inhalants-1

8/21/2019 Inhalants-1

1/37

INHALANTS


2/37

HISTORY OF INHALANTS:

800 BC - 392 AD Oracle atDelphi ihale! "th#lee $ap%r!&r%' &i!!(re! i the r%c)*eeath the te'ple+ The %racle,%(l a!,er .(e!ti%! %r 'a)epr%phe!ie! a&ter eteri/ a

trace1 %r *ei/ i a !tate %&&re#+1

245 "ther ,a! a'e !,eet$itri%l1 ,he it ,a! i!c%$ere *#Spai!h che'i!t Ra#'((!

L(lli(!

442 Nitr%(! O6ie /a! ,a! &ir!ti!c%$ere *# "/li!h !cieti!t7%!eph rie!tle#+


3/37

83 832 Chl%r%&%r' ,a!

i!c%$ere iepeetl# *# 3

!cieti!t!: Sa'(el ;(thrie< 7(!t(!

$% Lie*i/< a "(/ee S%(*eira+Ori/iall# (!e a! treat'et &%r

a!th'a+

8=0 "ther (!e a! a !%cial

l(*ricat &%r partie! calle "therFr%lic!+1

Late 9=0! Fir!t )%, %(t*rea) %&

/a!%lie !i&&i/ i >arre<

e!#l$aia+

950! Rep%rt! %& 'a# ca!e! %&

eli*erate ihalati% %& /a!%lie

&('e! *# #%(/ pe%ple i the ?S<

A(!tralia< Iia< a ;reat Britai+

959 "arlie!t )%, re&erece! t%/l(e-!i&&i/ i either 'eical %r

p%p(lar literat(re+

9@0! A icrea!i/ ('*er %&e,!paper article! rep%rt a%le!cet!!i&&i/ airplae /l(e+

9@ 9@5 ;l(e !i&&i/ epie'ic iDe$er+ The epie'ic 'a# ha$e *eeca(!e *# h#per*%lic 'eia rep%rt!a*%(t the acti$it#+ Rep%rt! %& /l(e!i&&i/ !%% !prea t% %ther ?+S+citie! li)e Ne, Y%r) a Salt La)e Cit#+


4/37

T"RINOLO;Y

Si&&i/ - Inhaling vapors from anopen container or off a heated pan

H(&&i/ - Inhaling vapors from avolatile-soaked cloth held against the face


5/37

The Users, The Culture


6/37

Inhalants don’t get a lot of attention

!"t#

I the 990!< the# ,ere the !ec% '%!t

c%''%l#-(!e illicit r(/ a'%/2- 4-#ear %l!+

Br%(ette At%< 200+

Indiana Prevention Resource Center


7/37


8/37


9/37

Types of Inhalants

All different psychoactive substances are

together grouped as Inhalants

3 groups of Inhalants:Solvents

Anesthetics

Nitrites


10/37

Solvents (common household products)

Adhesivesmodel airplane glue, rubber cement,household glue

Aerosolsspray paint, hairspray, air freshener,deodorant, fabric protector

Solvents and gases

nail polish remover, paint thinner, typecorrection fluid and thinner, toicmar!ers, pure toluene, cigar lighterfluid, gasoline, carburetor cleaner,octane booster

Cleaning agents dry cleaning fluid, spot remover,degreaser

"ood productsvegetable coo!ing spray, desserttopping spray #$hipped cream%,$hippets


11/37

Anestheticnitrous oide, ether, chloroformIsofluorane, desflurane&

Anesthetics


12/37

Nitrites

Amyl 'asodilator( treatment for angina

)utyl*+oppers, -.ush,- -/oc!er room,- -)olt,- -Clima,- also mar!eted inhead shops as -video head cleaner-

Sodium

nitrite Curing meat


13/37

0hy are Inhalants so +opular1

2asy to obtain

The high is achieved instantly and lasts 45

minutes6 #+andina and 7endren 5888%6

2asy to conceal #e6g6, permanent mar!ers,correction fluid%

Since inhalants are common, youths have

misperception of safety #9ohnston et al6 ;;%6


14/37

+harmaco!inetics

and

+harmacodynamics


15/37

Inhalants: +harmo!inetics

.oute of Ingestion: Inhaled, either directly or by

pouringistribution:

Some leave the body ?uic!lyothers are absorbed by fattytissues in the brain andnervous system6

7alf life: Short half4life: 'aries among

Inhalants, typically 54 mins


16/37

Inhalants: +harmacodynamics

/ipid Soluble4 causes a disruption of cell

membrane and membrane components

>isruption of electrical Impulses $ithin the

system2ffects @A)A neurotransmitters and its effect on

@A)A4A receptors

Ultimately it inhibits neuronal activity in the CNS


17/37

Inhalants: 2ffects

Chemicals become absorbed into fatty

tissues in the brain and the nervous

systemTypically affecting the myelin surrounding the

bodies nerve cells

$ith long term use myelin is bro!en do$n and

ultimately nerve cells can not transmitmessages to one another6


18/37

EFFECTS:

Immediate effects, usually lasts less than a min6

.epeated use etends and intensifies theeperience6

.esults in temporary loss of motor control and a-dissociative- psychological effect, $here

sensations and perceptions becomedisconnected6

2ffects include a dreamy mental state, and mildaudio and visual hallucinations6

Nitrous ide


19/37

Solvents

Immediate effects6

2ffects include

euphoria, deliriumand hallucinations6

Solvents are highly

addictive and $ill

cause damage to theliver and CNS6


20/37

+oppers

EFFECTS:

Immediate effects: typically $ithina fe$ seconds and lasts for 54

mins6Causes muscles to rela(

therefore, the heart rate increasesas $ell as cardiac output6 As a

result oygen4rich blood $ill?uic!ly reach the brain to producea *rush6


21/37

Sensations

Users may eperience: 2uphoria

/ight4headedness

Sleepiness

>istorted Space +erception

Nausea

Spinning

>run!enness

Altered shapes and colors >iBBiness

Numbness


22/37

Undesirable 2ffects

Slo$ed breathing

Slo$ed heart rate

>isorientation

/oss of body control


23/37

Undesirable 2ffects

>eathSuffocation

Cho!ing on ones vomit $hile unconscious

Asphyiation>ecrease in oygen and increase in carbon dioide6

ccurs after losing consciousness $ith plastic bag

over the head6

*Sudden Sniffing >eath


24/37

Undesirable 2ffects

*Sudden Sniffing >eath

+rolonged session of

inhalation leading tothe failure of the heart6

Can happen any given

time someone abusesinhalants6


25/37

2ffects, Treatment, +revention


26/37

Inhalants: 2ffects on the )ody

A6 )lood4 inhalant chemicals$ill bloc! the oygen carryingcapacity of blood

)6 /ungs4 repeated usecauses damage

C6 7eart4 results in *SuddenSniffing >eath Syndrome

>6 /iver4 components ofaerosol and paints $ill damagethe liver

26 Didney4 Toluene #inhalantsubstance% $ill damage the!idneys ability to control theamount of acid in the blood,may result in !idney stones

www.inhalants.org/damage.html

http://www.inhalants.org/damage.htmlhttp://www.inhalants.org/damage.html


27/37

Inhalants: 2ffects on the )rain

A6 )rain4 causes sensory andpsychological disorders6 Sincemyelin sheaths are affectedcell death is predominant6

)6 Cerebral Corte4 Cell death

causes permanent personalitychanges, memory impairment,hallucinations and learningdisabilities

C6 Cerebellum4 damageresults in a loss of coordinationand slurred speech6 Chronicusers eperience tremors anduncontrollable sha!ing

The scan shows diffuse,

severe changes in

cerebral white matter

(center).

=.I Scan of 4Eear4ld

Chronic Solvent Abuser 4 .osenberg et al6


28/37

Possible Long Term Effects of Prolonged Inhalant Abuse

- Depressed CNS Function

- Impaired otor Coordination

- Loss!Impaired "ision

- #educed Lung Function

- $earing Loss

- Li%er Damage

- #educed &idne' Function

- Decreased Sensor' Capacit'

- $eart Damage

- Neuronal 'elin Sheath

Damage

- uscle Tremor

- Numbness in e(tremities

- Slurred Speech

- emor' Loss

- Decreased Sensor'

Capacit'

Note: Neurological Deficits appear to be reversible with time and appropriate

medical/rehabilitative services.


29/37

Tolerance and Withdrawal Symptoms

Tremors

!rritability

!nsomnia

Delirium

Tingling Sensations

Sei"ures

#uscle $ramps

%n&iety

'hysical withdrawal may arise a few hours to a few days

after inhalant use.


30/37

Treatment

>ifficult to treat Abuse coincides $ith social, family, financial, or

behavior problems

"e$ go voluntarily

Cognitive impairment may last for months

/ength of treatment may go up to t$oyears


31/37

Treatment

Step (- Deto&ification) may last up

to a month.

Step *- +&tended Therapy) may last

up to two years. Initial therapy sessions are between 15-20 minutes.

Inhalant abusers have short attention spans and

exhibit difficulty with complex thinking.


32/37

'revention

#ost successful prevention program involves

comprehensive school ,ealth

+ducation.

#ultiple years of programming

!nteractive #ethods

Development of sills

assertiveness

'eer-to-peer activities

'roviding information

on riss.


33/37

7( @< 9@2 Fir!t )%, la,a/ai!t /l(e !i&&i/ i! pa!!e iAahei'< Cali&%ria+

"arl# 980! Nitrite! ,eretar/ete a! a ca(!e &%r AIDS+

992 NIC< the Nati%al

Ihalat re$eti% C%aliti%<,a! &%(e+

A(/(!t< 99@ a&ter !i&&i//a!%lie t,% -#ear-%l *%#!

i Caaa p%(re /a! %$er a!i6-#ear-%l *%# a lit hi' %&ire

7(l#< 998 a pre/at 33-#ear-%l ,%'a ,a! arre!te&%r !i&&i/ a !%l$et-!%a)e

*a/< a /a$e *irth the e6ta#


34/37

User 2perience of Inhaling "reon

*"or about seconds I had a small buBB6 Then my

vision became very very distorted6 =y depth

perception $ent $ild6 A $all about feet from

me seemed li!e it moved from inches from meto 5;; miles from me every second6 Then my

heart started beating li!e $ild6 As I collapsed to

the floor I managed to gasp out4 Fget an

ambulance666F This all lasted about as long as anitrous balloon $ould4 say 54; seconds6


35/37

ercent o! Students "eporting #nhalant

$se% &''&


36/37

0ho are the users1

A typical Inhalant abuser is 5G45H years

old

of any race or ethnic origin, or gender

Social drug: probably abuses inhalant

substances $ith one or t$o friends

/ac! of !no$ledge: doesnFt understand$hat he or she is *getting into


37/37

Age o! nset

ften first substance used before mariuana and

cocaine6 In fact, inhalant use often appears

before onset of tobacco or alcohol use6

2perimental use onset in late childhood J early

adolescence, use patterns are short lived, $ith

cessation in late adolescence

Chronic use appears in early J late adolescence

inhalants-1

Documents