information retrieval for research, autumn 2014
DESCRIPTION
Presentation for course on Information Retrieval for phd students at Business and Social Sciences, University of AarhusTRANSCRIPT
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Information Retrieval & Information Management
Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen
AU Library, BSS
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Purpose
Enhance the efficiency of your search process during your PhD project
Methods & tools for:
Working systematically Making informed choices
Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen,
AU Library, BSS
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At the end of the day, you will…
Have a toolkit for developing a comprehensive search strategy (and be acquainted with several search techniques)
Be aware of different ways of organising your literature, information and notes(and have an idea of how you can benefit from a reference management tool)
Think of information retrieval & management as one of many methodological choicesGina Bay, Iben Brøndum,
Solveig Sandal Johnsen,AU Library, BSS
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Agenda Search techniques – an overview
Stages in a systematic literature review
Conventional subject searching Building search strategies (keyword mapping)
Reference lists & Citations Choosing the right databases Identifying core journals Managing Information Your own personal to do list WorkshopGina Bay, Iben Brøndum,
Solveig Sandal Johnsen,AU Library, BSS
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Search techniques
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
Conventional subject searching(building on keyword mapping)
Browsing
Quick & D ir ty Query ing
CORE
JOURNALS
Experts & co l leagues
REFERENCE LISTSCITATION SEARCHING
Soc ia l
media
Grey l i terature
Internet
search ing Serendipity
Papaioannou et al. 2009
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Hermeneutic approach*
Searching for literature and developing a literature review is an integrated part of an ongoing process of developing understanding and knowledge about a research area.
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
*Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
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Initial exploratory stage
Texts dealing with concepts, definitions and ideas that youneed to explore
eg. use encyclopedias as a supplement to explore relationships between different concepts, definitions and theories
“Quick & dirty”, internet searching, literature reviews etc.
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
*Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
International Encyclopedia
of the Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 2001
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Focused stage
Working systematically to uncover the literature in your research area
Conventional subject searching, citation searching, reference lists, checking core journals, maybe identifying new core journalls
Consulting your network, social media etc.
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
*Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
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Conventional subject searching - searching databases using keywords / subject terms
Build a search strategy that describes:”…the databases used, the
reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.” (White, 2011)
Keyword map
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
SEARCH TECHNIQUE #1
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Building a search strategy – keywords
Identify the main keywords for your research area
Brainstorm: Think of related terms, synonyms, acronyms, antonyms, narrower terms, broader terms etc.
”Keyword mapping” organise your keywords into the different aspects of your project
Combine keywords in Boolean searchingusing truncation
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
AND includes all search terms
OR either / or
Truncation: organi*
organisation, organizations,
organize etc.
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Keyword mapping - example
How do we choose our partner?
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSSpopplet.co
m
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Example:
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Why do this? To improve your search vocabulary
to minimise the risk of missing important material
”terms within social sciences is often ambiguous and changes constantly” (Papaioannou et al. 2009)
To keep track of different keywords for different aspects of you project you may need different types of texts in different stages of you project. you might have to use different databases for different aspects & texts
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
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Do your own keyword map: – group keywords in themes
Identify the main keywords for your thesis
Brainstorm on the different aspects of your project:
Synonyms / Antonyms Acronyms Broader terms Narrower terms Related terms etc.
Organise your keywords into groups
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Now you have a go:
popplet.co
m
prezi.com
Look at the subject terms
from key documents
– to get inspiration for
more search terms.
And maybe check out
thesauri in databases
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Example:
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Example:
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Search strategy - choosing databases
Build a search strategy that describes:
”…the databases used, the reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.”
(White, 2011)
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
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Choosing relevant sources to search Coverage:
Eg subject, years, geography, languages Types of publications: books,
journals, academic / public
Specific databases or vendors Ebscohost (Business Source Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Academic Search Elite)
Proquest (ABI/Inform, Econlit, Psycinfo, Eric, Sociological abstracts)
Scopus / Web of Science
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Create profiles in the databases:
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Idea:Set up alerts on your
searches to be
notified when new
relevant articles are
published
Summing upStages of information searching for a systematic literature review
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
Exploratory searching•Background information •Browsing•Reference lists/citation searching•Quick’n’Dirty querying•Internet searching
Subject searching:•Group keywords (synonyms, acronyms, antonyms)•Choose relevant sources to search systematically•Combine facets in Boolean searching – combine different facets
ASSESS RESULTS – ADJUST SEARCH - REITERATE
Organising literature in e.g. EndNote, RefWorks or other reference management softwarePut up Alerts, to be notified on new articles
Project Moulding
Stage
Literature Collection
Stage
Literature Management
Stage
Use MULTIPLE sources
When reading and analyzing pay attention to:Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary
Identify:Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary
You might need to go back and
adjust (parts of) the literature
collection
Supplement with:•Internet Searching•Browsing•Reference/Citation Searching•Asking Colleagues/other researchers
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Searching without keywords Reference lists Citation searching
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
SEARCH TECHNIQUE #2
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Citation indexes= databases that index reference lists and link to the cited articles
Built on the presumption that there is a degree of subject relation between source articles and cited articles.
Reference searching Find articles that cite the same articles
Co-citations find literature both forwards and backwards in time
Find cited articlesChecking reference lists can only find information backwards in time
Citation searching Find articles that have cited a certain article
Citations to articles will find more recent literature
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
reference
A citation B
Tid
Dokument B refererer til dokument A. Dokument A modtager en citation fra dokument B.
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References versus citations
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When are the methods best utilized?
At the beginning of any search for… Getting started on a subject Inspiration for alternative search terms Identification of principal authors within a given
subject field
Continually for… Finding articles from alternative subject areas Finding articles that complements your source material Keeping up to date
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One must presume that…
“[…] bibliographies are lists of influences and that authors cite in order to give credit where credit is due; that is, when an author uses information from another’s work, he will cite that work [...].
The reason that scientists cite this way is that the norms of science require them to cite the work that they have found useful in pursuing their own research, and it is assumed that they abide by these norms... “
[MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 342]Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum
AU Library, BSS
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But…… there are limitations
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[MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 343]
Multiple functions: - Negative critique - Positive critique - Persuasion - Documentation - Recommendation
Database coverage
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The purpose of the reference is not evident from the citation
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Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
What, exactly, does many citations mean?12
1 29
0
53
175
Practice makes perfect
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Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
Googl
e Sc
hola
r
Scopus
Web of Science
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Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
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Refining results
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Database coverage Journal and subject coverage will vary
across databases Overlapping information Exclusive information
To cover a specific journal cover-to-cover check coverage in the selected database or use UlrichsWeb
For broad coverage of a subject search several sources
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
nice to knowregardless of search techniques
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UlrichsWeb Directory of over 300.000 serials
worldwide 900 subject areas Research, browse, compare journals Check for open access, peer review and
indexing/accessibility in databases
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
IdeaIf you know of some
core journals: use
UlrichsWeb to
pinpoint relevant
databases
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Try Ulrichsweb Look up a journal in Ulrichsweb Check the coverage in your favorite
database – any surprizes? Are there databases in the list, you ought to
take a look at?
No favorite journal yet? Browse the subject categories in Ulrichsweb
and try to locate an interesting journal.Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum
AU Library, BSS
Practice makes perfect
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Identify and assess (core)
journals Journal Impact Factor (JIF) Danish Bibliometric Research Indicator Subject specific journal rankings UlrichsWeb – Global Serials Directory Sorting by source title in Web of Science
or Scopus
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
SEARCH TECHNIQUE #3
IdeaSign up for TOC
Alerts(Table of Contents)
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Define (or discuss) journal quality/relevance”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” • ”subject specific
journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” • ”basket of eight” •
”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-journals” • ”top-tier
journals” • ”high ranking journals” • ”core journals” •
”open acess” • ”high impact journals” •”key journals” •
”journal quality” • ”level 1 journals” • ”level 2 journals” •
”peer reviewed journals” • ”refereed journals” •
”qualitative journal rankings” • ”quantitative journal
rankings” • ”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” •
”subject specific journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” •
”basket of eight” • ”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-
journals” • ”top-tier journals” • ”high ranking journals” •
”open acess”
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
Practice makes perfect
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Journal Impact Factor
Citable items = articles, reviews, notesCitations to = articles, reviews, notes, editorials,
comments, book reviews, letters, news
Differences in referencing practices across research fields makes it difficult to compare across different subejct categories
Find Journal Impact Factors in Journal Citation ReportsGina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
# Citations in 2011
# Citable items 2009-2010
= 2011 Journal Impact Factor
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Danish Bibliometric Resarch Indicator Part of university funding is based on performance – i.e. number of
publications in preferred outlets
Two lists of preferred outlets – journals/serials and publishers Journals/serials can only be part of the list if they have some form of
peer review during the publication process
Lists are weighed in two levels – With Level 2 giving the highest number of points1(normal level) and 2 (highest level outlets).
67 groups of researchers maintaining the lists (qualitative assessments)Divided in 67 subject areas
Find the list of serials (journals) and publishers at the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation (only in Danish)
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Subject specific journal rankings Geographic and academic diversity Different functionalities
Local vs. general acceptance
Different groupings – Different lenghts Better equiped to embrace specific research areas
Both qualitative assessments and quantitative calculations – or a combinationMethods applied: quantitative – e.g. citation or journal impact factor scores, qualitative – e.g. surveys
Find a list comparing 22 rankings within business and social sciences at Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage
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NB! The rankings might not
cover interdisciplinary journals
that well
See Rafols, I. et al (2012)
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Sorting by souce title in Web of Science or Scopus
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
NB! The rankings might not
cover interdisciplinary journals
that well
See Rafols, I. et al (2012)
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Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
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Information management
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Start your personal to-do-list- and take a few minutes to reflect on your outcome
What I need to do know Brainstorm for … Get time to… Check citations for … Check out the database… Ask the librarian… … … …
Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS
Practice makes perfect
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Read moreReferences
Literature
Michael H. MacRoberts & Barbara R. MacRoberts. (1988). Author motivation for not citing influences: A methodological note. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 39, Iss. 6, pp. 432-433. http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198811)39:6<432::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-2
Ismael Rafols et al (2012)How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between Innovation Studies and Business & Management. In: Research Policy, Vol. 41, Iss. 7, pp. 1262-1282http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733312000765
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Read moreJournal information
Information about the Danish Bibliometric Indicator at the homepage of the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation: http://www.fi.dk/viden-og-politik/tal-og-analyser/den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator
Journal Impact Factors from Journal Citation Reports: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://webofknowledge.com/jcr
Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage: http://www.harzing.com/jql.htm
Ulrichsweb: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=https://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/
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Read moreTutorials
http://www.phdontrack.net
http://en.startpublicering.nu
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Read moreLiterature reviews:
Boell, Sebastian K.; Cecez-Kecmanovic, Dubravka (2014). A Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 34, pp. 257-286
Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research imagination
Jesson, J.K. (2011). Doing your literature review: traditional and systematic techniques
Littell, J.H. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
White, B (2011) Mapping Your Thesis: The Comprehensive Manual of Theory and Techniques for Masters' and Doctoral Research
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Read moreArticle databases
Proquest – Social Scienceshttp://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/?accountid=14468
In Proquest you might find it useful to search simultaneously across several databases in Business and Social Sciences. You can choose this from the subject areas icons or from the database list.
Scopus http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/scopus/ Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database, covering 15,000 peer-reviewed journals from more than 4,000 international publishers, including coverage of over 1,000 Open Access journals, 500 Conference Proceedings and over 125 Book Series adding to 33 million records. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum
AU Library, BSS