infrared quantitative spectroscopy and atmospheric ...2-… · infrared quantitative spectroscopy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Infrared quantitative
spectroscopy and
atmospheric satellite
measurements
Jean-Marie Flaud
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes
Atmosphériques
CNRS, Universités Paris Est Créteil et Paris Diderot
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THE MIPAS EXPERIMENT
• Phosgene (COCl2), • H14NO3 , • Questions/Comments
OUTLINE
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MIPAS
• The MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer that measures earthlimb emissions in the 685-2410 cm−1 range with an unapodized resolution of 0.035 cm−1, and with high sensitivity,
• The spectral resolution of the instrument permits to obtain the atmospheric spectra with an unprecedented accuracy.
• Day and night
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(J.-M. Flaud and H. Oelhaf, Infrared spectroscopy and the terrestrial atmosphere, C. R.
Physique 5 (2004) 259–271)
A MIPAS SPECTRUM
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Phosgene (COCl2) in the UTLS:
vertical distribution from MIPAS
observations using new
spectroscopic data at 11.65µm
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Phosgene in the UTLS region
• It is absorbing in the same spectral region as CFC11!
• Phosgene (COCl2) in the 20th century was mainly used by
chemical industry in the preparation of insecticides,
pharmaceuticals and herbicides.
Why to study phosgene?
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Previous studies • First study about atmospheric phosgene: Singh (1976) studied the surface
distribution of phosgene using data from six stations in California.
• Wilson et al. (1988) measured phosgene at various altitudes during an aircraft
flight over Germany.
• Toon et al. (2001) used the Jet Propulsion Laboratory - MkIV Interferometer,
onboard stratospheric balloons, to retrieve different VMR profiles of phosgene
from 1992 to 2000.
• First satellite measurements of stratospheric phosgene: Fu et al. (2007) used
ACE-FTS measurements to make the first analysis of the global distribution of
phosgene.
• Using data acquired by the same experiment, Brown et al. (2011) focused their
work on the study of phosgene inter-annual variations.
But these studies were not using high resolution spectra
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Cross sections from PNNL are not sufficient
because not covering the atmoshere
temperatue range
High resolution spectra of the ν5 bands of
CO 35Cl 37Cl, CO 35Cl 37Cl and CO 37Cl 37Cl
were recorded and analysed
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Estimation of the abundances of the
various isotopic species of phosgene
Abundance Abundance
35Cl 0.7578 CO 35Cl 35Cl 0.5743
37Cl 0.2422 CO 35Cl 37Cl 0.3671
CO37Cl 37Cl 0.0587
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High resolution analysis of the ν1 and ν5 bands
of phosgene 35Cl2CO and 35Cl37ClCO
FTS spectra of phosgene have been recorded in the 11.75 μm and 5.47 μm spectral regions at a resolution of ~0.00125 cm-1 leading to the observation of the ν5 and ν1 bands of the three isotopologues 35Cl2CO, 35Cl37ClCO and 37Cl2CO. The upper state ro-vibrational levels were fit to within the experimental accuracy i.e. ~0.17 x10-3 cm-1. using Hamiltonians accounting for resonance effects when necessary and in this way it proved possible to simulate the observed spectra to within experimental accuracy.
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Hot bands
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Phosgene low resolution spectrum
[PNNL] around 11.65µm
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Bands calculated to model the absorption cross
sections of Phosgene at 11.65µm
ISOTOPIC
SPECIES
VIBRATION
AL BAND
INTENSITY
(cm-1 /
molecule.cm-2)
Number of
lines
3535Cl2
GROUND--
>V5 0.216D-16
46052
3535Cl2 V3-->V3+V5 0.105D-16 42104
3535Cl2 V6-->V5+V6 0.602D-17 38440
3535Cl2 V2-->V2+V5 0.162D-17 29500
3537Cl2
GROUND--
>V5 0.139D-16
43784
3537Cl2 V3-->V3+V5 0.625D-17 38699
3537Cl2 V6-->V5+V6 0.313D-17 33872
3737Cl2
GROUND--
>V5 0.387D-17
35361
(The intensities account for the isotopic abundances)
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Observed (red) and calculated (green) X- sections at 5 C
Missing hot band
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Summary and conclusions
We studied the phosgene global distribution using:
• the new phosgene spectroscopic database ,
• the new MTR functionality of the ORM (COCl2 and CFC-11 joint retrieval),
• more than 28000 profiles retrieved from MIPAS in the 2008 year.
MIPAS allowed to highlight the seasonal and latitudinal variations:
• largest values in the tropical regions,
• less peaked vertical distributions in the mid-latitude and polar regions,
• no seasonal variability in the UTLS apart for a weak seasonality in the polar regions,
• the lowest average values occur in the South Polar Winter (JJA).
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Results – Polar bands
The average profiles do not exceed 30 pptv with maxima at around 100 hPa. Only in the polar regions we observe a weak seasonality.
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MIPAS database
Goal: Retrieve HNO3 using
simultaneously the 11 and 7.6 µm regions
New H14NO3 line parameters at 7.6 µm
derived from MIPAS satellite measurements and
laboratory intensity measurements
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MW & n9 {n5,2n9) {n4,n3} n2
0-10cm-1 458cm-1 879, 896cm-1 1303, 1326cm-1 1709cm-
Far-IR 22µm 11µm 7.6µm
MIPAS
Enables a simultaneous measurement of
HNO3 both at 11 µm & 7.6 µm using MIPAS
spectra
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¤ As a starting point, we use the 2013 list of
line positions and relative line intensities at
7.6 µm
Process
¤The 11 µm band line parameters were kept as
they are in HITRAN or GEISA
¤The new 7.6 µm parameters (line positions
and relative intensities) were improved
relatively to those at 11 µm.
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Strategy for improving the
7.6 µm region (H14NO3)
We used and combined three sets of experimental data
¤ A list of laboratory experimental (individual) line
positions and intensities measured in the 7.6 µm region
using FTS spectra recorded in 2004 at Giessen.
¤ MIPAS spectra (orbit 04712 from 24 january 2003)
¤ The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNNL) cross sections
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Hamiltonian matrix
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Old database at 7.6 µm
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New database at 7.6 µm
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About 350 line intensities were measured using an FTS
spectrum recorded in the 7.6 µm region (P?)
Ratio R=MIPAS-new/ Measured line intensities
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The Pacific Northwest Laboratory cross sections
(https://secure2.pnl.gov/nsd/nsd.nsf/Welcome)
HITRAN-2012
HITRAN-2012
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Conclusion
Atmospheric spectra can be used
to improve spectroscopic
databases
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What are the problems?
3 Many species( O3, HCHO, H2O,C2H6, …) are measured in various spectral regions with different instruments
•How to perform really meaningful comparisons of concentration
profiles obtained by spectrometric measurements in various spectral
regions
•How to perform simultaneous retrievals in different spectral regions
if the corresponding the line parameters are not consistent
1 The possibility of the retrievals is directly linked to the availablity of the spectroscopic parameters
2 The quality of the retrievals is directly linked to the quality of the spectroscopic parameters
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SEED QUESTIONS
• What are the spectroscopic needs?
• Where are recognised weaknesses?
• Which new species are relevant and why ?
Together with other groups!
• What about line shapes, continuum absorption
• How is the consistency between different
wavelength ranges (e.g. UV, SWIR, TIR)?
• Auxiliary data: what/how/why? (e.g. micro-
windows, climatology)
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Spectroscopy for infrared limb/nadir sounders
Some comments:
• Only a small amount of the MIPAS data is used in the level 2 analysis
• Is redundant and new information properly used?
• Independent set of (micro)windows in level 2 can be used to assess
data product uncertainty including spectroscopy
Status of IR spectroscopic databases
• Still missing quantified uncertainties ( Especially for air broadening
and temperature dependences, and air pressure shifts and
temperature dependences).
• Line narrowing almost entirely missing
• In case of absorption cross sections: often insufficient spectral
resolution, missing air pressure and temperature dependences, errors
due to temperature inhomogeneity
• Some molecules like CO2, H2O, CO, HCl, HF, N2O and O3 seems to be
in “reasonable” shape
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Spectroscopy for infrared limb/nadir sounders
Error propagation into level 2
• Global scalar error for trace gas profiles (contributing errors are scalar
line intensity errors): this error is not fully critical since, in principle, it
can be removed by validation. However accuracies of 1-10% are
extremely difficult to reach
Need to use laboratory and/or atmospheric spectra
• Spectroscopic errors with contributions varying with pressure and
temperature and thus height, geolocation, time of year, day – night are
extremely difficult to estimate.
Question: Can rigorous retrieval simulations for the MIPAS data products
regarding these issues give an answer? How can the microwindow
selection tackle these issues?
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Spectroscopy for infrared limb/nadir sounders
Some “ideas” to improve the spectroscopic databases:
• Identify species where specific scientific issues require an improved
data quality and consistency
• Test the impact of spectroscopic error by doing retrievals with
different microwindow sets, however this does not unambiguously
point out to spectroscopic errors
• Perform the “right spectroscopic” studies
• ………………………………
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I WOULD LIKE TO THANK:
H14NO3
A. Perrin, M. Ridolfi, J. Vander-Auwera, M. Carlotti
THANK YOU FOR YOU ATTENTION
Phosgene
M. Valeri , M. Carlotti, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, B. M. Dinelli