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TRANSCRIPT
Infrastructure Alternatives for Setting Up an Oracle DB on Linux
on IBM System z
Session 308
IBM
Notice Regarding Specialty Engines (e.g., zIIPs, zAAPs and IFLs):
Any information contained in this document regarding Specialty Engines ("SEs") and SE eligible workloads provides only general descriptions of the types and portions of workloads
that are eligible for execution on Specialty Engines (e.g., zIIPs, zAAPs, and IFLs). IBM authorizes customers to use IBM SE only to execute the processing of Eligible Workloads of specific Programs expressly authorized by IBM as specified in the “Authorized Use Table for
IBM Machines” provided at www.ibm.com/systems/support/machine_warranties/machine_code/aut.html (“AUT”).
No other workload processing is authorized for execution on an SE.
IBM offers SEs at a lower price than General Processors/Central Processors because customers are authorized to use SEs only to process certain types and/or amounts of
workloads as specified by IBM in the AUT.
IBM trademark information can be found at Copyright and trademark information
Agenda• IBM System z basics
• Linux native or virtualized
• Oracle MAA on Linux on z
• Networking and MAA
• Disk or DASD considerations
• Linux implementation considerations
More information on zEnterprise
• IBM zEnterprise / System z Redbooks Portal: http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/portals/systemz
• IBM zEnterprise Announcement Landing Page: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/zec12.html
• IBM System Storage: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/disk/index.html?LNK=browse
PR/SM – LPARsHardware partitioning
The IBM mainframe can be partitioned into separate logical computing systems. System resources (memory, processors, and I/O devices) can be divided or shared among many such independent logical partitions(LPARs) under the control of the LPAR hypervisor, which comes with the standard ProcessorResource/ Systems Manager (PR/SM™) feature on all mainframes. The hypervisor is a software layer to manage multiple operating systems running in a single central processing complex. The mainframe uses a Type 1 hypervisor. Each LPAR supports an independent operating system (OS) loaded by a separate initial program load (IPL) operation.
The System z* PR/SM* is designed for Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level 5+ (EAL 5+) certification for security, so an application running on one partition can’t access another application on a different partition,
z/VM - virtualization
Comments:- Think of z/VM as a big city. Parts of the city can be allocated to guests. Some guests live in skyscrapers
and some in single family homes.
- Guest are given access to IFLs, memory, and I/O AS NEEDED
- Unused resources can be made available to all and that increases efficiency through complete utilizationof resources
z/VM sample Oracle Guest• Suppose the System z has
64 GB of memory, 20 IFLs, and dozens of I/O connections
• HR production guest4 GB for SGA and PGA so we make it a 6 GB guest Sized for four IFLs. Can use any four of the 20 available IFLsPrioritize this guest in z/VM relatively high.
• HR test/dev/QA/sandbox10 GB for multiple instances of Oracle so we make it a 12 GB guestSized for 6 IFLs. Can use any six of 20 available IFLsPrioritize below HR production guest so in times of high demand HR productiongets preferred access.
• Can run many other Oracle or non-Oracle guests sharing the IFL and memoryresources.
Don’t call it zLinux – It is really Linux on z
zLinux is a commonly used term for running Linux on z
zLinux is NOT a special distribution of Linux created by IBM.
SLES and Red Hat have Oracle certified distributions for Loz
SLES 10 and 11
Red Hat 5.x and Red Hat 6.2
Linux can run natively on System z or under z/VM (i.e. virtualization)
Linux on z (Loz) is a better term and is less confusing in the Oracle space
Choices
• z/VM – in one or more LPARs• Production and Dev/Test in different LPARs each with z/VM• Production, Dev/Test in the same LPAR
• Linux in an LPAR natively
• Linux in LPAR(s) with z/VM in different LPARs• z/VM hosting Dev/Test• LPAR mode for Production Linux
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 16
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA
Node 1
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1
ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle Database EE11gR2 or 10gR2
Guards against:•Hardware failure – System z
Comments:•Added Oracle’s Automated Storage Manager (ASM) which is similar to a LVM but with more capabilities
•ASM is a separate Oracle DB but is not shown
A
S
M
VSWITCH
Oracle DB Instance
MAA – Oracle’s Maximum Availability Architecture
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 17
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – no RAC
Node 1
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1
ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle Databases
Guards against:•Hardware failure – System z
Comments:•The solution can scale with multiple virtual Linux guests, each with an Oracle database instance as well as running multiple instances within a single guest.
A
S
MVSWITCH
C
R
S
Oracle DB Instance
Node 1
C
R
S
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Oracle DB Instance
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M
Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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M
Node 1
C
R
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Oracle DB Instance
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ApplicationServer(s)
ApplicationServer(s)Application
Server(s)ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 18
Oracle Database building Oracle MAA -
Prod
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1
ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle Database
Guards against:•Hardware failure – System z•Linux OS or Oracle DB failure•Allows for rolling maintenance to Linux and possibly Oracle.
Comments:•Unlike hot stand by there will be little impact to the end users resulting from a Linux node or instance failure.
•All IFLs and memory can be shared across nodes.
A
S
M
&
C
R
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Prod
Linux A
S
M
&
C
R
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VSWITCH
Private interconnect
RAC
Oracle DB Instance
Oracle DB Instance
Interconnect - The private network communication link that is used to synchronize the memory cache of the nodes in the cluster. Can be a VSWITCH, Linux channel bonding or Oracle HAIP.
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 19
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – RAC
Prod
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1
ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle Database
Guards against:•Hardware failure –System z•Linux OS or Oracle DB failure•Allows for maintenance to either z/VM, Linux and possibly Oracle DB in either Prod guest
A
S
M
&
C
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Prod
Linux A
S
M
&
C
R
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VSWITCH
z/VM LPAR 2
VSWITCH
HiperSockets
Oracle DB Instance
Oracle DB Instance
PrivateInterconnect
Comments:•IFLs can be shared across LPARs but memory cannot.
•HiperSockets is a memory based technology that provides high-speed TCP/IP connectivity between LPARS within a System z.
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 20
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – RAC
Prod
Linux
System z #1 – z/VM
ApplicationServer(s)
Oracle Database
Guards against:•Hardware failure –System z•Linux OS or Oracle DB failure•Allows for maintenance to either z/VM, Linux and possibly Oracle DB in either Prod guest
Comments:•Physically separate System z machines
A
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&
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Prod
Linux A
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C
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VSWITCH
System z #2 – z/VM
VSWITCH
OSA and TCP/IP
Oracle DB Instance
Oracle DB Instance
PrivateInterconnect
z/VM Virtual Switch
•A special-purpose Guest LAN
• Layer 2 or Layer 3• Built-in IEEE 802.1q bridge to outside network• IEEE VLAN capable• IEEE 802.3ad - Link Aggregation
•Each Virtual Switch has up to 8 separate OSA-Express connections associated with it
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 23
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – no RAC
Node 1
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1A
S
MVSWITCH
C
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Oracle DB Instance
Node 1
C
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A
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M
Node 1
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Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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C
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OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE vNICs in
each guest
vNIC
Comments:- OSA is a physical
network port
- vNIC – virtual NIC defined in z/VM mapping to a NIC definition in Linux
- There can be many VSWITCHes defined and running in z/VM
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 24
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – no RAC
Node 1
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1A
S
MVSWITCH
C
R
S
Oracle DB Instance
Node 1
C
R
S
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Oracle DB Instance
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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M
Node 1
C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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Node 1
C
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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Node 1
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Linux
Oracle DB Instance
A
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OSA10 GbE
vNICs ineach guest
vNICOSA
10 GbE
Comments:- Additional Network
CapacityUsing VSWITCH IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 25
Oracle Database building Oracle MAA – in one z LPAR
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1A
S
M
&
C
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LinuxA
S
M
&
C
R
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VSWITCH
Private interconnect
RAC
Oracle DB InstanceNode 1
Oracle DB InstanceNode 2
VSWITCHor
dedicated guest lan
vNIC - vlan
vNIC
vNIC
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
vNIC - vlan
Comments:- VSWITCH supports vlan
tagging
- vlan tagging occurs inside Linux networkdefinition
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 26
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – RAC in separate z LPARs
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1A
S
M
&
C
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LinuxA
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M
&
C
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VSWITCH
z/VM LPAR 2
VSWITCH
Oracle DB InstanceNode 1
Oracle DB InstanceNode 2
HiperSocketPrivate interconnect
HiperSocket
vNIC
vNIC - vlan
vNIC
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
vNIC - vlan
Comments:- HiperSockets is a
memory to memory connection
- When using Hipersockets disable TCP/IP checksum
- Increase MTU size for better performance
- HiperSockets supports vlan
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 27
Hipersockets Checksumming Disable
HiperSockets does not require network checksum since it is a memory to-memory operation.
– To save CPU cycles, switch checksumming off:SUSE SLES10: in /etc/sysconfig/hardware/hwcfg-qeth-bus-ccw-0.0.F200 add QETH_OPTIONS="checksumming=no_checksumming"
SUSE SLES11: in /etc/udev/rules.d/51-qeth-0.0.f200.rules addACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="ccwgroup", KERNEL=="0.0.f200",ATTR{checksumming}="no_checksumming“
Red Hat: in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 addOPTIONS="checksumming=no_checksumming"
27
Oracle database Linux for System z
© 2011 IBM CorporationPage 28
Oracle Database - building Oracle MAA – RAC in separate z machines
Linux
z/VM LPAR 1A
S
M
&
C
R
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LinuxA
S
M
&
C
R
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VSWITCH
z/VM LPAR 2
VSWITCH
Oracle DB InstanceNode 1
Oracle DB InstanceNode 2
vNIC
vNIC - vlan
vNIC
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
OSA10 GbE
VSWITCHOSA
10 GbE
VSWITCHOSA10 GbE
vNIC - vlan
Comments:- Use VSWITCH for
multiple guests running RAC private interconnections
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 30
Disk or DASD options
Disk: XIV, V7000 or SCSI- For the Oracle database
DASD (3390 or ECKD)- Use for z/VM, Linux and Oracle binaries- For Oracle database
• PerformanceBest – HyperPav in the DASD subsystem and HyperPav driver
support in Linux distributionSLES 11 update 1REL 6
Good – HyperPAV or PAV in the DASD subsystem. Additional setup work in z/VM and Linux required
Decent – No PAV. Setup work in z/VM and Linux required
HyperPAV
0 10 20 400%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ECKD Devices: Scaling HyperPAV aliases
Normalized Transactional throughput and total Disk I/O (read + write)
normalized transactional throughput Total MB/sec
# alias devices
norm
aliz
ed tr
ansa
ctio
nal t
hrou
ghpu
t
MiB
/sec
Applies only to DASD and not SCSI
4 CPUs 6 CPUs0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
Comparing FCP and ECKD
Transactional throughput
ECKD (20 aliases) FCP (rr_min_io=100)
norm
aliz
ed tr
ansa
ctio
nal t
hrou
ghpu
t
ECKD / FCP Comparison
ECKD / FCP comparison - 2
4 CPUs 6 CPUs90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
Comparing FCP and ECKD
CPU cost per transactional throughput
FCP ECKD
CP
U c
ost p
er tr
ansa
ctio
nal t
hrou
ghpu
t
ECKD / FCP comparison - 3
• FCP (SCSI) offers better throughput and performance
• ECKD uses less CPU per transaction
• You have to tune both environments
• Recommendation: it depends
3
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 35
Overview of Major RAC Components
RAC
Node_1
RAC
Node_2
Voting
OCR
Datafile
Datafile
Datafile
VIPA -- Backup
Private Network -- PrimaryPublic Network
$Oracle
Swap
Linux
Product Binaries
$Oracle
Swap
Linux
Product Binaries
Position inside ASM for 11gR2
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 36
Verify I/O Performance with Oracle Orion/CalibrateOracle ORION utility - I/O simulator simulates reads and writes without creating a database.Now included with Oracle install code.Get your I/O subsystem tuned ahead of time.
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/orion -run oltp -testname test -num_disks 5 -duration 20 -simulate raid0
ORION: ORacle IO Numbers -- Version 11.2.0.3.0test_20130312_1652Calibration will take approximately 9 minutes.Maximum Small IOPS=41535 @ Small=26 and Large=0
Existing database you can use Oracle’s I/O Calibrate to test your I/O performance:
SET SERVEROUTPUT ONDECLARE
lat INTEGER;iops INTEGER;mbps INTEGER;
BEGIN-- CALIBRATE_IO (<DISKS>, <MAX_LATENCY>, iops, mbps,
lat);
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (2, 10, iops, mbps, lat);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('max_iops = ' || iops);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('latency = ' || lat);dbms_output.put_line('max_mbps = ' || mbps);
end;/
max_iops = 45386latency = 0max_mbps = 1236
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 37
Storage – Testing with Oracle Orion – Bad result
ORION Simulates Oracle reads and writes, without having to create a databaseand helps to isolate I/O issues. When a database is optimally configured you can expect to get up to 95% of the thorughput of Orion.
./orion_zlinux -run simple -testname mytest -num_disks 2 -duration 30 -simulate raid0
ORION VERSION 11.2.0.0.1Commandline: -run oltp -testname mytest -num_disks 2 -duration 30 -simulate raid0This maps to this test: Test: mytestSmall IO size: 8 KB Large IO size: 1024 KBIO Types: Small Random IOs, Large Random IOsSimulated Array Type: RAID 0 Stripe Depth: 1024 KBWrite: 0% Cache Size: Not EnteredDuration for each Data Point: 30 secondsSmall Columns:, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26,
28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40Large Columns:, 0 Total Data Points: 22
Name: /dev/dasdq1 Size: 2461679616Name: /dev/dasdr1 Size: 24616796162 FILEs found.Maximum Small IOPS=5035* @ Small=40 and Large=0Minimum Small Latency=0.55 @ Small=2 and Large=0
* Results are NOT representative of normal DASD performance
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 38
I/O Subsystem – Testing with Oracle Orion
Be careful with the Orion options you choose. The writes are destructive.
Perform Orion testing immediately after installing the Oracle database to validate the I/O subsystem
Moving data is like moving water – must have adequate flow throughout
OR
Oracle’s Orion
• Can be used on both Disk and DASD
• If you have both Disk and DASD can help you decide which to use for the Oracle Database(s)
DASD or Disk
• Use Linux multipathing for SCSI
• Not required for DASD with Red Hat 6 or SLES 11 SP2 and HyperPAV
• z/VM handles pathing automatically
• If using a Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
• Disable read ahead on Oracle volumes or LUNs
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 43
Linux HugePagesConsider implementing Linux HugePages for large SGAs
(Oracle DB 11gR2 only)- The more connections the larger the page table reduction.- Limitations: No Oracle’s AMM (i.e., memory_target).
Notice the HugePages size differs among different version of Linux
- Red Hat 5.x and SLES 10 use 2 MB page increments- Red Hat 6 and SLES 11 use 1MB page increments
See 1392497.1 on support.oracle.com for more details.
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 44
Oracle DB without HugePages Linux 4K Page Tables after 70 minutes
Linux Swap and Page Tables using 87.7 GB of Memory!
Oracle database on Linux for System z
© 2013 IBM CorporationPage 45
Oracle using HugePages after two hours
Page tables: 0.371 GB and No Swap
cat /proc/meminfo
Utilize Direct I/O with LVM
• Eliminate Linux caching allowing Oracle DB to properly stage data
• init.ora
• filesystemio_options=setall*
• disk_asynch_io=true
*Not necessary with Oracle’s ASM
© 2013 IBM Corporation
Oracle 11.2.0.3 Improvements
Oracle’s VKTM (virtual keeper of time) process uses slightly fewer CPU minutes – (about 0.08 vs. 0.09 with 11.2.0.2)
Only Install the database modules that are needed– DB installed with NO options
The "gettimeofday" function is called 300 times every 15 seconds.
– DB installed with all options : (Java, XML, Text, etc ....... ) The "gettimeofday" function is called 1500 times every 15 seconds.
My Oracle Support LinksNote 1306465.1 Getting Started - 11gR2 Grid Infrastructure, SI(Single Instance), ASM and DB (IBM: Linux on System z)Note 1470834.1 - Requirements for Installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6 on IBM: Linux on System z (s390x)Note 1290644.1 - Requirements for Installing Oracle 11gR2 on SLES11 on IBM: Linux on System z (s390x) Also review note: OHASD fails to start on SuSE 11 SP2 on IBM: Linux on System z [ID 1476511.1]Note 1308859.1 Requirements for Installing Oracle 11gR2 on SLES 10 on IBM: Linux on System z (s390x)Note 1306889.1 Requirements for Installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 5 on IBM: Linux on System z (s390x)Note 1086769.1 - Ensure you have prerequisite rpms to install Oracle Database and AS10g(midtier) on IBM: Linux on System z (s390x) Note 1377392.1 How to Manually Configure Disk Storage devices for use with Oracle ASM 11.2 on IBM: Linux on System z)Note 1400185.1 How to Upgrade Oracle Restart i.e. Single Node Grid Infrastructure/ASM from 11.2.0.2 to 11.2.0.3Note 1276058.1 Oracle GoldenGate Best Practices: Instantiation from an Oracle Source DatabaseNote 1413787.1 How to completely remove 11.2 Grid Infrastructure, CRS and/or Oracle Restart - IBM: Linux on System z
Note 259301.1 CRS and 10g Real Application ClustersNote 268937.1 Repairing or Restoring an Inconsistent OCR in RACNote 239998.1 10g RAC How to clean up after a failed CRS InstallNote 220970.1 RAC Frequently Asked Questions Topic
Note 420382.1 Requirements for Installing Oracle 10gR2 RDBMS on RHEL 4 on zLinux (s390x).Note 431443.1 Requirements for Installing Oracle 10gR2 RDBMS on SLES 9 zLinux (s390x)Note 1082253 Requirements for Installing Oracle 10gR2 RDBMS on SLES 10 zLinux (s390x)Note 741646.1 Requirements for Installing Oracle 10gR2 RDBMS on RHEL 5 on zLinux (s390x).Note 415182.1 DB Install Requirements Quick Reference - zSeries based Linux .
Note 741146.1 Installing Standalone Agent 10.2 on Linux on z
Other Resourceshttp://www.ibm.com/redbooks- SG24-6482-00 Experiences with Oracle Database 10g on Linux for zSeries- SG24-7191-00 Experiences with Oracle 10gR2 Solutions on Linux for System z- SG24-7573-00 Using Oracle Solutions on Linux on System z- SG24-7634-00 Experiences with Oracle Solutions on Linux for IBM System z- REDP-4788-00 Installing Oracle 11gR2 RAC on Linux on System z
http://linuxmain.blogspot.com
http://www.vm.ibm.com/perf/tips- General z/VM Tuning Tips
http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux390/index.shtml- Lot’s of information on Linux for System z
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/linux390/perf/index.html- Hints and Tips for tuning Linux on System z
http://www.zseriesoraclesig.org- Special Interest Group of Oracle users on the System z
http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-390%40vm.marist.edu/- Marist List Server
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