TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction.1

Question 1.1.2

Question 2.5.2

Question 2.9.3

Question 2.17...4

Importance of studying the Feistel cipher...............................................................................4

Differences between confusion and diffusion.5

Three broad categories of applications of public-key cryptosystems..5

Requirements that a public key cryptosystems must fulfill to be a secure algorithm.5

Characteristics needed in a secure hash function6

Difference between weak and strong collision resistance in a hash function.6

Summary.7

Bibliography...8

Introduction

Information Security is simply the process of keeping information secure: protecting its

availability, integrity, and privacy. Information has been valuable since the dawn of mankind:

e.g. where to find food, how to build shelter, etc. As access to computer stored data has

increased, Information Security has become correspondingly important. In the past, most

corporate assets were hard or physical: factories, buildings, land, raw materials, etc. Today

far more assets are computer-stored information such as customer lists, proprietary formulas,

marketing and sales information, and financial data. Some financial assets only exist as bits

stored in various computers. Many businesses are solely based on information the DATA is

the business.

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1. PROBLEM 1.1 Consider an automated teller machine (ATM) in which users providea personal identification number (PIN) and a card for account access. Give examples

of confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements associated with the system

and, in each case, indicate the degree of importance of the requirement.

1.1 Release of message contents

Traffic analysis

Masquerade Replay Modification of messages

Denial of service

Peer entity authentication

Y

Data origin authentication

Y

Access control Y Confidentiality Y Traffic flow confidentiality

Y

Data integrity Y Y Non-repudiation Y Availability Y

2. PROBLEM 2.5 One way to solve the key distribution problem is to use a line from abook that both the sender and the receiver possess. Typically, at least in spy novels,

the first sentence of a book serves as the key. The particular scheme discussed in this

problem is from one of the best suspense novels involving secret codes, Talking to

Strange Men, by Ruth Rendell. Work this problem without consulting that book!

Consider the following message:

SIDKHKDM AF HCRKIABIE SHIMC KD LFEAILA

This ciphertext was produced using the first sentence of The Other Side of Silence (a book

about the spy Kim Philby):

The snow lay thick on the steps and the snowflakes driven by the wind looked black in the

headlights of the cars.

A simple substitution cipher was used. 2

a. What is the encryption algorithm?

ANS: The first letter t corresponds to A, the second letter h corresponds to B, e is C, s

is D, and so on. Second and subsequent occurrences of a letter in the key sentence are

ignored. The result

Ciphertext: SIDKHKDM AF HCRKIABIE SHIMC KD LFEAILA

Plaintext: basilisk to leviathan blake is contact

b. How secure is it?

ANS: It is a monalphabetic cipher and so easily breakable.

c. To make the key distribution problem simple, both parties can agree to use the first or

last sentence of a book as the key. To change the key, they simply need to agree on a

new book. The use of the first sentence would be preferable to the use of the last.

Why?

ANS: The last sentence may not contain all the letters of the alphabet. If the first

sentence is used, the second and subsequent sentences may also be used until all 26

letters are encountered.

3. PROBLEM 2.9 When the PT-109 American patrol boat, under the command ofLieutenant John F. Kennedy, was sunk by a Japanese destroyer, a message was

received at an Australian wireless station in Playfair code:

KXJEY UREBE ZWEHE WRYTU HEYFS

KREHE GOYFI WTTTU OLKSY CAJPO

BOTEI ZONTX BYBNT GONEY CUZWR

GDSON SXBOU YWRHE BAAHY USEDQ

The key used was royal new zealand navy. Decrypt the message. Translate TT into tt.

ANS: PT BOAT ONE OWE NINE LOST IN ACTION IN BLACKETT STRAIT TWO

MILES SW MERESU COVE X CREW OF TWELVE X REQUEST ANY INFORMATION

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4. PROBLEM 2.17 Using the Vigenre cipher, encrypt the word explanation usingthe key leg.

The Vigenre cipher, was invented by a Frenchman, Blaise de Vigenre in the 16th century.

It is a polyalphabetic cipher because it uses two or more cipher alphabets to encrypt the data.

In other words, the letters in the Vigenre cipher are shifted by different amounts, normally

done using a word or phrase as the encryption key (counton).

A B C D E F G H I

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

J K L M N O P Q R

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

S T U V W X Y Z

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

KEY l e g l e g l e g l e

PLAINTEXT e x p l a n a t i o n

CIPHERTEXT p b v w e t l x o z r

5. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE FEISTEL CIPHER

Feistel cipher is a special class of iterated block cipher where the ciphertext is calculated

from the plaintext by repeated application of the same transformation or round function.

Feistel cipher is sometimes called DES-like cipher.

Most symmetric block encryption algorithms in current use are based on the Feistel block

cipher structure. Therefore, a study of the Feistel structure reveals the principles behind these

more recent ciphers.

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6. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFUSION AND DIFFUSION?

In diffusion, the statistical structure of the plaintext is dissipated into long-range statistics of

the ciphertext. This is achieved by having each plaintext digit affect the value of many

ciphertext digits, which is equivalent to saying that each ciphertext digit is affected by many

plaintext digits. Confusion seeks to make the relationship between the statistics of the

ciphertext and the value of the encryption key as complex as possible, again to thwart

attempts to discover the key. Thus, even if the attacker can get some handle on the statistics

of the ciphertext, the way in which the key was used to produce that ciphertext is so complex

as to make it difficult to deduce the key. This is achieved by the use of a complex substitution

algorithm.

7. WHAT ARE THREE BROAD CATEGORIES OF APPLICATIONS OFPUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS?

According to stalling (2011), the following are the application categories;

a) Encryption /decryption: The sender encrypts a message with the recipients public

key.

b) Digital signature: The sender signs a message with its private key. Signing is

achieved by a cryptographic algorithm applied to the message or to a small block of

data that is a function of the message.

c) Key exchange: Two sides cooperate to exchange a session key. Several different

approaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties.

8. WHAT REQUIREMENTS MUST A PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMSFULFILL TO BE A SECURE ALGORITHM?

According to stalling (p275-276):

a) It is computationally easy for a party B to generate a pair (public key (Pub), private

key (PRb)).

b) It is computationally easy for a sender A, knowing the public key and the message tobe encrypted (M), to generate the corresponding ciphertext: C = E(PUb, M)

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c) It is computationally easy for the receiver B to decrypt the resulting ciphertext using

the private key to recover the original message: M = D(PRb, C) = D[PRb, E(PUb, M)]

d) It is computationally infeasible for an adversary, knowing the public key (Pub), to

determine the private key (PRb).

e) It is computationally infeasible for an adversary, knowing the public key (Pub), and a

ciphertext (C), to recover the original message, M.

9. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS ARE NEEDED IN A SECURE HASHFUNCTION?

According to Stalling (p336), the following are the requirements:

a) Variable input size: H can be applied to a block of data of any size.

b) Fixed output size: H produces a fixed-length output.

c) Efficiency: H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x, making both hardware

and software implementations practical.

d) One-way property: For any given value h, it is computationally infeasible to find x

such that H(x) = h. This is sometimes referred to in the literature as the one-way

property.

e) Weak collision resistant: For any given block x, it is computationally infeasible to

find y x with H(y) = H(x).

f) It is computationally infeasible to find any pair (x, y) such that H(x) = H(y).

10. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEAK AND STRONGCOLLISION RESISTANCE IN A HASH FUNCTION?

Weak collision resistance states that for any given value h, it is computationally infeasible to

find y = x with H(y) = H(x). It is a one-way property. It is easy to generate a code given the

message, but almost impossible to do the reverse while Strong collision resistance states that

it is computationally infeasible to find any pair (x, y) such that H(x) = H(y). This guarantees

that an alternative message hashing to the same value as a given message cannot be found.

This prevents forgery (Stalling, p336).

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SUMMARY

Information Security is simply the process of keeping information secure: protecting its

availability, integrity, and privacy.

Confidentiality - the assurance that information is not disclosed to individuals or systems that

are not authorized to receive it

Integrity - the assurance that information cant be modified by those who are not authorized

to modify it, or that any such modifications will not pass undetected

Availability - the assurance that information is available when its needed, and that mishap or

malice cannot affect the ability of systems to provide information when requested.

To ensure that data is securely protected, different algorithms have been devised such as the

playfair cipher, the Vigenre Cipher etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

COUNTON (2006) The Vigenre Cipher. [Online] available from:

http://www.counton.org/explorer/codebreaking/vigenere-cipher.php [Accessed: 08 October

2014]

STALLING, W. (2011) Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice. (5th

ED), New York: Pearson Prentice hall.

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