information technology d12 chapter 1

8/13/2019 Information Technology D12 Chapter 1

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Information Technology D12


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Syllabus content area

Theory 60 marks1. Computer hardware and related matters

(25%)

2. Information systems (35%)

3. Computer Programming and SoftwareApplication (20%)

4. System development life cycle (20%)

CCPT 40 marks1. Window and internet (5 marks)

2.Ms Excel (10 marks)

3. Ms Word (7 marks)

4. Ms Power Point (5 marks)

5. Ms Access (5 marks)

6. Ms Project (4 marks)

7. Ms Outlook (4 marks)


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The Basics Understanding Computers

Computer:

Computer is an electronic device that

stores, retrieves and processes data, and

can be programmed with instructions.

Operations of ComputerInput

Processing

Storage

Output


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Functional Elements of Computer

The functional elements of computer are Central processing unit (CPU)

Random access storage (memory)

Input/output to external devices (I/O)

The subunits of CPU are Instruction decode and CPU control

Control of addressing for memory and I/O ports

Data transfer control

Data and address register

Arithmetic logic unit


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Information Tecnolohgy

IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computersoftware to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, andretrieve information

Advantages of IT

More accurate information

Voluminous transactions processing

Speedy availability of information

Judgmental work for workforce

Greater access to information Brings cost effectiveness


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Information system/Computer Based InformationSystem(CBIS)

A system that uses the resources of hardware, software andpeople to perform input, processing, output, storage andcontrol activities that transform data resources intoinformation products

Elements of CBIS Hardware

Software

Databases

Telecommunications People

Procedures


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Types of Computer

Mainframe

Minicomputer

Supercomputer

Microcomputers: Desktop

Personal computer

Laptop

Palmtop / Personnel Digital Assistant

WearableNetwork terminology Server

Workstation


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Main frame Computer

In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers thatcould fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computershas diminished while the power has increased, the term mainframe hasfallen out of use in favour of enterprise server. You'll still hear the termused, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machinesprocessing millions of transactions every day.


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Mini Computers

Another term rarely used anymore, minicomputers fall in betweenmicrocomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.


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Super Computers

This type of computer usually costs hundreds of thousands or evenmillions of dollars. Although some supercomputers are single computersystems, most are comprised of multiple high performance computersworking in parallel as a single system. The best-known supercomputersare built by Cray Supercomputers


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Desktop

A desktop computer is a personal computer in a form intended for regularuse at a single location, as opposed to a mobile laptop or portablecomputer. Early desktop computers are designed to lie flat on the desk,while modern towers stand upright


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Personal Computer

A personal computer(PC) is a general-purpose computer, whose size,capabilities, and original sale price makes it useful for individuals, andwhich is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with nointervening computer operator.


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Palmtop

A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Palmtops are severelylimited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone booksand calendars. Palmtops use a pen rather than a keyboard for input areoften called hand-held computers or PDAs.

A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a mobile device that functions asa personal information manager. PDAs are largely considered obsolete withthe widespread adoption of smart phones. Nearly all current PDAs have theability to connect to the Internet. A PDA has an electronic visual display,enabling it to include a web browser, all current models also have audiocapabilities enabling use as a portable media player, and also enabling mostof them to be used as mobile phones. Most PDAs employ touchscreen technology.


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Wearable

The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially,common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, andcalendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors andeven clothing!


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Server

A Server is a computer that has been optimized to provide services toother computers over a network. Servers usually have powerfulprocessors, lots of memory and large hard drives.


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Evolution of Computer

Abacus

The mark I computer (1937-44)

The Atanasoff- Berry Computer (1939-42)

The ENIAC (1943-46)

The Electronic Numerical Integrator Calculator The EDVAC (1946-1952)

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

The EDSAC (1947-1949)

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

Manchester Mark I (1948)

The UNIVAC I (1951)

Universal Automatic Computer


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Generations Of Computer

First Generation (1942-1955)

Second Generation (1955-1964)

Third Generation (1964-1975)

Fourth Generation (1975 onwards) Fifth generation (Yet to come)


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Advantages Disadvantages

Vacuum tubes were the onlyelectronic components

available during those days. Vacuum tube technology made

possible the advent ofelectronic digital computers.

These computers were the

fastest calculating device oftheir time. They could performcomputations in milliseconds.

Too bulky in size.

Unreliable.

Large amount of heat

Air conditioning required.

Prone to frequent hardwarefailures.

Constant maintenance Non-portable.

Manual assembly ofcomponents

Limited commercial use

First Generation: were made possible by the invention of vacuum tube,which was a fragile glass device that could control and amplify electronicsignals. These vacuum tube computers are referred to as first generation

computers.


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Smaller in size Even more reliable. Even lower heat generated. Reduced computational time

(microseconds to nanoseconds) Maintenance cost is low because

hardware failures are rare. Easily portable. Totally general purpose

Less power requirements Manual assembly of individual

components not required. Commercial production was easier

and cheaper.

Air-conditioning required in manycases.

Highly sophisticated technologyrequired for the manufacture of ICchips

Third generation: Advances in electronics technology continued and theadvent of microelectronics technology made it possible to integrate

large number of circuit elements into very small (less than 5 mm square)surface of silicon known as chips(Integrated Chips IC)


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Fourth generation

Initially, the integrated circuits contained only about ten to twentycomponents. This technology was named Small Scale Integration (SSI).Later, with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, Itbecame possible to integrate up to a hundred components on a singlechip. This technology came to be known as Medium Scale Integration

(MSI). Then came the era of large scale integration (LSI) when it waspossible to integrate over 30,000 components onto a single chip. Effortis still on for further miniaturisation and it is expected that more thanone million components will be integrated on a single chip known asVery Large Scale Integration (VLSI).


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Smallest in size Very reliable.

Heat generated is negligible. No air conditioning required Much faster in computation Hardware failure is negligible

and hence minimal maintenance Easily portable because of their

size. Totally general purpose. Minimal labour and cost involved

at assembly stage. Cheapest among all generations.

Highly sophisticatedtechnology required for the

manufacture of LSI chips.

Fourth generation


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Fifth generation

Scientists are now at work on the fifth generation computers - a promise,but not yet a reality. They aim to bring us machines with genuine I.Q.,the ability to reason logically, and with real knowledge of the world.Thus, unlike the last four generations which naturally followed itspredecessor, the fifth generation will be totally different, totally novel,

totally new.In structure it will be parallel (the present ones are serial) and will be able

to do multiple tasks simultaneously. In functions, it will not bealgorithmic (step by step, with one step at a time). In nature, it will notdo just data processing (number crunching) but knowledge processing.

In inference, it will not be merely deductive, but also inductive. Inapplication, it will behave like an expert

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