infrastructure standards for geospatial standarization

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INFRASTUCTURE STANDARDS FOR GEOSPATIALSTANDARDIZATION

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTUREGEOM 406

Course Instructor :Mr. Shashish Maharjan

Presented By: Group 1Ruby Adhikari (01)

Tina Baidar (02)Arun Bhandari (03)

Biplov Bhandari (04)Bhanu Bhakta Bhatta (05)

Tuesday, April 11, 2023

Tuesday, April 11, 2023 2

IntroductionInternational Standardization : for the

exchange of goods and services aimed without technical barriers.

3 main organizations responsible for standardizations:ISO(International Organization for

Standardization) – responsible for all aspects – excludes Electrotechnical.

IEC(International Electrotechnical Committee) – responsible for Electrotechnical aspects.

ITU(International Telecommunication Union) – responsible for telecommunication technologies.

Role of ISOISO TC (Technical Committee) – for

protecting all other committees and Specification.

Global openness and transparency, consensus and technical coherence.

ISO offers ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS), the ISO Public Available Specification (ISO/PAS) and the ISO Technical Report (ISO/TR) as solutions to market needs.

Also offers Industry Technical Agreement (ITA) to support the proper synchronization and standardization between the ISO format and its member nations.

Benefits of ISO StandardsBusiness

Wide acceptance of products and servicesFree to compete in broader market

GovernmentProvides technical and scientific

underpinnings for health, safety, environmental legislation

ConsumersConformance of products and services provide

assurance about quality, safety, & reliability

According to Henry Tom Co-Chair,

ISO/TC 211 Advisory Group on OutreachThe ISO/TC 211 Advisory Group on Outreach – to

raise awareness, promote the use and adaption of ISO/TC 211 standards.

Standardization – previously: for supporting the existing geo-technologies and their consequences –now: for define the requirements and implementation of new geo-technology, but not interfere or bias development.

Strategic directions- viewed in terms of development, deployment, and the coordination and consensus process that integrates both these phases for successful standardization.

Challenges Challenges for geographical standardization –

internal and external.Internal – the perception of both geographic

and non-geographic community be perceived by geographic community towards the use of geospatial technology.

External – almost every business industry use LBS today. Proper standardization to challenges that prevail and may prevail.

Tom suggests interoperable geographical datasets to overcome the challenges.

Interoperability ...

the ability to find information and processing tools, when they are needed, no matter where they are physically located

the ability to understand and employ the discovered information and tools, no matter what platform supports them, whether local or remote

the ability to participate in a healthy marketplace, where goods and services are responsive to the needs of consumers

As defined by ISO TC 211

The Need for InteroperabilityGeographic analysis

Multiple sources, multiple organizations Distributed within a community GIS is unique in merging diverse information

Enterprise GIS GIS evolving beyond isolated communities GIS merging with broader IT infrastructures

Web Services Enabled by distributed networks

E-Government Within government (G2G) Between citizens and government (G2C) Between business and government (B2G)

Spatial Data Infrastructures

Interoperability EnablersInfrastructureMetadataAuthorizationBusiness

Agreements/MOUsCopyrightPricing/commerce/

Business Model

Compatible Technology

SecurityPrivacy Information

Assurance CertificationQualityStandards

LOCATION BASED SERVICES AND SPATIALENABLEMENT

Since 2000 AD integrating Internet

web services into their operational environment

most “high profile” of the emerging technologies to utilize geographic information

enormous market

location-based services (LBS) industry is predicated upon the financial support of corporate telecommunications

“who pays for location-based services?” is very important

Price of LBS

that access, provide or otherwise act upon location information

Some Relevant Examples: The renewed location-based

mobile services (LBMS) is again on the rise

inclusion of GPS chips in wireless phones

Personal Navigation Devices (PND)

provision of web based maps, location directions, satellite imagery has been quite a revelation to the geospatial sector (Microsoft, Yahoo, and Google)

INTERNET, GPS & MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS IMPACTS ON GEO SPATIAL APPLICATIONS ‐

Consumers are becoming more “spatially-aware” and sophisticated in their expectations of how the basic question of “where” is answered.

reinforced by an open source software development movement

exposure of an open application program interface (API) to Google Maps

Standards and specifications developed by ISO/TC 211 and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), with a name change from the Open GIS Consortium

Open Source Geospatial Foundation

GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (GSDI)

The Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) was defined at the 5th GSDI Conference in May 2001

50 nations developing national spatial data infrastructures.

recognizes ISO standards as a foundation

GSDI is also working closely with the United Nations.

“The Global Spatial Data Infrastructure is co ordinated actions of nations and organizations that promotes awareness and implementation of complementary policies, common standards and effective mechanisms for the development and availability of interoperable digital geographic data and technologies to support decision making at all scales for multiple purposes.”

UN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION WORKING GROUP (UNGIWG)

33 UN organizations collaborates with ISO/TC 211 and uses ISO standards

for the needs of peacekeeping actions, sustainable development and the eradication of poverty

INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION IN EUROPE (INSPIRE)

30 national bodies in the European Union.

recognizes ISO standards as a foundation

to make harmonized and high quality geographic data and information readily available for formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating Community policy and for the citizen to access information about the environment, whether local, regional, national or international

NEED FOR ADVOCACYISO/ TC 211 has

initiated its outreach activity to user communities to enable them to take advantage of the considerable international investment

there is a need for advocacy – to establish agreements between ISO/TC 211 and global organizations


PUBLISHED ISO/TC 211 STANDARDSStandards that specify the infrastructure for

geospatial standardizationStandards that describe data models for

geographic informationStandards for geographic information

managementStandards for geographic information servicesStandards for encoding of geographic

informationStandards for specific thematic areas.


INFRASTUCTURE STANDARDSThis set of standards was developed in order to

provide an infrastructure for the further standardization of geographic information.

Standards that specify the infrastructure for geospatial standardization ISO 19101 Geographic information-Reference Model ISO\TS 19103 Geographic information-Conceptual

schema language ISO\TS 19104 Geographic information-Terminology ISO Geographic information-Conformance and

testing ISO 19106-Geographic information-Profiles


ISO 19101:2002 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION- REFERENCE MODELIt is a guide to structuring geographic standards

in a way that will enable the universal usage of digital geographic information.

This reference model provides a vision of standardization in which geographic information can be integrated with existing and emerging digital information technologies and applications.

It uses the concepts obtained from ISO/IEC Open System Environment (OSE) approach for determining standardization requirements.


Main FocusThe main focus of this family of standards is

to:1. define the basic semantics and structure of

geographic information for data management and data interchange purposes and

2. define geographic information service components and their behavior for data processing purposes.

Thus, the two major components of the reference model are the Domain Reference Model and the Architecture Reference Model


Domain Reference Model It provides a high-level representation and description of the structure and content of geographic information.

Its key elements are: Dataset : It contains features, spatial objects and descriptions of position

of spatial objects in space and time

Application schema: It provides a description of the semantic structure of the dataset and also identifies the spatial object types and reference systems required to provide a complete description of geographic information in the dataset

Metadata dataset : It allows users to search for, evaluate, compare and order geographic data . It describes the administration, organization, contents and quality of geographic information in datasets.


High-level view of the ISO 19101 Domain reference model


Architectural Reference ModelThis model defines a structure for geographic

information services and a method for identifying standardization requirements for those services .

It provides an understanding of what types of services are defined in the different standards in the ISO 19100 series of standards and distinguishes these services from other information technology services.


The ISO 19101 Architectural reference model

Key API Application Programming Interface HTI Human Technology Interface ISI Information Services Interface CSI Communications Services Interface Services NNI Network to Network Interface G GeographicIT Information TechnologyHS Human Interaction Services

MS Model Management ServicesWS Workflow/Task Services SS System Management Services PS Processing Services CS Communication Services


ISO/TS 19103:2005 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION -CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA LANGUAGE

Two aspects of this technical specification It identifies the combination of the Unified

Modeling Language (UML) static structure diagram with its associated Object Constraint Language (OCL) and a set of basic type definitions as the conceptual schema language for specification of geographic information.

It provides guidelines on how UML should be used to create geographic information and service models that are a basis for achieving the goal of interoperability.


Technical ContentIts main technical content is found in Clause

6:An introduction to the general usage of UML-

6.1 & 6.2 Description of classes and attributes based on

general rules for UML -6.3 & 6.4 specification of data types -6.5More information on the use of UML models

for describing geographic information - 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8.

The conventions for defining optional attributes and associations are described in 6.9.

Naming rules are described in 6.10.


Data TypesThe basic data types defined in this technical

specification are:

1. Primitive types: Fundamental types for representing values, examples are Character String, Integer, Boolean, Date, Time, etc. 2. Implementation and collection types: Types for

implementation and representation structures, examples are Names and Records, and types for representing multiple occurrences of other types, examples are Set, Bag and Sequence.

3. Derived types: Measure types and units of measurement.

ISO/TS 19104:2008 Geographic Information -Terminology Is a Technical specification Guides for collection and maintenance in field of

Geographic information Defines the criteria for including concepts in

vocabulary Describes the structures of entries and types of

terminological data to be recorded Includes principles for definition writing

Contd…Serves for maintenance of Terminological Repository

Freely available for use by all interested people and organization

Propose: Encourage consistency in use and interpretation of geospatial terms

ISO 19105:2000 Geographic Information –Conformance and Testing

Specifies the framework, concepts and methodology for testing

Claims conformance to the family of ISO geographic information standards

Claiming is done for data or software, specifications ,products/services

Contd…

Conformance testing is done in abstract sense rather than Physical(robustness, acceptance, performance)

Purpose: provides a framework of an abstract test suite (ATS)

ATS requires International definition and acceptance of common testing methods and procedures

ISO 19106:2004 Geographic Information –Profiles

Defines the concept of a profile of ISO geographic information standards

Guides for the creation of such profiles that meet the definition of ISO/TC 211 i.e. being Standardized

Profile standardization requires conformance Considers mainly two classes of conformance

Contd…

Class 1: is satisfied when a profile is established as pure as subset of the ISO geographic information standards, together possibly with other ISO standards

Class 2: allows profiles to include extensions within the context permitted in the base standard and permits the profiling of non-ISO geographic information standards as profiles.

Contd…

Conformance to profile implies conformance to the set of base standards to which it refers

Conformance to that set of base standards doesn’t necessarily imply conformance to the profile


ConclusionThe ISO geographic information standards

define a variety of models for describing, managing, and processing of geospatial data.

The ISO geographic information standards define a variety of models for describing, managing, and processing of geospatial data.

Different user communities have different requirements for the extent they want to use or implement these elements and rules.

infrastructure standards for geospatial standarization

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