future contractors must be notified and prepared to co-operate with the executing agency, project management, supervising consultants and local population in the mitigation of impacts.

20. To ensure that all of the above mitigation actions are completed according to the requirements of the EMP, monitoring shall be undertaken of Project works by the responsible Engineer and by independent monitoring specialists. Specifically, both observational monitoring and instrumental monitoring shall be undertaken.

21. Special care needs to be taken to prevent grievances, especially during construction. Proper communication and participation before and during the rehabilitation works for the pilot objects will identify possible potential disturbances and thus the EMP and construction plan can be adjusted accordingly. Grievance Redress Mechanism was developed and responsible officers were officially assigned at district, Province and Central levels governing authorities, Project Management and Supervision, as well as KVK. Complaints and grievances due to planning, construction and operation will be addressed at the districts and community administration level by Contractor, Supervision Consultant, and KVK branch. If unsuccessful, grievances will be forwarded to Province and Central levels within set timeframes.

A. Introduction

1. Republic of Kazakhstan has a large territory with a significant distance between large industrial cities. In Soviet times with central planning, industrial cities were supplied with agricultural products from the southern provinces of Kazakhstan and boundary provinces of Uzbekistan and Russia, while there were no borders between the republics, there were no customs fees or other taxes. Nowadays foodstuffs and other agricultural products imported from abroad are very expensive for residents of Kazakhstan due to transportation costs and all kinds of taxes and fees.

2. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan has set a task: to rehabilitate irrigated agriculture in the provinces of Kazakhstan to a level that will ensure food independence of the country with maximum use of land, water and other natural resources both through domestic resources and investments of international financial institutions.

3. As a part of the Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”, under the indicator of rehabilitation of unused in-demand areas of regular irrigation RSE Kazvodhoz is taking measures to rehabilitate currently unused irrigated areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan with total area over 617.0 thsd ha.

4. Over the post-Soviet period due to inadequate attention to the problems of water management in the republic, an existing irrigation network, especially the on-farm part, has been almost completely destroyed. Due to insufficient funding, communally and privately owned main and interfarm irrigation networks also require capital repairs and reconstruction. As a result, a part of land fund remains unused, since there is no connection with an irrigation source.

5. Irrigated agriculture is the most water-intensive sectors of economy of the republic. At present, a significant part of water resources is wasted on process losses (filtration, evaporation) at canals. At the same time, irrigated areas located in the tail of inter-farm and on-farm canals, as a rule, are under-irrigated, in other words they lack water, proving a low technical level of irrigation systems.

6. There is a need for an integrated modernization of irrigation systems, particularly rehabilitation and modernization of pump stations, pipelines and open canals, and rehabilitation of irrigated areas in 4 provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a total irrigated area of 174,098 ha.

7. To increase the production of agricultural products, it will be necessary to expand the irrigated areas, which, in turn, can be achieved by increasing irrigation water supply up to 15.34 bln m3 by restoring and modernizing water management, irrigation and drainage infrastructure.

8. In this regard, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has applied to the Asian Development Bank (ADB or Bank) for a loan equivalent to USD 249.8 million to finance a project aimed at the rehabilitation of water management, irrigation and drainage systems in East Kazakhstan, Karaghandy, Kyzylorda and Zhambyl provinces (Project).

9. The scope of project will mainly focus on rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems to the standard levels for in-demand areas of regular irrigation.

A.1. Purpose of the report

10. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the subprojects in Zhambyl Province is conducted as part of preparation of the proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (hereinafter – the Project) to meet requirements of ADB’s Guidelines and Safeguard Policy Statement


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(SPS 2009), as well as to comply with environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The IEE covers all proposed physical activities under the project, including all canals, hydraulic structures, pumping stations, and pipelines. Due to vast spreading of the subprojects throughout the country and for practical convenience, the IEE was split into 4 reports based on geographical divisions, with each IEE covering one of four Provinces under the project: East-Kazakhstan, Karaghandy, Kyzylorda, and Zhambyl.

11. The present IEE report covers 4 subprojects in Zhambyl Province with the aim to:

• describe the existing socio-environmental conditions within the Project area;

• identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced environmental impacts and risks that may emerge due to subprojects implementation;

• analyze subprojects’ alternatives of location, design and technical solutions, including “no project” option;

• develop Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will include proposed mitigation measures, monitoring program and reporting requirements, institutional and organizational arrangements, capacity development and training provisions;

• describe grievance redress procedures under the Project.

A.2. Category of Project

12. Rapid Environmental Assessment checklists (see in Appendix E), review of National Feasibility Study report, together with several site visits to most of the 3434.96 km of project canals and pipelines, as well as review of their location vicinities through Google Earth and other GIS services were used to assign the category of the Project. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB’s project Category B. According to ADB SPS 2009 proposed project can be classified as Category B due to the following reasons:

• adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects;

• these impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and

• in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects.

13. An initial environmental examination is required for category B projects. A category is assigned to a project by its most sensitive component, therefore, all of the outputs and activities to be undertaken under the Project fall under Category B as well.

A.3. Project proponent

14. The Project proponent is the Government of Kazakhstan (GoK) acting through its Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). The Implementing Agency (IA) is the Committee for Water Resources (CWR) of MoA and the Executing Agency (EA) is Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK). KVK is a government owned company that was established in 2011 by merging several state branch enterprises under the Committee for Water Resources. related to water resources management. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systemic management at national level, asset ownership of and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to KVK.

15. Nowadays "KazVodKhoz" is the major state supplier of drinking and irrigation water in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The company is responsible for the proper operation of 77 reservoirs of various capacities, 81 water catchment systems, more than 10,000 km of pipeline canals and their distributors and more than 2,000 km of irrigation network. Every year RSE "KazVodKhoz" concludes canal water supply contracts with water users, such as cooperatives, limited liability partnerships, peasant and farm enterprises, industrial


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enterprises, municipal water companies, state institutions and other legal entities. Canal water supply services provided by RSE "KazVodKhoz" fall under natural monopoly.

A.4. Nature, size, and location of the subprojects

16. ADB funds will be used to finance activities on rehabilitation of 359.86 km of lined canals, 493.79 km of unlined canals, 83.5 km of flumes, 4 km of pipes, 19 wells for irrigation, hydraulic structures and drip irrigation systems under 245 irrigation schemes located in 4 districts of Zhambyl Province (Table 2).

Table 2: List of subprojects in Zhambyl Province

Province / Subproject District Number of schemes

Zhambyl Province 202

1 Sarysu Subproject Sarysu district 18

2 Shu Subproject Shu district 127

3 Talas Subproject Talas district 43

4 T. Ryskulov Subproject T. Ryskulov district 14

A.5. IEE Boundaries

17. For the purpose of the IEE, physical area considered as potentially being affected by the subprojects in 4 districts of Zhambyl province, covering I&D facilities serving to 34,977 ha, which include:

• areas of direct impacts due to construction activities and their vicinity, including:

o 172 canals to be reconstructed with total length of 937.16 km; o construction sites for reconstruction of hydraulic structures; o access roads along canals and construction sites; o dumpsite for construction and household wastes; o borrow pits and quarries used as material sources; o any other sites to be used by contractor, such as sites for labor camp, concrete

batching plant, temporary material stockpiling and storage areas, etc.;

• areas of indirect impacts, including:

o water sources and receivers, such as rivers, streams, creeks, water reservoirs, and their aquatic habitats;

o vicinity of affected water bodies, such as riparian habitats in river valleys, water reservoir shorelines, tree belts along creeks;

o 34,977 ha of lands to be recovered for irrigation; o all adjacent lands potentially subject to pollution with dust generated by

construction activities; o all adjacent lands potentially subject to waterlogging and salinization,

especially in downstream, suppressed, and lower parts of irrigated cluster; o downstream water users.

18. During detail project design and further project implementation, other actively used remote sites can be included into consideration of subproject’s environmental impact assessment and scope of mitigation measures in contractor’s EMP, such as material borrow pits and quarries, waste dumps, concrete production facilities, labor camps, etc.


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A.6. Methodology applied

19. The methodology is based on the ADB SPS (2009). It included following tasks:

• to collect baseline data,

• to conduct public consultation,

• to assess impacts,

• to analyze alternatives,

• to conduct baseline analysis.

20. Environmental assessment was made through desk studies and field visits, quantitative data were preferred where possible. Background data and information was obtained from published and unpublished sources, (e.g., on climate, topography, hydrology, geology and soils, natural resources, flora and fauna, agriculture, and socio-economic data).

21. Several site inspections were conducted jointly by Regional Environmental Specialist and National Counterparts during November 2018 - February 2019. The areas of irrigation schemes and areas of potential environmental significance assessed carefully.

22. Meetings were held with authorities responsible for environmental management, forestry and wildlife, and water basin inspection at local and Province level to gather maps and data related to the subproject area, and to get their perspective on the subproject’s impacts. The main information was acquired from the Projects’ Feasibility Study and its annexes, including minutes of meetings and letters related to projects’ decision-making process.

23. Different data was gathered throughout internet resources, including websites of environmental authorities, legislative databases, websites of legally protected areas, monitoring data from national hydro-meteorological service of Kazakhstan - “Kazhydromet”, as well as other published scientific literature, news, and reports from similar projects. Canals’ and facilities locations were put as overlay into Google Earth to account for surroundings of environmental, social and resettlement significance.

24. Data and expert input was also obtained from other PPTA specialists. Public consultations were held in Taraz city in November 2018 to present initial findings on impacts and proposed mitigation measures, receive feedback from local community and future users of the irrigation water on accepted environmental measures.

A.7. Constraints and limitations

25. The present stage of the project is Feasibility Study and detail design with final technical decisions on canal types (unlined / lined), excavation and filling of soils, sources of materials, borrow pits, quarries, labor accommodation may differ from currently accepted scope of works, thus, leading to potential changes in impacts and mitigation measures. In case of unexpected changes in impacts, additional environmental assessment process and development of mitigation measures should be conducted for any new impacts. However, such changes, if any, most likely will be insignificant in the context of general impact of the Project.

26. The IEE and EMP will be updated during Detailed Design stage based on final technical decisions, such as on list of included canals, their length, type of lining, and sensitive receptors in their vicinity.

A.8. Structure of the report

27. The report is organized to comply with ADB Safeguard Policies (2009) as follows:


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• Section A: Introduction – The section in hand provides the introductory information for the Project.

• Section B: Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework - This section presents an overview of the policy/legislative framework as well as the environmental assessment guidelines of Kazakhstan that apply to the proposed project. The section also identifies relevant Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies that will apply.

• Section C: Description of the Project – Section C describes the Project and the need for the Project. A detailed scope of works is also provided indicating the type of engineering works required. The final portion of this section discusses Project alternatives.

• Section D: Description of the Environment – This section of the report discusses the regional and local environmental baseline conditions.

• Section E: Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Section E outlines the potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation measures to manage the impacts.

• Section F: Environmental Management Plan & Institutional Requirements – This section provides the EMP for the design, construction and operational phases of the Project.

• Section G: Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism – Section G provides a summary of all of the stakeholder consultation activities undertaken. A grievance mechanism for project affected persons is also provided along with information regarding the disclosure process.

• Section H: Conclusions and Recommendations – The final section of the report provides the report conclusions and any necessary recommendations.


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B. Legal, policy and administrative framework

B.1. General

28. This section presents an overview of legal, policy and administrative framework of the subproject, including national requirements for environmental assessment and water resources management, as well as ADB’s requirements that will be applicable to the subproject. The subproject will be required to comply with all applicable international agreements, national legislation, and ADB’s requirements.

B.2. Country policies and administrative framework

B.2.1. Overall legal framework

29. The overarching legislative framework that establishes the legal framework for environmental protection in Kazakhstan is the Environmental Code, adopted on January 9, 2007 with latest amendments and additions on October 10, 20182. Three main laws (the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Ecological Expertise and the Law on Air Protection) were abrogated subsequent to their integration into the Environmental Code. Moreover, some 80 normative legal acts were abrogated after the adoption of the Environmental Code.

30. Detail standards, such as requirements to air, water, soil quality, calculation of emissions from different sources, classification of environmental and sanitary hazards of different production facilities, environmental monitoring, sanitary-epidemiological standards, hygienic norms for indoors and outdoors, health and safety at workplace, etc. are established by different regulations, instructions, rules, procedures, norms, methodologies and other types of documents enacted through orders, laws, and decrees of Presidential, Governmental, Ministerial or regional levels.

31. The Water Code establishes requirements to sustainable management of all water resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan for public, industrial and environmental needs; requirements to protection of water resources from pollution, contamination, and depletion; provisions for prevention and recovery from adverse impacts of water bodies (such as floods); and ensures enforcement and compliance to water legislation in water relations3.

32. The Forest Code regulates public relations in ownership, use, and management of all forests in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as establishes legal grounds for protection, preservation, regeneration, and sustainable management of forest reserves. Its ultimate goal is to preserve available forested areas and constantly increase them at national level4. Any cutting of trees under the Project shall be performed only based on a pre-issued “tree felling permit”.

33. The Land Code regulates legal grounds for ownership of lands and land relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan; establishes types of land use; provides protection of soil fertility; provides equal development of all types of industries; ensures land rights, and enforcement of compliance to land legislation.5

B.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment

34. According to Article 36 of the Environmental Code, development of EIA (OVOS) is mandatory for all types of activities and projects that can have direct or indirect impact on environment or human health. All projects should pass through a process of State Expertise

2 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K070000212_ 3 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000481_ 4 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000477_ 5 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000442_


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in order to get clearance for implementation. Project design package that is submitted for clearance should include section on “Environment Protection”.

35. The Decree No.204-p of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of GoK (June 28, 2007 with latest amendments and additions on 17 June 2016) on “Approval of the instruction on conducting environmental impact assessment” establishes requirements for EIA process.

36. The EIA process consists of three stages:

(i) Preliminary environmental assessment (PEIA or predOVOS): essentially a scoping-level desk study prepared in parallel with an engineering feasibility study;

(ii) Environment Impact Assessment (EIA or OVOS): a comprehensive assessment of positive and negative environmental impacts with detailed mitigation & monitoring plan prepared during design stage; and

(iii) Section “Environment Protection” is developed if there are changes in final detail design or project is prepared in one single stage, and included in the final set of a project design documentation, which is then submitted for approval by the mandatory State Expertise.

37. A “Notification of environmental consequences” is prepared by the project proponent as an annex to each stage of EIA documentation and is submitted for the State Expertise along with other project documentation.

B.2.3. Administrative Framework

38. The central executive body for environmental protection in the Kazakhstan is the Ministry of Energy (MoE) and its Committee for Environmental Regulation and Control (CERC). MoE's responsibilities include enforcement of compliance with the Environmental Code, development and implementation of national environmental programs, state supervision and licensing of environmental activities, and state environmental expertise of Category I projects. MoE oversees the country’s compliance with ratified international environmental conventions and interstate environmental agreements. It also controls emissions and discharges of pollutants, climate change related programs and regulations, distributes and manages trade of carbon credits under National Plan on GHG emissions for 2016-2020, issues emission permits for Category I projects, and determines maximum limits of pollutants to be emitted into environment.

39. At the local level, CERC has 17 (14 Province, and 3 major cities) territorial Departments of Ecology, whose responsibility includes inspection of local sites, consultations and recommendations to businesses and other authorities on environmental matters, and state environmental expertise of Category I projects of local importance (based on approved list of projects of local importance6 or decision of CERC). Akimats (the executive branch of local government) and Maslikhats (representative local authorities) are entitled to perform state supervision and can approve certain provisions and tariffs for use of natural resources. They also determine, within certain limits, the pollution charges paid by enterprises; allocate natural resources, including mountain and woodland pastures and grasslands; establish and administer local legally protected natural areas, as well as enact regulations for use of natural resources within their competencies.

40. Other state bodies within administrative framework with relevant environmental responsibilities are:

• The Committee for Water Resources (CWR) under the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) administers implementation of the Water Code and maintenance of national

6 Source: Order of the Ministry of Environment Protection No. 143-o dated July 23, 2009 http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V090005741_


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system for protection and efficient use of all water resources. CWR’s responsibility includes managing water intake from natural watercourses and groundwater; fresh water consumption; water use for production; water use for agriculture; conservation and reuse of fresh water; sewage discharges into natural water bodies and into ground water. Water resources are managed through eight river basin inspections created and named according to hydrographic or river basin principles: Ertis (East-Kazakhstan Province), Nura-Sarysu (Karaghandy), Aral-Syrdarya (Kyzylorda), Shu-Talas (Taraz), Balkhash-Alakol (Almaty), Esil (Astana), Zhayik-Kaspi (Atyrau), and Tobol-Torgay (Kostanay). First four of the basin inspections oversee project water sources in the Project’s four Provinces and have been consulted on relevant topics.

• The Committee for Forestry and Wildlife (CFW) within MoA ensures implementation of the Forest Code, and manages all woodlands and legally protected natural areas. There are total of 10 national natural reserves and 13 national natural parks in the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the local level, territorial offices of CFW manage forestry and biodiversity, and their Forest Conservation Branches (accountable to CFW) are responsible for specifically allotted areas of forest protection and conservation. Their relevant branches in the four Provinces have been consulted on the protected areas and forest reserves in project vicinity.

• The Emergency Management Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for environmental disaster management and prevention (such as fires, floods, mudslides, industrial accidents).

B.3. Air, Water, Land and Noise Legislation

B.3.1. Air Quality Legislation

41. The Environmental Code defines the basic terms and principles for State control of air and soil conditions. In addition, Sanitary Regulations and Standards (referred to as "SanPiN") establish requirements to protection of human health.

42. Quality of ambient air for urban and rural localities is established by the Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National Economy dated May 13, 2015 called “On approval of hygienic standards for atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements".

43. The emission of hazardous substances (pollutants) in the atmospheric air by the stationary source is allowed only on the basis of a special permit issued by the authorized state body in charge of atmospheric air protection or its territorial subdivisions. The fee is based on the total annual emissions of the polluter without disaggregating data by emission sources. The issuing of air pollution permits for stationary sources of emissions (ground and air transport) is stipulated in the Environmental and Tax Codes of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

44. All motor vehicles of any type (including buses and trucks) are required to pass an annual test, which includes emission testing that must be in accordance with the regulations referred to below.

Table 3: Air quality legislation On approval of hygienic standards for atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements

The Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National Economy dated May 13, 2015

On approval of certain methodological documents in the field of environmental protection

The Order No. 221-o of the Minister of Environmental Protection and Water Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 12, 2014

On approval of the Rules for conducting automated monitoring of emissions under industrial environmental monitoring and reporting

The Order of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 7, 2018 No. 356


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requirements for the results of industrial environmental monitoring

On approval of the Rules for monitoring and control of greenhouse gases

The Order No. 221 of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 19, 2015.

On Approval of the Methodology for Calculation of Emission Limits

The Order No.110-ө of the Minister of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 16, 2012.

B.3.2. Water Quality Legislation

45. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted “State Program on Development of Agro-Industrial Complex for 2017-2021” via Decree No.423 on July 12, 2018, which among other objectives is aimed at protection and efficiency of use of water resources.

46. The main document in the field of water resources protection and its use is the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 481 dated July 09, 2003. According to the definition provided in the Water Code, “Water Bodies Protection” is an activity aimed at conservation, rehabilitation and reproduction of water bodies, as well as prevention of adverse impacts of water.

47. According to Article 112, water bodies shall be protected from:

1) natural and industrial pollution by hazardous chemical and toxic substances and its compounds, as well as thermal, bacterial, radiation and other types of pollution; 2) pollution by solid, non-soluble objects, industrial, household and other wastes; 3) exhaustion.

48. Water bodies shall be protected to prevent:

1) disturbance of the environmental stability of natural systems; 2) causing harm to the lives and health of population; 3) reduction of fishery resources and other water fauna; 4) deterioration of the water supply conditions; 5) weakening of the natural self-reproduction and cleansing functions of the water bodies; 6) worsening of hydrological and hydrogeological regimes of water bodies; 7) other unfavorable conditions that negatively affect physical, chemical and biological qualities of water bodies.

49. Protection of water bodies is carried out through:

1) establishing of general requirements to protection of water bodies to all water users, who carry out any type of water use; 2) establishing of special requirements for certain types of economic activity; 3) improving and applying water protective measures with the help of new equipment and environmentally and epidemiologically safe technologies; 4) establishment of water conservation zones, water bodies protection zones, sanitary protection zones for drinking water supply sources; 5) execution of public and other forms of control over the use and protection of the water bodies; 6) applying sanctions for non-observance of the water protection requirements.

50. Central and local execution authorities of Provinces (cities of republican significance, capital), in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, take measures that are in compliance with the principles of sustainable development towards water resources conversation, prevention of their pollution, littering, and exhaustion, as well as liquidation of such events.


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51. Individuals and legal entities, activities of which affect conditions of water bodies, are obliged to comply with environmental requirements set out by the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and conduct organizational, technological, forestry and land reclamation, agro technical, hydro-technical, sanitary-epidemiological and other activities, which ensure protection of water bodies from pollution, littering, and exhaustion.

52. Article 116 of the Water Code regulates issues related to the water protection zones: to maintain water bodies and water facilities in the condition required by the hygiene-sanitary and environmental norms; to prevent pollution, littering and exhaustion of the surface water; as well as water protection zones and belts are required to preserve flora and fauna.

53. While developing any project, which may have any impact on the water system/resources, the project design should be agreed with the local executive bodies responsible for water resources protection.

54. In developing the Water Code, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted normative acts for procedures on permits of water reservoirs use for special needs, procedures for permits issuance for special water use, procedures for water use for fire-fighting needs, classifying water ways as navigable routes, and for using water reservoirs for air traffic needs. The Government has developed a list of water bodies (underground waters) that have health-improving significance in the country, as well as water bodies that have special state significance or special value, which restricts or completely prohibits its use.

55. The maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants have been developed for the water standards, just as for the atmosphere air standards. As a rule, the MPC for fishing water reservoirs are stricter than MPC for drinking water reservoirs. It is necessary to emphasize that this refers primarily to the fish industry, and the human needs protection was taken here into account, probably, through water ecosystems protection principles.

56. Same as in case of atmosphere air, various indices, which enable the consideration of the presence of several pollutants, are used for comparative assessment of the water pollution. The most widely used index is Water Pollution Index (WPI). The basic document regulating the condition of the surface waters and content of the pollutants is the “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for water sources, water intake sites for household and drinking purposes, household water supply and places of cultural and community water use and safety of water bodies” approved upon the Order of the Minister of National Economy of the RK No.209 dated 16.03.2015.

57. The legislative and regulatory and procedural documents in the field of the water environment protection are listed below:

Table 4: Water quality legislation

The Calculation Procedure for Standards of Discharged Waters with Pollutants (MPD) into the Water Bodies, Disposal Fields and Relief of Land

Approved upon the Order of the Minister of Environmental Protection No. 100-pdated April 18, 2008

On approval of the Methodology for the development of target indicators of water quality in surface water bodies and measures to achieve them

The Joint Order of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 6, 2016 No. 422 and Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 27, 2016 No. 505.

Procedural Definitions of Norms and Standards of Water Resources Use in Various Natural Climatic Zones of the Republic of Kazakhstan during Ecological Zoning.

Approved upon the Order of the Minister of Ecology and Bio Resources of the RK dated 1997


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On Approval of the Methodology for Calculation of Emission Limits

The Order No.110-ө of the Minister of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 16, 2012.

B.3.3. Health and Safety

58. During the construction phase it is necessary to meet the requirements of CSaR 3.06.04-91 “Construction Safety”.

59. Personal protective equipment shall comply with the applicable GOST (special aprons under the GOST 12.4.029, rubber gloves under the GOST 20010, respirator "The Petal” under the GOST 12.4.028, gloves under the GOST 12.4.010, goggles under the GOST 12.4.013 and breathing mask of В type or В with filter, helmets). The site should be kept in safe, clean and good sanitary conditions. The Contractor shall bear the responsibility for clean-up of the site from garbage, construction waste and household rubbish and their removal to the municipal solid waste landfill (MSW). In this regard the Contractor shall be guided by the CSaR No3.01.016.97

60. In addition, the World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines will be used as a reference for health and safety during construction and operation throughout the whole project. In case, there is a conflict between the national legislation and the World Bank Guidelines the more stringent standard shall be implemented.

B.3.4. Physical Cultural Heritage

61. The main legislative documents on cultural heritage are as follows:

• The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About Culture”, dated 15.12.2006 No.207-III

• The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Protection and Use of the Historical Cultural Heritage", dated 2.07.1992 No.1488-XII

• The Land Code of the RK, dated 20.06.2003 No.442-II.

62. For the purpose of recording and protection the historical and cultural monuments they are divided into the following categories:

• Historical and cultural monuments of international status representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects included in the UNESCO World Heritage List;

• Historical and cultural monuments of national status representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects, having the special significance for the history and culture of the whole country;

• Historical and cultural monuments of local significance representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects, having the special significance for the history and culture of the province (city of republican status, capital), districts (centres of provinces).

63. According to Art. 127 of the Land code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 20, 2003 No.442-II construction works without carrying out of archaeological examination are connected with risks for the project.

64. According to Art.39 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About protection and use of objects of historical and cultural heritage". That is, after full archaeological studying of the monuments, located in a zone of road construction and their removal from the State account:

• The survey on identification of objects of historical and cultural heritage have to be carried out prior to land acquisition.


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• In case of detection of the objects having historical, scientific, art and other value, private and juridical persons are obliged to suspend further works conducting and to report about it to authorized body.

• Work conducting, which can create threat to existence of objects of historical and cultural heritage is forbidden.

• Any works, which can expose to danger the existing monuments, are forbidden. The enterprises, organizations, institutes, public associations and citizens in case of identification of archaeological or other sites of historical, scientific and cultural value, are obliged to inform authorized bodies on preservation and use of historical and cultural heritage, and to stop the current works.

B.3.5. Waste

65. The following summarizes the Environmental Code requirements for waste management including the requirements for hazardous waste management.

66. Article 286. Industrial and Consumption Waste. Types of Industrial and Consumption Waste - In terms of hazard they may pose, industrial and consumption waste may be hazardous, non-hazardous, and inert. Hazardous waste is the waste that contains one or several of the following substances:

1. explosives; 2. highly inflammable liquids; 3. highly inflammable solid substances; 4. self-inflammable substances and waste; 5. acidifying substances; 6. organic peroxides; 7. poisonous substances; 8. toxic substances causing long-lasting and chronic disease; 9. infectious substances; 10. corrosive substances; 11. eco-toxic substances; 12. substances or waste giving off flammable gases when put in contact with water; 13. substances or waste which may give off toxic gases when put in contact with the

air or water; and 14. substances and materials that may form other materials with one of the above

mentioned properties.

67. Article 288. General Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Treatment of Industrial and Consumption Waste

1. Individuals and legal entities, whose undertakings generate waste, must implement measures of safe treatment of the waste, comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements, and carry out recycling, neutralization and safe disposal of the same.

3. The places of placement of waste are designated for safe storage of waste for up to three years if the waste is to be recovered or processed, or for up to one year if the waste is to be buried.

5. Waste owners must ensure a gradual reduction of the volumes of waste throughout the entire production cycle, including through the improvement of production processes, waste recycling, and giving the waste out to individuals and legal entities who are interested in using it.

6. When choosing methods and places for neutralization and placement of waste and selecting individuals and legal entities to carry out the processing, disposal or placement of waste, the owners of the waste must ensure that the movement of the waste from their source of origin is kept to a minimum.


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68. Article 290. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Planning of Activities Related to Waste Treatment

1. In the design of facilities the operation of which generates waste, there shall be mandatory to:

1) prepare a waste management program as an integral part of the project documentation;

2. In the design of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, buildings, premises, facilities and other objects the operation of which generates waste there shall be necessary to provide spaces (sites) for the accumulation of waste in compliance with the rules, regulations and requirements established by the environment protection authority and the government agency for sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

69. Article 296. Waste Accounting

1. The owners of waste must keep waste accounting (type, quantities and origin of the waste) and collect and keep information on waste’s properties that endanger the environment and/or human health.

3. The owners of waste must keep waste accounting records for a period of five years.

4. The owners of waste must on an annual basis submit to the environment protection authority reports on their activities in respect of waste management, in order for this information to be entered into the State Registry of Wastes.

70. Article 289. Hazardous Waste Profile Sheet

1. A hazardous waste profile sheet must be prepared and approved by individuals and legal entities if their undertakings generate hazardous waste.

5. The hazardous waste profile sheet must be registered with the environment protection authority within three months after the waste has been generated.

7. Copies of the registered hazardous waste profile sheets must be issued to the individual or legal entity carrying out transportation of a lot of hazardous waste or part thereof, as well as to each consignee of such lot (or part thereof).

12. A hazardous waste profile sheet must contain the information on precautionary measures to be taken in order to prevent and mitigate the consequences of emergencies that may be caused by the hazardous waste, including those arising in the course of transportation and loading/unloading operations.

71. Article 293. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Handling Hazardous Waste

1. Individuals and legal entities whose undertakings and activities generate waste must carry measures aimed at the prevention or reduction of the formation of waste and/or reduction of the level of hazard posed by waste.

3. The owner of hazardous waste must ensure labeling of packages containing hazardous waste wherein their hazardous properties would be denoted. When transferring such hazardous waste to other persons for a certain period of time, the owner of the waste must inform them in writing of the waste’s hazardous properties and of handling precautions that need be taken.

4. There shall be prohibited to mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous or/and inert waste, as well as intermix different types of hazardous waste in the course of production, transportation and placement.

5. The placement of hazardous waste must be performed at specifically equipped places pursuant to the requirements set out in environmental permits. Carrying out any


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other activities at the waste placement site that are not directly related to waste treatment shall be prohibited.

6. Enterprises whose business is to collect, recycle, transport and dispose hazardous waste must develop emergency and accident action plans.

72. Article 294. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Transportation of Hazardous Waste

1. Formation of hazardous waste and their transportation must be kept to a minimum.

2. Transportation of hazardous waste shall be permitted subject to the following conditions:

1) hazardous waste is packaged and labeled as appropriate for purposes of transportation; 2) hazardous waste is transported in properly equipped transportation means having special signs; 3) a hazardous waste profile sheet is present along with documentation for transportation and transfer of hazardous waste, with information on the volumes of hazardous waste being transported, purpose of transportation, and place of destination; and 4) safety requirements for transportation of hazardous waste and loading/unloading operations are met.

B.3.6. International Conventions and Treaties

73. Kazakhstan is a signatory of the following international conventions an treaties relevant to environmental issues.

Table 5: International Conventions and Treaties

# Convention Name Description/Convention Objectives

1. The Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species and Wild Animals

Aims to prevent a danger of extinction of migratory migratory species; implementation of scientific research related to migratory species and their protection.

2. Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

Its aim is to ensure that international trade of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species; the agreement provides for varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants.

3. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, Aarhus, 1998, June 25th.

The convention promotes protection of the right of each person of present and future generations to live in the environment favorable for his health and welfare. Each Party that signed the present Convention grants the rights regarding access to ecological information, participation of the public in decision-making process for access to justice on the environmental issues according to the provisions of the present Convention.

4. Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (Washington, March, 3, 1973):

The Convention sets the rules for the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna. The trade of these species must be supervised to ensure that international trade of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild and can be permitted only under exceptional circumstances.


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# Convention Name Description/Convention Objectives

5. UN Convention to Combat Desertification

The Convention aims to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through the integrated approach aimed at achievement of sustainable development in affected areas including the increase of lands efficiency, rehabilitation, preservation, stable and rational use of land and water resources to improve living standards, especially communities.

6. Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, June, 5, 1992)

The goals of the Convention are the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources including access to genetic resources and transfer of relevant technology with the account of all rights for such resources and technology as well as through proper financing.

7. Convention on Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, November, 16 1972):

The Convention:

adopts a general policy which aims to give special functions to the cultural and natural heritage in public life and to integrate protection of that heritage into the comprehensive planning programmes.

sets up within its territories, where such services do not still exist, one or more services for protection, conservation and promotion of the cultural and natural heritage…

develops scientific and technical studies and research, methods of work, allowing the state to counter dangers that threaten its cultural or natural heritage

8. Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, December, 11, 1997).

At present the Amendment to Kyoto-2 is not ratified in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan does not enter the list of the countries of the Appendix B of the Kyoto Protocol. The National plan of distribution of quotas for the amount of green house gas emissions for 2014-2015 has been adopted in Kazakhstan. (The resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 31, 2013 No. 1536). The Kyoto Protocol regulates:

Obligations for restriction and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Implementation of policy and measures for increase of the efficiency of use of energy, stable forms of agriculture, protection and improvement of quality of absorbers and stores of greenhouse gases.

9. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, May, 9, 1992

The objective of the Convention is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system", in the terms sufficient for natural adaptation of ecosystems to climate change allowing not to pose risks to food production and providing further economic development on a stable basis.

B.4. Environmental Quality Standards

74. The project will be implemented following both national and international standards. ADB’s Safeguard Policy requires applying pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized


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standards such as the World Bank Group's Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines7 (IFC Standard). These standards contain performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable and applicable to projects. When Kazakhstan standards differ from those levels and measures, KVK will achieve whichever is more stringent. In case if no national standard for a certain environmental aspect exists, an international standard will be applied.

B.4.1. Air Quality Standards

75. The air quality standards establish permissible concentrations of harmful substances both at work place and in residential areas. The main terms and definitions related to air pollution, monitoring programs, behavior of pollutants in the ambient air are determined by the GOST 17.2.1.03-84; Environmental Protection, Atmospheric Air Terms and Definitions for Contamination Control.

Table 6: Air quality standards in Kazakhstan Substance

Maximum Allowable Concentration, mg/m3 Hazard Class

One Time Maximum Daily Average

Inorganic dust 0.3 0.1 3

Nitrogen Dioxide 0.2 0.04 2

Sulphur Dioxide 0.5 0.05 3

Carbon Monoxide 5.0 3 4 Source: The Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National Economy “On approval of hygienic standards for atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements ", May 13, 2015.

B.4.2. Water Quality Standards

76. Water quality standards in Kazakhstan are set for fishery waters and for water bodies used for household drinking and utility water as shown in Table 7. The table also shows the 2017 WHO standards for drinking water.

Table 7: List of Pollutants and Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) Polluting the Surface Waters of the Republic of Kazakhstan8

Pollutant MPC for Fishery water bodies (mg/dm3)

MPC for the water bodies used for household and drinking and recreational water (mg/dm3)

WHO Standard for Drinking Water (2017)9

Chrome (3+) - - -

Chrome (6+) 0.02 0.05 -

Ferrum (total) 0.1 0.3 -

Ferrum (2+) 0.005 - -

Ferrum (3+) - - -

Zinc (2+) 0.01 5.0 -

Mercury (2+) 0.00001 0.0005 0.006

Cadmium 0.005 0.001 0.003

Arsenic 0.05 0.05 0.01

Copper (2+) 0.001 1.0 2.0

BOD5 - - -

Phenols 0.001 0.25 -

Oil Products 0.05 0.1 -

Flourides 0.05 1.5 1.5

7 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/policies-

standards/ehs-guidelines 8 Water Quality Standards and Norms in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Regional Environmental Center for

Central Asia. 2009 9 Source: Information Bulletin of Status of Environment of Republic of Kazakhstan. 2018. and WHO’s Guidelines

for Drinking Water Quality. 4-th edition 2017.


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Pollutant MPC for Fishery water bodies (mg/dm3)

MPC for the water bodies used for household and drinking and recreational water (mg/dm3)

WHO Standard for Drinking Water (2017)9

Nitrites 0.08 - 3

Nitrates 40.0 45.0 (for NO3) 50

Salt Ammonia 0.5 - -

Sulfates 100.0 500 200

Magnesium 40.0 - -

Manganese 0.01 0.1 (0.5) 0.05

Nickel 0.01 0.1 0.07

Dissolved oxygen <4

pH 6-9 6.5-8.5

B.4.2.1. Water Quality for Agriculture

77. Kazakhstan’s water quality standard is determined by the Order No. № 151 of the Chairman of the Committee of water resources of the Ministry of Agriculture RoK dated 09.11.2016 “On approval of unified classification system of water quality in water bodies”. According to the Order quality of surface water is identified based on the hydromorphological and physico-chemical parameters (42 indicators) and classified into 5 classes. Waters of classes 1 up to 4 can be used for irrigation purposes.

78. There are also recommendations of FAO on trace elements in irrigation water as shown in Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water.

79. Water quality standard of Kazakhstan for irrigation purposes is more stringent than recommendations of FAO in terms of allowed concentrations of aluminum, lead, mercury, iron, but less stringent in terms of allowed concentrations of copper, cadmium and chromium.

Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water

Element

Recommended Maximum Concentration (mg/l)

Remarks

Al (aluminum) 5.0 Can cause non-productivity in acid soils (pH < 5.5), but more alkaline soils at pH > 7.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate any toxicity.

As (arsenic) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/l for Sudan grass to less than 0.05 mg/l for rice.

Be (beryllium) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/l for kale to 0.5 mg/l for bush beans.

Cd (cadmium) 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to humans.

Co (cobalt) 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.

Cr (chromium) 0.10 Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Con-servative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants.


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Cu (copper) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in nutrient solutions.

F (fluoride) 1.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.

Fe (iron) 5.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of availability of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead sprinkling may result in unsightly deposits on plants, equipment and buildings.

Li (lithium) 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg/l; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low concentrations (<0.075 mg/l). Acts similarly to boron.

Mn (manganese) 0.20 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/l, but usually only in acid soils.

Mo (molybdenum) 0.01 Not toxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with high concentrations of available molybdenum.

Ni (nickel) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l; reduced toxicity at neutral or alkaline pH.

Pd (lead) 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations.

Se (selenium) 0.02 Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/l and toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with relatively high levels of added selenium. An essential element to animals but in very low concentrations.

Sn (tin)

Ti (titanium) ---- Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance unknown.

W (tungsten)

V (vanadium) 0.10 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations.

Zn (zinc) 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils.

Source: R.S. Ayers and D.W. Westcot. Water Quality for Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1985.

B.4.3. Land Quality Legislation and Standards

80. New sanitary rules were introduced in Kazakhstan following long-term scientific studies. As such, SanPiN (Sanitary Rules and Norms) 2.1.7.1287-03 Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Quality of Soil and Subsoil establishes standards for soils quality in inhabited localities and agricultural lands, and control the observance of the sanitary-hygienic standards during engineering, construction, renewal (technical upgrading and operation of facilities for different purposes that may cause the adverse impact on soil).

81. The main terms related to the chemical contamination of soils are defined by the GOST 27593-88. The basic regulatory documents for control of the soil pollution content is “Standards of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations of the Hazardous Substances, Harmful Microorganisms and Other Biological Materials Being the Soil Pollutants” approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the GoK #99, 30.01.2004 and the Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the GoK №21П, 27.01.2004.

82. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) or allowable permissible concentration (APC) of chemical substances in soil refer to principal criteria for the sanitary assessment of soil contamination by chemical agents.


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83. This requirement applies to all land uses and does not differentiate between various land uses. The verification of the MAC of the chemical substances in the soil is based on 4 main nuisance values identified. The Maximum Allowable Concentration for the soil valid in Kazakhstan are shown in the Table 9 below.

Table 9: Soil quality standards in Kazakhstan

Substance Maximum Allowable Concentration, mg/kg

Limiting Rate

Manganese (gross form)* 1500 According to the General Sanitary Norms

Cupric (flexible form)* 3.0

According to the General Sanitary Norms

Lead (gross form) 32.0 Translocational

Zink (gross form)* 23.0 Translocational

Arsenic (gross form) 2.0

According to the General Sanitary Norms

* Due to the absence of these substances in new SanPiN data was taken from the previous document «Standards of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations of the Hazardous Substances, Harmful Microorganisms and Other Biological Materials Being the Soil Pollutants» approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the GoK №99, 30.01.2004 and Order of the Ministry for Environmental Protection of the GoK №21П, 27.01.2004.

Source: “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Atmospheric Air in Urban and Rural Areas, Soils and Their Protection, Maintenance of the Territories of Urban and Rural Settlements, Working Conditions with Sources of Physical Impacts Affecting People", dated January 25, 2012.

B.4.3. Noise Standards

84. The sanitary rule regulating noise level in the workplace and within settling areas is Hygienic standards for physical factors affecting a person approved with the Order of MNE № 169 from 28.02.2015, and noise standards are set depending on the frequency and type of the occupation. In residential area noise levels are generally regulated with respect to sound levels at specific places referred to as "sensitive receptors" such as schools, hospitals or, in the absence of such facilities, at residential buildings or a given distance from the source of the noise.

85. Equivalent level of noise for workplaces of drivers and service personnel of self-propelled chassis tractors, trailed and mounted agricultural machines, road construction and other similar machines - 80 dBA

86. The equivalent level of noise is assumed for areas neighboring on the residential houses, rest areas of the micro-districts and residential groupings, school areas, playgrounds of the preschool after adjustment as follows:

• For living rooms depending on the time of the day from 7 hour till 23 hour - 40 dBA, from 23 hours till 7 am – 30 dBA.

• For hospitals and sanatoriums daylight time from 7 am till 23 hour - 35 dBA, from 23 hours till 7 am – 25 dBA.

• For schools – 40 dBA.

87. The IFC also publish noise limits for residential areas which are similar to the Kazakh standards with the exception of the timings, with daytime noise being classified as 0700 to 2200, see Table 10 below.


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Table 10: IFC Noise Level Guidelines

Receptor One hour Laeq (dBA)

Daytime: 07.00-22.00 Night-time: 22.00 – 07.00

Residential; institutional; educational 55 45

Industrial; commercial 70 70

88. For workplace noise the following IFC standards are applicable.

Table 11: IFC Work Environment Noise limits

Type of Work, workplace IFC General EHS Guidelines

Heavy Industry (no demand for oral communication) 85 dBA Equivalent level Laeq,8h

Light industry (decreasing demand for oral communication)

50-65dBA Equivalent level Laeq,8h

89. Measures of protection is determined according to the construction norms SN RK 2.04-02-2011 «Noise Protection».

B.5. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009

90. The ADB has three safeguard policies that seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and social costs to third parties, or vulnerable groups as a result of development projects.10

91. Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment.

92. The objectives are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects, and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project

decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely to have potential environmental risks and impacts. Eleven ‘Policy Principles’ have been adopted as part of the SPS, including:

1. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of environmental assessment so that appropriate studies are undertaken commensurate with the significance of potential impacts and risks. (The Project was initially screened by the ADB and classified as a Category B project)

2. Conduct an environmental assessment for each proposed project to identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts and risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including impacts on livelihood through environmental media, health and safety, vulnerable groups, and gender issues), and physical cultural resources in the context of the project’s area of influence. Assess potential transboundary and global impacts, including climate change. Use strategic environmental assessment where appropriate. (The IEE herewith provides the environmental assessment for the Project, including an assessment of climate change. Transboundary impacts are not applicable)

10 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement, Manila


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3. Examine alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology, and components and their potential environmental and social impacts and document the rationale for selecting the particular alternative proposed. Also consider the no project alternative. (Alternatives have been considered, including the ‘no project’ alternative in Section C.7 – Alternatives)

4. Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts by means of environmental planning and management. Prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) that includes the proposed mitigation measures, environmental monitoring and reporting requirements, related institutional or organizational arrangements, capacity development and training measures, implementation schedule, cost estimates, and performance indicators. Key considerations for EMP preparation include mitigation of potential adverse impacts to the level of no significant harm to third parties, and the polluter pays principle. (An EMP has been prepared for the Project and is outlined in detail in Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements)

5. Carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and facilitate their informed participation. Ensure women’s participation in consultation. Involve stakeholders, including affected people and concerned nongovernment organizations, early in the project preparation process and ensure that their views and concerns are made known to and understood by decision makers and taken into account. Continue consultations with stakeholders throughout project implementation as necessary to address issues related to environmental assessment. Establish a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding the project’s environmental performance. (Consultations were held in Akimats in Aktobe and Atyrau to discuss environmental issues, the findings of the consultations (and a description of the Project grievance redress mechanism) are presented in Section G - Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism)

6. Disclose a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment, and its updates if any, to affected people and other stakeholders. (This IEE and its EMP have been disclosed on the ADB web-site)

7. Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness. Document monitoring results, including the development and implementation of corrective actions, and disclose monitoring reports. (The IEE and its EMP outline a plan to monitor the implementation of the EMP and the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and reporting throughout the Project lifecycle: Section F.2 - EMP Institutional Responsibilities)

8. Do not implement project activities in areas of critical habitats, unless (i) there are no measurable adverse impacts on the critical habitat that could impair its ability to function, (ii) there is no reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species, and (iii) any lesser impacts are mitigated. If a project is located within a legally protected area, implement additional programs to promote and enhance the conservation aims of the protected area. In an area of natural habitats, there must be no significant conversion or degradation, unless (i) alternatives are not available, (ii) the over all benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, and (iii) any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated. Use a precautionary approach to the use, development, and management of renewable natural resources. (No critical habitats have been identified that would be significantly impacted by the Project)


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9. Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. Adopt cleaner production processes and good energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, or, when avoidance is not possible, minimize or control the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and discharges, including direct and indirect greenhouse gases emissions, waste generation, and release of hazardous materials from their production, transportation, handling, and storage. Avoid the use of hazardous materials subject to international bans or phase-outs. Purchase, use, and manage pesticides based on integrated pest management approaches and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. (The IEE and its EMP outline specific mitigation and management measures to prevent and control pollution: Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements. No pesticides will be used during the lifecycle of the Project)

10. Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. (The IEE and its EMP outline the requirement for specific health and safety plans and emergency response plans : Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements.)

11. Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid destroying or damaging them by using field-based surveys that employ qualified and experienced experts during environmental assessment. Provide for the use of “chance find” procedures that include a pre-approved management and conservation approach for materials that may be discovered during project implementation. (With the exception of one cemetery, no physical and cultural resources have been identified that would be significantly impacted by the Project. A chance find procedure is provided in Section E.9.4 – Physical and Cultural Resources)

93. Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement.

94. The objectives are to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible; to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. The safeguard requirements underscores the requirements for undertaking the social impact assessment and resettlement planning process, preparing social impact assessment reports and resettlement planning documents, exploring negotiated land acquisition, disclosing information and engaging in consultations, establishing a grievance mechanism, and resettlement monitoring and reporting.

95. The involuntary resettlement requirements apply to full or partial, permanent or temporary physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) resulting from (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Resettlement is considered involuntary when displaced individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement. A land acquisition and resettlement plan (LARP) has been prepared for the Project to ensure compliance with the safeguard on Involuntary Resettlement.

96. Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous Peoples.

97. The objective is to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural


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uniqueness as defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them.

98. For operational purposes, the term Indigenous Peoples is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:

• self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;

• collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

• customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and

• a distinct language, often different from the official language of the country or province.

99. In considering these characteristics, national legislation, customary law, and any international conventions to which the country is a party will be taken into account.

100. Guidelines provide a rational approach for determining environmental category of the Project, the need for public consultation and disclosure, environmental management planning, and resolving involuntary resettlement, indigenous people and gender issues.

101. Activities carried out under the project needs to conform to current laws in Kazakhstan and sound social and environmental principles. In general, the project activities will not trigger serious impacts on physical and human environment.


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C. Project Description

C.1. Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

102. The proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project is part of Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”. The proposed project to be financed under ADB loan stipulates rehabilitation and modernization of agricultural irrigation infrastructure in order to return into operation currently unused 174,098 ha of previously irrigated agricultural lands in East-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, Karaghandy, and Zhambyl Provinces (Table 12). Most of the irrigation infrastructure in Kazakhstan, which was built in the past century (1960-80s), has deteriorated over time after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Disassembly of the former soviet system of agricultural collective farms “kolkhoz” led to lack of proper management of water resources, abandonment of irrigation infrastructure, and its subsequent deterioration due to absence of capital investments.

103. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systematic management at national level, asset ownership and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK), a government owned utility that was established in 2011 by merging several state enterprises for water management. Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture is the Implementing Agency and serves as the administrator of KVK from the government side. KVK is the Executing Agency for the proposed project.

104. The Project Feasibility Study identifies the following three components proposed to be financed under ADB loan:

(i) Output 1: Irrigation infrastructure rehabilitated and/or improved. The output will support the rehabilitation and/or improvement of about 245 irrigation schemes in the four provinces. For canals, the works would involve desilting and removal of vegetation in the lined and unlined canals, re-sectioning of the unlined canals, and repair of damaged sections of the lined canals. The total length of new concrete lined canals will be about 1,064 km while the improved earth canals will be about 1,976 km. A total of about 4,185 hydraulic structures including water measuring devices will be constructed or rehabilitated. About 358 km drainage collectors will be rehabilitated and/or improved. A drip irrigation system to cover 9,300 ha will be established in Zhambyl province. In addition, about 24 sets of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system will be installed in the main canals of the four provinces.

(ii) Output 2: Water management improved and beneficiary capacity enhanced. The project will support (i) pilot-testing a system to monitor water and agricultural productivity using remote sensing technology in selected irrigation schemes; (ii) assisting in organizing the beneficiaries into the agricultural cooperatives established on hydrological boundaries, and develop the capacity of the cooperatives with respect to their functioning as well as with physical inputs like office furniture and equipment; (iii) training farmers on using improved irrigation management and climate change-related aspects; and (iv) providing consulting services for capacity development. This output will help KVK to extend its advice services to farmers on on-farm water management and crop choices.

(iii) Output 3: KVK’s capacity strengthened. The project will strengthen KVK’s governance and support its internal reforms by providing consulting services for (i) capacity development and training of KVK staff on financial, procurement, and water management aspects; the (ii) formulation and implementation of an asset management plan. The project will also support (i) provision of machinery,


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equipment, and vehicles for the four KVK branch offices to carry out their O&M function and improve system performance; (ii) rehabilitation and/or construction of repair workshops; (iii) construction of the KVK headquarters building; (iv) construction of an office building for KVK’s East Kazakhstan branch; (v) organization of a study tour for KVK staff and project beneficiaries to learn from advanced irrigation practices; and (vi) the operations of the project management office and project implementation units to ensure smooth implementation.

(iv) Project administration and implementation – Project Management Office at KVK HQ, and Project Implementation Units at the four Province branches, who will supervise project implementation, conduct project monitoring and reporting as per ADB requirements, as well as transfer knowledge to KVK.

105. Technical Assistance TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project was approved by ADB in May 2017. TRTA team was created to develop project’s Feasibility Study and to undertake project management requirements, including financial management, procurement and safeguard due diligence. As of November 2018, national design entity “Ulmad” LLP recruited under the TRTA has finalized Feasibility Study of the Project and submitted it for the State Expertise – a mandatory approval process for project development and implementation in Kazakhstan.

106. The final total number of schemes for the project is 245. On scrutiny, the team realized that many of the individual schemes presented by KVK were too small and generally represented small segments of bigger systems. Many schemes in a district lie in one or few hydrologic zones and hence schemes in one zone could be integrated and renamed as a subproject.

107. Thus, various schemes have been grouped into fewer subprojects with due consideration to hydrologic boundaries, geographical closeness, and administrative boundaries. As a result, the proposed 245 schemes have been grouped into 16 subprojects under the Project in 4 provinces of Kazakhstan. List of selected provinces and areas which will be rehabilitated there as result of project implementation are presented in Table 12 below.

Table 12: Project scope

No. Location Area to be rehabilitated, ha

1 East-Kazakhstan Province 79,256

2 Karaghandy Province 27,900

3 Zhambyl Province 34,977

4 Kyzylorda Province 28,974

Total for the Project 171,107

108. This IEE is developed for subprojects in Zhambyl Province. There are 4 subprojects in 4 districts, which are presented below in Table 13:

Table 13: Subprojects in Zhambyl Province Province/Subproject

District(s)/ Cities

Number of schemes

Area

Total Irrigation System Area

Area to be rehabilitated

Sarysu Subproject Sarysu 18 12,218 629

Shu Subproject Shu 127 29,363 20,361

Talas Subproject Kazalin and Aral 43 13,485 9,317

T.Ryskulov Subproject T. Ryskulov 14 8,125 4,670

Zhambyl 202 63,191 34,977


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C.2. Need for the Project

109. The Project is being developed as part of “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021” of GoK, which is aimed to further diversify national economy, reduce dependence on export of mineral resources (oil and gas), provide employment opportunities in rural areas, decrease poverty, and strengthen national food security. While in 2015, the agriculture sector's share of gross domestic product was only 4.9% of GDP, the sector accounted for 17.1% of total employment. Moreover, half the country's population is located in rural areas with living standards depending heavily on income generated from agricultural production.

110. Due to unreliable and insufficient supply of irrigation water, local people lost interest in irrigated agriculture. This coupled with other socio-economic issues and little sources of reliable income in rural areas has contributed to mass migration of people, especially youth of active working age, to large cities, and decline of local population. According to some estimates, 1000 ha of irrigated lands create 60-200 employment opportunities depending on type of cultivated crops11.

111. A total of 34,977 ha are planned for rehabilitation under the Project in Zhambyl Province. As a result, new opportunities will open for raising irrigated crops, generating income for families, and reviving agricultural activities in the province, which in turn will help creating new employment opportunities for local people, engaged not only in direct agricultural activities, but also following product handling, storage, transportation chains, generating additional income for local budget, and developing professional skills of different kinds of specialists.

C.3. Location and scope

112. The province is located at the southern border of Kazakhstan with Kyrgyzstan at northern slopes of Kyrgyz and Karatau mountains. Center of the Province is sandy Moyun-kum desert, which is separated by Chu river from the clay desert of Betpak-dala in the north. It has borders with Karaghandy, Turkestan, and Almaty Provinces, as well as lake Balkhash on the northeast.

113. As described above 4 subprojects will be implemented in 4 districts of Zhambyl Province - Sarysu, Shu, Talas, and T.Ryskulov.

C.3.1. Subprojects location in Zhambyl Province

114. Project districts where 4 subprojects were selected are indicated in the map of the Zhambyl province below.

11 Source article: http://agroinfo.kz/v-minselxoze-rk-rasskazali-o-sostoyanii-i-perspektivax-razvitiya-vodnyx-resursov/


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Figure 1: Project districts in Zhambyl Province (red stars)

115. The proposed project covers 34,977 ha in 4 districts as given below:

• Sarysu district 629 ha

• Talas district 9,317 ha

• T.Ryskulov district 4,670 ha

• Shu district 20,361 ha

116. The more detailed information on canals to be covered by subprojects in Zhambyl province, data on total irrigation area and area to rehabilitated are presented in Table 14:


Table 14: List of canals to be rehabilitated in Zhambyl Province

No. Name Locations

(r/d)

Carrying capacity, m3/sec

Length, km

types of works Command area, ha

including

mecahnical cleaning

concrete ЛР100 ЛР-80 ЛР-60 used not used

SARYSU DISTRICT

1 mc Otvodyyashii-2 Saudakent 1.0 1.0 1.0

2 off-farm canal Balatogan Saudakent 0.5 11.0 11 70 70

3 mc Tasaryk Zhanatalap 4.0 15.0 15 600 358 242

4 off-farm canal Dyuker Zhanatalap 0.5 5.3 2.9 1.62 0.78 0 0 200 200

5 on-farm canal Saryozek Zhanatalap 3.0 5.0 5 256 256

6 mc Karitogan new Zhanatalap 3.0 7.982 7.982

7 mc Karitogan old Zhanatalap 0.5 3.763 3.763

8 off-farm canal Р-1 Zhanatalap 1.0 1.3 1.3

9 on-farm canal Kultobe Saudakent 0.5 2.5 2.5 100 100

10 on-farm canal Utes Igilik 1.0 6.7 6.7 795 795

11 off-farm canal Baishakhan

Igilik 1.0 9.3 8.28 1.02 0 0 1021 1021

12 off-farm canal Kedei Zhanatalap 1.0 5.0 4.64 0.36 0 0 759 759

13 mc nizhnii Berkutty Zhaiylma 3.5 8.8 8.8 369 232 137

14 off-farm canal Berkutty Zhaiylma 1.0 8.0 7.28 0.72 0 0 180 0 180

15 off-farm canal Kirov Zhaiylma 0.5 0.9 0.9 387 387

16 off-farm canal Kyzyl Tu Zhaiylma 0.5 1.9 1.9 266 266

16 Total 93.445 44.463 46.10 2.88 0.00 0.00 5003 4374 629

TALAS DISTRICT

1 mc Zhiembet R/d Bostandyk 6.0 4.5 4.5

2 off-farm canal Abish R/d Bostandyk 0.5 6.7 3.196 3.504 267 66 201


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No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


3 off-farm canal LBMC Zhiembet

R/d Bostandyk 1.5 10.2 10.2 1039 282 757

4 off-farm canal Uzyn R/d Bostandyk 5.0 7.9 7.9

5 off-farm canal PBMC Zhiembet

R/d Akkum 1.4 8.3 8.3 530 362 168

6 on-farm canal Akkum R/d Akkum 1.0 8.2 0 8.2 527 432 95

7 on-farm canal Kokkol R/d Bostandyk 0.4 4.2 0 4.2 210 90 120

8 on-farm canal Zhambas R/d Akkum 0.4 2.0 0 2 120 45 75

9 on-farm canal Zhambyl R/d Bostandyk 0.3 3.0 0 3 80 21 59

10 on-farm canal Lotok R/d Akkum 0.4 5.6 5.36 0.24 227 136 91

11 on-farm canal Sharyashylyk

R/d Shakirov 3.0 12.2 12.2 924 21 903

12 mc Kydyr R/d Bostandyk 2.0 7.1 7.1 243 0 243

13 mc Kazakhbai R/d Shakirov 2.0 10.0 10 448 211 237

14 mc Zhumabek R/d Shakirov 5.0 12.9 12.9 925 71 854

15 mc Boribai R/d Uyk 6.0 27.1 27.1 350 197 153

16 off-farm canal Boribai-2 R/d Uyk 3.0 6.5 6.5 206 66 140

17 mc Zhadik R/d Uyk 1.0 3.8 3.8 80 60 20

18 mc Oiyk R/d Uyk 23.0 5.4 5.4

19 off-farm canal LBMC Oiyk

R/d Uyk 10.0 27.1 17.1

20 on-farm canal УХ-1 R/d Uyk 1.0 2.8 2.8 586 120 466

21 on-farm canal УХ-2 R/d Uyk 0.5 2.1 2.1 307 160 147

22 on-farm canal КХ-1 R/d Uyk 0.5 2.0 2 355 118 237

23 on-farm canal КХ-2 R/d Uyk 0.5 3.7 3 0.7 1005 0 1005

24 on-farm canal ТХ-1 R/d Ucharal 0.7 2.7 2.7 758 0 758


30

No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


25 on-farm canal ТХ-2 R/d Ucharal 0.5 5.0 5 921 0 921

26 on-farm canal ВХ-1 R/d Kenes 0.5 0.8 0.8 250 0 250

27 on-farm canal ВХ-2 R/d Kenes 0.5 1.0 1 350 0 350

28 off-farm canal PBMC R/d Uyk 13.0 1.9 1.9 0

29 off-farm canal МLR R/d Uyk 13.0 13.0 13 0

30 mc Bakhtymbet R/d Kenes 3.0 6.9 6.9 118 99 22

31 mc Sultan R/d Akkol 10.0 0.624 0

32 off-farm canal Orta Aryk R/d Akkol 5.0 7.618 7.618 290 290 0

33 on-farm canal Orynbasar R/d Akkol 0.5 4.0 4

34 off-farm canal Zhanatogan

R/d Akkol 3.0 4.939 2.465 2.474 20 20 0

35 off-farm canal Kyzyl R/d Kyzylaut 25.0 8.2 8.2 220 100 120

36 mc Aktogan R/d Tamdy 6.0 2.6 2.6 0

37 mc Kokoiyk R/d Tamdy 2.5 5.283 5.283 201 61 140

38 reservoir Zhartas R/d Tamdy 309 190 119

39 reservoir Mynchukir R/d Tamdy 260 131 129

40 reservoir Tamdy R/d Tamdy 207 107 100

41 reservoir Kyzylaut R/d Kyzylaut 736 299 437

41 Total 247.864 122.144 78.734 8.2 15.458 12.704 11557 3028 9317

Т.RYSKULOV DISTRICT

1 мк Karakystak Karakystak 6.5 6.4 4

2 on-farm canal ККPТ Zhanatyrmys 2.0 3.3 2.1 1.2 805 622 183

3 off-farm canal Botbai Karakystak 1.8 5.2 3.82 1.38 839 224 615

4 on-farm canal Botbai-Sikhym

Karakystak 0.7 5.7 5.388 0.312 524 357 167


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No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


5 on-farm canal Karakat Karakat 0.5 12.4 10.672 0.582 1.146 517 270 247

6 on-farm canal Shonger Kulan 0.8 13.5 12.984 0.516 644 344 300

7 on-farm canal Kokdonen Abai 0.8 15.9 15.66 0.24 325 90 235

8 on-farm canal Kogershin Kogershin 0.8 9.8 9.428 0.372 630 466 164

9 on-farm canal Shal-su Kumaryk 0.5 9.5 9.5 537 481 56

10 Taldy-su Zher Aryk 0.5 17.2 17.2 103 103 0

11 on-farm canal Тuyк-тоr Ornek 0.5 10 10 119 29 90

12 on-farm canal Сulu тоr Ornek 0.5 16.8 16.8 151 41 110

13 on-farm canal Маkpal Teren ozek 0.5 10.25 10.25 262 62 200

14 on-farm canal Маmai kaiyndy

Kaiyndy 0.5 13.4 13.4 100 59 41

15 on-farm canal Kaiyndy Kaiyndy 0.5 6.4 6.4 403 179 224

16 Wells 19 nos. 0 0 2038 2038

35 Total 155.750 83.550 64.052 1.2 2.646 1.902 7997 3327 4670

SHU DISTRICT

1 MC "Таsotkel"

Eski-Shu, Zhana-zhol, Berlikustem,

Konayev, Zhanakogam

45.0 39.035 0

2 off-farm canal Р-1 Zhanakogam 5.0 13.7 8.82 1.5 1.38

3 off-farm canal Akshatogan

Eski-Shu 1.5 9 9 220 100 120

4 off-farm canal ТБХ-1 Eski-Shu 0.9 6 3.12 1.5 1.38 640 400 240

5 off-farm canal ТБХ-2 Eski-Shu 1.0 5.5 2.08 1.02 2.4 1000 450 550

6 off-farm canal ТБХ-3 Eski-Shu 0.5 2.5 1.6 0.48 0.42 200 200 0

7 off-farm canal ТБХ-4 Eski-Shu 0.05 3 1.56 0 1.44 67 67 0


32

No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


8 off-farm canal ТБХ-5 Eski-Shu 0.05 3 1.8 0 1.2 74 74 0

9 off-farm canal Yntaly Eski-Shu 0.06 2 0.996 1.004 500 400 100

10 off-farm canal Тнх-1 Zhana-zhol 0.5 8.685 4.545 1.62 2.52 800 690 110

11 off-farm canal ТНХ-1б Zhana-zhol 0.25 7.32 4.32 1.74 1.26 560 470 90

12 off-farm canal ТНХ-2 Zhana-zhol 2 10.5 2.05 5.45 0.84 2.16 771 601 170

13 canal Toganbai Zhana-zhol 0.25 1.5 0.78 0.72 39 39 0

14 off-farm canal Truba-2 Zhana-zhol 0.5 0.017 0 0.017 100 100 0

15 off-farm canal ТЧХ-1 Berlikustem 0.25 6.1 5.2 0.18 0.72 390 390 0

16 off-farm canal ТЧХ-2 Berlikustem 1.4 7.8 7.02 0.24 0.54 800 608 192

17 off-farm canal ТЧХ-3а Berlikustem 0.7 15.1 13.638 0.042 0.42 600 530 70

18 off-farm canal ТЧХ-3б Berlikustem 0.08 0.3 0.3 150 74 76

19 off-farm canal ТЛХ-1-1а Konayev 1.2 8.885 6.385 1.5 350 300 50

20 off-farm canal ТЛХ-1-1б Konayev 0.8 6 4.92 0.72 0.36 330 170 160

21 off-farm canal ТЛХ-1а Konayev 0.8 8.68 5.75 0.72 0.21 500 310 190

22 off-farm canal ТЛХ-1б Konayev 0.8 6 5.19 0.48 0.33 450 200 250

23 off-farm canal ТЛХ-2 Konayev 0.8 5.1 3.84 0.72 0.54 190 150 40


25 off-farm canal ТЛХ-4 Konayev 1.5 8 6.38 0.72 0.9 1073 669 404


27 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-1 Zhanakogam 0.7 15.32 13.32 800 565 235

28 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-2 Zhanakogam 0.6 8 8 700 530 170

29 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-3а Zhanakogam 1.3 7 6 360 360 0

30 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-3б Zhanakogam 0.7 7 6 350 120 230

31 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-4а Zhanakogam 0.5 0.05 0.05 180 110 70


33

No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


32 off-farm canal ТДЖХ-4б Zhanakogam 0.5 5 4.4925 0.375 107 70 37



35 off-farm canal К-1 osnovnoi

Zhanakogam 0.4 5.6 5.6 302 302 0

36 off-farm canal Р-1 Dalakainar 0.2 2 1.4 0.36 0.24 280 280 0

37 off-farm canal Р-2 Dalakainar 0.2 4 2.98 0.6 0.42 395 180 215

38 off-farm canal Р-3 Dalakainar 0.2 3.8 2.72 0.6 0.48 220 95 125

39 off-farm canal Р-4 Dalakainar 0.2 3 3 202 102 100

40 off-farm canal Dalakainar -2

Dalakainar 0.4 6 6 270 270 0

41 Levoberezhnyi MC Alga, Shu t.,

Tolebi, Koragaty

16.6 38.8 38.8 0

42 canal Lugovoi Alga 0.3 1.72 1.72 178 78 100

43 canal Kuigen Alga 1.5 18.81 18.783 0.027 1089 499 590

44 canal Zhaisan Alga 0.5 1.54 0.085 1.455 65 30 35

45 canal Novotroisk Alga, Shu t.,

Ondiris 1.0 7.743 7.743 600 0 600

46 canal Pioneer Shu t. 0.7 2.65 2.615 0.035 405 390 15

47 canal Salyamov Shu t. 0.5 1.34 1.3 0.04 50 15 35

48 canal Abai Shu t. 0.1 0.75 0.75 60 60 0

49 canal Togai Shu t. 0.5 0.38 0.38 47 47 0

50 canal Koskudyk Shu t. 0.3 3.13 3.13 190 165 25

51 canal Shu Shu t. 0.5 2.24 1.508 0.732 50 35 15

52 canal Aral Truba Tolebi 0.3 2 2 80 50 30


34

No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


53 canal ЛНХ-2 Tolebi 2.0 5.61 5.61 1550 1050 500

54 canal Old Кarabas Tolebi 0.3 1.4 1.4 60 60 0

55 canal Saduakas Tolebi 0.3 3.07 3.07 48 48 0

56 canal Мelnichnyiй Tolebi 0.2 0.25 0.25 15 15 0

57 canal Bolnichnyi Tolebi 0.5 0.2 0.2 75 75 0

58 canal ЛНХ-4 Tolebi 0.5 6.27 6.27 750 560 190

59 canal Тurksib Tolebi 0.4 1.61 1.61 150 100 50

60 canal Tailak-1 Tolebi 0.5 0.92 0.92 250 150 100

61 canal Tailak-2 Tolebi 1.1 1.82 1.82 290 198 92

62 canal Tailak-2-1 Tolebi 0.2 2.42 2.42 75 75 0

63 canal Tailak-2-2 Tolebi 0.2 1.63 1.63 224 125 99

64 canal Kunshygys Tolebi 0.4 1.34 1.34 80 80 0

65 off-farm canal Zhidebai-1 Tolebi 0.05 1.64 1.64 80 65 15

66 canal Zemlyanoi Karabas Ondiris 2.0 8.31 8.31 475 200 275

67 off-farm canal Sary Koragaty 0.6 9.47 9.47 350 230 120

68 off-farm canal Estemes-2 Koragaty 0.7 3.67 3.07 0.6 350 270 80

69 off-farm canal ЛДРХ-2 Koragaty 2.0 6.43 6.28 0.15 810 720 90

70 off-farm canal Bimenbet Koragaty 0.5 4.93 4.93 853 228 625

71 off-farm canal Aimanbet Koragaty 1.5 2.8 2.8 335 195 140

72 off-farm canal Asembai Koragaty 0.4 1.99 1.99 203 153 50

73 off-farm canal ЛДРХ-3 Koragaty 2.0 9.7 4.2 5.398 800 510 290

74 off-farm canal Masak Aktobe

Aktobe 0.2 12.81 12.81 233 143 90


35

No. Name Locations

(r/d)


Length, km


including

mecahnical cleaning


75 MC "Pravoberzhnyi"

Berlikustem, Konayev,

Berlik, Zhanakogam,

Dulat

11.0 48.8 48.8

76 Canal "Bolnichnyi-1" Konayev 0.6 1.18 1.18 95 0 95

77 Canal "Birlik " Konayev,

Berlik 0.2 3.24 3.24 82 0 82

78 Canal "Aktogan" Zhanakogam 0.3 5.49 5.49 313 0 313

79 Canal "Кarauyl-tobe" Zhanakogam 0.8 4.5 4.5 464 0 464

80 Canal "Тоkseit" Dulat, Kenes 3.5 4.77 4.77 1003 1,003

Vegetable cluster 9,300

80 Total 505.431 243.6425 170.988 16.602 21.929 0 29,363 18,302 20,361

172 Grand total 1,002.5 493.7995 359.876 28.882 40.033 14.606 53,920 29,031 34,977


C.3.2 Scope of works

117. The Project is being undertaken in several phases as follows:

1. Feasibility / Design phase – Under TA-9317 provided by ADB, a team of individual international consultants and national consultants were engaged, as well as national design entity “Ulmad” LLP. Feasibility Study of the Project has been finalized and submitted for the State Expertise in November 2018. Four IEEs, including this report, are being prepared for each Province under the Project. Detail design of all irrigation schemes and subsequent construction are planned for second half of 2019. The EMP developed in the IEEs will be provided to the detail design team and will be included into design package and bidding documents.

2. Construction Phase – the following activities will be undertaken: • Construction activities – Currently main construction activities under the 16

subprojects in selected provinces include o Fixing of existing canals, including main, inter-farm and on-farm ones; o Mechanical cleaning of canals from sediments, rubbish and vegetation,

stripping of rush; o dismantling of destroyed parts of canals; o concrete and/or reinforced concrete works on canals, rehabilitation of

longitudinal and cross sections, lining of working sections; o geomembrane; o repair or construction of gauging stations, installation of water level staff; o construction of gauging footbridges; o construction/repair of water outlets; o dismantling and installation of gates at canal structures; o repair and construction of head structures; o rehabilitation of small reservoirs for water accumulation; o rehabilitation of wells; o grading of inspection roads along canals; o SCADA for canals of 10 m3/s and higher; automated outlet gate management

system and up-to-date facilities for remote control; o rehabilitation of reinforced pipeline networks, valves, plungers, discharges; o rehabilitation of pump stations; o design of high-voltage networks.

• The scope and types of works shall be confirmed at development stage. It is should be noted that some changes in list and number of schemes, scope and type of works can be made during implementation. Consultant shall first review design solutions as per the FSs and other documents provided by the Client, visit project sites, conduct detailed inspections and engineer surveys. If required, Consultant can propose alternate design solutions with detailed justification of their advantages as opposed to the design solutions from the FSs. D&E shall include design solutions approved by the Client. Relevantly IEE should be updated.

• Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) – SSEMPs will be developed by contractor for approval by supervision engineer as a prerequisite for overtaking construction sites. No access to the site will be allowed until the SSEMP is reviewed by Supervision Engineer and approved by Environment Protection Officer of Project Management Office.

3. Operational phase – Commences from the date of taking over of the works by the employer.

118. Main works and structures to be rehabilitated which were proposed under the Project in Zhambyl province in total and in selected districts are presented in Table 15: Zhambyl


37

province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and ImprovementTable 15 and T = Kazakh

tenge, SCADA = supervisory control and data acquisition.

119. Source: TA-9317 KAZ consultants’ and national feasibility study estimates.

120. Table 16 below.

Table 15: Zhambyl province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Improvement

Item Cost (KZT million)

Earth canals 361.729

Lined canals, flumes, and pipelines 8,824.173

Hydraulic structures, etc 2,671.604

Wells for irrigation 526.444

SCADA systems 1,009.322

Drip irrigation systems (Vegetable clusters) 5,527.417

Power lines 395.205

Other costs 235.602

Total Cost 19,551.497 T = Kazakh tenge, SCADA = supervisory control and data acquisition. Source: TA-9317 KAZ consultants’ and national feasibility study estimates.


Table 16: Quantities of proposed works for Zhambyl subprojects

No. Works Unit Sarysu District

Talas District

Т. Ryskulov District

Shu District Total Zhambyl Province

1 Area to be rehabilitated ha 629 9,317 4,670 20,361 34,977.00

2 Lined canals km 46.10 78.74 64.05 170.79 359.68

3 Unlined canals km 44.46 122.14 83.55 243.64 493.79

4 Flumes km 2.88 36.36 5.75 38.53 83.52

5 Pipeline on wells for irrigation km 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 4.00

Canals

1 Stripping of top soil m3 149,990.00

2 Earth excavation m3 1,482,476.00

3 Embankment m3 453,628.00

4 Grading on canal slopes and bottoms m2 1,914,337.00

5 Compaction on slopes and bottoms m2 1,914,337.00

6 Geomembrane m2 2,074,309.00

7 Geogrid m2 1,914,337.00

8 Concrete B15, W6 F150, t=8 cm m3 159,559.00

9 Reinforcement pins ∅ 8 mm m 382,867.00

10 Dismantling of destroyed lining and old structures m3 144.38 412.02 282.06 771.54 1,610.00

Flumes

1 Earth excavation m3 2,062.00

2 Compaction of soil for plates m3 6,877.00

3 Flume LR-6 pcs 2,434



6 Plate P 90-60 pcs 4,817

7 Plate P 60-45 pcs 9,130

8 Bitumen coating for macadam foundation m2 6,877.00

9 Gravel-sand bedding, t=10 cm m3 688.20

10 Plates with waterproofing base pcs 13,920.00

Head Regulators

1 Earth excavation m3 2,450.00 7,990.00 2,360.00 11,400.00 24,200.00

2 Embankment m3 2,270.00 7,460.00 2,175.00 10,540.00 22,445.00

3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 110.80 430.00 82.30 457.20 1,080.30

4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 113.92 409.68 103.24 518.88 1,145.72

5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 147.57 538.13 130.84 665.08 1,481.62

6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 25.20 69.60 27.30 123.60 245.70


39


Talas District



7 Reinforcement А-III kg 11,767.05 42,651.45 10,533.60 53,278.20 118,230.30

8 Reinforcement А-I kg 995.40 2,749.20 1,078.35 4,882.20 9,705.15

9 Pipes Т 140.50 pcs 16 88 4 48 156

10 Pipes Т 120.50 pcs 2 18 14 48 82

11 Pipes Т 100.50 pcs 22 22 20 88 152

12 Rip rap m3 109.80 344.00 106.50 510.20 1,070.50

13 Sandy gravel m3 162.00 431.00 180.50 806.00 1,579.50

14 Gate GS 150-200 kg 3,064.00 16,852.00 766.00 9,192.00 29,874.00

15 Gate GS 120-200 kg 3,239.00 5,919.00 4,985.00 19,656.00 33,799.00

Cross Regulators on Canals

1 Earth excavation m3 - - - 26,925.00 26,925.00

2 Embankment m3 - - - 25,200.00 25,200.00

3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 - - - 1,359.50 1,359.50

4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 - - - 1,744.30 1,744.30

5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 - - - 1,633.85 1,633.85

6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 - - - 200.70 200.70

7 Armature kg - - - 167,965.60 167,965.60

8 Pipes Т 140.50 pcs - - - 296 296

9 Pipes ТС 50.25-2 pcs - - - 275 275

10 Pipes Т 100.50 pcs - - - 90 90

11 Plate PK30-20, B-15 pcs - - - 55 55

12 Rip rap m3 - - - 1,179.75 1,179.75

13 Sandy gravel m3 - - - 1,502.00 1,502.00

14 Roadway gravel m3 - - - 93.50 93.50

15 Gate GS 150-200 kg - - - 56,684.00 56,684.00

16 Gate GS 120-200 kg - - - 11,880.00 11,880.00

17 Gate GS 150-100 kg - - - 14,289.00 14,289.00

18 Gate GS 60-150 kg - - - 23,012.00 23,012.00

Outlets

1 Earth excavation m3 1,980.00 18,595.00 1,695.00 1,500.00 23,770.00

2 Embankment m3 1,850.00 20,720.00 1,775.00 1,410.00 25,755.00

3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 111.60 1,018.90 50.70 96.00 1,277.20

4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 102.00 1,443.60 99.00 82.80 1,727.40

5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 134.60 1,188.95 78.65 110.40 1,512.60

6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 16.80 126.30 19.50 10.80 173.40


40


Talas District



7 Reinforcement А-III kg 10,647.00 93,759.75 6,347.25 8,694.00 119,448.00

8 Reinforcement А-I kg 663.60 4,988.85 770.25 426.60 6,849.30

9 Pipes Т 100.50 pcs 20 144 26 12 202

10 Pipes Т 140.50 pcs 24 244 0.00 24 292

11 Rip rap m3 85.60 711.65 74.05 63.00 934.30

12 Sandy gravel m3 103.00 1,830.50 202.00 63.00 2,198.50

13 Gate GS 120-200 kg 2,640.00 19,008.00 3,432.00 1,584.00 26,664.00

14 Gate GS 150-200 kg 4,596.00 66,530.00 1,320.00 4,596.00 77,042.00

15 Gate GS 40-100 kg - 4,230.00 282.00 - 4,512.00

16 Asbestos-cement pipe ВТ-9 d=400 mm L=3.0 m m - 405.00 27.00 - 432.00

17 Precast reinforced concrete for slabs Concrete B15 m3 - 52.11 3.47 - 55.58

Water Metering Structures

1 Excavation with excavator v=0.65 m3 m3 604.00 1,356.00 428.00 2,336.00 4,724.00

2 Back compacted fill ɣ= 1.65 t/m3 m3 528.00 1,182.00 371.00 2,032.00 4,113.00

3 Precast reinforced concrete of well m3 15.00 33.00 10.00 56.00 114.00

4 Asbestos-cement pipe, Ø300 mm м 60.00 132.00 40.00 224.00 456.00

5 Gravel and sand bedding t=10 cm m3 3.94 14.04 7.63 30.72 56.33

6 Enamel staff gage pcs 16 42 17 80 155

7 Cast-iron manhole type "L" (А15) kg 900.00 1,980.00 600.00 3,360.00 6,840.00

8 Metal items of bridge kg 6,453.85 16,570.65 6,511.95 31,164.40 60,700.85

9 Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete В22.5, F15, W6 m3 29.82 115.38 66.24 259.68 471.12

10 Reinforcement mesh 20х20cm d=10 mm А-I kg 315.00 693.00 210.00 1,176.00 2,394.00

11 Boards m3 2.25 4.95 1.50 8.40 17.10

Water Well

Drilling of well d=490 mm in rocks of:

1 II category m - - 19.04 - 19.04

2 III category m - - 380.87 - 380.87

3 VI category m - - 571.31 - 571.31

4 V category m - - 952.18 - 952.18

5 VIII category m - - 1,258.53 - 1,258.53

Drilling of well d=394 mm in rocks of:

6 VIII category m - - 298.07 - 298.07

7 Casing pipes D=426 mm, t=10 mm m - - 579.59 - 579.59

8 Blind pipe of slotted filter D=325 mm t=8 mm m - - 3,237.40 - 3,237.40

9 Slotted filter D-325 mm, L=30m m - - 2,202.43 - 2,202.43


41


Talas District



10 Water lift and water diversion pipe D=180 mm, t=6.5 mm m - - 571.31 - 571.31

11 Cementation of annular space CRM100 m3 - - 4,421.41 - 4,421.41

12 Valve 30h-team D=150 mm pcs - - 111 - 111

13 Pump ECV 12-210-55 pcs - - 19 - 19

14 Panel small house pcs - - 19 - 19

15 Electrical equipment panel pcs - - 19 - 19

16 Installation of cable line PTL 10 kV km - - 19.04 - 19.04

17 Installation of cable line PTL 0.4 kV km - - 34.36 - 34.36

18 Transformer 100 kVA pcs - - 19 - 19

19 Concrete of draining network and well m3 - - 19.04 - 19.04

20 Crushed stone for ground 15х15 m, t=15 cm m3 - - 57.13 - 57.13

21 Wire mesh fencing of ground м - - 1,140.00 - 1,140.00

Dukers

1 Earth excavation m3 - 950.00 - - 950.00

2 Backfill m3 - 900.00 - - 900.00

3 Pipes Т 120. 50 pcs - 6 - - 6

4 Reinforced concrete of headwalls В 22.5 bed m3 - 6.96 - - 6.96

5 Reinforced concrete of headwalls В 22.5 walls m3 - 11.57 - - 11.57

6 Reinforcement kg - 1,122.48 - - 1,122.48

7 Concrete of swing mount В22.5 m3 - 12.65 - - 12.65

8 Concrete of side slopes В22.5 m3 - 10.10 - - 10.10

9 Concrete of bed of intake and diversion part of canal В 22.5 m3

- 1.50 - - 1.50

10 Reinforcement of lining (bed and side slopes) А-I, D=8 mm kg

- 60.00 - - 60.00

11 Concrete bedding m3 - 12.50 - - 12.50

Drip Irrigation System on 9,300 ha

1 Containerized pump stations pcs 83 83

2 Numbers of designed conduits pcs 42 42

3 Total length of conduits km 118 118

4 Total length of pipeline 250х22.7 mm km 192.18 192.18

5 Water body, capacity 300 m3 pcs 79 79

6 Power lines 10 kV km 27 27


121. Maps with location of rrigation schemes in target districts where the sub-projects will be implemented are attached in Annex A of this report.

122. Typical cross-sections of canals, design of hydraulic structures, head gates, fish protection, and outlets are presented in Annex C.

C.4. Description of Typical Works

C.4.1. Mechanical Cleaning

123. Flow scheme of sediment removal operations on canals in the earthen channel with depth up to three meters depend on a type of used unit and are presented in figure. While cleaning the canals, the sediments are removed by operating device of excavator or by ditch cleaner as they move along the canal. Alternate of working movements of the basic machines are chosen depending on the sedimentation layer thickness, canal width and depth, canal situation and parameters of operating devices. With a single-pass working movement of the basic machine the canal is cleaned from one position and the operating device is able to influence the sedimentation layer throughout its entire cross-section. When it works from one position, it is cleaned in two or more passages of basic machine.

Figure 2: Cleaning of earthen channel

Where: a – ditch cleaner with double-rotor operating device; в – backhoe excavator with tilting ladle; г – excavator with equipment of side dragline; д – ditch cleaner with auger operating device; е – in-the


43

canal ditch cleaner based on narrow tractor with cleanup dumps and rotary operating device; ж, и – excavator or ditch cleaner with multi-bucket or scraping operating device; к –excavator with dragline equipment

124. Weed removal process from side slopes and canal banks in the earthen channel includes the work operations presented in the table. Ditch cleaning process in the earthen channel from weeds depends on local conditions and equipment used. Under specific conditions, some technological operations listed in the table may be excluded from the technological process. For example:

• at regular mowing of herbaceous vegetation on canal banks and side slopes (two to four times during the growing season), the need for specialized cutting of trees and shrubs, removing it from the channel and utilization is dropped out, as trees and shrubs do not succeed to develop up to sizes inaccessible for mowing by ameliorative mowing machines;

• in case of massive overgrowing of banks and slopes with tree and shrubs and its subsequent removal the herbaceous vegetation does not remain and it’s mowing doesn’t carried out.

Table 17: Technological process of weeds removal from canal side slopes and banks in the earthen channel

Working operation Ways and means of performance

Removal of foreign objects (stones, scrap metal etc.) from canal banks

Tractor manipulators, excavators, bulldozers, loaders-buckets and manually

Revelation and marking with a range rod the nearly invisible structures and invincible obstacles on canal side slopes and banks

Manually

Cut of trees and shrubs on canal banks Brush-cutting machines, bulldozers, manually

Gathering of cut shrub on bank and small forest in a pile

Bulldozers, root extractors-gatherers, tractor rakes, loaders- buckets

Removal of foreign objects (stones, scrap metal etc.) from canal beds

Tractor manipulators, excavators, loaders dozers, loader-buckets and manually

Cut of trees and shrubs on canal side slopes Brush cutters, manually

Extraction of cut vegetation from canal bed with its subsequent movement into the formed piles

Loader-buckets, tractor rakes, bulldozers, root extractors-gatherers, gathering- transportation vehicles

Stump pulling on canal bank and bed Root extractors-gatherers, single-bucket excavators with special buckets

Hilling and shaking up piled wood and soil mass

Root extractors-gatherers, loaders-buckets

Processing of trees and shrubs (stocking up firewood, chopping into chips and others)

Manually, chippers

Loading the convertible tree and shrubs and wood residues into vehicles

Loaders, loader-buckets

Removal the convertible tree and shrubs and wood residues to consumers or to storage sites

Tractor trailers, motor transport


44

Working operation Ways and means of performance

Leveling of soil heaps, leveling of banks Bulldozers and graders

Mowing of banks Front mowing machines, and where there is a road any ameliorative or agricultural mowing machines

Mowing of side slopes Ameliorative mowing-machines and ditch cleaners with mowing operating devices

Mowing of inaccessible places for mowing -machines

Manually

C.4.2. Concrete Lining

125. The complex technological process of concreting structures, according to the general scheme, includes preparing concrete and transporting it to a construction site, supplying, distributing, laying and compacting in the structure, curing of concrete during hardening.

126. The concrete mix is prepared in accordance with the brand of concrete specified in the project and with the water permeability requirements, frost resistance, and preservation of mechanical properties in aggressive media. In addition, it must have certain technical properties that provide transportation and operational comfort with it. In this regard, the mixture should not segregate and have a certain consistency, which, depending on the placement conditions of mixture can vary from liquid to thick and hard.

127. Concrete mix is prepared in concrete mixers, which, depending on the method of loading the components and delivery of ready mix, are divided into continuous concrete mixers (loading and delivery of the mixture occurs continuously) and cyclical. In the last ones, the work takes place on the cycle of "loading - mixing - unloading".

128. Equipment arrangement for concrete mixing plants is carried out according to two schemes: (i) a tower when the components of the concrete mix is risen once to the upper point of technological process and then moved downwards under the action of their own gravity, and (ii) two stages when the rise occurs twice. The most compact and economical are tower-type plants, but because of considerable height (up to 35 m), their installation is difficult. Figure 3 shows typical concrete mixing plants with two gravitational concrete mixers (750 l volume).

129. Permanent fixed concrete plants produce ready-mixed concrete for consumers in nearby areas. Large plants in a complex with a fleet of concrete vehicles supply concrete mixes to construction sites within a radius of up to 100 km.

130. The on-site plants usually operated for two or three years provide with dismountable or separate blocks. Dismountable inventory installations are advisable when objects are located outside the range of concrete plants and a slight need for concrete (50-70 m3/day); such plants consist of concrete mixers, weighing batchers and aggregate warehouses.

131. The process of laying concrete mix includes the following operations: preparing the bedding, supply the concrete mix into the concrete structure, leveling it and compacting it. Before laying the mixture, the formwork should be cleared of debris and dirt, and the existing gaps should be sealed. The formwork surfaces adjacent to the concrete must be coated with grease.

132. The concrete mixture is placed on prior prepared base: layers of silty, vegetable, peaty and other soils of organic origin are removed from the subgrade and replaced with sand; natural or artificial subgrade should retain the physical and mechanical properties provided by the project; the base, which is subject to flooding by groundwater or surface water, should be provided with water-reducing devices.


45

133. Prior to the laying of the concrete mix, the correctness of installation of 6 cm thick geogrid, presence of concrete pads and other supports ensuring the predetermined thickness of the concrete cover are especially carefully checked. For the passage of workers on the formwork a narrow plank boards on pillars are placed. Geogrid is fixed with 20 cm long metal pins, one pin per 1 m2 of geogrid.

134. Geomembrane is laid on designed canal sections, with its ends fixed/buried at canal dam at 20 cm depth, in 20 cm from concrete shoulder. When making construction joints, cross and longitudinal edges of geomembrane are melted with each other. Geogrid is laid on geomembrane on the bed and slopes, its cells are fixed with G-type anchors/pins of reinforcement А-I Ø8 mm 20 cm long, pins shall have a bend up to 5 cm over geogrid.

Figure 3: Tower Concrete Mixing Plants

where a layout schemes I tower (vertical) II two-stage (ground floor) 1 conveyor in a warehouse of aggregates; 2 aggregate supply conveyor to feed bins;

13 ready mix truck; 14 cement truck; 15 skip hoist or conveyor; б SB-SV-II inventory installation 1, 3 conveyors; 2 elephant trunk; 4 elevator;


46

3, 9, 10 respectively rotary, guide and distribution fillers;

4 feed bin; 5 cement pneumatic feed pipe; 6, 7, 8 batchers, respectively, of cement,

aggregates, water; 11 concrete mixer; 12 distributing hopper;

5, 6, 12 batchers; 7, 8 consumable cement hoppers and

aggregates; 9 receiving funnel; 10 concrete mixer;

11 distributing hoppers.

C.5. Alternatives

135. Feasibility Study has considered two alternatives from technical standpoint: earth bed canals vs. lined with concrete.

C.5.1 Lined vs. unlined canals alternatives

136. The Feasibility Study considered two technical alternatives for rehabilitation of existing canals: (i) unlined earth bed canals vs (ii) lined with concrete and geomembrane. During meetings and discussions with FS designer, KVK and ADB TRTA team, it was decided that some canals in Zhambyl Province will remain unlined based on initial economic feasibility assessment, assumptions of tariff burdens on potential water users, and general project cost.

137. Earth bed canals’ advantages are:

(i) low cost of works; (ii) guaranteed water supply during initial time after reconstruction due to clean

and compacted earth bed with stable slopes, and new hydraulic structures;

disadvantages are:

(i) earth bed lining is too old technology for capital investment of such size aimed at modernization of irrigation infrastructure;

(ii) operation of earth bed canals, despite maintenance works, will inevitably lead to loss of original design characteristics over time, due to gradual erosion and siltation processes, and overgrowth with weeds and bushes;

(iii) gradual deterioration of canal cross-section characteristics will lead to insufficient and untimely delivery to the fields and potential yield losses, and inefficient water use per ha of irrigated land in the context of water scarcity in Kazakhstan;

(iv) infiltration and percolation of irrigation water will lead to larger water losses, thus decreasing efficiency of water delivery (0.5-0.55), increase in necessary water intake from the source per ha of irrigated land, and increase in groundwater recharge, potentially leading to rising of water table, waterlogging and subsequent salinization of soils, which finally may render saline lands unusable for cultivation.

138. Concrete lined bed canals’ advantages are:

(i) significant reduction of infiltration and percolation rates, avoiding problems with water losses, water table rising, waterlogging, salinization of soils, and potential groundwater pollution;

(ii) smaller cross-section area of canal with higher water flow velocity; (iii) higher efficiency in water delivery of up to 0.8-0.97, thus addressing water use

efficiency per ha in the long run; (iv) longer life span of up to 50 years with guaranteed water supply to the fields;

disadvantages are:

(i) lined canals are more “sterile” to habitats compared to unlined;


47

(ii) construction costs are around twice as compared to unlined canals.

139. Final decisions on canal bed design will be taken during detail design stage. As of current Feasibility Study stage, for Zhambyl Province 493.79 km canals are accepted in earth bed and 359.68 km are planned as lined concrete. Additionally, 2,074,309.00 m2 of geomembrane and 1,914,337 m2 of geogrid under the Project will be used in Zhambyl Province.

C.5.2 “No project” alternative

140. Not implementing the subproject will have positive as well as negative consequences. Positive consequences include:

(i) environmental conditions will remain the same in the subproject area and there will be no impacts due to subproject construction and operation, such as: a. disturbance and loss of topsoil for access roads and construction sites; b. temporary impacts of dust from construction activities, including vehicle

movement on access roads, excavation and filling works, dust generating material handling, and other construction works;

c. potential water and wind induced soil erosion; d. potential increase in rivers water pollution with pesticides and fertilizers; e. potential groundwater pollution due to infiltration and percolation

processes; f. potential water table rising, waterlogging, and subsequent salinization of

soils due to improper drainage of water, and; g. alteration and loss of some habitats emerged within rivers basin, including

aquatic and riparian wildlife, and habitats within currently silted and overgrown canals;

(ii) no newly created long-term potential risks related to irrigation and agricultural activities.

141. However, considering that the subproject areas of rivers basin are already impacted by anthropogenic intrusion and the subproject stipulates not construction of new, but only rehabilitation of previously used irrigation infrastructure, and returning into use of currently unused lands, the above positive consequences of avoiding potential impacts do not outweigh negative consequences of “no project” scenario, whereby irrigation infrastructure will continue to deteriorate over time and socio-economic situation of sub-projects districts community will not gain benefits of subproject implementation.

C.5.3. Geogrids Alternative

142. Geogrids are proposed to replace steel reinforcement for concrete lining of the irrigation canals in the revised feasibility studies. Geo-grids are geo-synthetic material made from polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene or polyester.

143. Geogrids can be categorized as geosynthetic materials that are used in the construction industry in the form of a reinforcing material. Geogrids are commonly used to reinforce retaining walls, as well as subbases or subsoils below roads or structures. Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in tension. This fact allows them to transfer forces to a larger area of soil than would otherwise be the case. The high demand and application of Geogrids in construction are due to the fact that it is good in tension and has a higher ability to distribute load across a large area.

144. Geogrids are commonly made of polymer materials, such as polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene or polypropylene. They may be woven or knitted from yarns, heat-welded from strips of material, or produced by punching a regular pattern of holes in sheets of material, then stretched into a grid.


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145. The key feature of all geogrids is that the openings between the adjacent sets of longitudinal and transverse ribs, called "apertures," are large enough to allow for soil strike-through from one side of the geogrid to the other. The ribs of some geogrids are often quite stiff compared to the fibers of geotextiles.

146. The geosynthetic material, geogrids, are polymeric products which are formed by means of intersecting grids. The polymeric materials like polyester, high-density polyethylene and polypropylene are the main composition of geogrids.

147. These grids are formed by material ribs that are intersected by their manufacture in two directions: one in the machine direction (md), which is conducted in the direction of the manufacturing process. The other direction will be perpendicular to the machine direction ribs, which are called as the cross-machine direction (CMD).

Figure 4: Geogrid’s rib formation in machine and cross machine directions of manufacturing process

148. These materials form matrix structured materials. The open space, as shown in the above figure, due to the intersection of perpendicular ribs are called as the apertures. This aperture varies from 2.5 to 15cm based on the longitudinal and transverse arrangement of the ribs.

149. Among different types of geotextiles, geogrids are considered stiffer. In the case of geogrids, the strength at the junction is considered more important because the loads are transmitted from adjacent ribs through these junctions.

150. Functions and working of Geogrids. The geogrids serve the function of holding or capturing the aggregates together. This method of interlocking the aggregates would help in an earthwork that is stabilized mechanically. The apertures in geogrids help in interlocking the aggregates or the soil that are placed over them. A representation of this concept is shown below.


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Figure 5: A representation of Geogrid Confining the aggregates

151. The geogrids as mentioned above helps in redistribution of load over a wider area. This function has made the pavement construction more stabilized and strong. It has the following functional mechanisms when applied for pavement construction:

152. Tension Membrane Effect. This mechanism is based on the concept of vertical stress distribution. This vertical stress is from the deformed shape of the membrane as shown in the figure below. This mechanism was initially considered as the primary mechanism. But later studies proved the lateral restraining mechanism is the major criteria that must be taken into consideration.

Figure 6: Improvement of Bearing Capacity


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Figure 7: Mechanism for Improved Bearing Capacity

153. One of the main mechanism happening after Geogrid installation in pavement is the reduction in lateral movement of the aggregate. This would result in the elimination of stresses; that if exists would have moved to the subgrade.

154. The Geogrid layer possesses sufficient frictional resistance that opposes subgrade lateral movement. This mechanism hence improves the bearing capacity of the layer. Reduction of outward stresses means inward stresses are formed, which is the reason behind the increase in bearing capacity.

Figure 8: Lateral Restraining Capability

155. The stresses produced by means of the wheel loadings coming over the pavement results in the lateral movement of the aggregates. Which in turn affects the stability of the whole pavement arrangement. The Geogrid act a restraint against this lateral movement.

156. Types of Geogrids. Based on the manufacturing process involved in geogrids it can be of:

• Extruded Geogrid

• Woven Geogrid

• Bonded Geogrid

157. Based on which direction the stretching is done during manufacture, geogrids are classified as:

• Uniaxial geogrids

• Biaxial Geogrids


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158. Uniaxial Geogrids. These geogrids are formed by the stretching of ribs in the longitudinal direction. So, in this case, the material possesses high tensile strength in the longitudinal direction than on the transverse direction.

159. Biaxial Geogrids. Here during the punching of polymer sheets, the stretching is done in both directions. Hence the function of tensile strength is equally given to both transverse and longitudinal direction.

Advantages of Geogrids in Construction

160. Ease of Construction: Geogrid can be installed in any weather conditions. This makes it more demanding.

161. Land Optimization: This method of Geogrid installation in soils makes an unsuitable area suitable for preparing it to meet desired properties for construction. Geogrid thus helps in proper land utilization.

• Geogrid promotes soil stabilization

• A higher strength soil mass is obtained

• Higher load bearing capacity

• It is a good remedy to retain soil from erosion

• No requirement of mortar. The material is implemented dry.

• No difficulty in material availability

• Geogrids are flexible in nature. They are known for their versatility.

• Geogrids have high durability reducing maintenance cost. They are highly resistant against environmental influences.

• Materials are tested based on standard codes and regulations.

Table 18: Comparison of Steel Reinforced and Geogrid Reinforced Concrete

Concrete reinforced with steel Concrete reinforced with geogrid

Cost Expensive Less expensive option

Materials Concrete and steel Concrete and geosynthetics. Lower demand of concrete.

Working environment

Non-aggressive Aggressive and non-aggressive

Structural integrity

Due to corrosion structural and reinforcement integrity may worsen

High structural and reinforcement integrity

Environmental impacts

Comparatively high environmental impacts based on Life Cycle Analysis

Lower environmental impacts based on LCA covering supply of raw material, manufacture of the concrete and geosynthetics, its use and decommissioning.12

Application Well-established technology Innovation with limited application so far

162. Using of Geogrid as a replacement for steel reinforcement in canal lining was discussed by KVK and the designer Ulmad in December 2018. The purpose of this innovation was to reduce the costs of the project and use of the materials. KVK have some previous experience in using Geogrids. As can be seen from the above table using of geosynthetics is less costly as compared with reinforced steel, shows high structural and reinforcement integrity, allows to operate in aggressive environments and have lesser environmental impacts (based on LCA analysis).

12 https://www.eagm.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/140924_Berlin_Wallbaum.pdf


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D. Description of the Environment

163. This section of the report discusses the existing environmental and social conditions within the Project area under the following headings:

• Physical Resources (air quality, hydrology, topography, etc.);

• Ecological Resources (flora, fauna, protected areas);

• Economic Resources (infrastructure, land use, etc.);

• Social and Cultural Resources (health, education, noise, cultural resources, etc.)

164. The potential impacts of the Project on its surrounding physical and biological environments include air and water quality impacts, noise generation, land transformation and changes to soil. These are expected to reduce with the increased distance from the Project facilities, affecting more the areas located closer, up to one kilometer, to the Project facilitities. For this, a study area of one kilometer around the site was delineated, to assess the baseline conditions in the areas likely to be affected by the Project due to its proximity to the Project site. This is referred to as the Project Area in this report. The Project Area selected for the IEE includes sensitive receptors 13 that are most likely to be impacted by the Project’s development activities.

D.1. Physical Resources

D.1.1 Topography, geology and soils

165. Generic Considerations (at province level). The province is located in the south of the country. It occupies Shu and Talas river basins within Karatau mountain range in the west, Kyrgyz ridge in the south, and the Shu-Ili mountains in the east. The north of the province adjoins the desert areas of Betpakdala. The length of the province from west to east is up to 500 km, from south to north to 400 km, the area is 144.3 thousand km², which is 5.3% of the territory of the republic.

166. Geographically, regional territory is mostly flat; significant part of the province is occupied by Betpak-Dala desert and Moiynkum sands. Only south-west, south and south-east borders are occupied by Karatau, Kyrgyz and Shu-Ili Alatau mountains. There are Aiken sands with area of 3200 km² in the Zhambyl Province, to the north-east of the ridges in Karatau.

13 Sensitive receptors include, but are not limited to, residential areas, schools, places of worship, wetlands, and habitats. These are areas which are more susceptible to the adverse effects of an anthropogenic activity such as noise, air emissions, traffic influx, and privacy issues


53

Figure 9: Topography of Kazakhstan and Zhambyl Province

167. The Karatau mountain chain is located in the northwestern part of the Tien Shan spurs in the south of Kazakhstan. It extends in the Talas-Alatau area and gradually declines, passing to the Sarychu plain. The length of mountains is 420 km. The mountain chain is divided into the Eastern part or the Malyi Karatau and the southwestern Karatau. The highest point is Besaz peak, the height is 2176 m.

168. In eastern Karatau there are rare winds and peaks. The southwestern Karatau is on the contrary cut by river valleys and is divided into several mountain massifs. The Syrdarya river valley is in the south-west of Karatau and the Talas river is in the northeast

169. The mechanical composition of the soils of Zhambyl Province depends on soil-forming rocks, which are also very diverse within province territory. The soil-forming rocks of high mountains are represented in most cases by slightly graded material of different mechanical composition. The indigenous rocks on the laid out areas are mostly covered by Quaternary sediments, clays, and as well as loessy loams.

170. The desert-steppe zone is composed of strata of stony-pebbly deposits, covered with a cloak of slightly scraped- loamy loess-like loams that alternate with the distance from the mountains by typical loesslike loams and clays.

171. The central part of the desert zone is represented by rocks of the Tertiary age, covered by a thick layer of ancient alluvial and partly eolian deposits, which have formed Moyynkum sands.

172. The northern part of the desert zone, represented by Betpakdal plateau, is composed of tertiary and partly chalky sandy-pebble-clayey rocks, covered with a cover of sandy-gravel loams underlain by gypsum-bearing sand and pebble deposits.

173. The Chu and Talas river valleys are composed of layered alluvium, sometimes overlain by thin loess-like loams and glints. Climatic factors have particularly great impact on formation of soil cover. The presence ofTien Shan mountain ranges in the south of province creates a complex picture of the soil and vegetation cover, determined by the laws of vertical zoning.

174. All variety of soils in theprovince is distributed to following zones:


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• The high mountain zone

• Mountainous zone with a very arid climate.

• Desert-steppe zone with dry hot climate.

• Desert zone with dry hot climate.

175. The high mountain zone includes the territory of province with altitude of from 2000 m to 4000 m, where the Kirghiz Alatau ridges are located in the south of province.The soil cover is represented by the following types of soils: mountain meadow Alpine; mountain-meadow subalpine; high-mountain meadow-steppe; mountain chestnut. The common specific features of soils of this zone in high humus content (7-20%), presence of dark scrubby sod (15-20 cm). The humus horizon has a pea-like structure.

176. The mountain meadows and meadow-steppe of the high mountain zone are known as excellent summer pastures for sheep.

177. The mountain-steppe zone covers the northern slopes of the Kirghiz ridge, the eastern part of Karatau, Kordai and Chu—Ili areas of the mid-mountains and low mountains. This zone includes the territory of province with altitude from 1300 to 2200 meters.

178. The main soil types of area are:

• Mountain chernozems

• Mountain dark chestnut

• Mountain-steppe underdeveloped

• Southern chernozems

• Dark chestnut

179. Under the meadow steppe, mountain chernozems are medium loamy, which differ little from chernozems of foothill plains.

180. Mountain variety of chestnut soils is low-powered, humus horizon: brownish-gray with gravel in the profile; of powdery structure; usually there is no carbonate horizon. On the more stony slopes the mountain-steppe soils with insignificant highly gravelly humus horizon, weakly structured leached soils are developed.

181. The southern and dark-chestnut calcareous soils are distinctly divided into horizons with a thickness of up to 45 cm that are associated with the high plateau-like areas and slopes. Humus content in the soils of area decreases as they approach foothill plains from 8,4 to 3%.

182. Soils of this area are well provided with mobile potassium, medium nitrogen and poorly with phosphorus. Despite the relatively high fertility, the soils of this area are poorly used in agriculture because of breaks.

183. The desert-steppe zone is confined to lowlands to mid-mountains of the Karatau, Kirghiz, Kurdai ranges and the Chu-Ili mountains and the saz areas of the Kuragata-Chu valley and the Talas-Assin interfluval area ranging from 600 to 1300 meters of absolute altitude.The main types of soils for this area are:

• Light chestnut soils

• Serozems

184. Distribution of light chestnut soils is considered to be semi-desert and desert-steppe areas. The following horizons are distinguished in their profile: humic (up to 18 cm thick); transitional (thickness from 10 to 20 cm); carbonate (thickness from 45 to 85 cm); mother rocky.

185. Upper layers of light chestnut soils contain up to 2.5% humus. These soils are slightly alkaline in the upper horizons and alkaline in the lower horizons. Cultivation of crops on such land can be provided on a regular basis of special irrigation measures.


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186. Serozems are a type of soils formed under the condition of sharply continental climate under semi-desert vegetation on loess, loesslike loam and ancient alluvial sediments. They are characterized by a non-washable and effusive water regime, good water-physical properties, significant fertility (although they contain 1-3,5% humus in the upper horizon A), alkaline reaction, gray or gray-pale color, carbonate (horizon B), salinity, annual repeating pattern of soil-forming process (plant residues are accumulated and humified in spring in the upper horizon, part of mineral salts moves to the lower horizons, in summer the humus substances are mineralized, readily soluble salts with capillary moisture rise to the upper horizon).

187. They have many varieties; a characteristic feature of soils of this type is an insignificant accumulation of humus and a relatively high carbonation of soils in the absence of expressed carbonate horizon. These soils were formed under fescue-wormwood vegetation with the participation of ephemerals.

188. Talas district. Relief is predominately plain, southern-western part is mountainous. Soil is seirozemic. Southern-eastern part of Karatau mountain range is located in the district. Moiynkum is in the north with sandy soil.

D.1.2 Climate

189. Generic Considerations (at province level). The climate of the province (as well as other provinces of South Kazakhstan) is arid and sharply continental. Air temperature of the coldest five-day period is -27°C. Air temperature of the coldest days is -28°C. Absolute minimum air temperature is -41°С. Absolute maximum air temperature is +44°С. Minimum of average wind speeds in July is 2.5 m/s.

190. Average annual precipitation is 300 mm in the plains, and varies from 500-700 and to 1,000 mm in the foothills and mountains respectively. Vegetation period in the foothills and plains is 205-225 days.

Site-specific context

191. Sarysu district. In general, the climatic conditions of the province are complex, and characterize by high temperatures in summer. The climate is very continental, winter is cold, hot summer is hot. In winter there are frequent periods of thawing. The average January temperature is -9-12 ° C, in July : + 25-26 ° C.

192. Shu district.. The climate is continental. The average January temperature varies from −6 to −7 ° С, in July it is 27–28 ° С. The average annual precipitation is 150–200 mm.

193. T.Ryskulov district. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is -9-13 ° C, July 26-28 ° C. The annual precipitation is 100–150 mm..

194. Talas district. The climate is also continental with hot summers and little level of precipitation as in entire Province.

D.1.3 Air quality

195. The average monthly concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were 2.1 MPC, suspended particles (dust) - 1.0 MPC., Concentrations of other pollutants and heavy metals in atmospheric air did not exceed the MAC. Maximum one-time concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were 1.7 MAC carbon monoxide 1.2 MAC concentrations of other pollutants in atmospheric air did not exceed the MAC.

196. Province level. No cases of high pollution and extremely high pollution detected


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D.1.4 Hydrological resources and surface water quality

D.1.4.1. Surface Water Hydrology

197. Kazakhstan is divided into eight river basins (see Figure 10). Water resources of Zhambyl Province belong to the Shu-Talas water basin. Long-term characteristics of the river flows of water resources are as follows:

• Average total surface water resources - 4.71 km3/year of which:

• Resources generated within the province – 1.24 km3/year, and

• Inflows from areas outside the province - 3.47 km3/year.

198. Surface water resources of the province are basins of Shu, and Talas and Asa rivers, which are mainly formed in the neighboring Kyrgyzstan. During the vegetation period, the province depends on the Kyrgyz side of the Regulations on sharing Shu and Talas transboundary river flows.

199. Total annual flow of these rivers is 4,106 million m3, including 3,139 million m3 in the Kyrgyz Republic and 967 million m3 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In accordance with the agreed regulations, water available for irrigation during the vegetation period shall be 370 million m3 in Shu river and 590 million m3 in Talas river.

Figure 10: Main River Basins of Kazakhstan

200. There are 117 ponds and reservoirs, of which 5 are state owned, 105 are communally owned, and 7 are privately owned. Shu-Talas hydrographic basin comprises 242 small rivers, 35 lakes, 3 large reservoirs, and 164 ponds.

D.1.4.2 Water quality monitoring.

201. Kazhydroment implements comprehensive surface water quality monitoring program covering major water bodies and regularly publishes the results of observations in information

Zhambyl subprojects


57

bulletins on Kazhydromet website.14 According to the Information Bulletin on the Status of Environment in Republic of Kazakhstan for 2018 observations of surface water quality in the Zhambyl Province were carried out in 10 water bodies including the following rivers: Sarykau, Toktash, Karabalta, Aksu, Assa, Berikkara, Shu, and Talas; reservoirs: Tasotkel; Lake Bilikol. All this bodies relates to the “moderate level of pollution”.

Table 19: Surface water quality of rivers by hydrochemical parameters in 2018

Name Complex water pollution

index (CWPI) and class of

water quality

Concentration of pollutants in 2018

River Talas

for 2017 for 2018 Water quality

parameters

Average

concentr

ation,

mg/dm3

Exceedance,

times over

fishery

standards

10.1

(regulatory

clean)

10.1

(regulatory

clean)

Dissolved oxygen 10.1

-

4,04

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2,85

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2,85

1,77

(moderate

level of

pollution)

1,5

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.0014 1.4

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.0016 1.6

River Assa

12.0

(regulatory

clean)

10.9

(regulatory

clean)


-

1,02

(regulatory

clean)

2,79

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2,79

3,0

(moderate

level of

pollution)

1,5

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.0015 1.5

Zink (2+) 0/0015 1.5

River

Berikkara

9.11

(regulatory

clean)

11.9

(regulatory

clean)


1,35

(regulatory

clean)

1.44

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 1.44

14 https://kazhydromet.kz

https://kazhydromet.kz/


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water quality


2,0

(moderate

level of

pollution)

0,-

(regulatory

clean)

River Shu

9.95

(regulatory

clean)

10.8

(regulatory

clean)


4,1

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2.58

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2.58

3,0

(moderate

level of

pollution)

1,8 (moderate

level of

pollution)

Biogenic compounds

Nitrites 0,055 2.7

Ammonium 0.72 1.4

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.002 2.0

Zink (2+) 0.015 1.5

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.02 2.0

Petroleum

products

0.06 1.2

River Aksu

9.64

(regulatory

clean)

10.7

(regulatory

clean)


4,35

(moderate

level of

pollution)

5.72

(moderate

level of

pollution)

BOD5 5.72

2,58

(moderate

level of

pollution)

1,58

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Main ions

Sulphates 156.0 1.6

Biogenic substances

Fluorides 1.02 1.4

Iron (ferrum) 0.2 2.0

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.02 2.0

Zink (2+) 0.012 1.2.

Organic compounds

Petroleum 0.07 1.4


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water quality


River

Karabalta

10.2

(regulatory

clean)

10.9

(regulatory

clean)


3,44

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2.20

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2.20

2,38

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2,64

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Main ions

Sulfates 776.0 7.8

Magnesium 45.8 1.1

Biogenic substances

Fluorides 1.61 2.1

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.002 2.0

Zink (2+) 0.017 1.7

Manganese (2+) 0.011 1.1

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.03 3.0

Petroleum 0.09 1.8

River Toktash

9.58

(regulatory

clean)

10.7

(regulatory

clean)


2,78

(regulatory

clean)

2.43

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2.43

2,14

(moderate

level of

pollution)

1,73

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Main ions

Sulfates 117.0 1.2

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.002 2.0

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.002 2.0

Biogenic substances

Fluorides 1.29 1.7

River Sarykau

10.1

(regulatory

clean)

10.4

(regulatory

clean)


2,26 14.7 BOD5 14.7


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water quality


(moderate

level of

pollution)

(very high

level of

pollution)

2.35

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2.24

(moderate

level of

pollution)

Main ions

Sulfates 268.0 2.7

Magnesium 57.6 1.4

Biogenic substances

Fluorides 1.06 1.4

Iron (ferrum) 0.34 3.4

Heavy metals

Copper (2+) 0.002 2.0

Zink (2+) 0.016 1.6

Manganese (2+) 0.012 1.2

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.03 3.0

Petroleum 0.14 2.8

Tasotkel

reservoir

10.8

(regulatory

clean)

9.68

(regulatory

clean)


4,2

(moderate

level of

pollution)

2.98

(regulatory

clean)

BOD5 2.98

2.07

moderate

level of

pollution)

1.58

moderate level

of pollution)

Biogenic substances

Nitrites 0.03 1.5

Heavy metal

Copper (2+) 0.002 2.0

Zink (2+) 0.015 1.5

Manganese (2+) 0.014 1.4

Organic compounds

Phenols 0.02 2.0

Petroleum 0.06 1.2

202. The flow of the Shu, Talas and Assa river basins is formed almost completely on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. The rivers Aksu, Karabalta, Toktash, Sarykau are tributaries of the river Shu.


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203. Talas river - water temperature ranged from 5.0 to 11 0C, pH value was 7.96, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.1 mg/dm3, BOD5 is 2.85 mg/dm3. Excess MAC were recorded for substances from the groups of heavy metals (copper (2+) - 1.4 MAC), organic substances (phenols - 1.6 MAC).

204. Assa River - water temperature ranged from 4.0 to 6.4 0C, pH value was 7.82, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.9 mg/dm3, BOD5 was 2.79 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the group of heavy metals (copper (2+) - 1.5 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.5 MAC).

205. Berikkara river - water temperature was 6 0C, pH value was 7.90, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 11.9 mg/dm3. Excess of maximum concentration limits were not recorded.

206. Lake Bilikol had water temperature of 7.0 0C, pH value was 7.65, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 5.51 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (magnesium - 1.9 MAC, sulfates - 5.7 MAC), nutrients (fluorides - 1.4 MAC, nitrite nitrogen - 1.2 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.2 MAC), organic matter (phenols - 2.0 MAC).

207. Shu River - water temperature ranged from 6.0 to 8.6 0C, pH value was 7.46, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.8 mg/dm3, BOD5 - 2.58 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for nutrient substances (nitrite nitrogen - 2.7 MAC, ammonium salt - 1.4 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.5 MAC), organic substances (phenols - 2.0 MAC, petroleum products - 1.2 MAC).

208. Aksu river - water temperature was 6.2 0C, pH value was 8.00, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.7 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (sulphates - 1.6 MAC), nutrients (fluorides - 1.4 MAC, total iron - 2.0 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.2 MAC), organic substances (petroleum products - 1.4 MAC).

209. Karabalta river - water temperature was 4.41 0C, pH value was 8.10, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.9 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (magnesium - 1.1 MAC, sulfates - 7.8 MAC), nutrients (fluoride - 2.1 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.7 MAC, manganese (2+) - 1.1 MAC), organic matter (phenols - 3.0 MAC, petroleum products - 1.8 MAC).

210. Toktash river - water temperature 4.8 0C, pH value was 7.95, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.7 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (sulfates - 1.2 MAC), nutrients (fluorides - 1.7 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC), organic matter (phenols - 2.0 MAC).

211. Sarikau river - water temperature was 5.2 0C, pH value was 8.05, concentration of water dissolved oxygen was 10.4 mg/dm3. Excess MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (magnesium - 1.4 MAC, sulfates - 2.7 MAC), nutrients (fluoride - 1.4 MAC, total iron - 3.4 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.2 MAC, manganese (2+) - 1.6 MAC), organic matter (phenols - 3.0 MAC, petroleum products - 2.8 MAC).

212. In the reservoir Tasotkel water temperature 4.2 0C, pH equal to 7.95, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water is 9.68 mg / dm3. . Excess maximum concentration limits were recorded for substances from the groups of biogenic substances (nitrite nitrogen - 1.5 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) - 2.0 MAC, zinc (2+) - 1.5 MAC, manganese (2+) - 1.4 MAC), organic substances (phenols - 2.0 MAC, petroleum products - 1.2 MAC).

213. The water quality of water bodies is estimated as follows:

• water of “moderate level of pollution” - the Talas, Assa, Shu, Aksu, Karabalta rivers, Toktash, Sarykau, vdhr. Tasotkel and Lake Bilikol;

• the water is “regulatory clean” - the river Berikkara.


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214. Compared to November 2017, water quality in Talas, Assa, Shu rivers, Aksu, Karabalta, Toktash, Sarykau and Tasotkel water reservoir – hasn’t changed significantly; Berikkara and Lake Bilikol - improved; Sarykau River and Lake Bilikol estimated as - "Extremely high levels of pollution"; Aksu river - "moderate pollution"; Talas, Assa, Berikkara, Shu, Karabalta, Toktash rivers and Tasotkel water reservoir - "regulatory clean." Quality of water by BOD in Talas, Shu, Karabalta rivers, and Tasotkel reservoir – improved; Assa, Berikkara, Aksu, Toktash rivers, and Lake Bilikol – hasn’t significantly changed; Sarykau river - worsened.

215. Oxygen levels are normal.

216. Water quality is assessed by comparing pollutants’ concentrations with Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) for fisheries for each pollutant observed. MAC is measured in mg/l. In addition to that the level of water pollution is assessed by complex water pollution index (CWPI), which is used for comparison and identification of change in water quality.

Table 20: Indicators of Water Body Pollution15

# Pollution level Indicators of water body pollution

by CWPI By О2, mg/dm3 By BOD, mg/dm3

1 Regulatory clean ≤ 1,0 ≥4,0 ≤3,0

2 Moderately polluted 1,1÷3,0 3,1-3,9 3,1-7,0

3 Highly polluted 3,1÷10,0 1,1-3,0 7,1-8,0

4 Extremely highly polluted ≥10,1 ≤1,0 ≥8,1

D.1.4.2. Groundwater Resources

217. Thirty-eight (38) groundwater deposits are registered in Zhambyl province. Annual usable ground water resources have been estimated at 5,869 km3.

218. Ground water resources of the Shu-Talas basin are estimated at 5.309 km3/year, of which approved reserves are 1.820 km3/year, including mineral waters – 0.00107 km3/year. An average volume of annually taken water by water users on the Shu-Talas water basin is 2.56 km3, of which 2.51 km3 is from surface sources and 0.051 km3 is from underground sources. Out of this – about 2.29 km3 is used annually in Zhambyl Province; comprising 2.24 km3 from surface water and 0.05 km3 from ground water sources. On the average, about 1.32 km3 per year (varying from 1.3-1.4 km3 in years of 2016-2017) are used for irrigation purposes.

219. As can be seen from the above analysis of water resource availability in Shu-Talas water basin, and average volume of annually taken water for regular irrigation, water resources are sufficient for irrigating agricultural crops to existing irrigated lands and long-term perspective, taking into account project’s 37,977 ha.

D.1.5. Natural Hazards

220. A map indicating the low seismic hazard classification of the Project area is provided below. Due to nature of topography of mountains and foothills, subprojects of Zhambyl Province are located in range of low to medium to high and very high seismic hazards zones.

221. Latest major earthquake happened in 2003. This quake had its maximum shake for some 20 seconds in the early night of 24 May 2003, with its epicenter located in close vicinity to Kulan village. About 8,000 houses and utilities were destroyed at that time, human casualties were none. At the same time, and following three short after-shocks, there were records of significant flood events in the entire Kulan District, caused by the blockage of local irrigation channels with debris and sediments. It took 450 national construction companies to repair the damaged infrastructure within few months. No further flood events were reported in the province ever since.

15 Guidelines on integrated assessment of surface water quality through hydrochemical indicators, Astana, 2012


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Figure 11: Seismic Hazard Map

D.1.6. Flora and fauna

222. The flora and fauna of the area is extensive and diverse. The flora of the province has more than 3 thousand species. The total area of hunting grounds is 13.9 thousand hectares, there are over 40 animals species here.

223. The following rare or endangered species are found within Zhambyl Province: Spoonbill, glossy ibis, stiff-tailed ducks, demoiselle crane, stern, bustards, houbara, black-bellied and pin-tailed sand grouse, Pallas sand grouse, tit-warbler, whistling thrush, paradise flycatcher and greater sand plover. Among the local records for threatened birds of prey are: harrier eagle, lammergeier, Himalayan griffon, neophron, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila heliaca, Hieraaetus pennatus, steppe eagle, Haliaeetus leucophrys, Haliaeetus albicilla, Saker falcon, peregrin falcon, fish-hawk and eagle owl. The majority of these species are included in the IUCN Red Book on endangered plants and animals.

224. Soil-vegetation cover is diverse. Plains and low foothills (up to a height of 800 m) are occupied by wormwood-saltwort vegetation on gray-brown desert soils; in places - takyrs and solonchaks. Saksaul is on the sand. There are willow and oleaster riparian woodlands and reed in the floodplains. At an altitude of 800 to 1500 m on serozem soils - wormwood-cereals and feather grass-fescue steppes, followed by mountain grasses and herbage steppes. This is the main province of irrigated agriculture.

225. Mountain cereal and steppes of various grasses and rarefied forests from aspen and Tien Shan fir are widespread from 1500-1700 to 2000 m on mountain chestnut soils. In the Kirghiz ridge above 2100 m there are subalpine and alpine meadows.


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Figure 12: Forests in Kazakhstan

D.1.7 Protected areas

226. State nature preserve “Berikkara” natural landmark (complex) occupies an area of 17,5 thousand hectares, where it is possible to see more than 50 species of especially valuable tree-shrub and herbaceous plants listed in the Red Book, and argali (archar), Indian porcupine, paradise flycatcher from animals;

227. Species management area “Karakunuz” natural landmark (botanical), with a total area of 3,07 thousand hectares, is located in the western spurs of Zailiysky Alatau. Fruit plantations of apple trees, cherries, cherry plums, grapes are replaced by sections of maple forest, white acacia, mulberry, and walnut;

228. Andasay species management area (zoological), total area of 1000 thousand hectares, located on the right bank of the Shu River to the west of Moyynkum village. Feather grass, sheep’s fescue, anabasis-salsa, rare ephemers, black saksaul, shrubby brushwoods of willows predominate in the vegetation cover. Fauna is represented by argali (arhars), Asiatic wild ass, gazelles, roe deer, wild boars, hares, pheasants, partridges. The territory of the reserve consists of two cluster areas - Barsakelmes and Kaskakulan. The Barsakelmes site includes the former territory of the reserve (16 975 ha) and a dried sea bottom, the total area


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is 50,884 ha (of which the reserved core is 37,725 ha, the buffer zone is 13,159 ha). The Kaskakulan site occupies 109,942 hectares (the reserved core is 68,154 ha; the buffer zone is 41,788 ha).

229. Figure 13 below shows location of the protected areas, including described above ones which are located in Zhambyl Province.

230. No canals fall into the territory of natural protection areas.

Figure 13: Protected areas of Kazakhstan

D.1.8. Radiation

231. A complex study has been conducted in 2011-2013 in Zhambyl Province by “EKOSERVIS-S” of 316 villages and 4 cities. The province has the main part of the Balkhash uranium ore province, which includes 12 uranium deposits, more than 20 occurrences, which to large extent predetermined radiation situation in the province. In addition, dozens of sites of radioactive contamination of various genesis, also contributing to the formation of a high level of radiation risk, were identified in the province. Overall, 10 zones with high radiation background were found comprising 15% of the Province territory.


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Figure 14: Results of radiation research.

D.2. Socio-Economic Development

D.2.1. Industries and Agriculture

232. Industrial activities of the Zhambyl Province cover enterprises in mining and quarry development, processing industry, electricity, gas, steam, air conditioning, water supply, sewerage, and control over collection and distribution of wastes. Dominant role in the province is played by processing industry with share of enterprises accounting for 74.7% of industrial production.

233. Chemical, food, metallurgy, machine building, oil refining and construction materials industries are predominant in the structure of processing industry. Chemical industry is the most developed industry in the province: its share was 29.6% in processing industry and 22.1% in total production of the province in 2013.

234. The province has the largest reserves of phosphate raw materials at Karatau phosphoriferous basin, which is the largest, not only in the republic, but also in the CIS countries. "Kazphosphate" LLP conducts large-scale extraction and processing of phosphate through its subsidiaries CPC "Karatau" and CPC "Chulaktau", production associations of Novodzhambulsky phosphorus plant, "Mineral fertilizers" plant. Extraction is focused on phosphorus-containing raw materials, production of phosphorus-containing products, including fertilizers.


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235. Construction industry is on rise due to intensive development of housing construction and other social and economic facilities. Share of construction in GDP in 2013 was 12.6%. Construction sector employs 4.8% of the working population of the province. Currently, the construction industry produces gravel, gravel, ready-mixed concrete, asphalt mixes, gypsum, lime, mineral powder and marble chips, metal and wooden structures, granite and marble blocks used for cladding of building structures.

236. Agricultural sector, which consists of crop, livestock and food industries, occupies a major place in the regional economy, providing high contribution to the main economic indicators. Agriculture share in GRP of Zhambyl province in 2013 was 9.6% (average in Kazakhstan - 4.6%). 30.6% of working population is engaged in agriculture (average in Kazakhstan - 20.1%). Share of the food industry varies in different years from 16.5% to 21.7%.

237. Agri-food sector includes following segments: production of meat, dairy, fruit and vegetable products, sugar. There are 413 enterprises of processing industry, of which 2 are sugar beet and raw sugar cane processing plants (branches of Taraz and Merke sugar factories of “CASK” LLP branch). The main agricultural crops are cereals, sugar beets, oilseeds, vegetables. Total irrigated area in the province is 229,700 ha, of which 86,000 ha are not used. Vast area of natural pastures facilitates cattle, sheep, and herd horse husbandry.16

D.2.1.1. Current Cropping Patterns

238. Cropping pattern on 669,083.5 ha in 2018 is as follows:

• Wheat 119,130.6 ha

• Corn 18,132.3 ha

• Barley, ray and oat 162,295.3 ha

• Oilseeds 91,544.0 ha

• Open ground vegetables 31,983.0 ha

• Cucurbits 11,585.1 ha

• Potatoes 9,725.9 ha

• Sugar beet 8,416.5 ha

• Fodder 214,634.3 ha

D.2.1.3. Noncrop Agricultural Production

239. In 2017, about 719 tons of poultry and livestock meat were slaughtered or sold for slaughter (increase by 11.4% over the previous year); 5,501.5 tons of milk (increase by 2.3%) and 12.596 million chicken eggs were produced.

240. Overall data on agricultural production is presented in Table 21 below:

Table 21: Agricultural Production by districts

Name of district Area, ‘000

km² Population,

persons Economic facilities

Sarysu district

31.4 44 190

• Sown area, all crops, all categories of farms – 20,094.4 ha

• Crop prod’n (tons): grain and legumes – 13,685.34, potato – 2,109.37, vegetables – 4,969.69

• Livestock and poultry production (tons) – 6,774

Talas district 12.2 55 179 • Sown area, all crops, all categories of farms

– 11,251.3 ha

16 Source: http://dppzhambyl.gov.kz/city/economy.php


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Name of district Area, ‘000

km² Population,

persons Economic facilities


• Livestock and poultry production (tons) – 11,868.6

Т. Ryskulov district

9.1 64 459




Shu district

12 101 404




Source: stat.gov.kz

D.2.2. Current Status of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure

241. The province has a comprehensive network of irrigation systems having canals of various designs - earthen, with and without lining, and flumes. Total length of irrigation network in the province (according to the inventory of 2012) was 3,740.7 km, of which 791.4 km are state owned, 2407.7 km are communally owned, 50.5 km RCC owned, 457.9 km are privately owned, and ownsership of 33.2 km long canals is unowned. Also, in some areas, groundwater pumped through 55 wells is used for irrigation.

242. At present, irrigation network is severely damaged - steel items have been stolen, and hydraulic structures need rehabilitation and improvement. Irrigation systems in the province were constructed mostly during Soviet era. Long-term neglect of O&M has led to their considerable deterioration, and now most of these systems do not fulfill their functions and need to be rehabilitated.

243. Currently, a significant part of water resources is wasted on technological losses mainly through seepage and evaporation from canals. At the same time, irrigated areas located in the tail part of off-farm and on-farm canals are short supplied, i.e. they lack water, which is an indicator of poor performance of irrigation systems. The overall average efficiency of irrigation systems does not exceed 45%.

244. In 2017, resource-saving technology was introduced on an area of 27,000 ha and water-saving technologies were introduced on an area of 15,000 ha area.

Talas District

245. Irrigation Source. Irrigation system draws water from Talas, Asa, Koktal and Tamdy rivers and mountain springs. Talas and Asa are main irrigation sources. There are also Bilikol, Akkol, Akzhar, Ashykol, Tuzdykol lakes.

246. Talas river starts after the confluence of Karakol and Uch-Koshoi rivers, both flowing from glaciers of Talas mountain range in Kyrgyz Republic. Lower reach vanishes in Moiynkum sands. Talas river has Talas, Temirbek, Zhiembet and Uyuk hydrosystems. River is regulated by Kyrgyz Kirov water reservoir with storage capacity of 550.0 million. m3. Asa river forms with the confluence of Ters and Kurkureusu rivers at Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border. Asa river is also left tributary of Talas river. River is regulated by Ters-Ashybulak water reservoir with


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storage capacity of 158.6 million. m3. Minor rivers Koktal and Tamdy flow from Karatau mountain ranges at Turkestan province border.

247. Irrigated Area. Total irrigated area is 13,485 ha, out of which 4,168 ha are actually being irrigated. Over the last 25 years 8,512 ha on Talas river system and 805 ha from other irrigation sources have not been cultivated due to dilapidated irrigation systems. Total of 9,317 ha of irrigated area needs rehabilitation. In 2018, KVK supplied 10,412.48 million m3 water to 55 water consumers through Talas, Asa, and Tamdy river systems. Irrigation System.

248. Crops. Currently, perennial grasses occupy more than 77% of the canal command area. Information on various crops grown in the area is given in Table 3 below.

Table 3: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area

Crops Area, ha

Grains 42

Sugar beet 130

Perennial grasses 3,996

Maize 369

Safflower 12

Sunflower 96

Potatoes 110

Cucurbits 284

Vegetables 135

Total 5,174

249. Karakul sheep raising, wool growing, horse breeding, camel husbandry, grain growing, vegetable farming and horticulture are well-developed.

D.3. Social and Cultural Resources

D.3.1 Population and communities

250. Zhambyl province consttutes 10 rural districts, 4 towns, 373 rural settlements, and 153 counties. Administrative center is Taraz. As of January 1, 2017, population of the province was 1.12 million people. The territory is 144,300 km2 average population density in the province is 7.2 people per sq. km.

251. Sarysu district is located in the west of the province and covers an area of 31,400 km2. Administrative structure includes 1 town and 5 rural settlements. Administrative center is Zhanatas town. As of 1 January 2018, population of the district was 44,056 people with an average density of 1.4 people per km2.

252. Talas district covers an area of 12,300 km2. Administrative structure includes 1 town and 23 rural settlements. Administrative center is Karatau town. As of January 1, 2018, population of the district was 54,818 people with an average density of 4.5 people per km2. District center is Karatau town with 29,861 people. Population of Talas district is 54,782 people. Distance to Taraz is 110 km, to Shymkent – 224 km. Large settlements are Karatau town, Akkol, Oiyk, Usharal, Shakirov and Akkum villages. There are 13 counties: Akkol, Akkum, Berikkainar, Kenes, Koktal, Karatau, Kaskabulak, Kyzylaut, Oiyk, Tamdy, Usharal, Bostandyk, Shakir.

253. T. Ryskulov district covers an area of 10,5000 km2. Administrative structure includes 12 rural settlements. Administrative center is Kulan village. As of January 1, 2018, population of the district was 64,443 people with an average density of 6.1 people per km2.


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254. Shu district is located in the south-east of the province and covers an area of 12,000 km2. Administrative structure includes 1 town and 15 rural settlements. Administrative center is Tole-bi village. As of January 1, 2018, population of the district was 100,516 people with an average density of 8.4 people per km2.

D.3.2 Health & Education facilities

255. Education is universal in Kazakhstan and mandatory through to the secondary level, and the adult literacy rate is 99.5%.17 There are 235 preschool organizations and 590 mini-centres in the province. Preschool education coverage in the province made up 98,2 % that up by 0,8 % compared to the last year.

256. There are 53120 children in preschool establishments. Today in the province there are 504 kindergartens and mini-centres.

257. The information on education and health statistics per districts is presented in Table 22 below.

Table 22: Education and health statistics in selected subproject areas

Districts Health Facilities Education Facilities

Sarysu district Doctors (persons) – 83 Nursing staff (persons) - 294

Schools (units) - 27 School students – 8,247

Talas district Doctors (persons) - 108 Nursing staff (persons) - 341


Т. Ryskulov district Doctors (persons) - 105 Nursing staff (persons) - 309


Shu district Doctors (persons) - 161 Nursing staff (persons) - 430


Source: stat.gov.kz

D.3.3. Ethnic Groups

258. Of total population, Kazakhs represent 72%, Russians - 10% and other ethnic groups include Ukrainians, Tatars, Germans, Koreans, Chechens, Belorussians, Azeri, Uzbeks, and other minorities.

D.3.4. Languages

259. Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country: Kazakh language spoken natively by 64.4% of the population has the status of "state" language, whereas Russian, which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include Uzbek, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.18

D.3.5. Religion

260. According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state. Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way”. According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the

17 http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html 18 http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711

http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711


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population is Muslim, 26% Christian, 0.1% Buddhists, 0.2% others (mostly Jews, and 3% Irreligious.19

E. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

E.1. Impacts

261. This section of the IEE details the Projects potential impacts and proposes mitigation measures to limit any negative impacts identified. The impact assessment and mitigating measures cover the entire cycle of the project activities, from pre-construction to construction and operation and maintenance. The coverage of each of sub-project phases is defined as follows:

• Feasibility / Design Phase, or the Pre-construction Phase

• Construction Phase

• Operation Phase

262. This section is discussed by construction package rather than by specific environmental or social characteristics, e.g. soils, hydrology, etc as this is considered easier to understand the specific issues.

263. The environmental components, which may be adversely affected by projects at their construction, operation and decommissioning stages, generally are grouped as physical, biological and socio-economic ones. Examples of the environmental components which might be of a different levels and attributes are presented in the

264. Table 23 below.

Table 23: Environmental Aspects

Physical Components Biological Components Socioeconomic Components

• Physical component of ecosystems (habitats)

• Air

• Soil (quality, structure, fertility, erodibility)

• Land

• Water resources (surface water &, underground water: quality, availability, hydrological regime);

• Landscape/ Aesthetics, etc.

• Fauna

• Flora

• Vegetation communities/ forests

• Animals’ and plants’ populations (number, abundance, distribution, etc.)

• Biological component of forest, aquatic, meadow, steppe and other ecosystems (as a whole), etc.

• Micro-organisms, etc

• Human health

• Settlements

• Cultural heritages

• Employment

• Demography

• Income

• Poverty

• Gender

• Education

• Migration

265. Subprojects’ potential impacts. Within the proposed subprojects the impacts associated with the activities on rehabilitation of irrigation schemes might be positive and negative. Positive impacts attribute mainly to socio-economic environment. Negative impacts attribute to water, air and soil pollution, additional water and energy consumption, noise, odor, health risks, etc. Measures to be taken to minimize potential negative environmental impacts depend on their type, magnitude, combination and distribution.

19 Results of the national population census of 2009. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2010. Retrieved from stat.gov.kz on July 20, 2015.


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E.1.1. Types of Project Impacts

266. Cumulative impact. The cluster of irrigation projects will have positive cumulative impact due to reduction of soil erosion at all, enhanced protection of arable lands from water-logging, water losses, increasing of productivity of lands due to reduced risk of salinization, which will also have good social, environmental and economic effect.

267. Indirect Impacts. Indirect (or secondary) impacts are those arising from activities associated with direct activities implementing within the project implementation. These might be positive and negative social, economic, or environmental impacts of increased agricultural production due to improved irrigation, and agro-processing. In fact, in agricultural production and agro-processing sectors may relate to purchase of more goods (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural production), more transportation service, more fuel, utilities, labor, etc.). Negative indirect environmental impacts resulted from activities of the supported subprojects have to be considered during the EA process and relevant mitigation has to be suggested.

268. Residual Impacts. Residual impacts are those that remain after all mitigation has been carried out. Assuming that all mitigation as indicated in the guideline tables are implemented appropriately, the residual effects, even cumulatively on all sub-projects, should not be significant. Summary of probable residual impacts generated by the proposed activities is presented in the Table 24 below.

Table 24: Summary of probable residual impacts

Activity Probable Residual Impact Significance

Construction/rehabilitation of irrigation canals

Surface water pollution, soil erosion, generation of solid wastes, used toxic materials,

Low

E 1.2. Positive Project’s Impacts

269. Most of the proposed works might generate adverse environmental impacts. These could include water and air pollution; noise pollution, soil erosion; dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation and drainage channels, structures; and occupational hazards. At the same time, the project will bring several positive environmental and social impacts, in particular a reduction in water logging, salinization and water losses; improved irrigation distribution and a reduction in seepage losses from main canal and over-supply of irrigation. The beneficial effect for the area will be a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the villages (which can cause health problems).

270. Direct positive impacts will be also generated by increased productivity, employment and income. The main benefits are summarized below:

(i) Improved Agricultural Productivity. Agricultural productivity in the project area has declined in recent years, in large part because of the significant deterioration of the irrigation and drainage systems. The direct result of this deterioration has been a decreasing delivery of irrigation water, increasing water losses, decreasing fertility of soils, expanding areas of fallow agricultural land and rising groundwater levels. The infrastructure improvements planned under the project will restore and improve productivity by increasing delivery of irrigation water (reducing water losses), improving the fertility of soils and expanding the area of agricultural lands returned to production. (ii) Increased Farm Income. The project activities will provide a series of economic and social benefits resulted from expected increases in crop yields, increases in farm family incomes, improved employment opportunities and an overall reduction in rural poverty in the project area. (iii) Reduction in Water Losses. Estimates indicate that significant amounts of the water currently entering the irrigation system are lost as a result of infiltration, evaporation and inefficient, non-rational use of water. These water losses contribute to


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the high levels of groundwater, the salinity of the soils and the occurrence of water-logging in low-lying areas. The irrigation and drainage improvements of the project would reduce these water losses, reduce seepage losses from irrigation canals and over-supply of irrigation, with a beneficial effect for the project area: a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the village causing health problems. (iv) Improved Water Resources Management. Drainage system improvements undertaken by the project should have positive impacts on the large areas of poorly drained agricultural land in the project area. The depth of the groundwater is critical for the incidence of secondary salinity in the soil, particularly where the groundwater itself is saline and accumulated salts in the soils are not periodically leached. Regular leaching of soil has stopped in most areas. Reducing soil salinity would lead to improved yields of most salt-sensitive crops, helping to prevent significant erosion and increase agricultural productivity.

E.2. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

E.2.1. Design / Pre-construction Phase

Impacts

271. Water Protection Zones – according to the Water Code of RoK along the rivers and canals water protection zone is defined. Usually, it is in the range between 70 meters to 1000 meters depending on the river and canal.

272. Land Acquisition and Compensation – Rehabilitation of irrigation schemes will not cause need for land acquisition and will not impact crops and land within the Project area.

Mitigation

273. In the first instance, planning and design of all irrigation schemes components shall be based on international standards such as European standards and ISO or DIN norms under due consideration of local guidelines where available such as SniP and GOST.

274. Mitigation is recommended through strategic avoidance combined with construction and monitoring. Bid and contract documents are recommended to specify that a Site Specific EMP (SSEMP) shall be required. The Contractors shall ensure that the SSEMP is submitted to the Engineer for review at least 10 days before taking possession of any work site. No access to the sites will be allowed until the SSEMP is reviewed and approved by the Engineer. The SEMP will include the following Topic Specific Plans:

• Waste Management Plan.

• OHS Plan.

• Traffic Management Plan.

• Air Quality Management Plan.

• Noise Management Plan.

• Spill Response Plan.

• Hazardous Materials Management Plan.

• Chance Find Procedure.

E.2.2. Construction phase

275. The rehabilitation and construction works have the potential to cause a number of minor temporary environmental impacts arising from the location and management of work camps and haul roads and from disturbance issues relating to dust, noise and vibration, procurement of construction materials, liquid discharges, waste collection and storage. During construction stage the following direct impacts are expected:

• Air emissions including dust


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• Noise and vibration

• Soil erosion and contamination

• Surface waters contamination

• Potential groundwater contamination

• Construction and household waste generation

• Flora and fauna

• Potential impacts on public cultural resources

• Health and safety of workers and community

276. Adverse environmental impacts. Potential negative impacts of the project would include:

(i) soils pollution during channels rehabilitation activities, including dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation channels and drainage collectors as well as during the rehabilitation of pumping stations;

(ii) increased surface water pollution; (iii) soil erosion associated with the maintenance of existing practices of agricultural

production; (iv) air pollution by dust and cement, as well as soil pollution by construction wastes

due to improper activities for rehabilitation of concrete canals; (v) damage to trees or other vegetation along canals; (vi) occupational hazards during the rehabilitation of deep wells and pumping stations.

277. As mentioned above, the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure activities will generally involve management of dredged sediment and construction debris but may also include (i) interference with access and movement; (ii) disturbance of agricultural activities resulting from access restriction, soil compaction, trenching; (iii) waste, noise, mud and dust at sites and on access roads.

E. 2.2.1. Topography and Soils

Impacts

278. It is anticipated that construction works will not impact the project’s topography as the project will rehabilitate already existing irrigation facilities. The landscapes in project areas are characterized as agricultural land and no sensitive landscapes will likely be affected. There is also a likelihood of soil contamination with spilled fuel, lubricants, and construction debris.

279. Potential impacts on soils include:

• Erosion - Wind and water induced soil erosion due to construction activities, such as top soil removal, canal cleaning, lining, cut and fill operations can likely occur. It is also possible, that stockpiles of soil located close to surface waters could infiltrate the water courses during heavy rainfall and cause siltation of the rivers.

• Contamination due to spills or hazardous materials - Potential soil contamination is a possibility resulting from poorly managed fuels, oils and other hazardous liquids used during the project works.

Mitigation

280. During construction, the Engineer and the Contractor will both be responsible for ensuring that embankments are monitored continuously for signs of erosion. Any deep excavations in unstable soils will be shored by the contractor, and below grade construction brought to grade quickly, then excavations closed. Surface soils should be temporarily graded-to-drain and protected as necessary to reduce erosion and sediment runoff.

281. The Contractor, with oversight from the Engineer, will ensure that:

• All fuel and chemical storage (if any) will be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area will be located away from any


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watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls will be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110% of the volume of tank (or one tank if more than one tank is located in the bund).

• The construction camp maintenance yard will be constructed on impervious hardstanding with adequate drainage to collect spills, there will be no vehicle maintenance activities on open ground.

• Filling and refueling will be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures. Drip pans will be placed under all filling and fueling areas. Waste oils will be stored and disposed of by a licensed contractor.

• All valves and trigger guns will be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use.

• The contents of any tank or drum will be clearly marked. Measures will be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any soils.

• No bitumen drums or containers, full or used, will be stored on open ground. They will only be stored on impervious hardstanding.

• Areas using bitumen will be constructed on impervious hardstanding to prevent seepage of oils into the soils.

E. 2.2.2. Impact on Hydrologic Characteristics

Impacts

282. It is expected that during construction the subprojects will not have any significant impact on water flows. Potential impacts on the quality of surface water from construction activities include pollution from construction vehicles, equipment and material stores, poor sanitation at work sites, and the release of soil where earthworks take place adjacent to water bodies that takes place in the river beds. Improper siting and design of construction camps can have negative impacts to hydrology, both surface and groundwater, through improper disposal of liquid waste and spills of hazardous liquids.

Mitigation

283. No construction camp, permanent or temporary, will be located within 500 meters of any river, or reservoir. The contractor will also be responsible for the preparation of a Construction Camp Site Plan which will form part of the SEMP. The plan will indicate the system proposed and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding areas, septic tanks, etc. The contractor will ensure the following conditions are met within the Plan:

(i) Wastewater arising on the site will be collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a way that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance.

(ii) There will be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water, including the surface water courses identified in this report. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited.

(iii) Liquid material storage containment areas will not be drained directly to surface water.

(iv) Lubricating and fuel oil spills will be cleaned up immediately and spill cleanup materials will be maintained (including spill kits) across the Contractors’ construction camp.

(v) Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters.


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(vi) Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses or wetlands will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge.

(vii) Spill cleanup equipment will be maintained on site. The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage.

(viii) Fueling operations will occur only within containment areas.

(ix) All fuel and chemical storage (if any) will be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area will be located away from any watercourse. The base and bund walls will be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110% of the volume of the largest storage tank / container in the bund.

(x) Filling and refueling will be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids.

(xi) All valves and trigger guns will be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use.

(xii) The contents of any tank or drum will be clearly marked. Measures will be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses.

(xiii) Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited.

(xiv) Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean-up will be undertaken and all clean-up materials stored in a secure area for disposal. Disposal of such was will be undertaken by a waste management company contracted by the contractor. The waste management company must have the required licenses to transport and dispose of hazardous waste before any such waste is removed from the site. The Contractor will keep copies of the company’s licenses and provide waste transfer manifests at his camp site for routine inspection by the engineer.

E. 2.2.3. Air Quality

Impacts

284. General considerations. Transportation of materials and equipment to subproject’s areas and removal of solid wastes such as degraded reinforced concrete structures from the construction sites may generate fugitive dust due to mostly unpaved access roads to the subproject’s sites. The number of trucks delivering materials and equipment is not anticipated to be more than twenty or so per day for each subproject. Rehabilitation of canals including excavation and cleaning of earth canals, reinforced concrete pipelining, concrete lining, etc. will result in elevated, short term and localized air quality impacts from construction machinery and equipment.

285. Exhaust gases are emitted by trucks delivering the materials and removing construction wastes, excavators, graders, bulldozers, and other machinery and equipment. They include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. As a rule, impact of exhaust gases in rural environment is insignificant due to rapid dispersing of emissions. Nevertheless, all machinery and equipment must comply with the national vehicle regulations and international emission standards.

286. Site-specific considerations. Several subprojects will be in vicinity of villages and/or groups of houses in the rural area. Specifically, it concerns Uyum, Saudakent, Zhanatalap, Igilik, Mayatas, and Zhayilma villages in Sarysu district; Talapty, Zhanakonis, Oyik, Akkol villages, and Karatau city in Talas district; Kumaryk, Karakemer, Algabas, Maldybay, Zharlysu,


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Kyzyltu, Birles, Akyrtobe, Chilak, Kaindy, and Kokaryk villages in T. Ryskulov district; Tasotkel, Kamshaly, Kamysstroy, Shu city, Tole Bi, Alga, Zhaysan, Enbek, Koragaty, Moyinkum, Aktobe, Leninskoye, Lenina, Kirova, and Birlik villages in Shu district.

Mitigation

287. The following air pollution control mitigation measures will be undertaken during construction phase of the project:

• Construction materials (sand, gravel, and rocks) and spoil materials will be transported by trucks covered with tarpaulin;

• All vehicles (e.g., trucks, equipment, and other vehicles that support construction works) will comply with the national vehicle regulations and international emission standards. Regular exhaust emissions tests need to be conducted.;

• No equipment using any fuel that may produce air pollutants, including mobile generators, will be installed without consent of the engineer. Construction equipment will be maintained to a good standard and fitted with pollution control devices which will be regularly monitored by the engineer.

• No burning of debris or other materials will occur on the construction sites

• For dust generated from unpaved roads, material stock piles, etc: o The contractor will ensure that material stockpiles will be located in sheltered

areas and be covered with tarpaulins or other such suitable covering to prevent material becoming airborne.

o All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the sites will be covered with canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which will be properly secured) to prevent debris and/or materials from falling from or being blown off the vehicle(s).

o Effective use of water sprays will be implemented: carrying out watering for dust control at least 3 times a day: in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon during dry weather with temperatures of over 25°C, or in windy weather specifically in or near, Uyum, Saudakent, Zhanatalap, Igilik, Mayatas, and Zhayilma villages in Sarysu district; Talapty, Zhanakonis, Oyik, Akkol villages, and Karatau city in Talas district; Kumaryk, Karakemer, Algabas, Maldybay, Zharlysu, Kyzyltu, Birles, Akyrtobe, Chilak, Kaindy, and Kokaryk villages in T. Ryskulov district; Tasotkel, Kamshaly, Kamysstroy, Shu city, Tole Bi, Alga, Zhaysan, Enbek, Koragaty, Moyinkum, Aktobe, Leninskoye, Lenina, Kirova, and Birlik villages in Shu district. Avoid overwatering as this may make the surrounding muddy). All water used for controlling dust will be free of odor and pollution.

E. 2.2.4. Noise and Vibration

Impact

288. General considerations. Noise and vibration are likely be generated by large construction equipment, including bulldozers, excavators, trucks, concrete mixers, and power generators, diverted traffic, etc. However, it is expected that many construction sites will be in rural areas away from sensitive receptors. In those cases, where the sites are located near settlements qualitative assessment is done and mitigation measures will be described as shown below. Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities.

289. Site-specific considerations. Several subprojects will be in vicinity of villages and/or groups of houses in the rural area. Specifically, it concerns Uyum, Saudakent, Zhanatalap, Igilik, Mayatas, and Zhayilma villages in Sarysu district; Talapty, Zhanakonis, Oyik, Akkol


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villages, and Karatau city in Talas district; Kumaryk, Karakemer, Algabas, Maldybay, Zharlysu, Kyzyltu, Birles, Akyrtobe, Chilak, Kaindy, and Kokaryk villages in T. Ryskulov district; Tasotkel, Kamshaly, Kamysstroy, Shu city, Tole Bi, Alga, Zhaysan, Enbek, Koragaty, Moyinkum, Aktobe, Leninskoye, Lenina, Kirova, and Birlik villages in Shu district. Therefore, some noise impacts are expected from heavy machinery.

Mitigation

290. During the construction phase the following mitigation measures will be taken:

• Time and activity constraints. In case if construction sites will be within or in proximity to villages operations will be scheduled to coincide with periods when people would least likely be affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise-sensitive times. Hours-of-work will be approved by the engineer having due regard for possible noise disturbance to the residents or other activities. Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between 10 PM and 7 AM in the residential areas. When operating close to sensitive areas such as medical facilities and schools, the contractor’s hours of working shall be limited to 8 AM to 6 PM;

• Use temporary noise barriers while working in sensitive locations in case accidence of allowable limits is expected. Placing the barrier close to the source proves to be effective.

• Give notice as early as possible to sensitive receptors for periods of noisier works such as excavation. Describe the activities and how long they are expected to take. Keep affected neighbors informed of progress.

• Within normal working hours, where it is reasonable to do so: o schedule noisy activities for less sensitive times.

o provide periods of respite from noisier works (for example, periodic breaks from jackhammer noise).

• The weekend/evening periods are important for community rest and recreation and provide respite when noisy work has been conducted throughout the week. Accordingly, work should not usually be scheduled during these times.

• All mechanical plant is to be silenced by the best practical means using current technology. Mechanical plant, including noise-suppression devices, should be maintained to the manufacturer’s specifications. Internal combustion engines are to be fitted with a suitable muffler in good repair.

• Fit all pneumatic tools with an effective silencer on their air exhaust port.

• Install less noisy movement/reversing warning systems for equipment and vehicles that will operate for extended periods, during sensitive times or proximity to sensitive sites. Occupational health and safety requirements for use of warning systems must be followed.

• Turn off equipment when not being used.

• All vehicular movements to and from the site to only occur during the scheduled normal working hours, unless approval has been granted by the engineer.

• Where possible, no truck associated with the work should be left standing with its engine operating in a street adjacent to a residential area.

• Provision of noise protection kits such as ear plug, earmuff, for workers who are working in the area with noise level is higher than 85 dB(A).

291. The site-specific EMPs will be developed prior to the start of the construction works. They will contain procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements are implemented during the construction period. All civil works will be designed and implemented in accordance with environmentally sound engineering practices and governed by the relevant environmental standards.

E. 2.2.5. Impact on Ecological Resources

Impact


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292. The project’s rehabilitation works of existing infrastructure will not have a significant adverse impact on the local ecological resources since they are in areas that have already been affected by human activities for a long period. Construction activities are expected to impact only a narrow band of vegetation adjacent to the existing canals. Some subprojects will include cleaning of plants and their roots from overgrown canals, including weeds, bushes, and potential cutting of trees. There will be no adverse impact on specially protected nature areas as the project is limited to mostly rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems.

Mitigation

293. It is recommended that each one removed should be replaced by at least two new saplings of the same species or other at suitable locations. Other potential impacts to canal-side trees will be avoided by ensuring that canal rehabilitation activities such as concrete batching plants, construction camps and other ancillary features are properly sited. In addition, the contractor will be responsible for supplying appropriate and adequate fuel in workers’ camps to prevent fuel-wood collection. Therefore, considering the nature of the project and the types of works envisaged, there will be no significant loss of flora or habitat.

E. 2.2.6. Occupational Health and Safety

Impact

294. Workers’ rights including occupational health and safety need to be considered to avoid accidents and injuries, loss of man-hours, labor abuses and to ensure fair treatment, remuneration and working and living conditions.

Mitigation

295. An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan shall be prepared by the Contractor to manage worker safety on-site during the construction phase of the Project.

296. Construction activities pose some potential hazards to both workers and the public. Hazards include excavation, movement of plant and equipment in confined spaces, and the use of hazardous substances. Safety to workers and the public can be enhanced by:

(i) Proper briefing and training of workers on safety precautions, and their responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others.

(ii) Provision to workers of protective clothing including hard hats, and protective footwear.

(iii) Ensuring plant and vehicle operators are properly licensed and trained. (iv) Arranging for the provision of first aid facilities, readily available trained

paramedical personnel, and emergency transport to the nearest hospital with accident and emergency facilities, and allocation of responsibility for ensuring that these arrangements are continually in place.

(v) Arranging for regular safety checks of vehicles and material, and allocation of responsibility for this.

(vi) Provision of hazard warning signs around construction sites.

297. All civil works will be designed and operated in accordance with environmentally sound engineering practices and governed by the relevant environmental standards. The works will require the use of heavy machinery (i.e. excavators, bulldozers) but will be small in scale and will not take place on lands already under agricultural use.

298. Movable sanitary facilities should be provided at the work site and kept clean, free of odors and usable.

E. 2.2.7. Community Health and Safety

Impact

299. The implementation of the project could affect the health, safety and security of the communities in the area of influence as a result of worker-community interactions, in-migration


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to the area, increased incomes in the local community that may be used for drugs, alcohol and prostitution, the risk of injury associated with construction and operational activities, increased pressure on health care resources and changes to the environment.

300. Workforce, Jobseekers and Social Conflict. In some instances, the local population may not be able to provide the necessary skilled workers for the project. In such cases workers from other provinces may be employed by the contractor. This could lead to social tensions and potential conflict if these workers are not aware of local customs and practices. An increase in disposable income within the project area may also result in a change in spending habits and misbehavior, which poses a threat to community health and safety.

301. During the construction phase workers will be accommodated on-site and as such there will be no pressure on local housing stock. In addition, the contractor will also have his own on-site medical facilities. Any serious injuries will be treated in nearby villages or a city.

Mitigation

302. The public will be barred from construction areas, and excavations will be fenced and sign posted. Workers should not be allowed to enter trenches deeper than waist height unless they are properly shored.

303. Crews of workers will be used for project works and it is anticipated that they will mainly be locally contracted workers. Construction camp facilities will be required, or project specific accommodation.

304. The Contractor will strictly follow his Traffic Management Plan (TMP) which will outline haul routes and safety measures. The TMP will also describe the method for provision of access in roads where trenches are being excavated. If any diversions are required, they should be outlined in the TMP.

E. 2.2.8. Impact on Cultural Resources

Impacts

305. No cultural resources have been identified in the project area. Due to the scale and nature of subprojects works located within existing RoWs, no impact on cultural resources (graveyards, etc.) is anticipated. However, chance finds during excavation works are possible.

Mitigation

306. No mitigation is required except for preparation of chance find plan.

E. 2.2.9. Waste Management

Impacts

307. Construction activities will likely generate construction wastes, including wastes from disassembly of old concrete lining, old hydraulic structures, silt from canal beds, spoil materials, and other debris. Spoil material and other construction waste will also be produced during the concrete laying works.

308. Household wastes will be generated by contractor’s workforce throughout construction period.

Mitigation

309. To ensure waste management is adequately controlled during the construction phase of the project, the contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the waste hierarchy is followed including prevention, minimization, reuse and recycling. Specifically, the contractor will be responsible for the following measures:

• Implementation of the Waste Management Plan (WMP) – The WMP shall include items relating to the safe handling and management of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, e.g. plastic, metal, wood, liquid wastes, etc.


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• Recycling and Reuse – Where possible, surplus materials will be reused or recycled – this should include wood, plastic, metal and glass. A plan for the recycling of materials should be included in the WMP.

• Storage of Hazardous Wastes – Oils, fuels and chemicals are substances which are hazardous to human health. They need to be stored properly in correctly labeled containers at construction areas. Oil and fuel will only be kept in small quantities on site should be stored in mobile bunds to contain spillage (the bund should be able to contain at least 110% of the volume of the largest storage tank within the bund). The contractor shall also prepare, as part of his SEMP, a spill response plan for the management of any spills over 10 liters and provide spill kits at all work sites.

• Waste Disposal – Waste, both hazardous and non-hazardous, shall be collected and disposed of by a licensed waste management contractor. The contractor will keep copies of the waste management company’s licenses on file at his site office. The contractor shall also keep a record of the waste volumes and types removed from the site and the waste transfer notes provided by the waste management contractor.

310. Construction of worker camps shall be located close to settlement areas but not near sensitive water resources. In such cases, the constructor needs to provide a detailed design of each work camp including infrastructure planning (water supply, electricity supply, waste management, waste water treatment and disposal). Workers need to be trained how to behave and to handle waste and waste water according environmental management requirements.

E 2.3. Operation Phase

311. Environmental impacts of Kyzylorda subprojects operation stage include:

• impacts from improper water drainage management;

• impacts caused by maintenance works from KVK;

• rising of water pollution with pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals;

• reduced amount of water in rivers available for downstream users.

312. There is a high chance of waterlogging, rising of water table, and salinization of soils during operation stage at irrigated lands and vicinity areas due to bad water management and drainage.

313. Impact on Water Resources & Fisheries. The rehabilitation works will have no affect on the quantity or quality of available water resources in the project area. It is possible that the river water immediately adjacent to the works may become temporarily polluted, but this risk will be addressed in the Environment Management Plan.

E.2.3.1. Pest management and mineral fertilizers issues

314. General remarks. The pest management issues which can be potentially raised by the project may relate to indirect effect of stimulating greater use of agro-chemicals associated with more intensive cultivation and/ or higher crop value. The objective of IEE in this regard is to encourage adoption of Integrated Pest Management approach and increase beneficiaries’ awareness of pesticide-related hazards and good practices for safe pesticides use and handling.

315. Principles of the Integrated Pest Management20. The primary aim of pest management is to manage pests and diseases that may negatively affect production of crops so that they remain at a level that is under an economically damaging threshold. Pesticides should be managed to reduce human exposure and health hazards, to avoid their migration into off-site

20 This section is based on the World Bank Group in the Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines prepared in 2007.


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land or water environments and to avoid ecological impacts such as destruction of beneficial species and the development of pesticide resistance. One important strategy is to promote and facilitate the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through preparation and implementation of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (PMP). The IPM consists of the judicious use of both chemical and nonchemical control techniques to achieve effective and economically efficient pest management with minimal environmental contamination. IPM therefore may include the use of: a) Mechanical and Physical Control; b) Cultural Control; c) Biological Control, and d) rational Chemical Control. Although IPM emphasizes the use of nonchemical strategies, chemical control may be an option used in conjunction with other methods. Integrated pest management strategies depend on surveillance to establish the need for control and to monitor the effectiveness of management efforts.

316. Alternatives to Pesticide Application. Where feasible, the following alternatives to pesticides should be considered:

• Rotate crops to reduce the presence of pests and weeds in the soil ecosystem;

• Use pest-resistant crop varieties;

• Use mechanical weed control and / or thermal weeding;

• Support and use beneficial organisms, such as insects, birds, mites, and microbial agents, to perform biological control of pests;

• Protect natural enemies of pests by providing a favorable habitat, such as bushes for nesting sites and other original vegetation that can house pest predators and by avoiding the use of broad-spectrum pesticides;

• Use animals to graze areas and manage plant coverage;

• Use mechanical controls such as manual removal, traps, barriers, light, and sound to kill, relocate, or repel pests.

317. Pesticide Application. If pesticide application is warranted, users are recommended take the following actions:

• Train personnel to apply pesticides and ensure that personnel have received applicable certifications or equivalent training where such certifications are not required;

• Review and follow the manufacturer’s directions on maximum recommended dosage or treatment as well as published reports on using the reduced rate of pesticide application without loss of effect, and apply the minimum effective dose;

• Avoid routine “calendar-based” application, and apply pesticides only when needed and useful based on criteria such as field observations, weather data (e.g. appropriate temperature, low wind, etc.),

• Avoid the use of highly hazardous pesticides, particularly by uncertified, untrained or inadequately equipped users. This includes:

• Pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes 1a and 1b should be avoided in almost all cases, to be used only when no practical alternatives are available and where the handling and use of the products will be done in accordance with national laws by certified personnel in conjunction with health and environmental exposure monitoring;

• Pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Class II should be avoided if the project host country lacks restrictions on distribution and use of these chemicals, or if they are likely to be accessible to personnel without proper training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, apply, and dispose of these products properly;

• Avoid the use of pesticides listed in Annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention, except under the conditions noted in the convention and those subject to international bans or phase outs;


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• Use only pesticides that are manufactured under license and registered and approved by the appropriate authority and in accordance with the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO’s) International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides;

• Use only pesticides that are labeled in accordance with international standards and norms, such as the FAO’s Revised Guidelines for Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides;

• Select application technologies and practices designed to reduce unintentional drift or runoff only as indicated in an IPM program, and under controlled conditions;

• Maintain and calibrate pesticide application equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Use application equipment that is registered in the country of use;

• Establish untreated buffer zones or strips along water sources, rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, and ditches to help protect water resources;

• Avoid use of pesticides that have been linked to localized environmental problems and threats.

318. Pesticide Handling and Storage. Contamination of soils, groundwater, or surface water resources, due to accidental spills during transfer, mixing, and storage of pesticides should be prevented by following the hazardous materials storage and handling recommendations. These are the following:

• Store pesticides in their original packaging, in a dedicated, dry, cool, frost-free, and well aerated location that can be locked and properly identified with signs, with access limited to authorized people. No human or animal food may be stored in this location. The store room should also be designed with spill containment measures and sited in consideration of potential for contamination of soil and water resources;

• Mixing and transfer of pesticides should be undertaken by trained personnel in ventilated and well lit areas, using containers designed and dedicated for this purpose.

• Containers should not be used for any other purpose (e.g. drinking water). Contaminated containers should be handled as hazardous waste, and should be disposed in specially designated for hazardous wastes sites. Ideally, disposal of containers contaminated with pesticides should be done in a manner consistent with FAO guidelines and with manufacturer's directions;

• Purchase and store no more pesticide than needed and rotate stock using a “first-in, first-out” principle so that pesticides do not become obsolete. Additionally, the use of obsolete pesticides should be avoided under all circumstances; A management plan that includes measures for the containment, storage and ultimate destruction of all obsolete stocks should be prepared in accordance to guidelines by FAO and consistent with country commitments under the Stockholm, Rotterdam and Basel Conventions.

• Collect rinse water from equipment cleaning for reuse (such as for the dilution of identical pesticides to concentrations used for application);

• Ensure that protective clothing worn during pesticide application is either cleaned or disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner

• Maintain records of pesticide use and effectiveness.

319. Pest Management Plan (PMP). The content of the Pest Management Plan should apply to all the activities and individuals working. It should be emphasized also that non-chemical control efforts will be used to the maximum extent possible before pesticides are used. The Pest Management Plan should be a framework through which pest management is defined and accomplished. The Plan should identify elements of the program to include health and environmental safety, pest identification, and pest management, as well as pesticide


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storage, transportation, use and disposal. Management Plan is to be used as a tool to reduce reliance on pesticides, to enhance environmental protection, and to maximize the use of integrated pest management techniques.

320. The Pest Management Plan shall contain pest management requirements, outlines the resources necessary for surveillance and control, and describes the administrative, safety and environmental requirements. The Plan should provide guidance for operating and maintaining an effective pest management program/ activities. Pests considering in the Plan may be weeds and other unwanted vegetation, crawling insects and other vertebrate pests. Without control, these pests provoke plants’ deceases. Adherence to the Plan will ensure effective, economical and environmentally acceptable pest management and will maintain compliance with pertinent laws and regulations.

321. Reviewing and approving Pest Management Plan. A PMP should be prepared in all cases of direct purchasing and usage of pesticides by beneficiaries.

322. Safety issues in mineral fertilizers usage and handling. Similarly, as in the case of usage of pesticides, fertilizers usage may provide important benefits, they also pose certain risks associated with accidental expose of environment and of farmers during their inappropriate handling and usage. To avoid adverse environmental impacts while using mineral fertilizers it is necessary to comply strictly with a series of requirements, stipulated in the existing legal documents as well as in the fertilizers Guidelines for their handling. The rules and procedures of production, storage, transportation and usage of the mineral fertilizers are reflected in a relatively small number of documents, and most of them were adopted at the time of the USSR.

323. Main requirements while using mineral fertilizers. The usage of different mineral fertilizers should be done depending on such factors as type and quality of the soil, type of the crop, system of crop rotation, weather and climate conditions, ways and terms of their application.

324. Provisions with regard to fertilizers storage:

• Keep stocks of fertilizers, and soil amendment materials to the minimum required.

• Ensure that the storage facility is appropriately secured.

• Fertilizers and soil amendment materials are not to be stored in contact with ground surfaces.

• Storage areas/facilities are to weather-proofed and able to exclude runoff from other areas.

• Do not store in close proximity to heat sources such as open flames, steam pipes, radiators or other combustible materials such as flammable liquids.

• Do not store with urea.

• Do not contaminate fertilizers, and soil amendment materials with other foreign matter.

• In case of fire flood the area with water.

• If augers are used to move the material, ensure that any residue(s) in the immediate area is cleaned up.

• Dispose of empty bags in the appropriate manner.

325. Provisions with regard to fertilizers field usage:

• Keep fertilizer amounts to a minimum and covered to avoid unnecessary expose to open air.

• Keep spreaders and air seeders that are left in the field overnight covered.

• Cover spreader and air seeders between jobs.

• Ensure that the drill, air seeder and/or fertilizer box is completely empty at the end of each day. If the drill, air seeder and/or fertilizer box cannot be fully emptied fill to capacity prior to storage for the night.


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• Do not store dry urea with dry ammonium nitrate.

326. Ensuring minimization of hazards associated with inappropriate handling and usage of fertilizers - Table 25 below provides information about typical hazard scenarios that that may arise in conjunction with the procurement, handling and storage of fertilizers as well as the recommended measures to control the potential risks.

Table 25: Typical hazard scenarios and recommended measures Likely Hazard

Scenario Recommended Control Strategy

Spillage • Ensure all storage areas and/or facilities are secure and appropriate.

• Ensure all fertilizer products can be contained within the storage area and/or facility selected

• Provide appropriate equipment and materials to clean up a spillage

Transportation and delivery of goods

• Cover any loads of fertilizer products whilst in transit

• Ensure that deliveries of fertilizer products are made at appropriate times

• Do not accept any containers of fertilizer products that are damaged and/or leaking.

• Ensure that any spillages that occur during delivery are cleaned up appropriately.

Drift of dust from storage areas and/or facilities

• Keep fertilizer products covered and/or sealed

• Clean up spillages promptly

• Keep “in use” stocks to the minimum required

• Staff responsible for storage areas and/or facilities to will ensure that the drift of dust beyond the perimeter is kept to a minimum.

Storage areas -

Floors

• Keep floor surfaces swept clean of fertilizer to prevent tracking by people and/or vehicles beyond the perimeter.

• Sweep up and dispose of spillages in a timely and appropriate manner

Cross contamination of product

• Keep each fertilizer product will in a separate storage container and/or position within the facility and/or area.

Confusion of Product • Maintain an accurate storage manifest/register.

• Keep products and blends are segregated at all times.

• Ensure all storage bays and bins are clearly labeled.

• Ensure all storage, loading and blending plant and equipment is cleaned from all residues when changing from one product to another.

• Do not store product in bags that are not correctly stamped

Occupational Health and Safety

• Contact between fertilizer products, people and livestock will be minimized.

Risk Assessments • Risk Assessments are required to be conducted on the procurement, storage and handling of fertilizer products.

Contact with people and livestock

• Managers will develop, implement and monitor the effectiveness of hazard management procedures

• All persons using fertilizer products are to adhere to the hazard management procedures and adopt safe working practice and ensure that direct contact with fertilizer and the inhalation of fertilizer dust is minimized.

• Managers are to ensure that staff is made aware of any national and industry regulations which have to be observed.

Personal Protective Equipment

• Staff must be provided with appropriate PPE when using fertilizer products.


86

Likely Hazard Scenario

Recommended Control Strategy

Lack of appropriate warning safety signage and information

• Managers must ensure that appropriate safety warning signs and/or information is displayed/ available regarding nature of hazards and risk control measures.

Poor housekeeping and/or routine maintenance

• All staff is responsible for implementing sound housekeeping practices in storage areas and arranging regular routine maintenance for all equipment used.

Defective &/or unserviceable plant & equipment

• Conduct regular inspection & testing of equipment and infrastructure to identify what maintenance requirements

Incorrect or inappropriate mixtures of product

• Fertilizer blends to be prepared using the right raw materials in the appropriate proportions. All products will be loaded into spreaders etc in the right condition to the right weight.

No training • Staff will undertake appropriate training.

Lack of appropriate records &/or documentation

• All relevant records and documentation to be kept and maintained eg training records, risk assessments, maintenance schedules, recipes for fertilizer blends, etc.


*Magnitude scale: Small / Moderate / Large

*Likelihood scale: Rare / Unlikely / Likely / Certain

Table 26: Environmental Impacts and proposed mitigation measures for Zhambyl Province

No. Types of activities Impacts / Magnitude / Likelihood

Mitigation Measures Sensitive Receptors

KYZYLORDA PROVINCE

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

1 Construction activities on:

1. Unlined canals 493.8 km 2. Lined canals 359.86 km 3. Replacement and construction of hydraulic structures: head regulators, outlets, pipe crossings, bridges, water metering devices, and underground closing systems 4. 19 wells with pumping stations 5. Access roads 6. Construction sites 7. Labor camps 8. Borrow pits

Dust generation / Moderate

magnitude / Certain

Transportation of materials and vehicle movement:

• All dust generating roads should be watered to suppress dust formation during movement of vehicles, as frequent as necessary depending on circumstances.

• During hot dry summer days and active construction works, it is a usual practice to water access roads every two hours.

• Trucks carrying earth, sand or stone should be covered with tarpaulins or other suitable cover.

Stockpiles of materials and spoil:

• All stockpiles should be managed to reduce dust emissions

• Stockpiles should be located downwind of sensitive receptors, such as residential areas

• Stockpiles emitting dust should be sprayed with water prior to moving

• If a stockpile is within 300 m of residential area, precautions should be taken to avoid dust generation, including using of a reusable stockpile cover and fencing to form a high barrier to prevent wind lifting and dispersing

Construction sites:

• Water should be sprayed on construction sites and material handling routes, where fugitive dust is generated

Lands adjacent to project sites and

access roads

Air emissions / Small

No burning is allowed on any construction sites throughout the project implementation period

Air around the project area


88



magnitude / Certain

Construction vehicles and machinery should be maintained to a high standard to minimize emissions and should avoid unnecessary idling to save fuel and reduce emissions

Manufacturing plants locations should be agreed with Supervision Consultant and should be downwind and at least 500 m from nearest residential area

Noise / Small magnitude /

Certain

• Noise monitoring should be organized near sensitive receptors, such as residential areas

• All exhaust systems should be maintained in good order

• Noise generating equipment should be located at least 300 m from any sensitive areas

• Noise generating equipment at construction sites should be isolated and, where possible, should be faced away from most sensitive directions

• All construction workers should be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and use them against high noise and/ or lengthy exposure

• Noisy works and vehicle movement near sensitive receptors should be limited to daylight working hours

• Construction noise will be limited to restricted times agreed to in the permit

• During operations the engine covers of generators, air compressors and other powered mechanical equipment should be closed, and equipment placed as far away from residential areas as possible

• Measures should be taken to reduce any noise disturbance to community, including advance warning on timing of noisy activities, seeking suggestions from community members to reduce noise

Residential areas


89



annoyance, and dissemination of procedure on handling complaints through GRM

Vibration / Small

magnitude / Unlikely

Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities

Fragile structures and buildings in

proximity of construction sites and transportation

routes

Soil erosion / Moderate

magnitude / Likely

• Minimize unnecessary encroachment onto adjacent lands to reduce area of disturbance to vegetation and soil

• Fertile topsoil layer should be cut and stockpiled separately from spoil material to be readily available for later use in slope stabilization and land reinstatement works

• Where possible, surplus soil should be used for earth filling works at approved locations

• Canal excavation width and depth should be kept to a feasible minimum to reduce extra spoil generation

• Settling ponds, silt fences and screens should be used to prevent sediment transport into surface water near construction sites

• Intercepting ditches and drains should be organized to prevent runoff entering construction sites and to divert runoff from sites to existing drainage

• Works and material handling should be limited during heavy rains and high winds to minimize soil erosion

• All disturbed sites prior to project completion and commissioning should be reinstated at least to pre-project conditions by (i) cleaning area from wastes and debris, (ii) mechanical remediation and (iii) biological revegetation with native plants

Fertile soils on project sites and

in proximity


90



Soil contamination /

Small magnitude /

Likely

• Petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes should be stored covered from precipitation, on an impermeable surface, and secured from acts of vandalism

• Fuel tanks shall be installed on an impermeable ground in a bunded area with capacity of 110% of fuel tank

• Avoid soil contamination with petroleum products, lubricants, or hazardous materials during equipment maintenance and repair, field refueling, and hazardous material handling

• Organize spill response kit at each construction site for collection and storage of contaminated soil and provide training for workers on use of spill response kit

Soils on project sites and in proximity

Surface water contamination /

Small magnitude /

Likely

• No equipment washing is allowed in any surface water bodies throughout the project implementation period

• No wastewater shall be dumped into any ditches or streams

• Sediment pools arrangement

• Wastewater from labor camps and construction sites should be canalized into septic tanks without contacting ground

• Septic tanks should be timely emptied by a hired septic truck and transported to legally approved treatment facility or dumpsite

• Fuel storage, equipment maintenance and repair workshops, and vehicle washing areas shall be stationed at least 300 m away from any water body

Surface water bodies

Solid wastes generation

Improper disposal of

solid and liquid waste, Spills

and inadequate clean-up /

• No wastes shall be burned throughout the project implementation period

• Develop Waste and Spoil Management Plan for handling, storage and disposal of construction, household wastes, and canal sediment spoil based on actual situation at project sites and selected dumpsites

Soils and water bodies


91



Moderate magnitude /

Certain

• Waste and Spoil Management Plan should indicate approved spoil disposal sites, which should not to be on slopes or near pasture lands, and should have further plans for rehabilitation

• All construction wastes and demolition debris should be disposed at authorized locations

• Stockpiling of construction material should be avoided if possible. If not, construction material should be stored on the construction site, and protected from weathering. Hazardous materials like paints, oils, enamels and others should be kept on impermeable surface, and adsorbents like sand or sawdust should be kept for handling small spillage.

• Trees and bushes cut under the project works can be provided for use to local households

• All household wastes shall be collected into confined waste containers equipped with covers installed away from sensitive areas

• Any toxic/ hazardous wastes shall be kept in safe leak-proof containers labeled with description of contents, properties, and handling information, and disposed at authorized facilities

• Use waste management hierarchy: (i) avoid waste generation at source; (ii) minimize waste generation, where it is inevitable; (iii) reuse or recycle if possible; (iv) dispose at authorized locations.

Impacts on flora and fauna,

loss of biodiversity and

habitats/ Moderate

magnitude / Likely

Acquire tree cutting permit from local forestry and wildlife department for any trees to be cut under the project

• For any tree cut or valuable grassland area disturbed for project needs, replant trees or re-vegetate areas at other approved locations; best practice ratio is 3 trees planted for 1 cut. For large trees in the vicinity of the activity, mark and cordon off with a fence large tress and protect root system and avoid any damage to the trees

• Use only native plants for re-vegetation of disturbed areas

Flora and fauna


92



• Identify, demarcate and protect sites where small animals, reptiles, and birds of common species live, such as vegetated roadside areas, tree belts, inner areas of bridges, river riparian zones, etc.

• All recognized natural habitats and protected areas in the immediate vicinity of the activity will not be damaged or exploited, all staff will be strictly prohibited from hunting, foraging, logging or other damaging activities.

• Adjacent wetlands and streams will be protected, from construction site run-off, with appropriate erosion and sediment control features to include but not limited to hay bales, silt fences

• No unlicensed borrow pits, quarries or waste dumps in adjacent areas are allowed, especially in protected areas.

Impacts on public cultural

resources / Small

magnitude / Rare

If any paleontological fossils, archaeological finds or other important cultural objects are encountered during construction, all activities at that location shall stop and local authorities shall be notified; works may restart only after fulfillment of prescribed measures and permission received to resume works

Public cultural resources

Occupational Health and

Safety / Small magnitude /

Likely

• Contractor shall allocate budget for Occupational Health and Safety measures

• All legally required permits should be acquired

• Health and Safety Specialist shall be hired to develop, implement, and supervise Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), subject to approval by Supervision Consultant

• H&S Specialist will conduct initial and regular refresher training for all workers on labor rights, occupational health and safety matters, ensure provision and distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), first aid, medical and health services, safety practices, equipment and training, HIV/ AIDS / IEC and alleviation programs and keep record and report on any H&S incidents

Workers


93



• HSM Plan shall follow national legislation requirements and include among others requirements to: (i) norms on provision of fresh water at all sites; (ii) adequate hygienic and sanitation facilities; (iii) labelling, warning, storage, and handling procedures for hazardous liquid materials; (iv) emergency response procedures; (v) records of occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; (vi) OH&S publications, such as brochures, leaflets, posters in Kazakh and Russian languages at relevant construction sites; (vii) monthly records on labor profile, including information on workers’ place of origin, gender, ethnicity, type of contract (full-time/ part-time, unskilled/ semi-skilled/ skilled, management, administration) (viii) ensure all workers have officially signed contracts, correct and timely pay, no excessive use of overtime

• Carry out the routine inspection of the machinery and equipment for purpose of the trouble shooting and observance of the time of repair, training and instruction of the workers engaged in maintenance of the machinery, tools and equipment on safe methods and techniques of work.

• Special attention should be paid to welding operations. It is prohibited to distribute the faulty or unchecked tools for work performance as well as to leave off hand the mechanical tools connected to the electrical supply network or compressed air pipelines; to pull up and bend the cables and air hose pipes; to lay cables and hose pipes with their intersection by wire ropes, electric cables, to handle the rotating elements of power driven hand tools.

• Child labor at this subproject is prohibited by national laws and ADB requirements with minimum full 16 years of age

Community health and

Safety

Unsafe access routes and

Temporary traffic management and road safety awareness measures should be taken to ensure safety of nearby residents, community and visitors, when necessary. Traffic management system and staff training should be ensured, especially for site access and near-site heavy traffic. Provision of safe passages and crossings for pedestrians where construction traffic interferes.

Community near project areas


94



construction traffic hazards /

Small magnitude /

Unlikely

Active traffic management by trained and visible staff at the site, if required for safe and convenient passage for the public.

Adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns, e.g. avoiding major transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement.

Clear signs shall be installed in view of public, warning people of potential dangers, such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, etc.; all dangerous sites should be secured from unauthorized access

GRM should be established as designed by TRTA team and focal point should be appointed to implement GRM procedures

OPERATION STAGE

2 Operation of irrigation systems

Pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer overuse leading to increased levels of surface

and ground waters contamination / Moderate

magnitude / Likely

• Operation and Maintenance Plan should be developed after taking over of works

• O&M Plan should include provisions for regular inspection, maintenance and cleaning of canals and hydraulic structures to ensure operational capacity

• Monitoring of groundwater quality for selected substances

• Training for farmers under Output 2 of the project on pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer management

Surface and ground water

quality

Incorrect calculation of inflow-outflow volumes and lack of proper drainage leading to

rising of water table, waterlogging, and

salinization. Water use

• Monitoring of water table levels and waterlogging instances on agricultural fields

• Taking preventive measures during flood periods to maintain normal water table level

• Training for farmers under Output 2 on water inflow/outflow and drainage management

Water table level


95



inefficiency / Small magnitude / Unlikely


F. Environmental Management Plan

327. The environmental management plan (EMP) for the Zhambyl province subprojects defines mitigation and monitoring measures and describes institutional responsibilities and mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance. Such institutions and mechanisms will seek to ensure continuous improvement of environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation of the subproject in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts. The EMP will be reviewed and updated if there are any changes during the detailed design. The final IEE and EMP will be disclosed on ADB’s website following any required updates.

F.1. EMP implementation responsibilities.

328. The EMP specifies the roles and responsibilities of key project stakeholders in overall environmental management:

• Executing Agency – KVK will be the executing agency (EA) for the subproject and will oversee overall project implementation and management activities to ensure smooth and timely implementation and completion of subproject activities. The EA has overall responsibility for the project and therefore is ultimately responsible for ensuring the implementation of the mitigation in the EMP and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants. The EA will guide and coordinate closely with other government agencies and the ADB for timely resolution of any issues.

• Project Management Office – PMO will be established at KVK headquarters in Nur-Sultan. On behalf of the executing agency, the PMO will assume day-to-day management of the project and will be responsible for coordinating and implementing project activities, including procurement, recruitment, disbursement, contract administration, monitoring and reporting. The PMO will be headed by Project Manager and will comprise full-time core staff, including Environmental Protection Officer. The PMO consultants will be recruited under the guidance of the EA and ADB. PMO will prepare bidding documentation and will ensure incorporation of IEE/ EMP into bidding package. PMO will consolidate regular quarterly and semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Reports as per ADB requirements and submit them for disclosure on ADB website.

• Project Implementation Unit – PIU will be established in Taraz city and will be responsible for day-to-day management of subprojects in Zhambyl Province, under guidance from PMO. PIU will supervise and coordinate subproject implementation, including performance of Supervision Consultant and Contractor. PIU will consolidate regular Environmental Monitoring Reports for Zhambyl Province and submit them to PMO.

• Design Institute will be hired to prepare detail design of the subproject, incorporating IEE/ EMP into their EIA (OVOS) process, and acquiring State Expertise clearance for design documentation package. Design institute will provide designer supervision for construction period.

• Supervision Consultants will be mobilized and located at project sites, and thus, will have immediate and direct supervision over daily EMP implementation, monitoring and reporting. Supervision Consultant will prepare regular quarterly and semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Reports.

• Contractor will be responsible for development of Site Specific EMPs, Health and Safety Management Plan, Waste and Spoil Management Plan, and implementation, monitoring and reporting of all environmental mitigation measures during construction period. Contractor will prepare monthly monitoring reports on implementation of EMP.


97

Table 27: Environmental Management Plan Project stage/ aspect

Potential issues/ important factors/ impacts

Mitigation measures Institutional responsibility

Monitoring Indicators

A. Project Preparation and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Development

Feasibility Study

IEE Preparation Submit IEE for review and comments by ADB and Kazvodkhoz (KVK)

TRTA Consultant

Approval of IEE by ADB and KVK

Public consultations

Conduct public consultations in target districts

TRTA Consultant

Report on public consultation results in IEE;

Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

Prepare GRM Validate requirements with KVK

TRTA Consultant

Approval of IEE and GRM by ADB and KVK

B. Detail Design

Establishing Project Management Office (PMO)

Environmental Protection Officer (EPO)

Hire EPO

KVK EPO hired

Training on ADB Environmental Safeguards

Training workshop on ADB Environmental Safeguards for KVK, PMO and Oskemen PIU

PMO, ADB Workshop completed

EIA (OVOS) preparation by detail design institute

Incorporating IEE results and EMP into detail design process

Review, update, and ensure incorporation of this IEE and measures defined in current EMP into subproject detail design, decision-making, and national EIA (OVOS) process

Design institute, PMO

- Approval of updated EMP/ EIA by PMO and ADB - Approval of subproject EIA (OVOS) by State Environmental Expertise

Consideration of seismicity at the subproject area

Incorporate into detail design adequate considerations and provisions for structural integrity of hydraulic structures against potential earthquakes based on seismicity zoning and RK construction standards

Design institute

Approval of EIA and detail design by PMO and ADB

Climate change impacts

Incorporate into detail design adequate considerations and provisions in relation to climate change aspects in subproject area through recommended climate change adaptation measures and good engineering design practices

Design institute

Approval of EIA and detail design by PMO and ADB


Archaeological research should be undertaken during detail design as required by laws

Design institute

- Archaeological report - Approval of the subproject from State Expertise


98

Project stage/ aspect




Grievance Redress Mechanism

• Establish GRM

• Appoint GRM coordinators / focal points

• Conduct initial and refresher training for coordinators / focal points / stakeholders / affected people on GRM procedures

PMO, PIU, districts branches of KVK

GRM established as intended

Public consultations on detail design EIA/ EMP

• Conduct public consultations on decisions made in regards to detail design, present updated EIA/ EMP, and get feedback to consider in final subproject design

• Explain established GRM, disseminate information and contacts

Design institute, PMO, districts branches of KVK

Report on public consultations included into final EIA Approval of EIA by PMO and ADB

Bidding documents

IEE and EMP requirements

Include EMP obligations in tender documents and specifications, referencing to this IEE and EMP

PMO

Bidding documents approved by PMO and ADB

C. Pre-Construction Stage

Pre- construction arrangements

Contractor’s Staffing

Contractor shall hire a full time environmental specialist(-s) with relevant background and sufficient experience to ensure compliance with all applicable national laws and regulations, obtain all necessary environmental licenses and permits, and implement EMP requirements

Contractor Environmental Specialist of Contractor hired All licenses and permits obtained

Roles and responsibilities

Assign roles and responsibilities related to subproject’s Environmental Monitoring and Reporting System

PMO Roles and responsibilities assigned

Environmental Protection Training

Conduct environmental protection training on implementation and supervision of subproject’s environmental mitigation measures for PIU, KVK, Supervision Consultant and Contractor

PMO Training delivered

Site Specific EMP Prior to any construction works may commence, prepare Site Specific EMPs for each construction site based on requirements set forth in bidding documents, design package EIA/ EMP, actual on-site conditions and decisions on work arrangements

Contractor SSEMPs are approved by Supervision Consultant and PMO

Baseline monitoring

Conduct initial baseline monitoring of water and soil quality at approved locations prior to commencement of construction works, to track changes due to consequent project implementation

Contractor Baseline monitoring results


99





D. Construction Stage

Air quality Dust generation Transportation of materials and vehicle movement: All dust generating roads should be watered to suppress dust formation during movement of vehicles, as frequent as necessary depending on circumstances. During hot dry summer days and active construction works, it is a usual practice to water access roads every two hours. Trucks carrying earth, sand or stone should be covered with tarpaulins or other suitable cover. Stockpiles of materials and spoil:

• All stockpiles should be managed to reduce dust emissions

• Stockpiles should be located downwind of sensitive receptors, such as residential areas, schools, hospitals, kindergartens

• Stockpiles emitting dust should be sprayed with water prior to moving

• If a stockpile is within 300 m of residential area, precautions should be taken to avoid dust generation, including using of a reusable stockpile cover and fencing to form a high barrier to prevent wind lifting and dispersing

Construction sites: Water should be sprayed on construction sites and material handling routes, where fugitive dust is generated, specifically in Uyum, Saudakent, Zhanatalap, Igilik, Mayatas, and Zhayilma villages in Sarysu district; Talapty, Zhanakonis, Oyik, Akkol villages, and Karatau city in Talas district; Kumaryk, Karakemer, Algabas, Maldybay, Zharlysu, Kyzyltu, Birles, Akyrtobe, Chilak, Kaindy, and Kokaryk villages in T. Ryskulov district; Tasotkel, Kamshaly, Kamysstroy, Shu city, Tole Bi, Alga, Zhaysan, Enbek,

Contractor Dust related complaints Visual inspection


100





Koragaty, Moyinkum, Aktobe, Leninskoye, Lenina, Kirova, and Birlik villages in Shu district.

Emissions No burning is allowed on any construction sites throughout the project implementation period Construction vehicles and machinery should be maintained to a high standard to minimize emissions and should avoid unnecessary idling to save fuel and reduce emissions Manufacturing plants locations should be agreed with Supervision Consultant and should be downwind and at least 500 m from nearest residential area

Contractor Visual inspection Monitoring reports

Noise and vibration

Noise Noise monitoring should be organized in Uyum, Saudakent, Zhanatalap, Igilik, Mayatas, and Zhayilma villages in Sarysu district; Talapty, Zhanakonis, Oyik, Akkol villages, and Karatau city in Talas district; Kumaryk, Karakemer, Algabas, Maldybay, Zharlysu, Kyzyltu, Birles, Akyrtobe, Chilak, Kaindy, and Kokaryk villages in T. Ryskulov district; Tasotkel, Kamshaly, Kamysstroy, Shu city, Tole Bi, Alga, Zhaysan, Enbek, Koragaty, Moyinkum, Aktobe, Leninskoye, Lenina, Kirova, and Birlik villages in Shu district. All exhaust systems should be maintained in good order Noise generating equipment should be located at least 300 m from any sensitive areas Noise generating equipment at construction sites should be isolated and, where possible, should be faced away from most sensitive directions

Contractor Noise related complaints Monitoring reports


101





All construction workers should be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and use them against high noise and/ or lengthy exposure Noisy works and vehicle movement near sensitive receptors should be limited to daylight working hours Measures should be taken to reduce any noise disturbance to community, including advance warning on timing of noisy activities, seeking suggestions from community members to reduce noise annoyance, and dissemination of procedure on handling complaints through GRM

Vibration Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities

Contractor Vibration related complaints

Soil Soil erosion • Minimize unnecessary encroachment onto adjacent lands to reduce area of disturbance to vegetation and soil

• Fertile topsoil layer should be cut and stockpiled separately from spoil material to be readily available for later use in slope stabilization and land reinstatement works

• Where possible, surplus soil should be used for earth filling works at approved locations

• Canal excavation width and depth should be kept to a feasible minimum to reduce extra spoil generation

• Settling ponds, silt fences and screens should be used to prevent sediment transport into surface water near construction sites

• Intercepting ditches and drains should be organized to prevent runoff entering construction sites and to divert runoff from sites to existing drainage

Contractor Visual inspection


102





• Works and material handling should be limited during heavy rains and high winds to minimize soil erosion

• All disturbed sites prior to project completion and commissioning should be reinstated at least to pre-project conditions by (i) cleaning area from wastes and debris, (ii) mechanical remediation and (iii) biological revegetation with native plants

Soil contamination

• Petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes should be stored covered from precipitation, on an impermeable surface, and secured from acts of vandalism

• Fuel tanks shall be installed on an impermeable ground in a bunded area with capacity of 110% of fuel tank.

• Avoid soil contamination with petroleum products, lubricants, or hazardous materials during equipment maintenance and repair, field refueling, and hazardous material handling

• Organize spill response kit at each construction site for collection and storage of contaminated soil and provide training for workers on use of spill response kit


Surface water

Surface water contamination

• No equipment washing is allowed in any surface water bodies throughout the project implementation period

• No wastewater shall be dumped into any ditches or streams

• Wastewater from labor camps and construction sites should be canalized into septic tanks without contacting ground

• Septic tanks should be timely emptied by a hired septic truck and transported to legally approved treatment facility or dumpsite

• Fuel storage, equipment maintenance and repair workshops, and vehicle washing areas shall be stationed at least 300 m away from any water body

Contractor Visual inspection Monitoring reports

Solid wastes Waste and spoil management

No wastes shall be burned throughout the project implementation period

Contractor Waste and Spoil Management Plan approved by Supervision Consultant and PMO


103





Develop Waste and Spoil Management Plan for handling, storage and disposal of construction, household wastes, and canal sediment spoil based on actual situation at project sites and selected dumpsites Waste and Spoil Management Plan should indicate approved spoil disposal sites, which should not to be on slopes or near pasture lands, and should have further plans for rehabilitation All construction wastes and demolition debris should be disposed at authorized locations Trees and bushes cut under the project works can be provided for use to local households All household wastes shall be collected into confined waste containers equipped with covers installed away from sensitive areas Use waste management hierarchy: (i) avoid waste generation at source; (ii) minimize waste generation, where it is inevitable; (iii) reuse or recycle if possible; (iv) dispose at authorized locations.

Visual inspection

Flora and fauna

Impacts on flora and fauna

Acquire tree cutting permit from local forestry and wildlife department for any trees to be cut under the project For any tree cut or valuable grassland area disturbed for project needs, replant trees or re-vegetate areas at other approved locations; best practice is three trees planted for one cut Use only native plants for re-vegetation of disturbed areas Identify, demarcate and protect sites where small animals, reptiles, and birds of common species live, such as vegetated roadside areas, tree belts, inner areas of bridges, river riparian zones, etc. Strictly prohibit poaching of wildlife and damaging plants



104






Impacts on PCR If any paleontological fossils, archaeological finds or other important objects (including human bones, which may have criminal background) are encountered during construction, all activities at that location shall stop and local authorities shall be notified; works may restart only after fulfillment of prescribed measures and permission received to resume works

Contractor Chance find procedure developed

Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety

• Contractor shall allocate budget for Occupational Health and Safety measures

• Health and Safety Specialist shall be hired to develop, implement, and supervise Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), subject to approval by Supervision Consultant

• H&S Specialist will conduct initial and regular refresher training for all workers on labor rights, occupational health and safety matters, ensure provision and distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and keep record and report any H&S incidents

HSM Plan shall follow national legislation requirements and include among others requirements to: (i) norms on provision of fresh water at all sites; (ii) adequate hygienic and sanitation facilities; (iii) labelling, warning, storage, and handling procedures for hazardous liquid materials; (iv) emergency response procedures; (v) records of occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; (vi) OH&S publications, such as brochures, leaflets, posters in Kazakh and Russian languages at relevant construction sites; (vii) monthly reporting on labor profile, including information on workers’ place of origin, gender, ethnicity, type of contract (full-time/ part-time, unskilled/ semi-skilled/ skilled, management, administration) (viii) ensure all workers have officially signed contracts, correct and timely pay, no excessive use of overtime. Child labor at this subproject is prohibited by national laws and ADB requirements with minimum full 16 years of age.

Contractor HSE Management Plan approved by Supervision Consultant and PMO


105





Community Safety

• Temporary traffic management and road safety awareness measures should be taken to ensure safety of nearby residents, community and visitors

• Clear signs shall be installed in view of public, warning people of potential dangers, such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, etc.; all dangerous sites should be secured from unauthorized access


GRM Grievance redress mechanism

GRM focal point should be appointed to implement GRM

Contractor GRM established

E. Operation Stage

Drainage Potential rise in groundwater levels

Changes in groundwater levels shall be monitored by KVK KVK in districts

Changes in groundwater levels

Potential waterlogging in downstream areas

Waterlogging will be monitored KVK in districts

Waterlogging

Canal sedimentation

Sedimentation of canals

Operation and Maintenance Plan should be developed after taking over of works O&M Plan should include provisions for regular inspection, maintenance and cleaning of canals

KVK in districts

O&M Plan prepared and implemented

Pesticide usage

Overuse of pesticides causing land and water quality degradation

Training for farmers on pesticide management KVK in districts

Periodical monitoring of water quality Monitoring of pesticide amounts purchase and use

Potential contamination of groundwater

Monitoring of groundwater quality for selected substances KVK in districts

Periodical monitoring of groundwater quality

Fertilizer usage

Overuse of fertilizers causing land and water

Training for farmers under Output 2 of the Project on fertilizer application

KVK in districts

Periodical monitoring of water quality


106





quality degradation

Monitoring of fertilizer amounts purchase and use

Flooding and natural disasters

Risk of flooding and natural disasters

Regular maintenance and repair of canals and water infrastructure to ensure operational capacity

KVK in districts

Visual inspection

F. Decommissioning Stage

Asbestos cement pipes

Risk of lung diseases due to inhaling of asbestos dust

• PPE should be provided to protect workers from asbestos dust during dismantling of asbestos cement pipes

• All possible measures should be taken to avoid and minimize crushing, grinding, and rendering asbestos material friable and airborne

• Removed pipe and its residuals should be wrapped in plastic material and taped, before disposal at legally approved location

Contractor

ADB = Asian Development Bank; KVK = KazVodKhoz; PMO = Project Management Office; IEE = Initial Environmental Examination; EMP = Environmental Management Plan; SSEMP = Site Specific Environmental Management Plan; Construction sites = include all access roads, areas around canals, water regulating devices, material storage, labor camps, borrow pits, dumpsites, and any other physically affected areas.


119

F.2. EMP Costs

Table 28: EMP Mitigation Costs

Activity / Item Frequency Unit Cost Cost /USD

Pre-construction

1. Selection of Construction Camp Site

Once during design Included in Project Budget 0

2. Soil Erosion protection measures

Once during design Included in Project Budget 0

3. Slope Stabilization measures Once during design Included in Project

Budget

0

4. Hydrological measures Once during design Included in Project Budget 0

5. Air Quality Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP

SSEMP Budget 0

6. Waste Management Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP

SSEMP Budget 0

7. Worker Health and Safety Plan

Once, forms part of SSEMP

SSEMP Budget 0

8. Noise Monitoring Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP

SSEMP Budget 0

9. Preparation of SSEMP Once for all subprojects

15,000 15,000

Detailed Design

10. Tree felling Throughout detailed design

Included in Project Budget 0

11. Updating of IEEs after final project design approval

Once for all subprojects

3,000 3,000

Construction

12. Engineers National Environmental Specialist

10 Months 2000 per month 20,000

16. Engineers International

Environmental Specialist

17. Safety Trainings Every month, by Contractors H&S Staff

Included in Project Construction costs

18. Safety Equipment for Workers

Once Included in Project Construction costs

0

19. First aid facilities Once Included in Project Construction costs

0


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Activity / Item Frequency Unit Cost Cost /USD

21. Waste disposal Throughout construction Included in Project Construction costs

0

22. Clean up of construction sites

Once Included in Project Construction costs

0

23. Environmental Permits Once Included in Project Construction costs

0

24. Embankment vegetation Throughout construction Included in Project Construction costs

0

25. Spill kits At each hazardous liquid storage area (assume 10)

Included in Project Construction costs

0

27. Temporary drainage / irrigations measures

Throughout construction Included in Project Construction costs

0

29. Water spraying Daily During dry periods. Included in Project Construction costs

30. Tarpaulins Once Included in Project Construction costs

0

31. HIV/AIDS Training Program Once every 4 months (3 times)

1,000 3,000

32. Instrumental monitoring Routine monitoring (noise, water, air quality), once per quarter

2000 15000

Environmental Trainings , awareness campaigns

5,000

Care for trees 15,000

Total 75,000 USD


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G. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism

G.1. Public Consultations and Information Disclosure.

329. Public consultations were organized for Zhambyl Province on November 20, 2018 in Taraz city for all participating 4 districts in Zhambyl Province, to discuss social, resettlement and environmental impacts of the project, proposed mitigation measures, and to explain proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism to be established under the project. Advertisement of the public consultations was published in local newspapers as well as direct invitations to stakeholders and potential affected people were issued by local district Akimats. Participants included representatives of KVK branch in Zhambyl Province, Department of Agriculture of Zhambyl Province, district Akimat, water users, and community representatives.

330. KVK branch representative has presented main technical parameters of the project and decisions taken during Feasibility Study. TRTA team social and environmental specialists have explained ADB safeguards and procedures on social, resettlement, environment, information disclosure, institutional setup, expected project impacts, mitigation measures, and Grievance Redress Mechanism to be established for the project. Brochures with information on project set up, social and environmental requirements, and contact details of GRM focal points were distributed in Kazakh and Russian languages.

331. Lists of participants, minutes of public consultations, advertisement scans, and photos are presented in Appendix D.

G.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism.

332. The Project-specific Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is developed following the principles of ADB SPS (2009) and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the procedure for considering appeals of individuals and legal entities” (2007 No. 221). GRM is formed to resolve the grievances of the DPs or public related to the project’s involuntary resettlement and environmental safeguards performance, and information disclosure. It will not replace the country’s judicial system, but aims resolve the grievances in effective and fair manner, and will be maintained for the duration of the Project. All grievances and their resolution status will be monitored and reflected in the project’s progress reports.

333. The Grievance Redress Committees (CRCs) are established with responsible staff of the authorities, Akimats and KVK at the district, regional and central levels to take actions and decisions for solving grievances that can be lodged during the project implementation. Awareness about the GRM and people’s access to it is important. Information about the GRM, contact information of the GRM focal persons assigned by KVK, and members of the in the project provinces that includes representatives of relevant authorities and stakeholders should be disseminated to the affected communities and DPs. Different communication means, such as distribution of the project information brochures, posters, local media, public consultations, community and individual meetings, can be used in awareness raising.

334. KVK is responsible for well-functioning of the GRM and should provide the required human and financial resources. KVK will lead the grievances resolution and the work of the GRC for resolving grievances. KVK has assigned 6 of its staff for social safeguards tasks and serve as focal persons for GRM; 1 staff at the central KVK, 2 staff in Karaghandy, 1 staff in Zhambyl, and 1 staff in East Kazakhstan provinces. The local authorities and Akimats have also assigned staff responsible for GRM in the district and regional levels, including their contact information and phone numbers made available for public access.


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335. The GRM and the GRCs given below were discussed with KVK staff at the central and regional levels as well as during the public consultations in all four provinces. Based on feedback, experience from other ADB-assisted projects in Kazakhstan, the project specifics and geographic scope, the following grievance resolution process is envisaged under the project.

G.2.1. Three levels of grievance resolution

336. The stakeholder’s consultation confirmed the current practice that the residents usually approach to the Akimats for complaints and issues they may have. In some cases, the complainants contact directly the Contractors or KVK. Therefore, the project GRM provides the grievances can be accepted at the offices of all these three actors, registered and forward it by email to the assigned focal person at the central KVK/PMO who will have a consolidated database of all grievances and their status. All complaints and resolution status will be recorded and reported at each level of the GRCs. The steps and the GRCs are given in the Table 29 below.

337. The summary of key steps at the District level:

(i) The grievance registration: The staff of the district Akimats, the Contractors and the district KVK appointed as focal persons, will receive and register the grievances (they open a Project Grievance Log Book) and provide acknowledgement of receipt to the complainant. They will put efforts to resolve the grievance at the entry, if not possible, it will be reviewed by the GRC at the district level. (ii) The grievance processing and resolution: The GRC will resolve the grievance within seven working days. The complainant should be informed about the decision and actions to be taken. (iii) The feedback and further actions: If the complainant is not agree with the decision, or if the resolution of the complaint requires further assessment and actions on a higher level, it will be forwarded to the GRC at the regional level. The complainant should be informed in written form.

338. The summary of key steps at the regional level:

(i) Grievance processing and resolution: KVK will convene the meeting of the GRC to discuss the received grievance (s) and make decision, within ten working days. The minutes of GRC meeting and decisions shall be properly documented and forwarded to the concerned parties. (ii) Feedback and further actions: If grievance was resolved at the regional level, the complainant will be informed of the outcome in written form. If the complainant is not agreeing with the decision, or if the resolution of the complaint requires further assessment and decision on higher level, it will be forwarded to the GRC at the central level. The complainant should be informed accordingly.

339. The summary of key steps at the central level:

(i) Grievance processing and resolution: KVK will convene the meeting of the GRC at the central level to discuss the grievance(s) and resolve it within twenty working days. The minutes of GRC meeting and decisions shall be documented and forwarded to the concerned parties in written form. (ii) Feedback and further actions: The decision of the GRC on the grievance will be informed to the complaining party in written form. If the grievance was not satisfied, information will be provided to the complaining party about why the case was not


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resolved, and how the complaining party can make appeal to the country’s legal system, if wished so.

340. GRM can resolve the complaints and issues effectively if the GRCs members have adequate authority to make decisions and take actions. In consultations with KVK, staff of the relevant authorities on the managerial levels are proposed for CRCs. KVK will coordinate with the authorities and the regional and district Akimats to confirm the proposed members of the GRCs at the district, regional and central levels respectively. Efforts should be made to include women staff in the CRCs to ensure women perspectives in resolving grievances.

Table 29: GRM levels and composition of the GRCs

District Review and resolving at the district within 7 working days

The entry points: District Akimat, KVK branch, Contractors The complainant (s) can visit, call or send a letter or e-mail or fax to the assigned staff of the Akimats or the Contractor. This local level will be important to give people easy access to GRM. In addition, minor issues can be solved immediately at this level. If not, the grievance will be forwarded for resolution by the GRC at the district level: The District GRC members: (i) Head or Deputy Head of the District KVK; (ii) Deputy of the District Akimat; (iii) Deputy Head of the District Agriculture Unit; (iv) KVK assigned focal person; (v) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; (vi) Supervision Consultant, Contractors (during the project implementation); and (vii) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case specifics.

Regional Review and resolving at the province level within 10 working days

The regional CRC members: (i) Head or Deputy Head of the regional KVK; (ii) Deputy of the Regional Akimat; (iii) Deputy Head of Agriculture Unit, (iv) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; (v) Supervision Consultant, Contractors (during the project implementation); and (vi) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case.

Central Review and resolving at the KVK Central level within 20 working days

The Central CRC members: (i) Head or Deputy Head of the Central KVK/ PMO; (ii) Representatives of the Committee of Water Resources; (iii) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; and (iv) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case.


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H. Conclusions and Recommendations

H.1. Conclusions

341. The IEE established that all significant environmental issues can either be totally prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable Kazakhstan and international standards. As such, based on the existing ADB Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB‘s Category B.

342. The project on the rehabilitation of the proposed earthen channels and irrigation infrastructure is a feasible and sustainable option from the engineering, environmental, and socioeconomic points of view and will contribute to improvement of access to strengthened health services of marginalized rural poor people. The project will have significant environmental and social benefits and, if the prescribed mitigation and management measures are fully implemented, the project is unlikely to have major adverse environmental impacts. An environmental management plan has been prepared and responsibilities for implementation assigned. A budget has been allocated for environmental management and monitoring. A full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under ADB guidelines is not required. Existing institutional arrangements are sufficient to ensure compliance with ADB SPS 2009.

H.2. Recommendations

343. The EMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith will be included within the Bidding documents for project works. The Bid documents will state that the Contractors will be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the EMP through their own Site Specific Environmental Management Plans, which will adopt all of the conditions of the EMP and add site specific elements that are not currently known, such as the Contractors borrow pit locations. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements of the Project and its associated environmental costs.

344. The EMP and all its requirements will then be added to the Contractors Contract, thereby making implementation of the EMP a legal requirement according to the Contract.

345. The Contractor will then prepare an SSEMP which will be approved and monitored by the Engineers. Should the Engineer note any non-conformance with the SSEMP the Contractor can be held liable for breach of the contractual obligations of the EMP. To ensure compliance with the SSEMP the Contractors will employ a national environmental specialist to monitor and report project activities throughout the Project Construction phase as part of the project performance report.


125

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Location Maps

Linear Scheme of Irrigation Systems in Talas District


126

Location of Irrigation Systems to be Rehabilitated Zhambyl province


127

Appendix B: Photographs

Taraz subproject

Earth bed and concrete lined canals in Taraz core subproject.


128

Hydraulic structure to be reconstructed in Taraz core subproject.


129

Appendix C: Typical Cros-Sections and Schemes of the Canals


130


131

SCHEMES OF COLLECTORS


132

TYPICAL DESIGN OF WATER OUTLETS

DESIGN OF BRIDGE ABOVE COLLECTOR


133


Appendix D: Public Consultations

Public Consultations in November 2018

Location Number of people

Number of men

Number of women

22 November 2018

Taraz city, KVK Zhambyl Province branch Conference Hall

42 40 2

Zhambyl Province Public Consultations

Date: 22 November 2018

Location: Taraz city, conference hall of KazVodKhoz branch in Zhambyl Province

Panel Members:

1. K.K. Bedebayev, Deputy Head of KazVodKhoz Zhambyl Province branch

2. N. Khalimova: ADB, International Social Safeguards Specialist

3. B. Ibrayev: ADB, National Environmental Safeguards Consultant

4. K. Serdaliyev: ADB, National Social Safeguards Consultant

Program

1. Provision of information on initial project decisions by K. Bedebayev - Deputy Head of

KVK branch in Zhambyl Province

2. Social safeguards and resettlement principles of ADB policies for the Project,

Grievance redress mechanism developed for the Project – N. Khalimova

3. Environmental safeguards principles of ADB, expected environmental impacts and

proposed mitigation measures – B. Ibrayev

4. Social safeguards and resettlement principles applied to the project K.Serdaliev (in

Kazakh language)

Information brochures were distributed also to participants with information on issues indicated in

the program

List of Participants:

42 Participants (attached)

# Question / Comment Answer

1 Head of Shu District Land

Department: How quarries will

be used?

Currently, project is at Feasibility

Study stage. Location and use of

quarries will be defined during detail

design stage.

2 Alishev Z. “Yernur” farm: Will

there be concrete lining from

Zhiembet dam, since earth bed

In Feasibility Study, Zhiembet dam

canals with concrete lining are

considered.


135

canals are not appropriate and

will have many water losses.

3 Alikhan Abilashuly, Deputy Akim

of Shu district: I think that all

canals should have concrete

lining in order to be

economically effective.

noted

6 Yerubay A., Head of Agriculture

Department of Talas district:

How ADB funds will be returned

and what will be new tariffs for

water?

Currently, there is no loan agreement

signed. During determination of water

tariffs there will be public

consultations, and detail analysis will

be conducted and agreed with Anti-

Monopoly Committee and other

respective authorities.

Public consultations at KVK Zhambyl Province branch


136

Attachment 1. Announcement on public consultations in the local province newspaper Aq Jol, N133, in Kazakh language, dated 15 November 2018.


137

Minutes of public consultations in Zhambyl (22 November 2018)


138


139


140

List of participants of the public consultations in Zhambyl Province (22 November 2018)


141


142

Appendix E: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a

project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the

Environment and Safeguards Division (SDES) for endorsement by the Director, SDES and for

approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions

are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and

Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and

participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify

potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

▪ Protected Area

X

▪ Wetland

▪ Mangrove

X

▪ Estuarine

X

▪ Buffer zone of protected area

X

▪ Special area for protecting biodiversity

X

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of

encroachment into forests/swamplands or

historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of

hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and

drainage hazards)?

X

▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related social

conflicts?

X

▪ impediments to movements of people and animals? X

▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil

erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream

capacity?

X

KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project (Zhambyl Province)

Agriculture, natural resources and water


143


▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion? X

▪ over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization

and ground subsidence?

X

▪ impairment of downstream water quality and therefore,

impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water?

X Temporary, during construction

▪ dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X

▪ disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and

children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable

groups?

X

▪ potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and

land use issues?

X

▪ soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? X

▪ noise from construction equipment? X Temporary, during construction

▪ dust during construction? X Temporary, during construction

▪ waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate

drainage and farm management?

X

▪ leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil

characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation

water?

X

▪ reduction of downstream water supply during peak

seasons?

X

▪ soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater,

and public health risks due to excessive application of

fertilizers and pesticides?

X There is some risk of soil

pollution due to application of

fertilizers.

Relevant training program for

farmers should be developed

and implemented

▪ soil erosion (furrow, surface)?

X There is some risk of soil erosion

due to application of improper

methods of land cultivation.


farmers should be developed and

implemented

▪ scouring of canals? X

▪ clogging of canals by sediments? X

▪ clogging of canals by weeds? X

▪ seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater

systems?

X

▪ introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or

water related diseases?

X

▪ dangers to a safe and healthy working environment

due to physical, chemical and biological hazards during

project construction and operation?

X There are occupational health

risks related to fertilizer and

chemicals use during operation.


farmers should be developed

and implemented


144


▪ large population influx during project construction and

operation that causes increased burden on social

infrastructure and services (such as water supply and

sanitation systems)

X

▪ social conflicts if workers from other province or

countries are hired?

X

▪ risks to community health and safety due to the

transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials

such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during

construction and operation?

X There are community health

risksrelated to fuel and other

chemicals use during

construction. Relevant training

program for contractors should

be implemented

▪ community safety risks due to both accidental and

natural hazards, especially where the structural

elements or components of the project (e.g., irrigation

dams) are accessible to members of the affected

community or where their failure could result in injury to

the community throughout project construction,

operation and decommissioning?

X

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