information retrieval for research, autumn 2014

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Information Retrieval & Information Management

Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen

AU Library, BSS

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Purpose

Enhance the efficiency of your search process during your PhD project

Methods & tools for:

Working systematically Making informed choices

Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen,

AU Library, BSS

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At the end of the day, you will…

Have a toolkit for developing a comprehensive search strategy (and be acquainted with several search techniques)

Be aware of different ways of organising your literature, information and notes(and have an idea of how you can benefit from a reference management tool)

Think of information retrieval & management as one of many methodological choicesGina Bay, Iben Brøndum,

Solveig Sandal Johnsen,AU Library, BSS

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Agenda Search techniques – an overview

Stages in a systematic literature review

Conventional subject searching Building search strategies (keyword mapping)

Reference lists & Citations Choosing the right databases Identifying core journals Managing Information Your own personal to do list WorkshopGina Bay, Iben Brøndum,

Solveig Sandal Johnsen,AU Library, BSS

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Search techniques

Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS

Conventional subject searching(building on keyword mapping)

Browsing

Quick & D ir ty Query ing

CORE

JOURNALS

Experts & co l leagues

REFERENCE LISTSCITATION SEARCHING

Soc ia l

media

Grey l i terature

Internet

search ing Serendipity

Papaioannou et al. 2009

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Hermeneutic approach*

Searching for literature and developing a literature review is an integrated part of an ongoing process of developing understanding and knowledge about a research area.


*Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014

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Initial exploratory stage

Texts dealing with concepts, definitions and ideas that youneed to explore

eg. use encyclopedias as a supplement to explore relationships between different concepts, definitions and theories

“Quick & dirty”, internet searching, literature reviews etc.



International Encyclopedia

of the Social and

Behavioral Sciences, 2001

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Focused stage

Working systematically to uncover the literature in your research area

Conventional subject searching, citation searching, reference lists, checking core journals, maybe identifying new core journalls

Consulting your network, social media etc.



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Conventional subject searching - searching databases using keywords / subject terms

Build a search strategy that describes:”…the databases used, the

reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.” (White, 2011)

Keyword map


SEARCH TECHNIQUE #1

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Building a search strategy – keywords

Identify the main keywords for your research area

Brainstorm: Think of related terms, synonyms, acronyms, antonyms, narrower terms, broader terms etc.

”Keyword mapping” organise your keywords into the different aspects of your project

Combine keywords in Boolean searchingusing truncation


AND includes all search terms

OR either / or

Truncation: organi*

organisation, organizations,

organize etc.

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Keyword mapping - example

How do we choose our partner?

Gina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSSpopplet.co

m

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Example:


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Why do this? To improve your search vocabulary

to minimise the risk of missing important material

”terms within social sciences is often ambiguous and changes constantly” (Papaioannou et al. 2009)

To keep track of different keywords for different aspects of you project you may need different types of texts in different stages of you project. you might have to use different databases for different aspects & texts


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Do your own keyword map: – group keywords in themes

Identify the main keywords for your thesis

Brainstorm on the different aspects of your project:

Synonyms / Antonyms Acronyms Broader terms Narrower terms Related terms etc.

Organise your keywords into groups


Now you have a go:

popplet.co

m

prezi.com

Look at the subject terms

from key documents

– to get inspiration for

more search terms.

And maybe check out

thesauri in databases

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Example:


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Example:


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Search strategy - choosing databases

Build a search strategy that describes:

”…the databases used, the reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.”

(White, 2011)


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Choosing relevant sources to search Coverage:

Eg subject, years, geography, languages Types of publications: books,

journals, academic / public

Specific databases or vendors Ebscohost (Business Source Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Academic Search Elite)

Proquest (ABI/Inform, Econlit, Psycinfo, Eric, Sociological abstracts)

Scopus / Web of Science


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Create profiles in the databases:


Idea:Set up alerts on your

searches to be

notified when new

relevant articles are

published

Summing upStages of information searching for a systematic literature review


Exploratory searching•Background information •Browsing•Reference lists/citation searching•Quick’n’Dirty querying•Internet searching

Subject searching:•Group keywords (synonyms, acronyms, antonyms)•Choose relevant sources to search systematically•Combine facets in Boolean searching – combine different facets

ASSESS RESULTS – ADJUST SEARCH - REITERATE

Organising literature in e.g. EndNote, RefWorks or other reference management softwarePut up Alerts, to be notified on new articles

Project Moulding

Stage

Literature Collection

Stage

Literature Management

Stage

Use MULTIPLE sources

When reading and analyzing pay attention to:Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary

Identify:Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary

You might need to go back and

adjust (parts of) the literature

collection

Supplement with:•Internet Searching•Browsing•Reference/Citation Searching•Asking Colleagues/other researchers

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Searching without keywords Reference lists Citation searching


SEARCH TECHNIQUE #2

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Citation indexes= databases that index reference lists and link to the cited articles

Built on the presumption that there is a degree of subject relation between source articles and cited articles.

Reference searching Find articles that cite the same articles

Co-citations find literature both forwards and backwards in time

Find cited articlesChecking reference lists can only find information backwards in time

Citation searching Find articles that have cited a certain article

Citations to articles will find more recent literature


reference

A citation B

Tid

Dokument B refererer til dokument A. Dokument A modtager en citation fra dokument B.

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References versus citations


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When are the methods best utilized?

At the beginning of any search for… Getting started on a subject Inspiration for alternative search terms Identification of principal authors within a given

subject field

Continually for… Finding articles from alternative subject areas Finding articles that complements your source material Keeping up to date


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One must presume that…

“[…] bibliographies are lists of influences and that authors cite in order to give credit where credit is due; that is, when an author uses information from another’s work, he will cite that work [...].

The reason that scientists cite this way is that the norms of science require them to cite the work that they have found useful in pursuing their own research, and it is assumed that they abide by these norms... “

[MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 342]Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum

AU Library, BSS

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But…… there are limitations


[MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 343]

Multiple functions: - Negative critique - Positive critique - Persuasion - Documentation - Recommendation

Database coverage

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The purpose of the reference is not evident from the citation


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What, exactly, does many citations mean?12

1 29

0

53

175

Practice makes perfect

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Googl

e Sc

hola

r

Scopus

Web of Science

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Refining results


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Database coverage Journal and subject coverage will vary

across databases Overlapping information Exclusive information

To cover a specific journal cover-to-cover check coverage in the selected database or use UlrichsWeb

For broad coverage of a subject search several sources


nice to knowregardless of search techniques

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UlrichsWeb Directory of over 300.000 serials

worldwide 900 subject areas Research, browse, compare journals Check for open access, peer review and

indexing/accessibility in databases


IdeaIf you know of some

core journals: use

UlrichsWeb to

pinpoint relevant

databases

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Try Ulrichsweb Look up a journal in Ulrichsweb Check the coverage in your favorite

database – any surprizes? Are there databases in the list, you ought to

take a look at?

No favorite journal yet? Browse the subject categories in Ulrichsweb

and try to locate an interesting journal.Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum

AU Library, BSS


http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=https://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/

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Identify and assess (core)

journals Journal Impact Factor (JIF) Danish Bibliometric Research Indicator Subject specific journal rankings UlrichsWeb – Global Serials Directory Sorting by source title in Web of Science

or Scopus


SEARCH TECHNIQUE #3

IdeaSign up for TOC

Alerts(Table of Contents)

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Define (or discuss) journal quality/relevance”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” • ”subject specific

journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” • ”basket of eight” •

”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-journals” • ”top-tier

journals” • ”high ranking journals” • ”core journals” •

”open acess” • ”high impact journals” •”key journals” •

”journal quality” • ”level 1 journals” • ”level 2 journals” •

”peer reviewed journals” • ”refereed journals” •

”qualitative journal rankings” • ”quantitative journal

rankings” • ”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” •

”subject specific journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” •

”basket of eight” • ”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-

journals” • ”top-tier journals” • ”high ranking journals” •

”open acess”



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Journal Impact Factor

Citable items = articles, reviews, notesCitations to = articles, reviews, notes, editorials,

comments, book reviews, letters, news

Differences in referencing practices across research fields makes it difficult to compare across different subejct categories

Find Journal Impact Factors in Journal Citation ReportsGina Bay, Iben BrøndumAU Library, BSS

# Citations in 2011

# Citable items 2009-2010

= 2011 Journal Impact Factor

http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://webofknowledge.com/jcr

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Danish Bibliometric Resarch Indicator Part of university funding is based on performance – i.e. number of

publications in preferred outlets

Two lists of preferred outlets – journals/serials and publishers Journals/serials can only be part of the list if they have some form of

peer review during the publication process

Lists are weighed in two levels – With Level 2 giving the highest number of points1(normal level) and 2 (highest level outlets).

67 groups of researchers maintaining the lists (qualitative assessments)Divided in 67 subject areas

Find the list of serials (journals) and publishers at the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation (only in Danish)


http://fivu.dk/forskning-og-innovation/statistik-og-analyser/den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator

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Subject specific journal rankings Geographic and academic diversity Different functionalities

Local vs. general acceptance

Different groupings – Different lenghts Better equiped to embrace specific research areas

Both qualitative assessments and quantitative calculations – or a combinationMethods applied: quantitative – e.g. citation or journal impact factor scores, qualitative – e.g. surveys

Find a list comparing 22 rankings within business and social sciences at Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage


NB! The rankings might not

cover interdisciplinary journals

that well

See Rafols, I. et al (2012)

http://www.harzing.com/jql.htm




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Sorting by souce title in Web of Science or Scopus


NB! The rankings might not

cover interdisciplinary journals

that well

See Rafols, I. et al (2012)

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Information management


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Start your personal to-do-list- and take a few minutes to reflect on your outcome

What I need to do know Brainstorm for … Get time to… Check citations for … Check out the database… Ask the librarian… … … …



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Read moreReferences

Literature

Michael H. MacRoberts & Barbara R. MacRoberts. (1988). Author motivation for not citing influences: A methodological note. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 39, Iss. 6, pp. 432-433. http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198811)39:6<432::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-2

Ismael Rafols et al (2012)How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between Innovation Studies and Business & Management. In: Research Policy, Vol. 41, Iss. 7, pp. 1262-1282http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733312000765


http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198811)39:6%3C432::AID-ASI8%3E3.0.CO;2-2




http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733312000765



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Read moreJournal information

Information about the Danish Bibliometric Indicator at the homepage of the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation: http://www.fi.dk/viden-og-politik/tal-og-analyser/den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator

Journal Impact Factors from Journal Citation Reports: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://webofknowledge.com/jcr

Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage: http://www.harzing.com/jql.htm

Ulrichsweb: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=https://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/


http://www.fi.dk/viden-og-politik/tal-og-analyser/den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator









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Read moreTutorials

http://www.phdontrack.net

http://en.startpublicering.nu


http://www.phdontrack.net/



http://en.startpublicering.nu/




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Read moreLiterature reviews:

Boell, Sebastian K.; Cecez-Kecmanovic, Dubravka (2014). A Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 34, pp. 257-286

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research imagination

Jesson, J.K. (2011). Doing your literature review: traditional and systematic techniques

Littell, J.H. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

White, B (2011) Mapping Your Thesis: The Comprehensive Manual of Theory and Techniques for Masters' and Doctoral Research


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Read moreArticle databases

Proquest – Social Scienceshttp://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/?accountid=14468

In Proquest you might find it useful to search simultaneously across several databases in Business and Social Sciences. You can choose this from the subject areas icons or from the database list.

Scopus http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/scopus/ Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database, covering 15,000 peer-reviewed journals from more than 4,000 international publishers, including coverage of over 1,000 Open Access journals, 500 Conference Proceedings and over 125 Book Series adding to 33 million records. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum

AU Library, BSS

http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/?accountid=14468

http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/?accountid=14468

http://lib.asb.dk/CMS/guides/Scopus_uk.pdf

http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/scopus/

http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/scopus/

information retrieval for research, autumn 2014

Education

iben brndumau library

search techniquesgina

groupsgina bay

keyword mapgina bay

search strategy keywords

methodological choicesgina

informed choicesgina

search vocabulary