information technology science

7/27/2019 Information Technology science

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Information Technology

Project

By :- pragya gupta Submitted to :- sonia maam


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GLOBAL WARMING


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Global warmingrefers to an unequivocal andcontinuing rise in the average temperature ofEarth's climate system.[2]Since 1971, 90% of thewarming has occurred in the oceans.[3]Despite the

oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term"global warming" is also used to refer to increases inaverage temperature of the air and sea at Earth'ssurface.[4][5]Since the early 20th century, the global airand sea surface temperature has increased about

0.8 C (1.4 F), with about two-thirds of the increaseoccurring since 1980.[6]Each of the last three decadeshas been successively warmer at the Earths surfacethan any preceding decade since 1850.[7]
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Scientific understanding of the cause of global warming hasbeen increasing. In its fourth assessment (AR4 2007)oftherelevantscientific literature, the International Panel onClimate Change(IPCC) reported that scientists were morethan 90% certain that most of global warming was beingcaused by increasing concentrations of greenhousegasesproduced by human activities.[8][9][10]In 2010 thatfinding was recognized by the national science academiesof all major industrialized nations.[11][A]Affirming thesefindings in 2013, IPCC says that the largest driverof global

warming is carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions from fossil fuelcombustion, cement production, and land usechangessuch as deforestation.[12]Its 2013 report states
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Human influence has been detected inwarming of the atmosphere and the ocean, inchanges in the global water cycle, in

reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sealevel rise, and in changes in some climateextremes. This evidence for human influencehas grown since AR4. It is extremely likely (95-

100%) that human influence has been thedominant cause of the observed warmingsince the mid-20th century.


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projections were summarized in the 2007 FourthAssessment Report(AR4) bythe Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange(IPCC). They indicated that during the

21st century the global surface temperature islikely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 C (2.0 to 5.2 F)for their lowest emissions scenarioand 2.4 to6.4 C (4.3 to 11.5 F) for their highest.[14]The

ranges of these estimates arise from the use ofmodels with differing sensitivity to greenhousegas concentrations.[
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Future climate change and associated impacts will varyfrom region to regionaround theglobe.[17][18]The effectsof an increase in globaltemperature include a rise in sea levelsand a change in

the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well as aprobable expansion of subtropicaldeserts.[19]Warmingis expectedto be strongest inthe Arctic, with thecontinuing retreat of glaciers,permafrostand sea ice.Other likely effects of the warming include more

frequent extreme weatherevents including heatwaves, droughts and heavy rainfall; ocean acidification;and species extinctionsdue to shifting temperatureregimes.
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ROBOTICS


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Roboticsis the branch of technologythat deals with thedesign, construction, operation, and applicationof robots,[1]as well as computer systems for their control,sensory feedback, and information processing. The designof a given robotic system will often incorporate principles

of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering,and computer science(particularly artificial intelligence).Thestudy of biological systems often plays a key role inthe systems engineeringof a project and also forms thefield of bionics. The mathematical expression of a biological

system may give rise to control algorithms for example, orby observing how a process is handled by nature, forexample the bifocal vision system, an analogous systemmay be formed using electronics.
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The concept of creating machines that can operateautonomously dates back to classical times, butresearch into the functionality and potential uses ofrobots did not grow substantially until the 20th

century.[2]

Throughout history, robotics has been oftenseen to mimic human behavior, and often managetasks in a similar fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidlygrowing field, as technological advances continue,research, design, and building new robots serve various

practical purposes,whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Manyrobots do jobs that are hazardous to people such asdefusing bombs, mines and exploring shipwrecks.
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The word roboticswas derived from the word robot,which was introduced to the publicby Czechwriter Karel apekin his play R.U.R. (Rossum'sUniversal Robots), which was published in 1920.[3]The

word robotcomes from the Slavic word robota, whichmeans labour. The play begins in a factory that makesartificial people called robots, creatures who can bemistaken for humanssimilar to the modern ideasof androids. Karel apekhimself did not coin the word.

He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymologyinthe Oxford English Dictionaryin which he named hisbrother Josef apekas its actual originator.[3]
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According to the Oxford English Dictionary, theword roboticswasfirst used inprint by Isaac Asimov, inhis science fictionshort story "Liar!", published in May1941 inAstounding Science Fiction. Asimov was unawarethat he was coining the term; since the science and

technology of electrical devices is electronics, heassumed roboticsalready referred to the science andtechnology of robots. In some of Asimov's other works, hestatesthat the first use of the word roboticswas in his shortstory Runaround(Astounding Science Fiction, March

1942).[4][5]However, the original publication of "Liar!"predates that of "Runaround" by five months, so theformer is generally cited as the word's origin.
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HISTORY OF ROBOTICS

In 1927 the Maschinenmensch("machine-human") gynoidhumanoid robot(also called"Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Mariaimpersonator") was the first depiction of a robot

ever to appear on film was played by GermanactressBrigitte Helmin FritzLang's filmMetropolis.

In 1942the science fiction writer Isaac

Asimovformulated his Three Laws of Robotics. In 1948 Norbert Wienerformulated the principles

of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.
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Fully autonomous robotsonly appeared in the second halfof the 20th century. The first digitally operated andprogrammable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 tolift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine andstack them. Commercial and industrial robotsare

widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply,or more accurately and reliably, than humans. They are alsoemployed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull tobesuitable for humans. Robots are widely usedin manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging,

transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry,laboratory research, safety, and the mass production ofconsumer and industrial good
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FESTIVALS


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Festival Celebrations in India

India is a land of many cultures and religions.India is a mixture of different castes, religions,languages, traditions and cultures. And withdifferent cultures and religions, there are

different festivals celebrated in India every year.While some festivals are celebrated regionally,others are celebrated nationally, the wholecountry as one, united and liberated. Each festivalis celebrated with great enthusiasm and Great

Spirit.


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HOLI

Holi(English pronunciation: /holi/) (Sanskrit: ) isa springfestival also known as festival of colours, andsometimes festival of love.[3][4]It is an ancient Hindureligious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia, as well as people ofother communities.[5]

It is primarily observed in India, Nepal, and other regions ofthe world with significantpopulations of majority Hindusor people of Indian origin. The festival has, in recent times,spread in parts of Europe and North Americas as a springcelebration of love, frolic and colours
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DIWALI

Diwali(English pronunciation: /dwli/) alsocalled the"festival of lights", is an ancient Hindu festivalcelebrated in

autumn every year.[3][4]The festival spiritually signifies thevictory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance,good over evil, and hope over despairDiwali is an importantfestival for Hindus. The name of festive days as well as therituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on

the regionof India. In many parts of India,[11]

the festivitiesstart with Dhanteras, followed by Naraka Chaturdasionsecond day, Diwali on the third day,Diwali Padvadedicatedto wife-husband relationship on the fourth day, andfestivities end with Bhau-beejdedicated to sister-brother

bond on the fifth day. Dhanterasusually falls eighteen daysafter dusshera.
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RAKSHA BANDHAN

Raksha Bandhan in Sanskritliterally means "thetie or knot of protection". It is an ancient Hindufestival that ritually celebrates the love and dutybetween brothers and their sisters. The sisterperforms a Rakhiceremony, then prays to expressher love and her wish for the well being of herbrother; in return, the brother ritually pledges toprotect and take care of his sister under allcircumstances. It is one of the several occasions

in which family ties are affirmed in India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit


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LOHRI

Lohri(Punjabi: (Gurmukhi), ) Shahmukhi)) is a popular festival, celebratedby Punjabi peopleof the Indian

subcontinent.[1]The origins of Lohri are many

and link the festival to Punjab regionin Indian

subcontinent. Many people believe the

festival was originally celebrated on winter

solsticeday, being the shortest day and the

longest night of the year.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language


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DUSSEHRA

The name Dussehra is derived from SanskritDasha-haraliterally means The sun will not rise(Dasha(sun)and Hara(defeat)) referring to Lord Suraj's victory over the

ten-headed demon king Ravana.[1]The day also marks thevictory of Goddess Durgaover the demons Mahishasur. Thename Dussehra is also derived from SanskritDasha + Ahaha= Dasharahaha = Dasharaha. Ahaha means day . ExampleAharnisha is derived from Ahaha+nisha. Goddess fought

with evils for 9 nights and 10 days. The name Vijayadashamiis also derived from the Sanskrit words "Vijaya-dashami"literally meaning the victory on the dashami(Dashmibeingthe tenth lunar day of the Hindu calendar month). Diwalithe festival of lights is celebrated twenty days after Dasara.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Suraj&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Suraj&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Suraj&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Suraj&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Suraj&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit


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