Information SecurityAssignment- 01

What do you know about standards for information Security? Suppose you are working in a Information Security department

of an organization, how would you get your organization’s Information Security System ISO certified? (step by step explanation)

Research Articles Summary Writing (Details of your findings after reading three articles published in the Year 2012)o Select three articles (Justify them why you selected particular articles)o Study them carefullyo Write in your own words the summary and main findings of these articles

Part 1 Cryptography 1

Part 1 Cryptography 2

Part I: Crypto

Chapter 2: Crypto BasicsMXDXBVTZWVMXNSPBQXLIMSCCSGXSCJXBOVQXCJZMOJZCVC

TVWJCZAAXZBCSSCJXBQCJZCOJZCNSPOXBXSBTVWJCJZDXGXXMOZQMSCSCJXBOVQXCJZMOJZCNSPJZHGXXMOSPLH

JZDXZAAXZBXHCSCJXTCSGXSCJXBOVQX

plaintext from Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland

The solution is by no means so difficult as you might

be led to imagine from the first hasty inspection of the characters.

These characters, as any one might readily guess,

form a cipher that is to say, they convey a meaning…

Edgar Allan Poe, The Gold Bug

Part 1 Cryptography 3

Part 1 Cryptography 4

Crypto Cryptology The art and science

of making and breaking “secret codes”

Cryptography making “secret codes”

Cryptanalysis breaking “secret codes”

Crypto all of the above (and more)

Part 1 Cryptography 5

How to Speak Crypto

A cipher or cryptosystem is used to encrypt the plaintext

The result of encryption is ciphertext We decrypt ciphertext to recover plaintext A key is used to configure a cryptosystem A symmetric key cryptosystem uses the

same key to encrypt as to decrypt A public key cryptosystem uses a public

key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt

Part 1 Cryptography 6

Crypto Basic assumptions

o The system is completely known to the attacker

o Only the key is secreto That is, crypto algorithms are not secret

This is known as Kerckhoffs’ Principle Why do we make this assumption?

o Experience has shown that secret algorithms are weak when exposed

o Secret algorithms never remain secreto Better to find weaknesses beforehand

Part 1 Cryptography 7

Crypto as Black Box

plaintext

keykey

plaintext

ciphertext

A generic view of symmetric key crypto

encrypt decrypt

Part 1 Cryptography 8

Simple Substitution Plaintext:

fourscoreandsevenyearsago Key: 3

a b c d e f g h i j k l mn o p q r s t u v w x y

DE F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z A B

z

C

Ciphertext: IRXUVFRUHDQGVHYHQBHDUVDJR

Shift by 3 is “Caesar’s cipher”

Plaintext

Ciphertext

Part 1 Cryptography 9

Ceasar’s Cipher Decryption

Plaintext: spongebobsquarepants

a b c d e f g h i j k l mn o p q r s t u v w x y

DE F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z A B

z

C

Plaintext

Ciphertext

Suppose we know a Ceasar’s cipher is being used:

Given ciphertext:VSRQJHEREVTXDUHSDQWV

Part 1 Cryptography 10

Not-so-Simple Substitution

Shift by n for some n {0,1,2,…,25} Then key is n Example: key n = 7

a b c d e f g h i j k l mn o p q r s t u v w x y

HI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z A B C D E F

z

G

Plaintext

Ciphertext

Part 1 Cryptography 11

Cryptanalysis I: Try Them All

A simple substitution (shift by n) is usedo But the key is unknown

Given ciphertext: CSYEVIXIVQMREXIH How to find the key? Only 26 possible keys try them all! Exhaustive key search Solution: key is n = 4

Part 1 Cryptography 12

Least-Simple Simple Substitution

In general, simple substitution key can be any permutation of letterso Not necessarily a shift of the alphabet

For example

a b c d e f g h i j k l mn o p q r s t u v w x y

J I C A X S E Y V D K WB Q T Z R H F M P N U L G

z

O

Plaintext

Ciphertext

Part 1 Cryptography 13

Cryptanalysis: Terminology

Cryptosystem is secure if best know attack is to try all keyso Exhaustive key search, that is

Cryptosystem is insecure if any shortcut attack is known

But then insecure cipher might be harder to break than a secure cipher!o What the … ?

Part 1 Cryptography 14

Double Transposition Plaintext: attackxatxdawn

Permute rowsand columns

Ciphertext: xtawxnattxadakc Key is matrix size and

permutations: (3,5,1,4,2) and (1,3,2)