infs 724 project and change management
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INFS 724 Project and Change Management
Amit Deokar, Ph.D.
Chapter 4
Project Integration Management
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Outline
Strategic planning and project selection What is project integration management? Preliminary scope statements Project management plans Project Execution Monitoring and controlling project work Integrated project control Closing projects
Strategic Planning and Project Selection
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Strategic Planning and Project Selection The first step in initiating projects is to look at the big
picture or strategic plan of an organization Strategic planning involves determining long-term
objectives, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
Organizations often perform a SWOT analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
As part of strategic planning, organizations should: Identify potential projects. Select which projects to work on. Formalize project initiation by issuing a project
charter.
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Identifying Potential Projects
Many organizations follow a planning process for selecting IT projects.
It’s crucial to align IT projects with business strategy.
Research shows that: Supporting explicit business objectives is the
number one reason cited for investing in IT projects.
The consistent use of IT standards lowers application development costs by 41 percent per user.
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Why Firms Invest in Information Technology
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Information Technology Planning Process
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Business case – An example
Please refer to the JWD Consulting business case, p. 82
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Methods for Selecting Projects
There are usually more projects than available time and resources to implement them
It is important to follow a logical process for selecting IT projects to work on
Methods include: focusing on broad needs categorizing projects performing financial analyses using a weighted scoring model (multiple criteria)
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Focusing on BroadOrganizational Needs It is often difficult to provide strong
justification for many IT projects, but everyone agrees they have a high value
Three important criteria for projects: There is a need for the project There are funds available There’s a strong will to make the project
succeed
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Categorizing IT Projects
One categorization is whether the project addresses a problem an opportunity a directive
Another categorization is how long it will take (time) to do and when it is needed
Another is the overall priority of the project
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Financial Analysis of Projects
Financial considerations are often an important consideration in selecting projects
Three primary methods for determining the projected financial value of projects: Net present value (NPV) analysis Return on investment (ROI) Payback analysis
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Net Present Value Analysis
Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time
Projects with a positive NPV should be considered if financial value is a key criterion
The higher the NPV, the better Internal rate of return (IRR) can by calculated
by setting the NPV to zero
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NPV Calculations
Determine estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces
Determine the discount rate (check with your organization on what to use)
Calculate the NPV Notes: Some organizations consider the
investment year as year 0, while others start in year 1.
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Net Present Value Example‘Resources’ page – Templates – Financial Analysis
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Return on Investment (ROI)
ROI = (total discounted benefits - total discounted costs) / discounted costs
The higher the ROI, the better Many organizations have a required rate of
return or minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
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Payback Analysis
The payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the net dollars invested in a project
Payback occurs when the cumulative discounted net benefits are greater than zero
Many organizations want IT projects to have a fairly short payback period
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Charting the Payback Period
Payback period
$-
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Year
Cumulative discounted benefits Cumulative discounted costs
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Weighted Scoring Model
A weighted scoring model is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria First identify criteria important to the project selection
process Then assign weights (percentages) to each criterion so
they add up to 100% Then assign scores to each criterion for each project Multiply the scores by the weights and get the total
weighted scores The higher the weighted score, the better
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Sample Weighted Scoring Model for Project Selection‘Resources’ page – Templates – Weighted Decision Matrix
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Example of Management Criteria
Criteria
Explicit business objectives
Support decision making
Legal/government requirements
Implicit business objectives
Response to competition
Probability of achieving
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Example of Development Criteria
Criteria
Tech/system requirements
Intro./learning technology
Probability of completion
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Screening
Identify those factors that are important Establish a minimum level of importance Eliminate those projects that fail on any one
of the minimum standards
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Screening Example
Expected ROI Qualified project team
leadership Company has expertise
in area
Project completion time
At least 30% Available
Company is either experienced or desires to gain experience
Within 12 months
What is project integration?
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Project integration is about…
Coordinating all of the other knowledge areas throughout a project’s life cycle
Coordinating people, plans, and work required to complete the project.
Steering the project team towards successful completion
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Project Integration Management Processes Develop the project charter: Work with stakeholders
to create the document that formally authorizes a project—the charter.
Develop the preliminary project scope statement: Work with stakeholders, especially users of the project’s products, services, or results, to develop the high-level scope requirements and create a preliminary project scope statement.
Develop the project management plan: Coordinate all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.
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Project Integration Management Processes (cont’d) Direct and manage project execution: Carry out the
project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
Monitor and control the project work: Oversee project work to meet the performance objectives of the project.
Perform integrated change control: Coordinate changes that affect the project’s deliverables and organizational process assets.
Close the project: Finalize all project activities to formally close the project.
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Project Integration Management Overview
Project charter
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Project Charters
A project charter is a document that formally: Recognizes the existence of a project Authorizes the project Provides direction on the project’s objectives and
management It is a roadmap that defines key questions or issues
to be addressed by the project as well as the high level project deliverables
Key project stakeholders should sign a project charter to acknowledge agreement on the need and intent of the project
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Project charter guidelines
There is no hard and fast rules. Brevity and clarity are highly valued. Suggested items include:
Project name Project sponsor (s) Project manager Statement of purpose (e.g., overarching goals, including the
need for the project in business terms) -WHY? Scope (high level product characteristics and requirements) -
WHAT? Approach – How?
Authorized project resources (people, budget) Roles and responsibilities Basic project timeline Project control Risk management
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Sample Project Charter (p. 86)
Preliminary scope statements
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Preliminary scope statements
A scope statement is a document used to develop and confirm a common understanding of the project scope.
It is an important tool for preventing scope creep: The tendency for project scope to keep getting
bigger. A good practice is to develop a preliminary or
initial scope statement during project initiation and a more detailed scope statement as the project progresses.
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Contents of a Preliminary Scope Statement Project objectives Product or service
requirements and characteristics
Project boundaries Deliverables Product acceptance
criteria Project assumptions and
constraints Organizational structure
for the project
Initial list of defined risks Summary of schedule
milestones Rough order of
magnitude cost estimate Configuration
management requirements
Description of approval requirements
Project management plans
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Project Plan Development
A project plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents
Its main purpose is to guide project execution Project plans assist the project manager in
leading the project team and assessing project status
Project performance should be measured against a baseline plan
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Attributes of Project Plans
Just as projects are unique, so are project plans
Plans should be dynamic and flexible Plans should be updated as changes occur Plans should first and foremost guide project
execution
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Common Elements of a Project Plan Introduction or overview of the project
Project name, brief description and sponsor Key team members Deliverables Key reference material Glossary
Description of how the project is organized (HR and communication) Organizational charts Project responsibilities
Management and technical processes Management objectives Project controls Risk management (Risk) Project staffing (HR) Technical processes including quality assurance
Work to be done, schedule, and budget information (Scope, Time, and Cost)
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Sample Outline for a Software Project Management Plan (SPMP)
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Stakeholder Analysis
A stakeholder analysis documents important (often sensitive) information about stakeholders such as stakeholders’ names and organizations roles on the project unique facts about stakeholders level of influence and interest in the project suggestions for managing relationships
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Sample Stakeholder Analysis (p. 144)
Project execution
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Project Plan Execution
Project plan execution involves managing and performing the work described in the project plan
The majority of time and money is usually spent on execution (performing the work)
The application area of the project directly affects project execution because the products of the project are produced during execution
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What Went Wrong?
Many people have a poor view of plans based on past experiences. Senior managers often require a plan, but then no one follows up on whether the plan was followed.
For example, one project manager said he would meet with each project team leader within two months to review their plans. The project manager created a detailed schedule for these reviews. He cancelled the first meeting due to another business commitment. He rescheduled the next meeting for unexplained personal reasons. Two months later, the project manager had still not met with over half of the project team leaders.
Why should project members feel obligated to follow their own plans when the project manager obviously did not follow his?
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Important Skills for Project Execution General management skills like leadership,
communication, and political skills Product skills and knowledge (see example of
“What Went Right?” on p. 149) Application area/product vs. technical skills –
What do you think?
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Project Execution Tools and Techniques Project management methodology: Many
experienced project managers believe the most effective way to improve project management is to follow a methodology that describes not only what to do in managing a project, but how to do it.
Project management information systems: Hundreds of project management software products are available on the market today, and many organizations are moving toward powerful enterprise project management systems that are accessible via the Internet.
Monitoring and Controlling
Project Work
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Monitoring and Controlling Project Work Monitoring project work includes collecting,
measuring, and disseminating performance information.
Important outputs of monitoring and controlling project work include: Recommended corrective Recommended preventive actions Recommended defect repair
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Monitoring and Controlling Project Work (cont.) According to PMBOK (2004), monitoring and
controlling is concerned with: Comparing actual project performance against the
project management plan Assessing performance to determine whether any
corrective/preventive measure is needed Analyze, track, and monitor project risks Maintain an accurate and timely information base
regarding project’s product (s) Provide information to support status reporting Monitor implementation of approved changes
Integrated change control
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Integrated Change Control
Integrated change control involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle
Three main objectives of change control: Influence the factors that create changes to
ensure they are beneficial Determine that a change has occurred Manage actual changes when and as they
occur
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Change Control System
A formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents and work may be changed
Describes who is authorized to make changes and how to make them
Often includes a change control board (CCB), configuration management, and a process for communicating changes
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Change Control Boards (CCBs)
A formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes on a project
CCBs provide guidelines for preparing change requests, evaluate change requests, and manage the implementation of approved changes
Includes stakeholders from the entire organization
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Making Timely Changes
Some CCBs only meet occasionally, so it may take too long for changes to occur
Some organizations have policies in place for time-sensitive changes “48-hour policy” allows project team members
to make decisions, then they have 48 hours to reverse the decision pending senior management approval
Delegate changes to the lowest level possible, but keep everyone informed of changes
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Configuration Management
Ensures that the products and their descriptions are correct and complete
Concentrates on the management of technology by identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products
Configuration management specialists identify and document configuration requirements, control changes, record and report changes, and audit the products to verify conformance to requirements
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Suggestions for Managing Integrated Change Control
View project management as a process of constant communications and negotiations
Plan for change Establish a formal change control system, including a
Change Control Board (CCB) Use good configuration management Define procedures for making timely decisions on
smaller changes Use written and oral performance reports to help
identify and manage change Use project management and other software to help
manage and communicate changes