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District Capitals Water Supply Project (RRP TIM 44130-02)
Initial Environmental Examination
September 2011
TIM: District Capitals Water Supply Project
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION OF THE EXPANSION, REHABILITATION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MANATUTO WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS
Prepared by Ministry of Infrastructure for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS The unit of currency in Timor-Leste is the United States dollar
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB – Asian Development Bank AusAID – Australian Agency for International Development DoE
EP NDRBFC
– – –
National Directorate of Environmental Services Environmental Permit National Directorate for Roads, Bridges and Flood Control
NDWSS – National Directorate for Water and Sanitation EMP – environment management plan GAP – Gender Action Plan IA – implementing agency IEE – initial environment examination JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency MDG – Millennium Development Goal MOI – Ministry of Infrastructure NGO – nongovernment organization NSC – National Steering Committee O&M – operations and maintenance PIU – project implementation unit PPP – public-private partnership DDWSS – District department for water and sanitation USAID – United States Agency for International Development
NOTE
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Timor Leste starts on 1 January and ends on 31 December.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 1
II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................. 3
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................... 5
A. Existing Situation .................................................................................................... 5
B. Proposed Development .......................................................................................... 7
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................... 8
A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................... 8
1. Geographical Location ............................................................................................ 8
2. Topography........................................................................................................... 10
3. Geology and Soils ................................................................................................. 11
4. Climate and Meteorology ...................................................................................... 11
5. Water Resources .................................................................................................. 18
B. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 21
C. HUMAN AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........................................................ 21
V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......... 22
A. DESIGN/PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ............................................................. 22
1. Bid Evaluation and Selection of Contractor ........................................................... 22
B. CONSTRUCTION PHASE ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Induction of Contractor to Site ............................................................................... 23
2. Storage and Handling of Construction Materials, Fuel and Lubricant .................... 23
3. Air Quality and Dust Control .................................................................................. 24
4. Noise Control and Vibration .................................................................................. 24
5. Community safety from increased vehicle movements .......................................... 24
6. Disposal of Waste Materials .................................................................................. 25
7. Worker Safety, Health, and Hazard ....................................................................... 25
8. Site De-commissioning: Clearance and Rehabilitation of Construction Sites ......... 26
C. OPERATION PHASE ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Rehabilitation and Maintenance Practices ............................................................ 26
2. Water Quality and Supply ..................................................................................... 26
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 28
VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ................. 33
VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ....................................................................... 34
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)....................................................... 35
A. OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................... 35
B. MITIGATION MEASURES PLAN .......................................................................... 35
C. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT ....................................................... 36
D. INSTITUTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION AND REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS ..... 36
1. Project Implementation and Reporting Arrangements ........................................... 36
X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................. 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations in Timor-Leste ............................................... 3
Table 2. Existing and Potential Water Supply Sources in Manatuto....................................................... 6
Table 3. Water Supply Storage Tanks in Manatuto ................................................................................ 6
Table 4. Rainfall Data in Manatuto, 1957-1974 .................................................................................... 12
Table 5. Temperature and Relative Humidity in Manatuto ................................................................... 12
Table 6: Abstract From Table 5 Climate phenomena in the water sector and associated impacts (NAPA Report, December 2010) ......................................................................................................... 17
Table 7: Abstract From Table 10. Initial Short-list of proposed adaptation options (NAPA Report, December 2010) ..................................................................................................................... 18
Table 8. Water Quality Guidelines for Timor-Leste relevant to the Sub-project ................................... 19
Table 9. Water Quality Testing Results ................................................................................................ 19
Table 8. Population in Manatuto Urban Sucos ..................................................................................... 22
Table 9: Demand and Supply Analysis for improvement options for the year 2011 and 2031 ............. 30
Table 10: Cost-Benefit analysis of each of the water supply options ................................................... 31
Table 11. Location, Date, and Number of Participants in Public Consultation ..................................... 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Environmental Assessment And Pollution Control Policy And Process .................................. 4
Figure 2. Major Components Of The Existing Water Supply System And Proposed Distribution Lines and Relative Location of Receptors ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 3. Location Map of Manatuto and the four Sucos ........................................................................ 9
Figure 4. Topographic Map of Manatuto ............................................................................................... 10
Figure 5. Geologic Map of Timor-Leste ................................................................................................ 11
Figure 6. Average Daily Minimum Temperature in Timor-Leste ........................................................... 13
Figure 7. Average Daily Maximum Temperature .................................................................................. 14
Figure 8. Annual Rainfall Map of Timor-Leste ...................................................................................... 15
Figure 9. Proposed Organizational Structure for the Project ................................................................ 37
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex A…………………………………………………………………..Environmental Management Plan
Annex B…………………………………………………………………Environmental Monitoring Report
Annex C…………………………………Summary Output and Photographs of Public Consultations
Annex D……………………………………….…Photographs of the Manatuto Water Supply System
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The National Directorate of Environmental Services (DoE) under the Ministry for Economy and Development has been entrusted with the environmental impact assessment process by providing technical inputs for the regulatory framework, which is still being developed and supervising the implementation on behalf of the government. The upgrading and rehabilitation of existing water supply systems is not listed as Level 1 or Level 2 of the “Prescribed Activities”. However, certain associated project activities commonly associated with upgrading and improvement works such as earthworks, minor civil works and discharge of waste water are Level 2 activities that may require an Environmental Permit (EP) depending on the duration and scale of those activities.
2. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been carried out for the proposed project in accordance with Asian Development Bank‟s (ADB) Safeguards Policy Statement (2009) and the government‟s environmental requirements and guidelines. The IEE undertaken is consistent with ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements of the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).1
3. The Manatuto Water Supply System Rehabilitation sub-project is an all-inclusive infrastructure upgrade project to be implemented in Manatuto town, Manatuto. The project will comprise – (i) rehabilitation and upgrades to the urban water supply network from the supply sources all the way to the household connection lines; (ii) sanitation and hygiene education; (iii) institutional capacity building to ensure affordability and sustainability of the services to be provided by the newly rehabilitated infrastructure; and (iv) a draft town plan to guide the development of Manatuto town from 2012 to 2030 taking into account existing plans for residential expansion at the suco level. This IEE will mainly focus on the infrastructure component of the sub-project. Rehabilitation of the water supply network in Manatuto town will result in the provision of reliable and safe drinking water for local communities. The total cost for the works is estimated at US$4.32 million and would take approximately 12 months to complete. The works will mainly be labor intensive with only a small excavator and a trencher to be utilized only when necessary. There will be no land acquisition required for the development works and all activities will be done within the existing footprint of the existing facilities.
4. Manatuto, the capital of Manatuto District, is located at about 50 aerial kilometre (km) from Dili. The town is located on the north coast of Timor Island between S8o29‟42” to S8o32‟42” and E125o59‟42” to E126o02‟6.” Four urban sucos make up the town. They are, from East to West: Sau, Ailili, Aiteas, and Maabat. Urban sucos according to the 2010 census are sucos where district capitals are located or sucos with population and social amenities that reflect certain qualities. Manatuto town is in effect the urbanized part of the four sucos.
5. Manatuto town is generally flat and low-lying with occurrence of single hills on the south of the town. At 156 meter elevation, Dumi Huhun is the tallest hill located close to the main road connecting Dili-Baucau on the southeast of town. Another hill is located close to town, the Saututu Hill at 90 meters on the eastern side of town along the road connecting Manatuto and Carlilu, a small community to the south. The main areas of Manatuto stretch for approximately 6 km from the eastern end of Obrato aldeia in Suco Sau to the western end of the Maabat aldeia in Suco Maabat. The town widens for about 2 km towards south.
6. Manatuto town is within Laclo watershed, one of only two catchment areas in Timor-Leste with perennial course of water. Laclo River originates from Aileu, southwest of Manatuto District. It has an estimated length of 93 km and drains an area close to 1,400 km2. At the southwest periphery of town, the main Laclo watercourse converges with Sumasi River.
1 Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policy Statement, ADB Policy Paper, June 2009.
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Sumasi River is the main provider of agricultural water supply for an extensive paddy fields located on the south and north western periphery of town.
7. The environmental quality of the project site is not expected to be negatively affected from project activities given the scale and duration of the individual components. These minor adverse impacts will be easily minimized with the proper mitigating measures as identified in the IEE.
8. With the implementation of the project, economic development of the area will be induced. More and better livelihood opportunities and economic activities will accrue as a result of the implementation of the project. Access of the populace to clean and potable water will be enhanced as a result of the project implementation. Better health conditions will accrue from the improved and better facilities available to the communities when the project is implemented. Overall environmental quality in the identified communities will greatly improved as a result of better water supply, better treatment facilities and better hygiene practices and conditions.
9. As required by ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements of the Safeguard Policy Statement of June 2009, public consultations were undertaken during the preparation of this IEE. The main purpose of the consultations were to present the proposed project, illicit issues and concerns that the people, stakeholders, and concerned parties in the impact area may have relevant to the proposed development and discuss ADB environmental requirement for projects of this type.
10. Regular dialogues during all phases of project implementation will be undertaken by all parties concerned with the stakeholders and communities within the vicinity of the proposed development. The project office on site(s) will receive and document issues and concerns that the local populace and stakeholders will have relative to the project and its implementation. Resolution of these issues and concerns will be undertaken expeditiously so as to minimize any attendant impacts that may affect the project implementation.
11. An IEE has been undertaken to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed District Capitals Water Supply Project - Rehabilitation of The Water Supply System - Manatuto which concludes that the construction impacts will be manageable if the mitigation measures are implemented thoroughly. The Tables in Annexes A and B.
12. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be responsible for the daily implementation of the Project in particular the Team Leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (International). His main tasks will be to: (i) strengthen the environmental management of the Project during detailed design, bidding process, contract process, construction, and implementation, (ii) supervise the implementation and compliance to ADB‟s safeguards policy and the government‟s national environmental regulations of subprojects, and (iii) undertake the necessary institutional strengthening including on-the-job training for NDWSS‟ staff by giving major tasks to the counterpart staff in all of these activities. He will report to the NDWSS and will be accountable and responsible for implementation of the safeguards policy of ADB and the government‟s environmental regulations.
13. This IEE concludes that in the context of the positive environmental benefits to flow from the Project and the appropriate mitigating strategies described above, the environmental impacts can be managed within acceptable levels. There are no significant environmental impacts needing further detailed study or EIA. All potential and associated impacts can be addressed through implementation of the mitigation measures as proposed in the IEE. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for the proposed project and its proposed environmental management and monitoring program are sufficient to fulfil entirely ADB‟s safeguard policy and the government‟s environmental regulations for the sub-project.
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II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
14. Environmental assessment requirements of the Government of Timor-Leste are undergoing change due to the fact that Timor-Leste is a newly independent country. The National Directorate of Environmental Services (DoE) under the Ministry for Economy and Development has been entrusted with the environmental impact assessment process by providing technical inputs for the regulatory framework, which is still being developed and supervising the implementation on behalf of the government. A Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is still under review and currently the Indonesian AMDAL regulations are still being used.
15. The DoE carries out Environmental Assessments of public and private sector developments in order to ensure that an appropriate level of assessment is applied, commensurate with the degree of risk posed to the environment. Environmental Assessment is a generic term referring to different levels of evaluation according to apparent degree of environmental risk2. The DoE ensures that new developments are designed, constructed and operated in an environmentally sustainable manner. To this end, a simplified procedure for environmental assessment and pollution control has been developed, in order to address the range of activities that may occur as a result of the implementation of the proposed project. See Table 1 and Figure 1 for relevant environmental laws and regulations and process flow respectively.
Table 1 – Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations in Timor-Leste
LAW/REGULATION PROMULGATOR STATUS
Law on Protected Areas – UNTAET N. 2000/19 UNTAET In use at present
Law banning logging – UNTAET N.2000/17 UNTAET In use at present
Environmental Guidelines # 1-8 addressing: environmental requirements; sand and gravel extraction; landfill sitting; Tebar landfill; pollution activities; and environmental screening; EMP
UNTAET Issued in 2002
Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) National Parliament Draft prepared by MDE
Law on Pollution Control National Parliament Draft prepared by MDE
New Environmental Guidelines addressing among others: Development proposal application; screening of development proposals requirements; Preparation of an EIS; Environmental services; and Standards and best management practices; Preparation of EMP
Ministry of Economy and Development
Under final review. Promulgation will follow adoption of the laws of EIA and Pollution Control
Guideline #4 from Water and Sanitation Service – Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality in East Timor
ETPA In use at present
16. This is embodied in Guideline No. 1 (amended March 2003): Environmental Requirements for Development Proposals. This regulation introduces the government‟s environmental assessment and pollution control policy and process. It also refers to applicable environmental assessment regulations under Indonesian law and structures the EIA and EMP Reports. Guideline 6: Screening of Development Proposals describes the classification process for development proposals based on the general environmental impact screening criteria. It uses a system of project categories that mirrors that of Asian Development Bank‟s
2 The Directorate for Environment (DoE) uses the term „Environmental Assessment‟ as a generic term for several
different levels of evaluation. At the individual project level, it refers to: „Category A‟ projects for which a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is required; „Category B‟ projects for which a basic site assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required; and „Category C‟ projects for which no specific environmental conditions are required.
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environmental investigation and review procedures. The guideline then classifies projects according to the type and scale of development proposed.
Figure 1 – Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control Policy and Process
17.
New
Developments
Environmental Screening
EMP required
EIA required
No EIA/EMP required
Pollution License
No Pollution License
Review/ Approval
Implementation and Monitoring
Existing
Developments
RESPONSIBILITY
Developer
DoE/RDTL
Developer
DoE/RDTL
Developer/ DoE/RDTL
Preparation of EIA/EMP
DoE - Directorate for Environment RDTL - Responsible agency within the Timor-Leste administration
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17. The Rehabilitation of Water Supply Systems is not listed as Level 1 or Level 2 of the “Prescribed Activities”. However certain associated project activities commonly associated with upgrading and improvement works such as earthworks, minor civil works and discharge of waste water are Level 2 activities that may require an Environmental Permit (EP) depending on the duration and scale of those activities. Therefore, to ensure compliance with the government environmental assessment requirements, the National Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation (NDWSS) which is the executing agency for the project will disclose the scale and scope of the subproject to DoE so that DoE can decide whether any specific environmental requirements will be needed for the proposed upgrading and rehabilitation of water supply systems.
18. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been carried out and an environmental management plan (EMP) has been prepared for the proposed project in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguards Policy Statement (2009) and the government‟s environmental requirements and guidelines. The IEE undertaken is consistent with ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements of the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).3
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
19. The Manatuto Water Rehabilitation sub-project is an all-inclusive infrastructure upgrade project to be implemented in Manatuto town, Manatuto. The project will comprise – (i) rehabilitation and upgrades to the urban water supply network from the supply sources all the way to the household connection lines; (ii) sanitation and hygiene education; and (iii) institutional capacity building to ensure affordability and sustainability of the services to be provided by the newly rehabilitated infrastructure; (iv) a draft town plan to guide the development of Manatuto town from 2012 to 2030 taking into account existing plans for residential expansion at the suco level . Throughout the implementation of the project, specific measures to benefit local community through participation in construction labor will be taken. Women involvement will be especially encouraged to ensure that core labor standards are observed. Rehabilitation of the water supply network in Manatuto town will result in the provision of reliable and safe drinking water for local communities. Community‟s health and general well being will be enhanced through the provision of safe and reliable water supply. One very important benefit that safe and reliable drinking water brings is reduction in number of children suffer from water borne diseases.
A. Existing Situation
20. The water supply network in Manatuto is currently providing water for several hours per day to 652 connections spread in the four aldeias that make up the town. The four aldeias from west to east are Sau, Ailili, Aiteas, and Maabat. The main water source for the network is a river intake drawing water from Laclo River on the southwest periphery of town. The intake consists of four perforated pipes encased in wire screens holding infill filter media consists of gravel and cobles. The intake structure is buried about 2 m deep in the river bed. From the intake, 30 L/s water is transmitted with the aid of gravitation force to an underground reservoir at the Nunululi pump station located about 300 m from the intake. Another surface water intake is located at the western periphery of town, the Beklei intake. Beklei intake is drawing approximately 2.5 L/s of water from Beklei Spring, located 4 km from Aldeia Obrato, the western most community in Manatuto. Beklei intake was constructed before 1975 and is currently supplying water to about 45 households in Obrato.
21. Besides the existing sources, two other potential sources are located in the periphery of town. A newly constructed bore, the Nunululi bore is located within the Nunululi pump station complex. The 32m bore was completed in 2010 through funding from the government.
3 Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policy Statement, ADB Policy Paper, June 2009.
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At full capacity, the bore can pump 20 L/s; however, it is not currently in use because it is yet to be connected to the electricity grid. About 15 km south from town, there is a spring intake structure, the Weten intake. The structure was constructed in 1994 and fully functional up to 1999 transmitting approximately 17 L/s water to Saututu storage tank for use in Manatuto. Weten facility consists of a catchment structure and a 100 m3 storage tank located about 12 m downstream from the structure. Water from the catchment is directed to the storage tank for further transmission. The intake structure and pipeline connecting the structure to the tank was damaged in 1999 from a substantial flooding and has never been repaired. Table 2 presents more information on the existing and potential water supply sources in Manatuto.
Table 2 – Existing and Potential Water Supply Sources in Manatuto
NO SOURCES
(West to East) LOCATION/
COORDINATE ELEVATION
(masl) FLOW (L/s)
1 Nunululi Bore 8°31'47.64"S
125°59'14.52"E 31 20
1 Laclo Intake 8°31'41.58"S 125°59'9.54"E
37 100
2 Beklei Spring 8°30'30.72"S
125°58'59.28"E 101 2.2
4 Weten Spring 8°36'22.56"S
125°58'16.86"E 160 18
22. From the Nunululi pump station, water from Laclo intake is further transmitted with the help of two 11 kW pumps to the Saututu and Lakaun tanks. The two pumps operate for 20 hours per day - ten hours utilizing electricity available from the district‟s grid and ten hours utilizing electricity provided through a diesel fuel generator located on site. The transmission line connecting Nunululi pump station to the storage tanks is made of 6 inches galvanized pipe and is in fairly good condition although in some sections along the line there is evidence of illegal tapping, vandalism, corrosion, and leakages.
23. The section of transmission line located on the southern periphery of town are installed in people‟s paddy field exposing it to high risks for damaged from tractors and other equipment used in cultivation. Water from the Beklei intake is transmitted for two km along a 6 inches galvanized pipe to a 100 m3 storage tank. The Beklei transmission line is in need of major upgrades as majority of the pipelines appear to be heavily corroded and leakages along the pipelines are temporarily fixed with inner tire tubes.
24. Four existing storage tanks are located around Manatuto. The Lakaun Tank is located approximately 3 km northeast from the Nunululi pump station and is currently serving Carlilu and Base camp communities on the south of the tank. Two tanks are located on top of Saututu hill storing water for the main parts of town. The Saututu tanks were constructed at the same time as the Laclo River Intake. The tanks are 220 and 330 m3 in size. Table 3 contains information on the storage tanks.
25. The town‟s distribution lines connecting storage tanks to the households were mostly installed after independence. At the moment, the distribution lines only reach pockets of communities in the urban sucos that make up the town leaving many still in need of their own water supply sources. Of the installed lines, many are in different sizes and damage from illegal tapping is evident along the sections that are not buried underground.
Table 3 – Water Supply Storage Tanks in Manatuto
NO EXISTING TANKS LOCATION/
COORDINATE ELEVATION
(masl) STORAGE
CAPACITY (m3)
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1 Lakaun Tank 8°31'33.72"S
126° 0'20.16"E 68 100
2 Saututu Tank #1 (Square) 8°30'56.76"S
126° 0'36.78"E 99 220
3 Saututu Tank #2 (Cylinder) 8°30'56.64"S
126° 0'36.42"E 97 330
4 Beklei Tank 8°30'36.36"S
125°59'19.50"E 47 100
26. Most of the areas in Manatuto town already have drainage facilities, consisting of drainage lines with different dimensions, mostly of - in upper width, lower width, and depth respectively - 60 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm and the dimensions of 40 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm. Nevertheless several localized areas in the four sucos still experience flooding during heavy rain events due to the absence of drainage lines, inadequate size of the ditch, lack of culvert transporting water to lower level location across the road and lack of maintenance to the drainage line causing it to be damaged and filled with sediment and debris.
27. The typical form of sewage disposal in Timor-Leste is via leach drains or bottomless septic tanks. This has lead to widespread contamination of near surface groundwater reserves, not only in Manatuto, but all over Timor-Leste. The section IV 5 b. below will confirm this contamination of water resource by faecal matter through the water quality analysis undertaken.
B. Proposed Development
28. The Manatuto Water Rehabilitation sub-project will comprise the rehabilitation of the Wee Teen Spring intake, the 15.3 km transmission line from the spring intake to the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks, replacement of 0.8 km of transmission lines from the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks to the Council Centre of Suco Sau and replacement of 0.6 km Beklei transmission lines with larger and buried pipelines. The project also proposed replacement of approximately 20.5 km of distribution lines in town and as well as installation of 4 km of new distribution lines going into the proposed town expansion area, Beade. Chlorination tank is proposed to be constructed at the Beklei and Saututu storage tanks. The existing Nunululi Bore is proposed to be connected to the grid and/or the diesel generator.
29. Improvement of access to hygiene education will be achieved through the implementation of behavioral change educational programs and public campaign. To ensure affordability and sustainability of the newly rehabilitated system, institutional capacity building will be implemented through specific measures to train existing staff within the district department for water supply and sanitation (DDWSS). Recruitment and training of new staff will also be considered to build a competent workforce able to operate and maintain the system. Community engagement in the construction labor will provide much needed income albeit short term to some section of the population in Manatuto.
30. Improvement of access to sanitation will only be achieved through the construction of public toilets. Ten (10) public toilets (council centre of the suco, church and market) are included in the project. Household toilets are not included as the project is aligned with the Sanitation Policy in that it mainly focuses on the implementation of a strong hygiene education campaign described above to increase communities‟ demand for a toilet facility.
31. No major upgrade to the drainage system is needed as drainage system already exists in Manatuto Villa. There are culverts on the sides of most streets in Manatuto, and they appear dry during most of our observations. Water channeling seems not to be a problem with sheet flow and minimal ponding of water on the streets during the raining events. The main concern is that most of the drainage culverts are being clogged by the solid waste. In addition, there are concerns among certain households that “grey water” from their neighbors are being
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dumped and drained onto their land. Public education described in the section above will include a component on how to properly manage the drainage issues on a household level how properly to dispose of solid wastes.
32. Regarding the issue of water quality, the following mitigation measures are suggested with various levels of investments;
(i) Included in this project, at the community level:
a. Improve the level of community awareness around the potential contamination of the ground water resources close to the urban centre, and the value of clean water; and
b. Provide education regarding methodologies around sanitation options i.e. boiling.
(ii) Not included in this project, at the Government (NDWSS) level:
a. Appropriately prioritize the upgrade to the existing water delivery systems; and
b. Consider long term sanitation opportunities and facilities i.e. decentralized waste water treatment.
33. The total cost for the works is estimated at US$4.32 million and would take approximately 12 months to complete. The works will mainly be labor intensive with only a small excavator and a trencher to be utilized only when necessary. There will be no land acquisition required for the development works and all activities will be done within the existing footprint of the existing facilities. Figure 2 shows major components of the existing water supply system and location of the proposed distribution lines and the general location of the settlement areas relative to the location of the proposed work areas.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Geographical Location
34. Manatuto the capital of Manatuto District is located about 50 aerial km from Dili. The town is located on the north coast of Timor Island between S 8o29‟42” to S 8o32‟42” and E 125o59‟42” to E 126o02‟6.”
35. Four urban sucos make up the town. They are, from East to West: Sau, Ailili, Aiteas, and Maabat. Urban sucos according to the 2010 census are sucos where district capitals are located or sucos with population and social amenities that reflect certain qualities. Manatuto town is in effect the urbanized part of the four sucos. Figure 3 shows Manatuto town and the general locations of Sau, Ailili, Aiteas, and Maabat.
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Figure 2 – Major Components of the Existing Water Supply System and Proposed Distribution Lines and Relative Location of Receptors
Figure 3 – Location Map of Manatuto and the four Sucos
Source: Satellite Imagery Google Earth 09 September 2010
GENERAL LOCATION
OF SETTLEMENT
AREAS
GENERAL LOCATION
OF SETTLEMENT
AREAS
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2. Topography
36. Manatuto town is generally flat and low-laying with occurrence of single hills on the south of the town. At 156 meter elevation, Dumi Huhun is the tallest hill located close to the main road connecting Dili-Baucau on the southeast of town. Another hill is located close to town, the Saututu Hill at 90 meters on the eastern side of town along the road connecting Manatuto and Carlilu, a small community to the south. The main areas of Manatuto stretch for approximately 6 km from the eastern end of Obrato aldeia in Suco Sau to the western end of the Maabat aldeia in Suco Maabat. The town widens for about 2 km towards south. Figure 4 shows the topography of Manatuto.
Figure 4 – Topographic Map of Manatuto
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3. Geology and Soils
37. Land in Manatuto town is underlain by Quarternary River Valley Alluvium (Qa), a shallow formation about 1 to 10 meters deep deposited by river water. This sedimentary formation has various textures but they are generally unconsolidated and contain poorly sorted silts to cobbles. The hydrogeology classification for the rocks is inter-granular with lower potential (groundwater) yield, except when it is interacting with large aquifers. Figure 5 presents the Geologic Map of Timor-Leste. As a general rule, soil covers in Timor-Leste are thin, poorly consolidated, and prone to erosion due to its young geological history influenced by a high rate of tectonic movements and anthropogenic factors such as poor soil conservation practices.
4. Climate and Meteorology
38. Manatuto has a tropical dry season with prolonged dry period that typically lasts between April and November. Long term data from 1957 to1974 available for the town indicate January and February as the rainiest months of the year (Table 4).
Figure 5 – Geologic Map of Timor-Leste
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Table 4 – Rainfall Data in Manatuto, 1957-1974
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
1957 34 119 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 282
1958 34 119 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 322
1959 140 70 18 23 50 11 10 0 10 0 0 48 381
1960 166 81 199 124 69 0 50 0 0 3 13 158 863
1961 390 129 82 55 10 0 0 0 0 17 11 58 753
1962 123 139 69 68 9 86 5 11 0 3 39 90 640
1963 119 80 239 132 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 589
1964 26 21 186 88 87 18 0 2 51 55 60 10 602
1965 130 76 99 8 10 11 0 0 0 0 0 23 357
1966 44 113 93 29 30 36 0 0 0 8 21 44 418
1967 121 59 49 37 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 286
1968 63 36 76 20 79 67 54 0 0 0 0 23 418
1969 77 129 32 0 0 78 10 0 0 0 4 146 476
1970 27 81 23 94 74 76 0 0 10 51 60 85 580
1971 74 76 45 29 115 6 22 2 13 50 48 104 583
1972 46 25 90 106 36 0 0 2 0 0 4 102 411
1973 314 675 134 205 73 13 38 0 29 5 103 112 1698
1974 159 102 48 17 19 9 26 1 2 5 115 154 656
MEAN 116 118 84 58 41 56 13 1 6 11 27 80 610
MIN 26 21 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 282
MAX 390 675 239 205 115 613 54 11 51 55 115 158 1698 Source: Ministry of Infrastructure, National Directorate of Meteorology and Geophysics.
39. Recent data available between January 2008 and February 2009 indicated temperature range from the average monthly minimum of 22.9oC to the average monthly maximum of 32.6oC with a monthly average relative humidity of 73 percent making the climate humid in general but generally pleasant. Table 5 presents the temperature and relative humidity characteristics of Manatuto. Figures 6-8 presents the Average Daily Minimum Temperature in Timor-Leste, Average Daily Maximum Temperature in Timor-Leste, and the Annual Rainfall Map for Timor-Leste.
Table 5 – Temperature and Relative Humidity in Manatuto
TEMPERATURE (OC) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
Annual Average 27.3 Annual Average 73.5
Highest Monthly Average 32.6 Highest Monthly Average 89.1
Lowest Monthly Average 22.9 Lowest Monthly Average 52.4
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Figure 6 – Average Daily Minimum Temperature in Timor-Leste
Source: Agriculture and Land-Use Geographic Information System Project, 2007
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Figure 7 – Average Daily Maximum Temperature
Source: Agriculture and Land-Use Geographic Information System Project, 2007
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Figure 8 – Annual Rainfall Map of Timor-Leste
Source: Agriculture and Land-Use Geographic Information System Project, 2007
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40. Climate change data is extremely limited in Timor-Leste and has not been reviewed in detail in developing the water supply options. However a review of the draft Timor's National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (NAPA)4 was undertaken to understand better how the change in variability due to future climatic conditions may affect the project‟s activities. Commentary taken from the NAPA is provided below in italics, with commentary on how this could relate to the water supply schemes added where necessary.
41. Due to its recent history, there is a limited store of scientific knowledge and research specific to Timor-Leste which might help to characterise the likely impacts of climate change. However, in common with its neighbours in South East Asia and the Pacific, it is anticipated that Timor-Leste will face significant challenges as a result of climate change. In particular it is anticipated that the nation‟s vulnerability to climate change will be intensified by its extremely high dependency on the natural resource base, inadequate infrastructure and lack of institutional capacity.
The fresh water resources of Timor-Leste comprise both surface water and groundwater. There are 28 major river basins in Timor-Leste. Little is known of the flows in each river as data from the six hydrometric stations constructed in the 1980’s has been lost (ADB: 2004). Small amounts of water are stored in one major lake (Iralalaro) in the east, and a number of small lakes, mainly in the south. Groundwater resources are contained in a variety of aquifers, covering about 50% of the country. Groundwater in storage is over 100 years of recharge and may be considered as drought-proof. The water demand comprises; domestic water (drinking and sanitation), irrigation, and other uses (coffee processing, fisheries, water bottling, tourism and petrochemicals).
In both Pante Macasar and Manatuto, part of the supply is provided by groundwater sources. This provides a level of certainty against climate or seasonally variable rainfall dependent sources.
42. Monk et al (1997) also note that year-to-year variability in total rainfall can be large and that rainfall is not equally distributed during the wet seasons, with great variability in intensity and most of the rain falling in torrential downpours. Studies conducted on Indonesian average rainfall for the periods of 1961-1990 (Hulme and Sheard, 1999) and of 1879-1999 (Kirono, 2002) indicate that there is a reduced rainfall index for both the dry and wet seasons, though the decline in the wet season rainfall is statistically insignificant (Kirono, 2002).
Analysis of total rainfall in Timor-Leste indicates a reduction in mean annual rainfall from 1961-1990 as compared to the 1931-1960 period, the decrease being mostly felt in the December-February rain period (Kaimuddin 2002, cited in Lasco and Boer 2006). This analysis is further supported by other studies reviewed by Chang et al (2004), indicating that since 1976 there has been a tendency for the El Niño - La Niña normal alternation to be dominated by El Niño events that have a known negative correlation with Indonesia monsoon rainfall.
Rainfall is also expected to increase, in relation to the 1961-1990 reference period, by 2%, 4% and 6% by 2020, 2050 and 2080, respectively. The AK-2010 analysis indicates seasonal differences with mild drying effect for Timor-Leste over the June-August period by 2080 as indicated in figure 8. These projections are again in agreement with the IPCC 2007 report, based on the changes between 1980 and 1999. Kirono (2010) notes here that an overall increase in
4 NAPA, Ministry of Economy and Development (MED), Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste,
December 2010
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rainfall contradicts the current projections for Indonesia but is in agreement with a trend showing an increase in rainfall in the northern part of Australia (see Smith, 2004). Given limited information on observed rainfall trends in Timor-Leste, these differences may be attributed to the poor resolution of current models and this analysis should be treated with caution.
As rainfall is expected to increase, the volumes of water available from the river sources could be expected to increase as well. In the short term this means that the projects described should be reliable, especially for the relatively small volumes that are required. In the longer term (beyond the 20 year design horizon of this project), provision of additional storage may need to be considered to help balance the differential between wet and dry season flows.
The following tables are abstracted from NAPA and give a summary of the conditions and concerns relating to water supply in Timor-Leste.
Table 6 – Abstract from Table 5 Climate phenomena in the water sector and associated impacts (NAPA Report, December 2010)
Phenomena and events of climatic nature
Climate change impacts
Changes in rainfall pattern and intensity
Limited water infiltration to the soil due to the steep terrain, shallow and thin soils and sparse vegetation, increasing risk factor with climate change.
Domestic water sources (springs, wells, storage and treatment tanks, piping) can be contaminated.
Increase in flooding will damage land, crops, infrastructure (including homes, schools and roads) and irrigation systems - reducing farming viability, profitability, employment, livelihoods and food security; and will increase food prices, malnourishment, health, poverty and urban migration.
Increased air temperature
Evaporation which is already high will increase. Relatively little water lies on the surface (in streams, rivers, lakes) and rapid run-off will increase with climate change conditions.
Will reduce availability of water supplies for irrigation and watering of crops, and for livestock and fish-ponds.
Increased air temperatures will increase the water requirements of crops, livestock and fish-farms.
Water storage – reservoirs, tanks – can lose large volumes through evaporation under climate change conditions.
The development of some industries: food-processing; hydropower generation; large-scale tourism – may not be feasible or acceptable in some locations because of water scarcity and costs.
Sea level rise Increased ground water contamination by salt-water intrusion.
More intense storm activity Sewage systems can also be damaged, and may also contaminate the domestic water supply.
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Phenomena and events of climatic nature
Climate change impacts
Domestic infrastructure/ plumbing can be damaged, resulting in loss of water supply and contamination of water.
Reduced pressure in water supply systems can increase infiltration by contaminants.
Water treatment and monitoring costs may increase.
Water scarcity and increased costs of development, operation and maintenance of water systems and infrastructure which will increase the costs of supplying water to consumers and reduce access to water for users.
Table 7 – Abstract from Table 10 Initial Short-list of proposed adaptation options (NAPA Report, December 2010)
Sector Proposed key adaptation options
Water Availability, Accessibility and Quality
Build climate consideration and environmental friendly infrastructure to protect water sources (springs, streams, wells, etc) to provide safe water supply during climate change extreme event periods
Creating/enhancing water harvesting model and water distribution system as well as management system at all levels to avoid water shortage due to climate change
Control of quantity of water use by industry, and water pollution control standardization (medium) including coffee processing waste management in a climate change context
43. The proposed water supply infrastructure is in line with the recommendations of NAPA, but we note that, as indicated in NAPA, longer term monitoring of rainfall and flows is required to confirm that the supplies are in line with the design approach.
5. Water Resources
a. Surface Water
44. Manatuto town is within Laclo watershed, one of only two catchment areas in Timor-Leste with perennial course of water. Laclo River originates from Aileu, southwest of Manatuto District. It has an estimated length of 93 km and drains an area close to 1,400 km2. At the southwest periphery of town, the main Laclo watercourse converges with Sumasi River. Sumasi River is the main provider of agricultural water supply for an extensive paddy fields located on the south and north western periphery of town.
b. Water Quality
45. Table 8 below summarises the water quality guidelines for Timor-Leste:
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Table 8 – Water Quality Guidelines for Timor-Leste relevant to the Subproject
Parameter Unit WHO/TL Guidelines
Physical Parameters
pH -- 6.5-8.5
E. Conductivity μS/cm NS
TDS mg/L 1000
Salinity mg/L NS
Temperature oC NS
Turbidity NTU 5
Chemical Parameters
NH3-N mg/L 1.5
NO3-N mg/L 10
NO2-N mg/L 1
Iron (Fe) mg/L 0.3
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 0.5
Fluoride mg/L 1.5
Free Chlorine mg/L 0.5
Ca hardness mg/L NS
Arsenic mg/L 0.01
Hardness mg/L 200
Total alkalinity mg/L NS
Sulphate (SO4 2-) mg/L 250
Biological Parameters
Total Coliform CFU/100 ml 0
E.Coli CFU/100 ml 0 Legend: NS= Not Set; CFU= Colony Formed Unit
46. As part of the project, water testing was conducted between June 16, 2011 and July 4, 2011 to provide understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of existing and potential water supply sources to Manatuto. Table 9 presents the full set of water quality results undertaken during the study:
Table 9 – Water Quality Testing Results
PARAMETER UNIT TL
GUIDELINES LACLO RIVER
NUNULULI RESERVOIR
SAUTUTU TANK
NUNULULI BORE*
WEE TEN SPRING
BEKLEI TANK
Physical Parameter
pH -- 6.5 - 8.5 8.46 7.53 7.16 7.5 NT NT
Temperature oC NS 26 28 28.3 20.8 NT NT
E. Conductivity μS/cm NS 470 571 5.71 529 NT NT
TSS mg/L NS NT NT NT 0.03 NT NT
TDS mg/L 1000 235 286 286 264 NT NT
Salinity 0/100 NS 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 NT NT
Turbidity NTU 5 NT NT NT 20.8 NT NT
Dissolved Oxygen
ppm NS 4 4 NT 2.2 NT NT
Chemical Parameter
Total Hardness mg/L 200 220 200 195 225 205 200
Ca.Hardness mg/L NS 200 175 175 215 195 185
Total Alkalinity mg/L NS 195 195 200 NT 175 195
NH3-N mg/L 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3
NO3-N mg/L 10 0.3 0.1 0.1 ND 0.1 ND
NO2-N mg/L 1 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.006
Iron, Fe mg/L 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.04 0.4 0.1 0.04
Fluoride mg/L 1.5 0.35 ? 0.25 0.31 0.33 0.3
Manganese, Mn mg/L 0.5 ND ND ND 0.2 ND ND
Sulfate mg/L 250 35 20 29 34 25 27
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PARAMETER UNIT TL
GUIDELINES LACLO RIVER
NUNULULI RESERVOIR
SAUTUTU TANK
NUNULULI BORE*
WEE TEN SPRING
BEKLEI TANK
R.Cl2 (Free Chlorine)
mg/L 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND
ND
Arsenic mg/L 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND
Biological Parameter
T.Coli CFU/100
mL 0 TNC 47 TNC TNC TNC TNC
E.Coli CFU/100
mL 0 TNC 7 TNC 0 0 TNC
All testing conducted at DN DDWSS Laboratory. Legend: NS= Not Set; NT= Not Tested; CFU= Colony Formed Unit; TNC= Too Numerous to Count *Testing conducted on March 18, 2010 prior to the construction of the Nunululi Bore. Testing results provided by H2O, a company that constructed the bore.
47. Testing results indicate excess E.Coli in the water pointing to the importance of chlorination to bring the water sources into compliance with the Timor-Leste drinking water guidelines. Chlorine dosing systems will be installed at the Beklei Mid-tank and Sau Tutun Storage Tank to provide the disinfection needed, before the water is supplied to the residents. The chlorine dose tanks at these locations will be located at a high point, so as to gravity feed the chlorine into the system. This can alleviate the concern of unreliable electricity supply affecting the operation of the system. The existing chlorine dosing system at Laclo Pump Station is currently out of commission, and will be upgraded for reliable operation under this project.
48. Water quality analysis also shows that the hardness of We‟e Teen Spring, Beklei Spring, and Nunululi well are all relatively high (205, 200, and 225 mg/L respectively compared against the 200mg/L WHO standard). Hardness can cause scaling in the pipeline and reduces the efficient diameter of the pipeline, hence creating excessive headloss in the system and affecting water supply to the households.
49. The most effective way to deal with hardness is through water softening, which is expensive in a large scale. Acid dosing is also used, but it is also expensive to implement in a large scale. If the water has mild hardness, the best way is to identify the areas where scaling seem to occur most, and carry out frequent location-specific cleaning – either manually by hitting the pipe with a rubber hammer or deploying a mechanical pigging device. Those susceptible pipe sections should be set in a way it can be easily taken apart for cleaning, through union joints and valves. From experiences in Timor-Leste, scaling problem occurs at certain elevation, which can occur when the atmospheric pressure and temperature drop as water descends in elevation from a mountain source to the community it serves.
50. The possibility of in-depth lab test to determine the extent of scaling and at under what condition and location it happens most in the transmission and distribution system should be explored. The results would allow DDWSS to set up a more efficient O&M program to address the hardness issue.
51. Another high parameter is iron. The WHO based its guidelines on the level of iron in the water on aesthetic considerations. The WHO guidelines on drinking water noted that iron is “not of health concern at levels causing acceptability problems in drinking water.”
52. The following is the description of methodology in sampling and physical parameters testing. The methodology applies to all sampling conducted in Manatuto.
53. Sampling was conducted at several locations mainly at the surface water intakes and at the storage tanks. To take samples, unused and emptied out mineral water plastic bottles were used per recommendation from NDWSS laboratory. Bottles were held carefully as not
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to touch the neck or the inside. One liter sample was taken at each sampling to be transported to DDWSS laboratory in Dili for testing. Upon sampling, bottles were stored in an enclosed container and refrigerated. All physical parameters were tested on site by containing water in a separate bucket container and testing for the parameters. Physical parameters were tested using the following apparatus: DelAgua Conductivity kit for electrical conductivity, temperature, pH and total dissolved solid; YSI S-C-T meter model #30 for salinity and World Water Monitoring Day Test Kit TesTabs® for Dissolved Oxygen. Necessary calibrations for the apparatus were conducted prior to testing using standard solution provided with the apparatus kits. All apparatus used were obtained from DDWSS and sampling was conducted in the presence of a DDWSS officer. To test for chemical parameters, samples were transported within 3x24 hours from sampling time to DDWSS laboratory in Dili. For biological parameters, samples were transported within 24 hours to DDWSS laboratory in Dili.
c. Groundwater
54. As previously noted, the underlain geological formation in Manatuto town is the Quarternary River Valley Alluvium (Qa), a shallow formation about 1 to 10 metres deep deposited by river water. From hydrogeological standpoint, inter-granular groundwater flow is likely to be high but the small horizontal and vertical scopes of the aquifer limit the potential groundwater yield. Higher groundwater yield may be found in this type of aquifer when the aquifer is interacting with larger ones.
B. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
55. Mount Curi, located along the Dili to Manatuto main road on the west of Laclo River, is an area of steep to moderately sloping hills that topped 1300 m at the peak. It is among the identified “Important Bird Area” by BirdLife International. On the slope of the mountain, near pristine Eucalyptus savanna woodland established itself providing habitat to 14 restricted range bird species. Restricted range birds are those birds with global distribution in areas totaling less than 50,000 km2. Among the bird species are Timor Sparrow (Padda fuscata), Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon (Ducula rosacea), Yellow-eared Honeyeater (Lichmera Flavicans), and Timor figbird (Sphecotheres firidis). Mount Curi, which is approximately 5.5 aerial kilometers from Obrato the westernmost community in Manatuto, is fairly a good distance from the nearest area where development works will be undertaken.
C. HUMAN AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
56. Manatuto town is divided into four sucos, all of which are classified as urban sucos. According to the 2010 census, an area is classified urban if it is a district capital or if the population and social amenities are considered of certain qualities to warrant urban classification. Census data from 2010 revealed that in total, there are 9,103 people living within the sucos. Suco Sau is the largest suco in terms of population with 5,980 people while Suco Ailili, with 429 persons is the smallest suco.
57. Average household size in Manatuto based on 2010 data is 7.4. Data on population between 2004 and 2010 for Manatuto produced an annual growth rate of 2.65 percent. Applying this number to the baseline population in 2010, it is estimated that there will be 15,360 people in the town by 2031. Table 8 provides breakdown of the number of household and population in Manatuto.
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Table 10 – Population in Manatuto Urban Sucos
URBAN SUCO HH (2010) POPULATION (2010) POPULATION
(PROJECTED 2031)
1 Aiteas 131 806 1,360
2 Maabat 306 1,888 3,186
3 Sau 721 5,980 10,090
4 Ailili 80 429 724
TOTAL Total
1,238 9,103 15,360 Source: 2010 National Census
58. The main sources of income for communities in Manatuto are farming, fishing, trade, public service, and employment in organizations other than the government, i.e. non-profit organizations and the United Nations.
59. The term cultural heritage refers to sites, structures and remains of archaeological, historical, religious, cultural and aesthetic value. Its identification and examination by specialists is helpful in understanding the significance of a site, according to its aesthetic, historic, scientific and social value. There are no specific cultural sites identified within the proposed development footprint, however, in case a cultural/historical heritage site will be identified during the construction, the Contractor will notify the PIU-NDWSS and try to avoid any impacts on the sites.
V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
60. This section provides an assessment of the impacts on the environment in the immediate vicinity of the study area resulting from the development of the project, and the corresponding mitigation and enhancement measures to negate such negative impacts. The environmental quality of the project site could be affected from project activities during each phase of project development, if environmental management measures are not properly followed.
A. DESIGN/PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
1. Bid Evaluation and Selection of Contractor
61. The Contractor will be required to provide a short statement to be attached to the Bid in the section “Special Conditions of Contract”. that confirms the following five points:
(i) He will develop a Health and Safety Plan; the plan will then be approved by the PMU;
(ii) He took into account conditions included in the design all occupational health and safety requirements: (i) Install cautionary signs; (ii) Ensure sufficient visibility and safety instructions in the work areas; (iii) Contractor to keep the site free of drugs and alcohol; and (iv) Use of basic personal protection equipment (PPE);
(iii) That the construction section of the EMP conditions have been costed into the bid price;
(iv) The contractor is to provide prior experience of working with an EMP;
(v) The contractor is required to provide the name, details of qualifications and experience of the person on the contractor‟s team who will be responsible for the environmental compliance requirements of the EMP.
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B. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Induction of Contractor to Site
62. The Contractor may potentially cause adverse impacts in the area of concern without a clear understanding of the EMP for the sub-project. Following the selection of the Contractor, the NES together with the person on the Contractor‟s staff who will be responsible for implementing the EMP during the construction phase will meet on-site where the EMP conditions will be confirmed with the Contractor. When the NES is confident that the contractor understands and can comply with the EMP, the NES will advise the NDWSS that the Contractor can commence work. During construction, the Contractor will work according to the requirements of the EMP which has been prepared by the Consultants. Supervision and monitoring of the EMP activities will be undertaken as follows:
(i) The NES within the NDWSS-PIU will direct the Contractor with regard to compliance with the EMP.
(ii) The Contractor will have his own representative on site that will be responsible for implementing the contract and complying with the EMP.
Storage and Handling of Construction Materials, Fuel and Lubricant
63. Improper storage and handling of construction materials may have the potential to contaminate the surrounding areas. Fuel and lubricants for the excavator (if this will be required), trencher and other machineries will be stored as delivered in steel drums in the work areas and properly handled to prevent contamination of nearby water bodies. Materials for the works which includes sand, gravel and cement for concrete manufacture, reinforcing rods and steel mesh, wood and other construction materials, fuel and lubricants will be hauled directly into the work sites and utilized as work progresses. Environmental impact management will be considered for the transport of materials from the source to the sites. Measures to address potential impacts will be as follows:
(i) Materials loaded unto haul trucks should at all times be secured tightly, especially steel drums containing fuel, oil and lubricants and containers filled with paint and solvents and bricks, etc.
(ii) All haul trucks should be covered with tarpaulin, especially those hauling aggregates and sand.
(iii) Steel drums with fuel and lubricants and containers filled with paint and solvents should be placed in concreted locations to minimize contamination of ground.
(iv) Stockpiles of aggregates and sand should be no more than 2 meters in height.
(v) Stockpiles of sand and aggregate should not be located near water bodies.
(vi) Stockpiles of aggregates and sand should at all times be covered with tarpaulin
(vii) The sourcing of materials and subsequent transport to the sites will be clearly planned;
(viii) Use of basic PPE such as hard hat, safety shoes, dust/gas mask, gloves and reflectorized vests.
(ix) Fire protection facilities such as fire extinguishers, water tanks with available buckets and stock of sand to cover fuel spill will be provided.
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Air Quality and Dust Control
64. There will be no major air quality concerns that are projected to occur during the project implementation. The works require minor excavation to be undertaken and is not projected to result to increase particulates matter in the area. Moreover, the works only require an excavator (if necessary) and a trencher which would not cause an impact on the air quality in the area. During construction when dust may be generated, the Contractor is to monitor the worksite conditions and apply dust control measures which include:
(i) Constant watering and sprinkling of excavated portion of land must be made to lessen re-suspension of dust particulate.
(ii) All excavated soil materials must be released for the site or compacted in only one place. To prevent erosion, wood silt fence may be used over excavated area.
(iii) Heavy equipment should be kept well maintained at standard air and fuel ration, in order to limit gaseous emissions particularly the total suspended particulate (TSP). Diesel fuel products emit TSP1, SO2 and NOx due to hydrocarbon and sulfur content of the fuel.
(iv) If possible, all heavy equipment will be fitted with exhaust mufflers.
(v) Permanent roadways going to the reservoir and treatment plant will be paved to prevent excessive dust emissions.
Noise Control and Vibration
65. Noise and vibration nuisance will occur during the operation of the excavator (if necessary) during the minor earthworks and the trencher during the digging of ditches and the delivery of materials by haul trucks. This is projected to occur during the rehabilitation of the distribution lines which may impact several communities and several schools. This is projected to cause only minor nuisance and would not adversely affect the surrounding communities as the work areas are relatively a good distance (approximately 100-150 meters from work areas) from the receptors and the volume of materials to be delivered by haul trucks are small. Despite the minimal impact, it is recommended that the machineries will be fitted with the requisite mufflers and regularly maintained to minimize noise generation. While it is unlikely that noise and vibration will be an issue due to the distance between the activities and the communities the Contractor must be prepared to curtail work to daylight hours (0700hrs - 1900hrs) should the community find that any night time operations become a nuisance. The contractor will be responsible for ensuring that noise and vibration does not affect the surrounding communities. The NES in the NDWSS-PIU will be responsible for the supervision and monitoring of the Contractor. Suggested measures to achieve this objective will also include:
(i) Use well-maintained equipment and vehicles (with mufflers)
(ii) Carry out construction activities during normal working hours.
Community safety from increased vehicle movements
66. As discussed in previous sections, the works would only require an excavator (if necessary) and one trencher. The delivery of materials by haul trucks is also not projected to be of a significant volume. As such, the projected increase in vehicle movements is minor and would not adversely impact the surrounding communities. The safety of the communities is not projected to be compromised as a result of the implementation of the project. The Contractor is to ensure that all vehicles that may be required to pass through villages and
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transport equipment and materials are operated safely without endangering these communities. The Contractor is to ensure:
(i) That trucks and other vehicles are maintained in a safe operating condition;
(ii) All drivers and machinery operators act responsibly;
(iii) All loads are to be secured and all loads with fugitive materials (e.g., excavated soil and sand) are to be covered with tarpaulins;
(iv) Communities are made aware of the content of a simplified version of the Environmental Management Plan through community consultation process described in paragraph 104 of this IEE.
(v) The contractor is to immediately remove any drivers that ignore any of the community safety requirements.
Disposal of Waste Materials
67. Waste material produced from the works will include construction waste such as drums, cement bags, timber cut-off, etc that may need to be disposed properly. The objective of waste management is to avoid contamination of environment from solid wastes. It is projected that this impact will be very minimal. All construction waste materials including drums, timber off-cuts, sand and gravel, cement bags, etc., are to be either recycled or suitably disposed of. If these cannot be recovered for scrap value these materials are to be taken to an approved disposal sites. This will be the responsibility of the Contractor. The NES in the NDWSS-PIU will be responsible for the supervision and monitoring of the Contractor. Additional suggested mitigation measures include:
(i) Contain all waste within construction sites.
(ii) Dispose all used fuel and lubricant oils in environmentally sound manner approved by NDWSS, either recycle or for other use.
(iii) Crush, burn, and bury all inorganic solid waste in an approved solid waste disposal area.
Worker Safety, Health, and Hazard
68. The safety risks involved in the works is minimal considering the scale of the undertaking. It is recommended that basic occupational health and safety concerns are addressed during the works. Workers shall be provided the minimum protective equipment such as hard hats and safety shoes. The Contractor will be required to provide a safe work environment for all workers in all the works sites. The NDWSS will ensure that all safety related aspects of the operations, are integrated into the project design, will be carried out in an appropriate way during the construction phase. Suggested measures to ensure maximum safety of construction personnel and local residents include:
(i) The Contractor will be required to keep the site free of drugs and alcohol.
(ii) Install cautionary signs and light signs in hazardous areas.
(iii) Use of basic personal protection equipment (PPE).
(iv) Include safety instructions for the construction activities in the contract documents.
(v) Ensure sufficient visibility along sections according to standard specifications.
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Site De-commissioning: Clearance and Rehabilitation of Construction Sites
69. After work completion, the work sites will be cleared of all materials utilized during the rehabilitation works. Revegetation of the work sites will be undertaken to control soil erosion in the area whenever possible. It is the Contractor‟s responsibility to address site cleanup. This includes the removal all waste materials and machineries. No waste is to remain behind after work is completed that will not naturally and safely decompose.
C. OPERATION PHASE
1. Rehabilitation and Maintenance Practices
70. Routine maintenance activities such as minor repairs should be performed at regular intervals to prolong the lifespan of the structures. Periodic maintenance activities are typically scheduled over periods of several years and may include refacing and major repairs. Other maintenance activities considered to be periodic include seasonal maintenance, emergency maintenance after major failures, and the regular upkeep of the structures. It is envisaged that the regular and periodic maintenance of the structures can be undertaken by the local community using the skills acquired during the project. Routine maintenance will be undertaken at regular basis. Seasonal maintenance will be undertaken as necessary. More details on recommendations for facilities maintenance are included in the EMP in annex A.
71. The cost of O&M of institutional toilets was also estimated and included in the cost estimation. It is a lump sum as further investigation will take place in the detailed design to identify who is responsible for the maintenance of public facilities.
2. Water Quality and Supply
72. The overall monitoring process will be based on Water Safety plans which will be developed from the second quarter of 2012 and started to be implemented by 2013. It is important to note that further information will need to be sought in this regard to ensure that the following paragraphs are revised depending on future plans from the World Health Organisation. Since a workshop has been organised in 2009 involving most of the stakeholders at National level, from Government officials to NGOs, WHO has started a country wide program to implement these Plans across NDWSS and the Ministry of Health (MoH). Close coordination with WHO will be needed at later stage of this project.
73. As stated in the WHO Water Safety Plans document5, “the objectives of a water safety plan are to ensure safe drinking-water through good water supply practice, that is:
(i) to prevent contamination of source waters;
(ii) to treat the water to reduce or remove contamination that could be present to the extent necessary to meet the water quality targets; and
(iii) to prevent re-contamination during storage, distribution and handling of drinking-water.”
74. Adding to this, Water Safety Plans will:
(i) identify potential contamination risk issues in advance rather than once the risk is already there; and
5 WHO (2005), Water Safety Plans, Managing Drinking Water Quality from catchment to consumer,
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsp170805.pdf?bcsi_scan_2CB27AB49F7C893C=0&bcsi_scan_filename=wsp170805.pdf, accessed on 18/08/11.
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(ii) make the monitoring system more transparent and more interactive: O&M technicians have a clear process that they follow to reduce the risk identify and are able to explain it clearly to communities;
75. In particular, based on these Plans, the project will ensure the protection of all intakes rehabilitated as well as the protection of the borehole area. A live fence perimeter will be 10–20 m from spring to prevent contamination from cattle and buffaloes in the area as well as intruders, as recommended in NDWSS Guidelines 2010. This will decrease the risk of contamination with faecal coliforms which was reported in the sections above.
76. The following additional mitigation measures should be undertaken to address wider issues of water quality identified:
(i) Included in this project, at the community level:
a. Improve the level of community awareness around the potential contamination of the ground water resources close to the urban centre, and the value of clean water; and
b. Provide education regarding methodologies around sanitation options i.e., boiling.
(ii) Not included in this project but recommended, at the Government (NDWSS) level:
a. Appropriately prioritize the upgrade to the existing water delivery systems; and
b. Consider long term sanitation opportunities and facilities i.e., decentralized waste water treatment.
77. During the operation of the system, a more traditional monitoring system will be put in place to ensure that the quality of the water complies with the WHO/ET Guidelines standards for at least to the six selected parameters: 1) E.Coli; 2) pH; 3) Turbidity; and 4) Nitrates. It is also recommended to test Water hardness once after the construction of the system.
NDWSS and the District DDWSS office will be jointly responsible for the monthly monitoring of the water quality of the system. Further information on the way these parameters will be tested is provided in paragraph 78 below.
78. In terms of the Government‟s current resource and capacity to undertake monitoring, there is only one National laboratory (Dili) and none at the District level. Dili‟s staff consist in 1 officer and 2 lab assistants. The laboratory in Dili has all required equipment and consumables and is hooked to a generator set when electricity cut, but there is no equipment in the Districts. According to the current nationwide project implemented by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (now BESIK in Tetum) and funded by AusAID, NDWSS in Dili has the necessary equipment and manpower complement to undertake the sampling and analysis of water and for all parameters in the table 8 above, on a one off basis for all their systems in the Districts. This includes some DDWSS members being capable of conducting in-situ measurements for the physical parameters of the water.
79. There is still a grey area concerning NDWSS and Ministry of Health (MoH) on who is ultimately responsible for water quality; however, NDWSS‟s plan to be split in three directorates – Water/Sanitation/Water quality - would indicate that there is a push for NDWSS to remain the main focal point on water quality. It is difficult at the time of the writing of this IEE to know exactly what the new Water Quality Directorate would look like in term of staffing, district/national split, and when the plan to make the changes will be implemented. MoH also used to have some Delaqua kits in some districts but the number of staff properly trained to use them would need to be investigated further, as well as whether there is
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sufficient budget to buy consumables. Given that NDWSS is to date the main focal point of water quality, this project will focus its efforts on increasing NDWSS capacity to undertake monitoring programs; however a broader assessment will need to be implemented in later stages of the project to reassess this assumption.
80. Samples will be taken and water quality tested for E.Coli, pH and Turbidity at Beklei Mid-tank and Sau Tutun Storage Tank on a weekly basis, as per the Australian standards and as undertaken in number of smaller town systems around the world6. Once a month, Nitrates will be monitored at the District level. As a verification monitoring, every three months in 2014-2015 and every month in 2016, a sample will be sent to the laboratory in Dili to confirm measurements of pH, Turbidity and Nitrates at the tanks level. In the same verification monitoring process, another sample of 5 taps, selected among the ones that are most frequently used, tested for E.Coli. Indeed, E. Coli is recommended to be also tested at the tap level to be able to put in perspective some significant differences between source and tap stands results indicating contamination within the system. E. Coli would be analysed with a simple E. coli tests (not Del Aqua but simple color reactant) allowing it to be analysed in the field. pH and Turbidity are easy parameters to measure in the field and will help identifying whether a potential interaction of suspended solids with chlorine, which may reduce the efficiency of the disinfection. Nitrate concentrations will help identifying potential source of contamination from fertilizers, septic systems, and potential manure storage or spreading operations. The test will be using a Hach Nitrate/Nitrite Color Disc Test Kit when undertaken in the field and a spectrophotometer available in the Dili laboratory for the verification monitoring.
81. This monitoring program was set at a high standard as it relies on the capacity of the PIU‟s Team leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (International) to support the implementing agency (NDWSS) during the two years period (2013-2015). During this period of time, NDWSS‟ capacity to monitor water quality is expected to increase through on-the-job training, especially for the three NDWSS officials at National level and one Sub-District Facilitator (or DDWSS town technician) in the Districts as they will shadow the Urban Water Supply Engineer for the two years of O&M period. This once more will need to be confirmed with NDWSS and MoH depending on their future plans and change of structure and responsibilities described above. At the end of the 2 years period, a minimum of four NDWSS and DDWSS officials will be trained and equipped to undertake water collection techniques and analysis of the selected four parameters.
82. There is no anticipated ground water contamination as the only toilet facilities constructed will have a properly sealed septic tank preventing any risk of leaks. Septic waste will be disposed of in an approved site when required.
83. During the operation of the system, improved services in terms of better quality of the potable water supply and improved delivery and coverage will accrue from the implementation of the proposed development. The improved water supply system will further redound to better health conditions in the area.
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
84. Other than the option chosen and described in previous sections, two other options have been assessed during the study.
6 WHO (2009), Water Safety Plan Manual Step-by-step risk Management for drinking-water suppliers,
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf, p70, accessed on 18/08/11.
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A. ALTERNATIVE OPTION 1: Use of DDWSS Pump Station with Laclo river source rehabilitation
85. This upgrade option included several components, namely a New Intake Structure for the DDWSS Laclo Pump Station, new pumps, and new pipeline from the pump station to the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks.
86. New Intake Structure for DDWSS Laclo Pump Station: The existing intake 8” (200mm) pipe extends about 300 m from the Pump Station into Laclo River for its water source. The pipe is buried about 2m deep. Due to the irregular flow and flooding in the river at times, sections of the intake pipe have been taken out by the floods. Due to the lack of funding, repair to the pipeline has not occurred. In addition, due to the sand mining activities at the riverbed, the pipeline is vulnerable to damage. Therefore, for the long-term security and reduced maintenance of the pipeline, it would have been recommended that a concrete intake structure be built to replace the intake pipeline.
87. New Pumps: To improve the long-term reliability of the pump operation, we considered installing new pumps that are more erosion resistant. With the sand and silt in the river, there is a high potential that the particles are entering the clearwell, then suctioned into the pump and causing damage and premature wear-and-tear to the impellers, bearings, and seals of the pumps. Potentially rubber lined or ceramic parts may have had an advantage, and would have been specified in the detailed design of the facility.
88. The clearwell would also have been redesigned to include a sedimentation baffle and partition to settle out the sand and silt before it gets suctioned up the pump. This would reduce the potential of the sand and silt in the river water in incurring premature wear-and-tear to the pumps.
89. New pipeline from pump station to Sau Tutun Storage Tanks: This included the installation of a new 8” (200 mm) transmission main from the DDWSS Laclo Pump Station to the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks. Total length was about 3.8 km. The existing 6” (150 mm) main was installed during 1994 when the We‟e Teen water source and corresponding pipeline was constructed. The pump station pipeline tapped into the existing 6” We‟e Teen pipeline when it was built in 2000. Over the years, corrosion has developed as well as outside activities damaging the pipeline, which potentially have contributed to serious leakages in the system that degrades the performance of the system. Also, to cater for the future growth of the City, more development area and greater population, installing a new and bigger pipeline would have brought the system to meet the demand up to 20 years.
90. From the flow data analysed, the potential leakages in this transmission line has been calculated to be around 20%. However, certain sections of the system could be as high as 55% according to DDWSS. As part of the pipeline replacement program, a long-term leakage detection program would have been implemented to ensure the system is operating in optimal condition.
B. ALTERNATIVE OPTION 2: Use of DDWSS Pump Station with Government well rehabilitation
91. This upgrade option included several components, namely new pumps at the DDWSS Laclo Pump Station, new pipeline from the pump station to the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks, and making the proper electrical/piping connection for the government well.
92. New Pumps. To improve the long-term reliability of the pump operation, it was proposed to install some new pumps that are more “erosion resistant.” Although the water intake source for this option is a well, which shouldn‟t have much of a sand/silt issue as it
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does with a river source, there is a potential that the groundwater contains suspended particles that can damage the internal parts of a pump. Potentially rubber lined or ceramic parts may have had an advantage, and would have been specified in the detailed design of the facility.
93. New pipeline from pump station to Sau Tutun Storage Tanks. This included installation of a new 8” (200mm) transmission main from the DDWSS Laclo Pump Station to the Sau Tutun Storage Tanks. Total length was about 3.8 km. The existing 6” (150 mm) main was installed during 1994 when the We‟e Teen water source and corresponding pipeline was constructed. The pump station pipeline tapped into the existing 6” We‟e Teen pipeline when it was built in 2000. Over the years, corrosion has developed as well as outside activities damaging the pipeline, which potentially have contributed to serious leakages in the system that degrades the performance of the system. Also, to cater for the future growth of the City, more development area and greater population, installing a new and bigger pipeline would have brought the system to meet the demand up to 20 years.
94. Commissioning Government well. The RDTL has already built a well, with a test capacity of 20L/sec, on the site of the pump station to supplement the water source to supply to the Manatuto Villa. To date, the well has not been commissioned due to the electricity supply not being hooked up. As part of this improvement option, we would have proposed to work closely with DDWSS which would have been responsible for the well, to get the needed piping and electrical hook-up completed. The electricity supply system would have been connected to allow for both grid electricity and generator power to operate the well pump for operational redundancy.
95. Both of these options were not selected from their comparison in a multi criteria matrix. The following tables summarise the Demand and Supply Analysis and the Cost-Benefit Analysis for the various alternatives that were assessed.
Table 11 – Demand and Supply Analysis for improvement options for the year 2011 and 2031
Water Demand Water Supply
Year Demand
(L/s) Option Source
Supply (L/s)
Surplus/Deficit
2010 12.94 Option 1 We'e Teen Spring 18
-Surplus without storage in 2010 -Surplus with storage (6 hours storage in 2031)
2031 26.61 Option 2 Laclo river
intake/pump station 22.5
-Surplus without storage in 2010 -Surplus with storage in 2031 (6 hours storage)
Option 3 Government
well/pump station 20
-Surplus without storage in 2010 -Surplus with storage in 2031 (6 hours storage)
Option 1 + Option 3 as
backup
We'e Teen Spring with Government well/pump station
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-Surplus without storage reservoirs in 2010 and 2031
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Table 12 – Cost-Benefit analysis of each of the water supply options
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96. Without the implementation of the project, health conditions will not be improved due to the absence of improved water supply facilities. The area will remain at its current economic level. The livelihood opportunities presently existing in the area will remain as it is and will not be enhanced.
VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION
97. As required by ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements of the Safeguard Policy Statement of June 2009 public consultations were undertaken during the preparation of this IEE. The main purpose of the consultations were to present the proposed project, illicit issues and concerns that the people, stakeholders, and concerned parties in the impact area that may have relevancy to the proposed development and discuss ADB environmental requirement for projects of this type.
98. Information disclosure, consultation and participation in Manatuto were mainly geared toward socialization of the project and identification of the current situation of water supply as well as identification of community‟s ideas on future changes to the water supply system. Public inputs were solicited during the socialization meetings conducted in each of the four sucos and focus group discussions conducted at two aldeias in suco Maabat. Socialization meetings and focus group discussions were held between June 17 and July 5, 2011. Prior to the socialization meetings, several consultation meetings with district administrator, sub-district administrator, and the four suco councils were conducted to brief local leaders on the upcoming project. Table 10 provides the location, dates, and number of participants in the socialization meetings and focus group discussions.
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Table 13 – Location, Date, and Number of Participants in Public Consultation
LOCATION DATE PARTICIPANT
TOTAL FEMALE MALE
A Socialization Meeting 72 73 145
1 Suco Maabat June 17, 2011 27 17 44
2 Suco Sau July 1, 2011 20 20 40
3 Suco Ailili July 4, 2011 13 17 30
4 Suco Aiteas July 5, 2011 12 19 31
B Focus Group Discussion 11 9 20
1 Aldeia Maabat June 21, 2011 10 0 10
2 Aldeia Soraha June 22, 2011 1 9 10
99. Major issues that came up throughout the consultation meetings include – (i) lack of quantity of water from the DDWSS system; (ii) unaffordable connection fee preventing a lot of people from connecting to the system; (iii) problems with disposal of domestic waste water due to lack of knowledge of proper disposal procedures and lack of drainage facility as a result of the absence of drainage lines or unmaintained drainage lines. From water quality standpoint, results from the participation meetings pointed to community‟s concern related to the high calcium content in the water even though they noted that current DDWSS water supply have les calcium content than water from dug wells.
100. For future system, community members proposed that water be reliable 24 hours and seven days a week, of good quality and be provided to each households and other uses including for schools and commercial establishments. Community members pointed out the importance of operation and maintenance for the sustainability of the water system and requested that public education on behavioral changes related to water conservation be included during implementation.
VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
101. During the course of the project it is possible that people may have concerns with the project‟s environmental performance. Concerns need to be addressed quickly and transparently. Regular dialogues during all phases of project implementation will be undertaken by all parties concerned with the stakeholders and communities within the vicinity of the proposed development (Refer to further details in point 103). This will ensure that information will be fed back to the stakeholders and communities relevant to the project implementation and that issues and concerns of the affected people (AP) and communities will be properly and expeditiously resolved.
102. The project office on site(s) will receive and document issues and concerns that the local populace and stakeholders will have relative to the project and its implementation. Resolution of these issues and concerns will be undertaken expeditiously so as to minimize any attendant impacts that may affect the project implementation. The following process is to be followed to address the issues and concerns that stakeholders and AP‟s will have on the proposed development:
(i) The first step towards resolution of issues and concerns relevant to the implementation of the project is the filing of a formal notice/complaint by the Affected Person/People (AP) with the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) – National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation (NDWSS). This will be received and properly recorded by the National Environmental Specialist (NES) of the PIU-NDWSS and within one month of lodging the complaint a decision will be conveyed to the AP. The PIU-NDWSS is to maintain a
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register where all complaints are logged by date, name and contact address and details of the complaint. A duplicate copy of the register entry is given to the AP for their record. The AP may if so desired discuss the complaint directly with PIU-NDWSS or his representative at a meeting to be possibly arranged within the week the complaint was filed. The register will show who the complaint has been directed to for action and the date when this was made. The register is then signed off by the person who is responsible for the decision and dated. The final entry shows the date when the AP was informed of the decision and how the decision was conveyed to the AP. If the complaint of the AP is dismissed the AP will be informed of their rights in taking it to the next step. The register is to be kept at the Reception and is to be made available to the public. The Register will also show the procedure that will be followed in assessing the complaint, together with a statement affirming the rights of the AP to make a complaint.
(ii) Should the AP be not satisfied with the decision/ruling of the PIU-NDWSS, the AP may file a written complaint with the Department for Environment (DoE). The time horizon for the investigation and resolution of the complaint will vary and is highly dependent on the workload of the investigating officer of the DoE.
(iii) Should the AP still be not satisfied with the ruling of the DoE, the AP may then take the grievance to the TL Judicial System. This will be at the AP‟s cost but if the court shows that PIU-NDWSS have been negligent in making their determination the AP may seek costs.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
A. OVERVIEW
103. An IEE has been undertaken to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed District Capitals' Water Supply Project - Rehabilitation of The Water Supply System - Manatuto which concludes that the construction impacts will be manageable if the mitigation measures are implemented thoroughly. The EMP is based on the type, extent and duration of the identified environmental impacts. The EMP has been prepared by close reference to best practices and in line with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). The effective implementation of the EMP will be audited twice during implementation period: once in 2014 and once in 2015. The audit will be undertaken by NDWSS (the Implementing Agency), supported by the Deputy Team Leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (National) and the Team Leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (International) from the PIU. During the project implementation, they will guide the design engineers and Contractors on the environmental aspects. Prior to implementation of the Project, and if required by potential changes made during the detailed design, the EMP will be amended and reviewed by NDWSS. Such a review will be based on reconfirmation and any additional information on the assumptions made at this stage on location, scale, source of materials, and expected operating conditions of the Project. If such an amendment was developed, ADB would need to approve any amendments prior to the project implementation.
B. MITIGATION MEASURES PLAN
104. The findings and proposed mitigation measures have been compiled into an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). It summarizes all the anticipated environmental impacts and its applied mitigation measures during the design, construction and operation phase. Moreover, it makes reference to the approximate location, timeframe, mitigation costs, and the responsibility for its implementation and supervision. The recommendations and proposed mitigation measures will be attached to the Sub-project Bidding Documents
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and subsequently the Contractors contract. The environmental management costs will be refined during detailed design. It should also be noted that many mitigation measures are assumed to be already part of standard design and construction methodology and practices.
105. As developed in the Consultation and Participation Plan, several measures were developed to ensure that community are able to participate in the monitoring the construction of the facilities and to be informed of the progresses in the implementation of activities presented in the EMP:
(i) The community action plan (CAP) process will be implemented in community Hatubela, district Manatuto to prepare for implementation of the water system (DDWSS rural process).
(ii) A regular schedule will be established for community radio – at least monthly – with talkback to inform community what is happening with the project, and receive feedback.
(iii) A mechanism will be developed for sending/receiving SMS to registered mobile phone users in the areas covered by the water system (Use 3G to create database and send / receive from users mobile and computer).
(iv) Local authorities and SEFOPE (Portuguese Acronym for Secretariat of State of Professional Training and Employment) will select youth to participate in vocational training with preference to vulnerable youth who have received foundation workforce readiness training and 30% women.
(v) Local authorities will encourage potential skilled and semi-skilled workers on the project to register with SEFOPE who can support the contractors in the advertising and recruitment processes.
C. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
106. Similarly, a monitoring plan for the sub-project has been prepared. The main components of the monitoring report include for each project stage the:
(i) Status of implementation of mitigation measures,
(ii) Environmental quality monitoring results,
(iii) Conclusions/recommendations/concerns.
D. INSTITUTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION AND REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
1. Project Implementation and Reporting Arrangements
107. The Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI) is the executing agency while the National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation (NDWSS) is the implementing agency and will be responsible for the construction and operation of the project. The responsibility for implementation and compliance with ADB‟s safeguards policy and the government‟s national environmental regulations will be the NDWSS. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) shall be established within the NDWSS. Figure 9 presents the Organizational Structure of the Project.
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Figure 9 – Proposed Organizational Structure for the Project
108. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be responsible for the daily implementation of the Project in particular the Team Leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (International). With regards to the environmental requirements, his main tasks will be to: (i) strengthen the environmental management of the Project during detailed design, bidding process, contract process, construction, and implementation, (ii) supervise the implementation and compliance to ADB‟s safeguards policy and government‟s national environmental regulations of subprojects, and (iii) undertake the necessary institutional strengthening including on-the-job training for the staff of PIU-NDWSS by giving major tasks to the counterpart staff in all of these activities. He will report to the NDWSS and will be accountable and responsible for implementation of ADB‟s safeguards policy and the government‟s environmental regulations.
109. The PIU will be responsible for monitoring of the implementation and compliance with ADB‟s safeguards policy and the government‟s environmental regulations by contractors, and will forward monthly progress reports to NDWSS. The reports will contain progress made in this aspect with particular attention to compliance with the principles set out in ADB‟s safeguards policy statement of June 2009 for the subproject and the government‟s environmental regulations. The NDWSS will submit semi-annual monitoring report to ADB. General good practice requires that the monitoring report will be completed according to the following schedule:
1. A report at the end of project design prepared by the NES in PIU-NDWSS,
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2. A report prepared every 1 month during construction, by the contractor,
3. A report prepared every 3 months by the NES in PIU for NDWSS,
4. A report prepared every 6 months by the NES in PIU for ADB and,
5. A yearly report that is prepared by NDWSS during the first 3 years of operation.
110. Annex B provides an example of a monitoring report to be used during the project implementation.
X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
111. The project will introduce minor negative, albeit short-term, environmental disturbances associated with construction activity that will be mitigated by operational procedures during rehabilitation/ construction works, within the framework of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be supervised by the Team Leader–Urban Water Supply Engineer (International) of the PIU.
112. Positive impacts to the local economy will accrue through better water supply facilities, new income earning opportunities generated by demand for labor during construction, enhanced economic conditions through the creation of new business opportunities in the surrounding areas.
113. This IEE concludes that in the context of appropriate mitigating strategies described above, and the positive environmental benefits to flow from the project, environmental impacts can be managed within acceptable levels. There are no significant environmental impacts needing further detailed study or EIA. All potential and associated impacts can be addressed through implementation of the mitigation measures as proposed in the IEE. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for the proposed project and its proposed environmental management and monitoring program are sufficient to fulfil entirely ADB‟s safeguard policy and the government‟s environmental regulations for the sub-project.