inheritance why are you unique?. inheritance what we are like depends on the genes we inherit from...
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InheritanceInheritance
Why are you unique?Why are you unique?
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InheritanceInheritance
• What we are like What we are like depends on the depends on the genesgenes we inherit we inherit from our parentsfrom our parents
• The study of The study of inheriting inheriting characteristics is characteristics is called called geneticsgenetics
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Menu page Menu page choose the section you want to work on from this choose the section you want to work on from this pagepage
How genes work
About genes Boys and girls
About cells
About variation
Start at the top Start at the top andand work round clockwise! work round clockwise!
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What is Variation?What is Variation?
• Individuals Individuals within a within a speciesspecies have different have different characteristicscharacteristics
• VariationVariation ensures ensures survivalsurvival
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Two types of variation Two types of variation 1. 1. discontinuousdiscontinuous
• A A characteristicharacteristic you either c you either have or you have or you don’t!don’t!
Tongue rolling ability
0
50
100
1 2
number who cannot or can roll their tongue
Numb
er o
f pe
ople
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Two types of variationTwo types of variation 2. Continuous 2. Continuous
• Produces a range Produces a range of differences for a of differences for a single single characteristic characteristic within a within a populationpopulation
• Variation in height Variation in height is an example of is an example of this…this…
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Does variation always Does variation always happen?happen?• Sexual Sexual reproductionreproduction • Asexual Asexual
reproductionreproduction
• needs only one needs only one parentparent
• produces identical produces identical offspring called offspring called clonesclones
• needs two parents• produces offspring with a mixture of their characteristics
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What can you remember so What can you remember so far?far?• Click the brain box Click the brain box
picture to check picture to check your knowledge your knowledge and understandingand understanding
• Or go back to the Or go back to the start again if you start again if you need to look at the need to look at the information again information again …………
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About cellsAbout cells
• Dividing and growing!Dividing and growing!
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Cell divisionCell division
• Cells divide to make new cellsCells divide to make new cells
• Cells divide when we are Cells divide when we are growinggrowing
• Cells divide during Cells divide during repairrepair of the body of the body
• Cells divide to make Cells divide to make eggs eggs andand sperms sperms
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Cell division by mitosisCell division by mitosis
• Mitosis is cell division of body cells
• Mitosis produces 4 exact copies of the parent cell
• The new daughter cells have the diploid number of chromosomes
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Cell division by meiosisCell division by meiosis
• Meiosis Meiosis produces produces sex sex cells cells oror gametes gametes
• Sex cells have Sex cells have half, the half, the haploid haploid number, of number, of chromosomeschromosomes
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How many chromosomes?How many chromosomes?
• Humans have Humans have 23 pairs23 pairs of of chromosomes like thesechromosomes like these
• The The diploiddiploid number of number of chromosomes is chromosomes is
23x2 = 23x2 = 4646
• Sex cells (gametes) have Sex cells (gametes) have 23 single23 single chromosomes - chromosomes - the the haploidhaploid (half) (half) numbernumber
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What’s the point?What’s the point?
• An egg cell has 23 chromosomesAn egg cell has 23 chromosomes
• A sperm cell has 23 chromosomesA sperm cell has 23 chromosomes
• When they join at When they join at fertilisationfertilisation there are 46 chromosomesthere are 46 chromosomes
• This makes a This makes a full set of full set of instructionsinstructions to make a to make a new human new human beingbeing!!
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What can you remember so What can you remember so far?far?• Click the brain box picture Click the brain box picture
to check your knowledge to check your knowledge and understandingand understanding
• Click here to do a worksheetClick here to do a worksheet
• Click here to try another Click here to try another worksheetworksheet
• Or go back to the start again Or go back to the start again if you need to look at this if you need to look at this information again ……information again ……
• Or back to the main menuOr back to the main menu
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Boys or girls?Boys or girls?
• What will your baby be?What will your baby be?
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What are little girls made What are little girls made of?of?
•XXXX
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What are little boys made What are little boys made of?of?
•XYXY
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Predicting the chances:Predicting the chances:
• Will it be a boy?Will it be a boy?
• Will it be a girl?Will it be a girl?
• We can work We can work out the out the chances….chances….
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Mums and Dads!Mums and Dads!
•Mums produce Mums produce only and only and chromosomeschromosomes
•Dads produce Dads produce or or chromosomeschromosomes
Now work it out!
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……and the babies?and the babies?
•Half will be Half will be girlsgirls
•Half will be Half will be boys!boys!
•50% of each 50% of each sexsex
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What can you remember?What can you remember?
• Try out the Try out the worksheet exercise…worksheet exercise…
• Or go back to review Or go back to review what you have learntwhat you have learnt
• Or return to the main Or return to the main menumenu
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Why am I unique?Why am I unique?
• It’s down to your genes!It’s down to your genes!
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It’s all down to your It’s all down to your parents!parents!
• At fertilisation two At fertilisation two gametesgametes join join
• A gamete has A gamete has halfhalf a a set of instructions – set of instructions – the the haploidhaploid number number
• A A zygotezygote is a is a fertilised egg cellfertilised egg cell
• It has has a It has has a fullfull set of set of instructions - the instructions - the diploiddiploid number number
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What causes What causes variationvariation??
All living cells contain a complex protein called DNA
Long strands of DNA forms chromosomes inside cells
Chromosomes are long strings of genes
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What is a gene?What is a gene?
• GenesGenes are short are short sections of sections of chromosomeschromosomes
• Genes are groups Genes are groups of of basesbases on on DNADNA moleculesmolecules
• All genes are made All genes are made of just of just 44 bases bases
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
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Pairs of bases!Pairs of bases!
•The fourThe four bases bases are are arranged in pairs on arranged in pairs on chromosomeschromosomes
•A A always pairs withalways pairs with T T
•C C always pairs withalways pairs with G G
A – T
G – C
T – A
C - G
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Amazing spiralsAmazing spirals
•The The arrangement of arrangement of bases forms a bases forms a double helixdouble helix shape – like a shape – like a twisted ladder!twisted ladder!
•This is a This is a chromosomechromosome
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So why do you look like So why do you look like that??that??
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PhenotypePhenotype
• The The physical physical appearanceappearance of of individuals within a individuals within a species variesspecies varies
• The genes that are The genes that are inherited from inherited from parents control the parents control the phenotypephenotype of each of each individualindividual
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GenotypeGenotype
• The different genes The different genes that each individual that each individual has is their has is their genotypegenotype
• Every body cell Every body cell carries carries pairspairs of of genesgenes on the paired on the paired chromosomeschromosomes
• Genes can be Genes can be dominantdominant or or recessiverecessive
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What have you learnt from this What have you learnt from this section?section?
• Test yourself here Test yourself here
• Or go back and look Or go back and look at this section again at this section again
• Or select a new Or select a new topic from the topic from the menumenu
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So how do your genes work?So how do your genes work?
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Gene competitions?Gene competitions?
• This rabbit’s genotype is BB – the black fur gene is dominant
This rabbit’s genotype is bb – the white fur gene is recessive
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How do the genes work?How do the genes work?
BB?BB?
Bb?Bb?
bb?bb?
Homozygous - Homozygous - two genes the two genes the samesame
Heterozygous - Heterozygous - two different two different allelesalleles
HomozygousHomozygous
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How do they work?How do they work?
• Dominant genes Dominant genes are ‘are ‘stronger’stronger’
• They are written as They are written as capital letters -‘capital letters -‘B’B’
• Recessive genes Recessive genes are ‘are ‘weaker’weaker’
• They are written as They are written as small letters – ‘small letters – ‘b’b’ This rabbit may have a
genotype of either Bb or BB
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Genes in conflict?Genes in conflict?
•B + B =BBB + B =BB
•B + b = BbB + b = Bb
•b + b = bbb + b = bb
Phenotype - Black fur
Phenotype - Black fur
Phenotype - WhiteWhite fur
Genotype BB
Genotype - Bb
Genotype - bb
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Now work it out…..Now work it out…..
parent
parent
gametes offspring
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What are the off spring like?What are the off spring like?
• All the offspring have the same All the offspring have the same genotypegenotype
• They all have one dominant gene They all have one dominant gene
• They all have one recessive geneThey all have one recessive gene
• The dominant gene ‘wins’ so the The dominant gene ‘wins’ so the offspring all have black fur!offspring all have black fur!
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What is their genotype?What is their genotype?
• Offspring have a mixture of their Offspring have a mixture of their parents’ genes:parents’ genes:
• They are They are heterozygousheterozygous
• They each have one allele for white They each have one allele for white fur and one allele for black furfur and one allele for black fur
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What about the next What about the next generation?generation?
parents
gametes
offspring
3 : 1
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What are their genotypes?What are their genotypes?
heterozygousheterozygous
homozygoushomozygous
homozygoushomozygous
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Got it?Got it?Test your self here
Or go back and have another look at the facts first!
Or back to the main menu.
Teachers can use the extra resource Punnet Squares on an IWB
but you may need to download Smartbook software [free of charge] to use the file –