information resources in infection prevetion and control · 2019-04-27 · information resources in...

International Federation of Infection Control

Copyright © Nizam Damani, 2018

Information Resources in

Infection Prevention

and Control

9th edition

International Federation of Infection Control

Nizam Damani

Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 1 | P a g e

Copyright © Nizam Damani, 2018


ABBREVIATIONS

ACDP Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, UK

https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/advisory-committee-on-dangerous-pathogens APIC Association for Professionals in Infection Control & Epidemiology http://www.apic.org BSAC British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy www.bsac.org.uk CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, USA http://www.cdc.gov DH Department of Health and Social Care, UK

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health-and-social-care HICPAC Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, USA https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/index.html HIS Healthcare Infection Society www.his.org.uk HSE Health and Safety Executive, UK

www.hse.gov.uk IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America

http://www.idsociety.org IFH International Scientific Forum for Home Hygiene

www.ifh-homehygiene.org IFIC International Federation of Infection Control

www.theific.org IHI Institute of Health Improvement

http://www.ihi.org IPS Infection Prevention Society, UK

http://www.ips.uk.net JCR Joint Commission Resource, USA http://www.jcrinc.com/ MHRA Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency http://www.mhra.gov.uk HSPC Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Ireland

www.hpsc.ie NHSN National Healthcare Safety Network

https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/ NICE National Institute for Clinical Excellence, UK

www.nice.org.uk PHA Public Health Agency, England

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england PHAC Public Health Agency of Health Canada

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html PIDAC Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, Canada

https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/BrowseByTopic/InfectiousDiseases/PIDAC/Pages/PIDAC.aspx

RCN Royal College of Nursing https://www.rcn.org.uk

SARI Strategy for the control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland http://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/strategyforthecontrolofantimicrobialresistanceinirelandsari/

SHEA Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America http://www.shea-online.org

http://www.apic.org/

http://www.bsac.org.uk/

http://www.cdc.gov/

http://www.his.org.uk/

http://www.hse.gov.uk/

http://www.idsociety.org/

http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/

http://www.theific.org/

http://www.ihi.org/

http://www.ips.uk.net/

http://www.jcrinc.com/

http://www.mhra.gov.uk/

http://www.hpsc.ie/

http://www.nice.org.uk/

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html



https://www.rcn.org.uk/

http://www.hpsc.ie/a-

http://www.hpsc.ie/a-

http://www.shea-online.org/


WEBSITE ADDRESSES

American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

http://www.acoem.org

American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

http://www.asm.org

Association of peri-Operative Registered Nurses (AORN) www.aorn.org

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)

www.apic.org

Australian Infection Control Association (AICA)

http://www.aica.org.au

Baltic Network Infection Control

http://www.balticcare.org

British Global and Travel Health Association

www.bgtha.org

Centre for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)

www.cdc.gov

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

http://www.ecdc.europa.eu

European Operating Room Nurses Association (EORNA)

http://www.eorna.eu

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)

www.escmid.org

Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (GIDEON)

www.gideononline.com

Health Canada

www.hc-sc.gc.ca

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

http://www.hse.gov.uk

Healthcare infection Society (HIS)

www.his.org.uk

Health Foundation

http://www.health.org.uk

Health Protection Scotland (HPS)

http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk

Infection Prevention Society (IPS)

www.ips.uk.net

Infection Prevention and Control Canada

https://ipac-canada.org

http://www.aorn.org/

http://www.aica.org.au/

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/

http://www.hse.gov.uk/

http://www.his.org.uk/


International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)

http://www.inicc.org

Infectious Diseases Research Network (IDRN)

http://www.idrn.org

Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)

http://www.idsociety.org

Institute of Health Improvement (IHI)

http://www.ihi.org

International Federation of Infection Control (IFIC)

www.theific.org

International Scientific Forum for Home Hygiene (IFH)

http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org

International Sharps Injury Prevention Society

http://www.isips.org

International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID)

www.isid.org

International Society of Travel Medicine

www.istm.org

Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HSPC)

http://www.hpsc.ie

National electronic Library of Infection(NeLI)

http://www.neli.org.uk

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases

www.nfid.org

National Prion Clinic

www.nationalprionclinic.org

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)

www.osha.gov

Public Health Agency of Canada

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html

Public Health England (PHE)

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england

Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)

www.shea-online.org

Webber Training

http://webbertraining.com

World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int

http://www.isid.org/

http://www.who.int/


CONTENT

KEY PUBLICATIONS, PAPERS and BOOKS

Administration and organization 7

Air travel 8

Ambulance services 8

Ambulatory care 9

Animals in healthcare settings 9

Antibiotic resistance 9

Antibiotic stewardship 11

Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery 12

Blood borne viral infections 13

Building design construction and renovation 14

Burden of Healthcare-associated infections 16

Care bundles & High Impact interventions bundles 16

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections 17

Central line-associated bloodstream infections 19

Clostridium difficile infections 21

Chickenpox and shingle 23

Child care and schools facilities 23

Competency of IPC practitioners 24

Core components of IPC programmes 25

Cost of healthcare-associated infections 25

Community infections 26

Cystic fibrosis 26

Definitions of healthcare associated infections 26

Decontamination and reprocessing of medical devices 27

Dentistry 28

Emergency and disaster planning 29

Endoscope decontamination 29

Environmental cleaning 30

Food safety 31

Gastrointestinal infections 32

Hand hygiene 32

Home hygiene 35

Hydrotherapy, spa & swimming pools 35

Immunocompromised and transplant patients 36

Injection safety and multi-dose vials 36

Influenza pandemic planning 37

Isolation precautions 37

Laboratory 38

Laundry 38


Last office 38

Legionnaires’ disease 39

Long-term facility 40

Manual and guidelines 40

Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) 41

Meningococcal disease 42

MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) 43

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) 44

Multidrug -resistant Gram-negative organisms 44

Maternal and neonatal infections 47

Norovirus infection 47

Operating theatres 48

Outbreak investigation and control 49

Parvovirus infection 51

Pertussis (whooping cough) 51

Prisons and detention centre 51

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51

Rabies 51

Prion disease (CJD) 51

Personal protective equipment (PPE) 52

Reporting of outbreaks & interventions studies 53

Respiratory tract infections 53

Renal dialysis 53

Risk management 54

Scabies and pediculosis 54

Sharp injuries 55

Staff health 56

Surgical site infections 57

Surveillance of Healthcare-associated infections 58

Sterile Supply Department (SSD) 59

Staph. aureus Infections (PVL) 59

Streptococcal infections (group A) 59

Tuberculosis 60

Uniform and workwear 61

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 61

Ventilator-associated Pneumonias 62

Viral haemorrhagic fevers (Filovirus diseases) 62

Water and sanitation 63

Waste management 64

Zoonotic diseases 65


ADMINISTRATION & ORGANIZATION

• APIC. APIC Professional and Practice Standards. Am J Infect Control 2016: 44 (7); 745-

9.

• CFWI. Review of the infection prevention and control nurse workforce. London:

Centre for Workforce Intelligence; 2016. www.cfwi.org.uk

• DH. Board to Ward: how to embed a culture of HCAI prevention in acute trusts.

London: Dept. of Health, 2008.

• Dhar S, Cook E, Oden M, et al. Building a Successful Infection Prevention Program —

key components, processes, and economics. Infect Dis Clin N Am 30 :567–589.

• Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) Canada. Infection Prevention and Control

(IPAC) Program Standard. Can J Infect Control. 2016 ;30 (Suppl):1-97.

• IPS & RCN. Infection prevention and control commissioning toolkit: Guidance and

information for nursing and commissioning staff in England. London Royal College of

Nursing, 2014.

• NICE Quality Standard. Healthcare-associated infections (QS 113). London: National

Institute for Health and Care Excellence: 2016.

• NICE. Behaviour Change: Individual Approaches (Guideline 49). London: National

Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2014.

• NICE. Infection Prevention and Control (Guideline 61). London: National Institute of

Clinical Excellence, 2014.

• RCN/IPS Infection Prevention and Control Commissioning Toolkit: Guidance and

information for nursing and commissioning staff in England. London: Royal College of

Nursing, 2016.

• RCN. The Role of the Link Nurse in Infection Prevention and Control (IPC): Developing

a Link Nurse Framework. London: Royal College of Nursing; London, 2012.

• SHEA white paper. Necessary Infrastructure of Infection Prevention and Healthcare

Epidemiology Programs: A Review. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 2016, 37(4):371-80.

• Storr J, Wigglesworth N, Kilpatrick C. Integrating human factors with infection

prevention and control. London: The Health Foundation, 2013.

• WHO. International Health Regulations (2nd ed). Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2005.


• Zingg W, Holmes A, Dettenkofer M, et al. Hospital organisation, management, and

structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and

expert consensus. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015. 15: 212–24.

AIR TRAVEL

• ECDC Guidelines: Risk assessment guidelines for diseases transmitted on aircraft.

Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010.

• ECDC Guidelines. Risk assessment guidelines for infectious diseases transmitted on

aircraft (RAGIDA)–Tuberculosis. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014.

• European concepts for the domestic transport of highly infectious patients. Clin

Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 727–33.

• Mangili A, Gendreau MA. Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air

travel. Lancet 2005; 365:989-96.

• National Research Council. The airline cabin environment and the health of

passengers. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2002.

• Safety and Health Team. Aircraft disinfection requirements. Washington, DC: US

Department of Transportation, 2004.

• WHO. Guidelines for prevention and control: Tuberculosis and air travel. Geneva:

World Health Organization 2007.

• WHO: Recommendations on the disinfecting of aircraft. Weekly Epidemiology Record

1998; 73:109-11.

• WHO. Guide to hygiene and sanitation in aviation 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2009.

AMBULANCE SERVICES

• UK Dept. of Health. Self-assessment tool for Ambulance service. London: Dept. of

Health, 2006.

• UK Dept. of Health. Ambulance guidelines reducing infection through effective

practice in the pre-hospital environment. London: Dept. of Health, 2008.


AMBULATORY CARE

• APIC: Infection Prevention Manual for Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Washington DC:

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2011.

• CDC Guideline: Guide to infection prevention in outpatient settings: Minimum

Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta: Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention,

2011.

• Cimolai N & Cimolai DJ. Practical Infection Control: A healthcare Professional &

Community Resource Guide. British Colombia: populous Production and Publication,

2012.

• ARI. Infection prevention and control for primary care in Ireland- A Guide for General

Practice. Dublin: Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland, 2013.

• Infection Control in the Physician’s Office. Toronto; College of Physicians and

Surgeons of Ontario. 2005.

ANIMALS IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS

• APIC Guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in health care facilities. American

Journal of Infection Control, 2008: 36; 78-85.

• SHEA: Animals in Healthcare Facilities: Recommendations to Minimize Potential

Risks. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2015; 36 (5):495-516.

• Queensland Government. The Animal contact guidelines – reducing the risk to

human health. Queensland Government, 2014.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

• Antibiotic Resistance 101: How antibiotic misuse on factory farms can make you sick.

San Francisco: Food & Water Watch, 2014.

• AMR Control 2015: Overcoming global antimicrobial resistance. World alliance

against antibiotic resistance. Suffolk; World Alliance against Antibiotic Resistance

2016.

• Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.

http://www.apic.org/APICStore/Products/Product?id=SLS9805


• DH. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations.

The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. London: Her Majesty Government, 2014.

• DH. Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018. London: Dept. of

Health, 2013.

• ECDC Technical Report. The bacterial challenge: time to react. Stockholm: European

Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013.

• PHE. Antimicrobial Resistance Resource Handbook. London: Public Health England,

2017.

• PHE. AMR Local Indicators. Fingertips Profile User Guide. London: Public Health

England, 2016.

• RCN. Antimicrobial resistance: RCN position on the nursing contribution. London: The

Royal Collage of Nursing, 2016.

• Sosa AJ, et al (ed). Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. New York.

Springer, 2010.

• UK Review of Antibiotic resistant. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the

health and wealth of nations. London: HM Government, 2014.

• WHO. Infections control programmes to control antimicrobial resistance. Geneva:

World Health Organization, 2001.

• WHO: The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance - Options for action. Geneva:


• WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2014.

• WHO. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance.

Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System: Manual for Early

Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Resource materials for in country development and implementation of

antimicrobial resistance national action plans. Geneva: World Health Organization,

2017.


• WHO. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: Early

implementation 2016-2017.Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.

ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP

• APIC/SHEA/SIDP Antimicrobial Stewardship Position Paper. Antimicrobial

stewardship and infection prevention—leveraging the synergy: A position paper

update.2018; 46 (4):364–368.

• CDC. Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. Atlanta, GA: US

Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2014.

• Cosgrove SE, et al. Guidance for the Knowledge and Skills Required for Antimicrobial

Stewardship Leaders. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35(12):1444-

1451.

• Dryden M, et al. Using antibiotics responsibly: right drug, right time, right dose, right

duration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66: 2244-443.

• DH. Antimicrobial prescribing- A summary of best practice. London: Dept. of Health,

2007.

• DH. Antimicrobial prescribing & Stewardship competencies. London: Public Health

England, 2013.

• Gould IM. Antibiotic Policies: Controlling Hospital Acquired Infection. New York:

Springer, 2011.

• IDSA. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious

Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;62(10):1197–202

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to promote stewardship in antimicrobial

prescribing (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with National Health

Service improvement, 2017

• McCorry A, Damani N, Rajendran R, et al. Reducing the use of ‘high-risk’ antibiotics

through implementation of an antibiotic stewardship programme. Br J Clin

Pharmacol 2010; 2:341–4.


• NICE. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial

medicine use (NG 15). London: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,

2015.

• PHE. Antimicrobial prescribing & Stewardship competencies. London: Public Health

England, 2013.

• PHE. Start Smart - Then Focus Antimicrobial Stewardship Toolkit for English Hospitals.

London: Public Health England, 2015.

• PHE. AMR Local Indicators. Fingertips Profile User Guide. London: Public Health

England, 2016.

• SARI. Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Hospitals in Ireland. Dublin:

Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland, 2009.

• SHEA White. Guidance for the Knowledge and Skills Required for Antimicrobial

Stewardship Leaders. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 2014;35 (12):1444-

1451.

• Society of Chemotherapy Stewardship Working Group. ‘Ten Commandments’ for the

appropriate use of antibiotics by the practicing in an outpatient setting. Frontiers in

Microbiology 2011: 2; doi.10.3389/fmicb. 2011.00230. www.frontiersin.org

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN SURGERY

• ASHP Report. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the

Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Surgical Infection Society (SIS), and

the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical practice

guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. American Journal of Health-

System Pharmacy 2013; 70:195-283.

• ECDC Technical Report. Systematic review and evidence-based guidance on

perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease

Prevention and Control, 2013.

• Heuer A, et al. Update on Guidelines for Perioperative Antibiotic Selection and

Administration from the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) and American

Society of Health-System Pharmacists. AANA Journal 2017; 85 (4): 293-299.


• Scottish Guidelines. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery (SIGN guidelines no. 104).

Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines

Network, 2014.

BLOOD BORNE VIRAL INFECTIONS

• DH. Health clearance for tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV: New

healthcare workers. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.

• European Study Group: Occupational Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Study Group:

Towards a standard HIV post-exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers in Europe.

Euro surveillance 2004; 9: 40–3.

• HIS and SISG. Risks to surgeons and patients from HIV and hepatitis: guidelines on

precautions and management of exposure to blood or body fluids. Joint Working

Party of the Hospital Infection Society and the Surgical Infection Study Group. BMJ

1992; 305: 1337–43.

• Irish Guideline. The prevention of transmission of Blood-borne diseases in the health-

care Setting. Dublin: Dept. of Health and Children, 2005.

• NICE. Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people

and adults. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013.

• SHEA. Guideline for management of healthcare workers who are infected with

Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, and/or Human immunodeficiency virus. Infect

Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31 (3): 203– 232.

• Tarantola A, et al. Infection risks following accidental exposure to blood or body

fluids in health care workers: a review of pathogens transmitted in published cases.

Am J Infect Control 2006; 34:367–75.

• RCGP. Guidance for the prevention, testing, treatment and management of Hepatitis

C in primary care. London: The Royal College of General Practitioner, 2007.

• WHO. Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis

infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.

• WHO. Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action.



• WHO. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis. Manila (Western Pacific

Region); World Health Organization, 2006.

BUILDING DESIGN CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

• APIC. Infection Prevention Manual for Construction & Renovation. Washington, DC:


• Bannister B, Puro V, Fusco FM, et al. Framework for the design and operation of

high-level isolation units: consensus of the European Network of Infectious Diseases

(EUNID Working Group). Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 45–56.

• Bartley JM, Olmsted RN et al. Current views of health care design and construction:

Practical implications for safer, cleaner environment. American Journal of Infection

Control 2010; 38 (5) (Supplement 1): S1-S12.

• Boss MJ and Day DW (eds). Biological Risk Engineering Handbook: Infection Control

and decontamination. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2003.

• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 03-01. Specialised ventilation for healthcare

premises. Part A: Design and validation. Part B: Operational management and

performance verification. Leeds: Dept. of Health/Estates and Facilities Division, 2007.

• DH. Health Building Note 00-01. General design guidance for healthcare buildings.

London. Dept. of Health, 2014.

• DH. Health Building Note 00-09: Infection control in the built environment. London:

Dept. of Health, 2013.

• DH. Health Building Note 04-01. Supplement 1. Isolation facilities for infectious

patients in acute settings. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.

• DH. Health Building Note 09-03. Neonatal units. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.

• DH. Health Building Note 07-07: Sustainable health and social care buildings:

Planning, design, construction and refurbishment. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.

• UK Health Building Note 09-03. Neonatal units. London: Department of Health, 2013.

• ENID. Framework for the design and operation of high-level isolation units:

consensus of the European Network of Infectious Diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:

45–56.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=EUNID%20Working%20Group%5BCorporate%20Author%5D


• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospitals. Dallas: Facility Guidelines

Institute, 2018.

• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Outpatient Facilities. Dallas: Facility

Guidelines Institute, 2018.

• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Residential Health, Care, and Support

Facilities. Dallas: Facility Guidelines Institute, 2018.

• Hignetta S, et al. Space to care and treat safely in acute hospitals: Recommendations

from 1866 to 2008.Applied Ergonomics 2010; 41 (5): 666-73.

• HPSC. Infection Prevention and Control Building Guidelines for Acute Hospitals in

Ireland. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2008.

• HPSC. National Guidelines for the Prevention of Nosocomial Aspergillosis. A Report of

the Aspergillosis Subcommittee of the Health Protection Surveillance Centre Scientific

Advisory Committee. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2018.

• JCR. Infection Prevention and Control Issues in the Environment of Care. (2nd ed.)

Illinois: Joint Commission Resources, 2011.

• Kowalski W. Hospital Airborne Infection Control. Florida: CRC Press, 2012.

• Kowalski WJ. Aerobiological Engineering Handbook. Airborne diseases and control

technologies McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2006.

• Martin JB, Dennis WD, Roger FJ. (eds). Biological Risk Engineering Handbook:

Infection Control and Decontamination. Lewis Publishers, 2002.

• SHF. Healthcare Associated Infection System for Controlling Risk in the Built

Environment. Edinburgh: Health Facilities, Scotland, 2007.

• Stockley JM and Constantine CE. Association of Medical Microbiologists’ New

Hospital Development Project Group. Building New Hospitals: a UK perspective.

Journal of Hospital Infection 2006; 62; 285-299.

• Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Guidelines: Infection

Control Guidelines for the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: Society Guidelines

Revisited. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2006; 67:78-86.

• Stiller, A, et al. Relationship between hospital ward design and healthcare-associated

infection rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect

Control 2016; 5: 51.


• WHO. Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health Care Settings. Geneva:


BURDEN of HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

• ECDC. Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and prevention indicators in

European intensive care units. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention

and Control; 2017.

• ECDC. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial

use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease

Prevention and Control; 2013.

• ECDC. Point Prevalence Survey of Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial

Use in European Long-term Care Facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm: European


• Magill SS, Edwards JR, Stat M, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health

care-associated infections. N Engl J Med 2014, 370:1198–1208.

• Stone PW. Economic burden of healthcare-associated infections: an American

perspective. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 9 (5): 417-422.

• Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Doshi JA, et al. Estimating the proportion of healthcare-

associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and

costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32 (2): 101-14.

• WHO. Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-associated Infection Worldwide.

Geneva; World Health Organization, 2011.


CARE BUNDLE and HIGH IMPACT INTERVENTIONS BUNDLE

INSTITUTE FOR HEALTHCARE IMPROVEMENT CARE BUNDLE

• How-to Guide: Prevent Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection. Cambridge,

MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.

• How-to Guide: Surgical Site Infections. Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare

Improvement; 2012.

• How-to Guide: Prevent Surgical Site Infection for Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.

• How-to Guide: Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Cambridge, MA:

Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2011.

• How-to Guide: Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Cambridge, MA: Institute

for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.

• Taylor MJ, et al. Systematic review of the application of the plan–do–study–act

method to improve quality in healthcare. BMJ Qual Saf 2014; 23:290–298.

HIGH IMPACT INTERVENTIONS CARE BUNDLE

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with

peripheral vascular access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in

association with NHS Improvement, 2017.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (4th

ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement, 2017

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with central

venous access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent surgical site infection (4th ed):

Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement,2017.

• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent catheter associated urinary tract

infection (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.


• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent infection in chronic wounds (4th ed):

Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement, 2017.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to promote stewardship in antimicrobial

prescribing (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.

CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (CAUTI)

• APIC. Guide to Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Washington:

Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,

2014.

• CDC/HICPAC. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections

2009. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.

• CDC/NHSN. Urinary Tract Infection (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

[CAUTI] and Non-Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection [UTI]) and Other

Urinary System Infection [USI]) Events. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 2018.

• Damani N N. Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections. In: Friedman

C & Newsom SWB (eds), IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control, 3rd ed. International

Federation of Infection Control, 2016. http://theific.org/wp-

content/uploads/2016/04/18-UTI_2016.pdf, accessed 1 Nov 2017)

• epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated

Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014: 86

(Supplement 1): S1–S70.

• EAUN Guidelines. Evidence-based Guidelines for Best Practice in Urological

Health Care Catheterisation Indwelling catheters in adults Urethral and

Suprapubic. Arnhem; European Association of Urology Nurses, 2012.

• European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-

associated urinary tract infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

2008: 31S; S68-S78.


• European Association of Urology. Guideline on urological infections. European

Association of Urology, 2009.

• Evidence-based Guidelines for Best Practice in Urological Health Care Catheterisation

Indwelling catheters in adults Urethral and Suprapubic. Arnhem; European

Association of Urology Nurses, 2012.

• HPSC. Guidelines for the Prevention of Catheter associated Urinary Tract Infection.

Dublin; Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2011.

• IDSA. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract

infection in adults; 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious

Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:625–663.

• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent catheter associated urinary tract

infection (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.

• IHI. How to Guide: Prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Cambridge,


• International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of

America. Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract

Infection in Adults: 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:625–663.

• JC. Clinical Care Improvement Strategies: Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary

Tract Infections. Illinois: Joint Commission, 2011.

• Krein S, Kowalski C, Harrod M, et al. Barriers to reducing urinary catheter use: a

qualitative assessment of a state-wide initiative. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173 (10):

881–6.

• Murphy C, et al. Interventions to minimise the initial use of indwelling urinary

catheters in acute care: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2014; 51 (1): 4-13.

• Nicolle LE. Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect

Control 2014, 3:23. doi: 10.1186/2047-2994-3-23.

• Saint S, et al. A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in

acute care. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2111–9.

• RCN. Catheter care. RCN guidance for nurses. London: Royal College of Nursing,

2012.


• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in

Acute Care Hospitals: 2014. Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (5): 465-

479.

• RCN. Catheter care. RCN guidance for nurses. London: Royal Collage of Nursing,

2012.

CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS (CLABSI)

• APIC. Guide to Preventing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections.

Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,

2015.

• APSIC guide for prevention of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections

(CLABSI). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:16. doi: 10.1186/s13756-016-0116-5

• Berenholtz SM, Pronovost PJ, Lipsett PA, et al. Eliminating catheter-related

bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2014–20.

• CDC/NHSN. Bloodstream Infection Event (Central Line-Associated Bloodstream

Infection and non-central line-associated Bloodstream Infection). Atlanta: Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018.

• CDC/HICPAC. Committee. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-

Related Infections, 2011. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.


Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014; 86S1: S1–

S70.

• GAIN Guidelines. Guidelines for Insertion and Maintenance of Central venous Access

devices in Children and Young people. Belfast: Guidelines and Implementation

Network (GAIN), 2012.

• HSE. A Guiding Framework for Education, Training and Competence Validation in

Venepuncture and Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation for Nurses and Midwives.

Dublin: Health Service Executive, 2010.


• IDSA Guidelines: Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of

intravascular catheter-related infections: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases

Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 49:1-45.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with peripheral

vascular access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with central

venous access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS

Improvement, 2017.

• IHI. How-to Guide: Prevent Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection.


• JC. Preventing Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Global Challenge, a

Global Perspective. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, May 2012.

• Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-

related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2725–32.

• RCPI. Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infection in Ireland. Dublin: Royal

Collage of Physician Ireland, 2014.

• Pronovost P, et al. Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections

in Michigan intensive care units: observational study. BMJ 2010; 340 doi:

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c309

• Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Moehring R, et al. Casablanca redux: we are shocked that public

reporting of rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections are inaccurate.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33 (9): 932–5.

• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in

Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (7): 753-

771.

Clostridium difficile INFECTIONS

• APIC Implementation Guide. Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile infections.

Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,

2013.


• Boyce JM, et al. Lack of association between the increased incidence of Clostridium

difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. Infect

Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27 (5): 479–83.

• Boyce JM, et al. Role of Hand Hygiene in Clostridium difficile Control. In: A Handbook

for Medical Professionals, pp. 373-377. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.

• Caroff DA, et al. Faecal transplantation for patients with Clostridium difficile - The

Bristol Stool Scale and Its Relationship to Clostridium difficile Infection. J Clin Microb

2014; 52 (9): 3437–3439.

• CDC. Multidrug-Resistant Organism & Clostridium difficile Infection (MDRO/CDI)

Module. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.

• DH. High Impact Intervention No 7. Care bundle to reduce the risk from Clostridium

difficile. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.

• DH. Clostridium difficile infection: How to deal with the problem. London: Dept. of

Health, 2009.

• DH. Updated guidance on the diagnosis and reporting of Clostridium difficile. London:

Dept. of Health, 2012.

• ESCMID. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: Update

of the Treatment Guidance Document for Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin

Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 (Suppl. 2): 1–26.

• European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the

diagnostic guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Microbiol Infect.

2016; 22 Suppl 4: S63-81.

• HPS. Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Trigger Tool. Glasgow: Health Protection

Scotland; 2014.

• IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and

Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and

Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical Infectious Diseases

2018; 66 (4): 1–48.

• Kaier K, et al. Two time-series analyses of the impact of antibiotic consumption and

alcohol-based hand disinfection on the incidences of nosocomial methicillin-resistant


Staphylococcus aureus infection and Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control

Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30 (4): 346–53.

• Landelle C, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers’ hands with Clostridium

difficile spores after caring for patients with C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp

Epidemiol 2014; 35 (1): 10–5.

• NCEC. Surveillance, Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection in

Ireland. Dublin: National Clinical Effectiveness Committee, 2014.

• PHE. Updated guidance on the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile

infection. London: Public Health England, 2013.

• PIDAC. Testing, Surveillance and Management of Clostridium difficile. Provincial

Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2013.

• SHEA/IDSA: Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care

Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (6): 626-645.

• SHEA. Clostridium difficile Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: Systematic Best Practices

for Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:476–482.

• SHEA, APIC, IDSA. A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated

Infections in Acute Care Hospitals. Rationale for Hand Hygiene Recommendations

after Caring for a Patient with Clostridium difficile Infection. 2012.

CHICKENPOX and SHINGLE

• PHE. Guidance on Infection Control for Chickenpox and Shingles in Prisons,

Immigration Removal Centres and other Prescribed Places of Detention. London;

Public Health England, 2017.

CHILD CARE and SCHOOLS FACILITIES

• HPSC Guideline. Management of Infectious Disease in Childcare Facilities and Other

Childcare Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2013.

• HSE. Management of Infectious Disease in Schools. Dublin: Health Service Executive,

2013.


• PHE. Interim guidelines for the public health management of scarlet fever outbreaks

in schools, nurseries and other childcare settings. London: Public Health England,

2014.

COMPETENCY of IPC PRACTITIONERS

• APIC: Infection Prevention Competency Review Guide. Washington DC: Association

for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2011.

• APIC. Self-assessment to Advance IP Competency. Washington: Association for

Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2013.

• ECDC. Core Competencies for Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene Professionals in

the European Union. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and

Control, 2013.

• IPAC. Infection Prevention and Control Core Competencies for Health Care Workers: A

Consensus Document. Ontario: Infection Prevention Control Canada, 2016.

• IPAC: Infection Prevention and Control Core Competencies for Healthcare Workers: An

Update. Ontario: Infection Prevention Control Canada, 2016.

• IPAC: Core Competencies for Infection Control Professionals. Ontario: Infection

Prevention Control Canada, 2016.

• IPS. Outcome of Competences for Practitioners in Infection Prevention and Control. J

Infect Prev 2011; 12 (2): 67-90.

• Murphy DM et al. Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to

guide current and future practice. American Journal of Infection Control 2012; 40 (4):

296-303.

• SHEA White paper. Guidance for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology

Programs: Healthcare Epidemiologist Skills and Competencies. Infection Control &

Hospital Epidemiology 2015;36 (4):369-380.



CORE COMPONENTS OF IPC PROGRAMMES

• WHO. Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes

at the national and acute health care facility level. Geneva: World Health organization,

2016.

• WHO. Interim practical manual supporting national implementation of the WHO

guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes.

Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

COST OF HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

• APIC. Dispelling the Myths: The True Cost of Healthcare-Associated infections.

Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC),

2007.

• CDC. The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and

the Benefits of Prevention. Atlanta: Centre for Diseases control and prevention, 2009.

• ECDC. Economic evaluations of interventions to prevent healthcare-associated infections.

Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2017.

• Graves N, Jarvis WR, Halton K (eds). Economics and Preventing Healthcare –Associated

Infection. New York: Springer, 2009.

• Perencevich N, et al. Raising Standards While Watching the Bottom Line: Making a

Business Case for Infection Control. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2007;

28 (10): 1121-1133.

• Roberts JA. The Economics of Infectious Diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

• Stone PW et al. The economic impact of infection control: Making the business cases or

increased resources. American Journal of Infection Control 2005; 33:542-7.

• Zimlichman E, et al. Health Care–Associated Infections. A Meta-analysis of Costs and

Financial Impact on the US Health Care System, JAMA 2013; 173 (22):2039-46.


COMMUNITY INFECTIONS

• NICE clinical guideline 139. Infection Prevention and control of healthcare-associated

infections in primary and community care. London: National Institute of health and

Clinical Excellence; 2012.

• PHE. Management of infection guidance for primary care for consultation and local

adaptation. London; Public Health England, 2014.

• UK Dept. of Health and HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes-Summary

for staff. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Infection Prevention and Control Guideline for Cystic

Fibrosis: 2013 Update. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35 (S1):S1-S67.

• NICE. Cystic fibrosis: diagnosis and management (N78). London: National Institute for

Clinical Excellence 2017.

DEFINITIONS of HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

• CDC/NHSN. Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections. January 2018.

https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf

• ECDC. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial use

in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention

and Control; 2016.

https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/PPS-HAI-

antimicrobial-use-EU-acute-care-hospitals-V5-3.pdf

• ECDC. Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and prevention indicators in

European intensive care units. HAI-Net ICU protocol. Stockholm: European Centre for

Disease Prevention and Control, 2017.

• ECDC. Point Prevalence Survey of Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial

Use in European Long-term Care Facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm: European


https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf

https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/PPS-HAI-antimicrobial-use-EU-acute-care-hospitals-V5-3.pdf

https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/PPS-HAI-antimicrobial-use-EU-acute-care-hospitals-V5-3.pdf


DECONTAMINATION and REPROCESSING of MEDICAL DEVICES

• ASEAN. ASEAN guidelines for disinfection and sterilisation of instruments in healthcare

facilities. Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control, 2010.

• Australian/New Zealand Guidelines. Disinfection & Sterilization Infection control. Centre

Healthcare Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention (CHRISP), 2006.

www.helath.qld.gov.au/chrisp/

• BC Health Authorities. Guidance document for reprocessing audit tool. British Colombia

Ministry of Health, 2012.

• BC Health Authorities. Best Practice Guidelines for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization

of Critical and Semi-critical Medical Devices. British Colombia Ministry of Health, 2012.

• CDC. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities (2008). Atlanta:

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 (updated Feb 2017).

• Canadian Guideline: Best Practice Guidelines for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization

of Critical and Semi-critical Medical Devices. British Colombia: Ministry of Health, 2011.

• MDA. Device bulletin: The purchase, operation and maintenance of benchtop steam

sterilizers. (MDA DB 9605). London: Medical Devices Agency, 1996.

• MDA. Device bulletin: The validation and periodic testing of benchtop vacuum steam

sterilizers. (MDA DB 9804). London: Medical Devices Agency, 1998.

• Health Technical Memorandum 01-01: Management and decontamination of surgical

instruments (medical devices) used in acute care. Part A: Management and provision.

Part B: Common elements. Part C: Steam sterilization. Part D: Washer-disinfectors. Part

E: Alternatives to steam for the sterilization of reusable medical devices. London: Dept.

of Health, 2016.

• HIS. Society. Decontamination of breast pump milk collection kits and related items at

home and in hospital: guidance from a Joint Working Group of the Healthcare Infection

Society and Infection Prevention Society. J Hosp Infect 2016; 92:213-21.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization of Medical

Equipment/Devices in All Health Care Settings. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases

Advisory Committee, 2010.


• Rutala WA, et al. How to assess risk of disease transmission to patients when there is a

failure to follow recommended disinfection and sterilization guidelines. Infect Control

Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28 (2): 146–55.

• SHEA. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization of prion-contaminated medical

instruments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:107-15.

• Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Lawrence CA,

Block SS, eds. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger,

1968; 517-531.

• WHO. Decontamination and reprocessing manual for healthcare facilities. Geneva:


DENTISTRY

• ADA. Guidelines for Infection Control (2nd ed.). St Leonards: Australian Dental

Association, 2012.

• BDA. Infection Control. Stirling: British Dental Association, Scotland, 2013.

• CDC: Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for

Safe Care. Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016

• Dental Audit Tool 2013. User Guide. V2 Released June 2013.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/17068

9/HTM_01-05_2013.pdf

• DH. Decontamination Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 01-05: Decontamination in

primary care dental practices: Leeds: Dept. of Health, 2013.

• Health Technical Memorandum 01-05: Decontamination in primary care dental

practices. Leeds: Department of Health, 2013.

• IPS Dental Audit Tool 2013 User Guide. Available at:

https://app.box.com/s/8cfwhj17p24f06clauf9bq02fqupg22r

• Miller CH & Palenik CJ. Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for

the Dental Team, 5th ed. Mosby; 2013.

• SDCEP. Sterilization of Dental Instruments Dental Clinical Guidance. Dundee: Scottish

Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme, 2011.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/170689/HTM_01-05_2013.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/170689/HTM_01-05_2013.pdf

https://app.box.com/s/8cfwhj17p24f06clauf9bq02fqupg22r


• SDCEP. Cleaning of Dental Instruments Dental Clinical Guidance. Dundee: Scottish Dental

Clinical Effectiveness Programme, 2007.

EMERGENCY and DISASTER PLANNING

• APIC Elimination Guide. Infection Prevention for Ambulatory Care Centers during

Disasters. Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and

Epidemiology, 2013.

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to Infection Prevention in Emergency Medical Services.

Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2013.

• APIC. Infection Prevention and Control for shelters during disasters. Washington DC:


• APIC State-of-the-art Report: The role of the infection preventionist in emergency

management. American Journal of Infection Control 2009; 37(4):271-281.

• APIC Update on infection prevention in disaster planning: New resources and policies.

American Journal of Infection Control 2009; 37(4):250-5.

• MSF. Refugee Health: An approach to emergency situations. Medecins Sans Frontieres,

1997.

• WHO. Communicable disease control manual in emergencies: a field manual. Geneva:

World Health organization, 2005.

ENDOSCOPE DECONTAMINATION

• ASGE –SHEA Guidelines. Multisociety Guidelines on Reprocessing Flexible GI

endoscopes: 2011. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2011; 32 (6):527-537.

• American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for safety in the

gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2014; 79(3):363-72.

• BSG. Guidance for Decontamination of Equipment for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The

Report of a Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy

Committee. London: 2016.


• Health Technical Memorandum 01-06. Decontamination of flexible endoscopes: Part A:

Policy and management. Part B: Design and installation. Part C: Operational

management. Part D: Validation and verification (including storage/drying cabinets)

Validation and verification. Part E: Testing methods. London: Dept. of Health, 2016.

• PHAC. Infection prevention and control guideline for Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

and Flexible Bronchoscopy. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010.

• HIS. Decontamination of minimally invasive surgical endoscopes and accessories.

Journal of Hospital Infection 2000; 45: 263-277.

• HIS. Rinse water for heat labile endoscopy equipment. Journal of Hospital Infection

2002; 51: 7-16.

• Irish Guideline. Standards and Recommended Practices for Endoscope Reprocessing

Unit. Dublin: Ireland Health Service Executive, 2011.

• Kovaleva J, Peters FT, Mei HC, at el. Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal

endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26: 231-54.

• Willis C. Bacteria-free endoscopy rinse water–a realistic aim? Epidemiology and

infection 2005; 134 (2): 279 – 84 .

ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING

• APSIC. APSIC guidelines for environmental cleaning and decontamination. Asia Pacific

Society of Infection Control, 2011.

• BSI. Specification for the planning, application, measurement and review of cleanliness

services in hospitals. The British Standards Institution 2014.

• CDC and HICPAC Guidelines. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health

Care Facilities. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 2003; 52 (RR10):1-42. ‘Errata:

Vol. 52 (No. RR-10)’ (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Vol. 52 [42]: 1025-6) on

October 24, 2003 and as a “Notice to Readers” scheduled to appear in December 2003.

• CDC Environmental Checklist for Monitoring Terminal Cleaning.

http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/toolkits/Environmental-Cleaning-Checklist-10-6-2010.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/toolkits/Environmental-Cleaning-Checklist-10-6-2010.pdf


• Dancer SJ. Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment

and New Technologies for Decontamination. Clinical Microbiology Review 2014; 27 (4):

665-690.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Environmental Cleaning for Prevention and Control of

Infections in All Health Care Settings (2nd edition). Provincial Infectious Diseases

Advisory Committee. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2012.

• RCN: Creating a safe environment for care defining the relationship between cleaning

and nursing staff. London: The Royal College of Nursing, 2013.

• JC. Infection Control Issues in the environment care. Illinois, Joint Commission, 2005.

• WHO. Essential environmental health Standards in Health Care. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2009.

• Working Group of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cleaning

and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Toward an integrated framework

for infection and occupational illness prevention. American Journal of Infection Control

2015: 43; 424-34.

FOOD SAFETY

• DH. Food handlers: fitness to work. Guidance for businesses, enforcement officers and

health professionals. London: Dept. of Health, 1995.

• HPA. Examining food, water and environmental samples from healthcare environments.

London: UK Health Protection Agency, 2010

• HSPC. Preventing Food borne Diseases. A Focus on the infected food handlers. Dublin :

Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2004.

• NHS/RCP. Infected food handlers. Occupational aspects of management- A national

guideline. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 2008.

• NHS/RCP. Infected food handlers. Occupational aspects of management. Evidence-

based guidance for healthcare professionals. London: Royal College of Physicians of

London, 2008.

• WHO. Foodborne Disease: A focus for Health Education. Geneva: WHO, 2000.

• WHO. Basic Food safety for Health Workers. Geneva: World Health organization, 1999.


• WHO. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Evaluation. A guide to identifying hazards

and assessing risks associated with food preparation and storage. Geneva: World Health

Organisation, 1992.

GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS

• HPA. Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical Considerations for

Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Glasgow: Health

Protection Agency Scotland, 2011.

• PHE. Managing suspected infectious diarrhoea Quick reference guidance for primary

care. London: Public Health England, 2015.

• PHLS. Preventing person to person spread following gastrointestinal infection: guidance

to public health physician and environmental offices. Communicable Disease and Public

Health 2004; 7(4): 362-38.

• WHO. Preventing Diarrhoea through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Exposures

and impacts in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization,

2014.

HAND HYGIENE

• APIC. Guide to Hand Hygiene Programs for Infection Prevention. Washington, DC:

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. 2015.

• Ahmed QA, et al. Muslim healthcare workers and alcohol-based handrubs. Lancet 2006;

367: 1025-7.

• Allegranzi B, et al. Religion and culture: potential undercurrents influencing hand

hygiene promotion in healthcare. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37: 28- 34.

• Allegranzi B, Gayet-Ageron A, Damani N, et al. Global implementation of WHO’s

multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study.

Lancet Infect Dis 2013:13 (10): 843–851.


• Bauer-Savage J, Pittet D, Kim E, et al. Local production of WHO-recommended alcohol-

based handrubs: feasibility, advantages, barriers and costs. Bulletin World Health

Organization 2013;91: 963-69.

• Best EL, Parnell, P, Wilcox MH. Microbiological comparison of hand-drying methods: the

potential for contamination of the environment, user, and bystander. J Hosp Infect

2014; 88 (4): 199-206.

• Bloomfield, SF et al. The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures including

handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers in reducing the risks of infections in

home and community settings. American Journal of Infection Control 2007; 35(Suppl. 1):

S1-64.

• Boyce JM, Ligi C, Kohan C, et al. Lack of association between the increased incidence of

Clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand

rubs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27 (5): 479–83.

• Canadian Guideline. Hand hygiene practices in healthcare settings. Ottawa: Public

Health Agency of Canada, 2012.

• HPS. Standard Infection Control Precautions Literature Review: Hand Hygiene: Use of

Alcohol Based Hand Rub. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2016.

• Kampf G, L, Loffler H. Dermatological aspects of a successful introduction and

continuation of ABHR for hygienic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect, 2003, 55:1-7.

• Landelle C, Verachten M, Legrand P, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers’ hands

with Clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with C. difficile infection. Infect

Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35 (1): 10–5.

• Luangasanatip N, Hongsuwan M, Limmathurotsakul D. Comparative efficacy of

interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network

meta-analysis. BMJ 2015;351: h3728 | doi: 10.1136/bmj. h3

• Pires D, et al. Revisiting the WHO “How to Handrub” Hand Hygiene Technique:

Fingertips First? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:230–233.

• Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, et al. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during

patient care and the role or improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 641-52.

• Pittet D, Boyce JM, Allegranzi B (eds). Hand Hygiene - A Handbook for Medical

Professionals. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.


• Price PB: The bacteriology of normal skin: A new quantitative test applied to a study of

the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. J Infect Dis 1938;

63: 301–318.

• Salmon S, Pittet D, Sax H, et al. The ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’ concept for the

overcrowded setting in resource-limited healthcare systems. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91 (2);

95–99.

• Sax H, Allegranzi B, Uckay I, et al. ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’: a user-centered

design approach to understand, train, monitor and report hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect

2007: 67 (7); 9-21.

• SHEA and IDSA Practice recommendations: Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated

Infections through Hand Hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35 (8): 937-960.

• SHEA, APIC, IDSA. A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated

Infections in Acute Care Hospitals. Rationale for Hand Hygiene Recommendations after

Caring for a Patient with Clostridium difficile Infection. 2012.

• WHO. Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva: World Health Organization,

2009.

• WHO. A Guide to the Implementation of the WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene

Improvement Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.

• WHO. Hand Hygiene in Outpatient and Home-based Care and Long-term Care Facilities.


• WHO. Hand hygiene in outpatient and home-based care and long-term care facilities: a

guide to the application of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy

and the “My Five Moments for Hand Hygiene” approach. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2012.

• World Bank. The Handwashing Handbook. A guide for developing hand hygiene

promotion program to increase handwashing with soap and water. Washington: The

World Bank, 2006.

• Zingg W, Haidegger T, Pittet D. Hand coverage by alcohol-based handrub varies: Volume

and hand size matter. Am J Infect Control 2016 1;44(12):1689-1691.


HOME HYGIENE

• IFH. The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life settings, and the

role of hygiene in reducing the risk of infection. Somerset: International Scientific Forum

on Home Hygiene, 2012.

• IFH. Home hygiene - prevention of infection at home: a training resource for carers and

their trainers. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2003.

• IFH. Home hygiene in developing countries: prevention of infection in the home and peri-

domestic settings: a Training Resource. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on

Home Hygiene, 2006.

• IFH. The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and

everyday life settings, and the role of laundry. Somerset: International Scientific Forum

on Home Hygiene, 2011.

• IFH. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile and ESBL-

producing Escherichia coli in the home and community: assessing the problem,

controlling the spread. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2006.

• WHO. Hand hygiene in Outpatient and home-based care and long-term facilities.


HYDROTHERAPY SPA and SWIMMING POOLS

• WHO: WHO Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2: Swimming

pools and similar environments. Geneva; World Health Organization, 2006.

• HPA. Management of Spa Pools: Controlling the Risk of Infection (part 1). London: Health

Protection Agency, 2006.

• HPA. Guidance on the control of infectious agents in spa pools (part 2). London: Health


IMMUNOCOMPROMISED and TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

• CDC. Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Transplant Recipients Recommendations of CDC, the Infectious Disease Society of

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America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2000

Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Reports; 49(RR10):1-128.

INJECTION SAFETY and MULTI-DOSE VIALS

• WHO Safe Injection Global Network. Revised injection safety Assessment tool. Geneva:


• APIC Position paper: Safe Injection, infusion, and medication vial practices in health care.

American Journal of Infection Control 2010; 38(3): 167-172.

• CDC. Acute hepatitis C virus infections attributed to unsafe injection practices at an

endoscopy clinic--Nevada, 2007. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 16;57 (19):513-7

• WHO Safe Injection Global Network. Standard Precautions for Injection Safety. Geneva:


• WHO. Best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2010.

• WHO Safe Injection Global Network (SIGH). WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best

practices in phlebotomy 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.

• WHO. Making all injections safe. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Multi-dose Vial Policy (MDVP). Handling of multi-dose vaccine vials after opening.


• WHO.WHO guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular,

intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular, intradermal

and subcutaneous injections in health care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization,

2016.

INFLUENZA PANDEMIC PLANNING

• RCP. Preparations for Pandemic Influenza Guidance for hospital medical specialties on

management during a pandemic influenza outbreak. London: Royal College of

Physicians, 2009.


• PHE. Guidelines on the management of outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) in care

homes. London: Public Health England, 2017.

• Vanhems P, et al. Nosocomial influenza- encouraging insight and future challenges.

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29:366-372.

• WHO. A Guide for Conducting Table-top exercises for National Influenza Pandemic

Preparedness. Delhi; World Health Organization, 2006.

• WHO. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response. Geneva; World Health

Organization, 2009.

• WHO. Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute

respiratory infections in health care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.

ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS

• CDC/HICPAC. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of

Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 2007. Am J Infect Control, 2007: 35 (10); S65-

S165.

• CDC. Guide to Infection Prevention for Outpatient Settings: Minimum Expectations for

Safe Care. Atlanta: Canter for Disease Prevention and Control, 2016.

• Canadian Guideline. Routine practices and additional precautions for preventing the

transmission of infection in healthcare settings. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of

Canada, 2012.

• DH. Isolating patients with healthcare-associated infection: A summary of best practice.


• SHEA Expert Guidance. Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings.

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 39 (2):127-124.

LABORATORY

• APIC & AMM. The Infection Preventionist’s Guide to the Lab. Washington, DC:



• Health & Safety Executive. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP):

Biological agents: Managing risks in laboratories and healthcare premises. Norwich: The

Stationary Office, 2005.

• WHO. Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2015–2016.


LAUNDRY

• IFH. The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and

everyday life settings, and the role of laundry, London: International Scientific Forum on

Home Hygiene, 2011.

• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 01-04: Decontamination of linen for health and

social care. Management and provision. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.


social care. Engineering, equipment and validation. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.


social care: Social care. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.


social care. Guidance for linen processors implementing BS EN 1406, London : Dept. of

Health, 2016.

LAST OFFICE

• Healing TD, Hoffman PN and Young SE. The infection hazards of human. Cadavers.

Communicable Diseases Reviews 1995;5 (5): R61–68. With corrections published in CDR

Review 5 (6): R92.

• HSE. Controlling the risks of infection at work from human remains. Merseyside: Health

and Safety Executive, 2005.

• DH. Pandemic Flu Guidance for Funeral directors. London: Dept. of Health, 2008.

• HSE. Safe working and the prevention of infection in the mortuary and post-mortem

room. Norwich: Health & Safety Executive, 2004.


• HSE: Controlling the risks of infection at work from human remains A guide for those

involved in funeral services (including embalmers) and those involved in exhumation.

Health & Safety Executive, 2009. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web01.pdf

LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE

• DH. Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 04-01: Guidance on design, installation,

commissioning, testing, monitoring and operation of water supply; Part A: Design,

installation and commissioning; Part B: Operational management; Part C: Pseudomonas

aeruginosa – advice for augmented care units; Supplement: Performance specification D

08: thermostatic mixing valves (healthcare premises). London: Dept. of Health, 2017.

• European Working Group. European guidelines for control and prevention of travel-

associated Legionnaires’ disease. London: European Working Group for Legionella

Infection, 2005.

• Fallon RJ. How to prevent an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease. J Hosp Infect 1994; 27:

247–56.

• HPSC. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection from Water Systems in

Healthcare Facilities. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2015.

• HSE. Legionnaires’ disease: The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Approved

Code of Practice and guidance on regulations. Norwich: The Stationery Office

publications, 2013.

• Health and Safety Executive. Legionnaires’ disease Part 2: The control of legionella

bacteria in hot and cold-water systems. Norwich: The Stationery Office, 2014.

• Lin YE, et al. Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: an evidence-based review

of disinfection methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32 (2): 166–73.

• HFS. Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 04-01: The control of Legionella,

hygiene, ‘safe’ hot water, cold water and drinking water systems. Part F: Chloramination

of water supplies. Health Facilities Scotland, 2011.

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web01.pdf


LONG-TERM FACILITIES

• APIC: Infection Prevention Manual for Home Health Care, 2nd ed. Washington DC:


• ECDC Report. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and

antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014.

• HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes - an information resource.

London: Dept. of Health and Health Protection Agency, 2013.

• HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes – summary for staff. London:

Dept. of Health and Health Protection Agency, 2013.

• Kendell KJ. Practical Approaches to Infection Control in Residential Aged Care 2nd ed.

Victoria: Ausmed Publications, 2003.

• SHEA/APIC Guideline: Infection prevention and control in the long-term facility.

American Journal of Infection Control 2008; 36:504-35.

• SHEA Guideline. Infection Prevention and Control in Residential Facilities for Pediatric

Patients and Their Families. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2013; 34 (10):

1003-1041.

• SHEA Guideline. Infection Prevention and Control in Residential Facilities for Pediatric

Patients and Their Families. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2013; 34 (10):

1003-1041.

MANUALS and GUIDELINES

• APIC. APIC Text of Infection Control and Epidemiology (4th ed.). Washington DC:


• APSIC. Ling ML, Ching T and Seto WH. A Handbook of Infection Control for the Asian

Healthcare Worker 3rd edn. Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC), 2011.

• Australian guidelines for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare. Australian

Commission for Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2010.



• CEC. Infection prevention and control practice handbook.Sydney: Clinical Excellence

Commission, 2017.

http://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/383239/Infection-

Prevention-and-Control-Practice-Handbook-V2-Updated-1-Sep-2017.pdf


Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014: 86

(Supplement 1): S1–S70.

• HPS. National Infection Prevention and Control Manual. Glasgow: Health Protection

Scotland, 2015. http://www.nipcm.hps.scot.nhs.uk/

• Sierra Leone National Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines. Freetown: Ministry

of Health and Sanitation,2016.

http://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-05/ipcguide.pdf

METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staph. aureus (MRSA)

• APIC. Guide to the Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Transmission in Hospital Settings, 2nd ed. Association for Professionals in Infection

Control and Epidemiology: Washington, DC, 2010.

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) in the Long-Term Care Facility. APIC: Washington DC, 2009.

• Albrich WC, Harbarth S. Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet

Infect Dis 2008; 8:289–301.

• BSAC Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. Journal

of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008: 61; 976-994.

• BSAC/HIS/ICNA working Party. Guidelines for the Control and prevention of methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare facilities by the joint BSAC/HIS/ICNA

working party on MRSA. Journal of Hospital Infection (supplement 1) 2006; 63: S1-S44.

• BSAC/HIS/ICNA working Party. Guidelines for the Prophylaxis and treatment of Control

and prevention of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United Kingdom.

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006; 57:587-606. Update Guidelines (2008)

published in Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009; 63:849-861.

http://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/383239/Infection-Prevention-and-Control-Practice-Handbook-V2-Updated-1-Sep-2017.pdf

http://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/383239/Infection-Prevention-and-Control-Practice-Handbook-V2-Updated-1-Sep-2017.pdf

http://www.nipcm.hps.scot.nhs.uk/

http://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-05/ipcguide.pdf


• DH. Screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation. A

strategy for NHS trusts: a summary of best practice. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.

• Gilpin DF, Small S, Bakkshi S, at al. Efficacy of a standard meticillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus decolonisation. J Hops Infect 2010; 75 (2): 93–98.

• HPS. NHS Scotland MRSA Screening Pathfinder Programme. Final Report Executive

Summary. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2011.

• Humphreys H, et al. Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 120–24.

• IDSA: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the

Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and

Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 1–38.

• NCEC. Prevention and Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Dublin; National Clinical Effectiveness Committee, 2013.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control of Resistant Staphylococcus

aureus and Enterococci in all healthcare settings, 2007. Ontario: Provincial Infectious

Diseases Advisory Committee, 2007.

• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus

aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control

Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (7): 772-786.

• Walters M, et a. Investigation and Control of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus: A Guide for Health Departments and Infection Control Personnel. Atlanta, GA

2015.

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASES

• Australia Guidelines. Guidelines for the early clinical and public health management of

meningococcal disease in Australia. Dept. of Health & Aging, 2007.

• ESCMID: Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect

2016; 22: S37–S62.

• HPA. Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK.

London: Health Protection Agency, 2012.


• HPA. Guidance on the prevention and management of meningococcal meningitis and

septicaemia in higher education institutions. London: Health Protection Agency, 2016.

• McGill F, et al. UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management

of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect

2016; 72:405-438.

• PHE. Immunization against infectious diseases. Dept. of Health, 2013 (see website for

regular update) https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-

infectious-disease-the-green-book

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control Programs in Ontario In All

Health Care Settings, 3rd ed. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee,

2012.

MERS-CoV

• CDNA. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). National Guidelines

for Public Health Unit. Communicable Diseases Network Australia, 2015.

• PHE. Risk assessment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).


• Suwantarat N, et al. Risk to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: lessons from

MERS-CoV, Ebol, SARS and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28:349-361.

• WHO Interim guidance. Investigation of cases of human infection with Middle East

respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health Organization,

2015.

• WHO Interim guidance. Management of asymptomatic persons who are RT-PCR positive

for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health

Organization, 2015.

• WHO Interim guidance. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is suspected.

Geneva; World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO Interim guidance. Surveillance for human infection with Middle East respiratory

syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health Organization, 2015.

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book


• WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). WHO MERS-CoV

Global Summary and risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016.

MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISMS (MDROs)

• CDC/HICPAC: Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings.

American Journal of Infection Control 2007; 35(10) supplement 2: S165-S193.

• CDC Module. Multidrug-Resistant Organism & Clostridium difficile Infection (MDRO/CDI)

Module. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.

• PIDAC: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee. Best Practices for Infection fry

Prevention and Control of Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci in All Health

Care Settings, March 2007.

• RCPI. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Multi-drug resistant organisms

(MDRO) excluding MRSA in the healthcare setting. Dublin: Royal College of

Physicians/HSE, 2012.

• SHEA/HICPAC Position Paper. Recommendations for Metrics for Multidrug-Resistant

Organisms in Healthcare Settings. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008; 29

(10): 901- 913.

• WHO. Evidence of hand hygiene to reduce transmission and infections by multidrug-

resistant organisms in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant

Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health

care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.

MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS

MULTI-DRUG-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE

• HIS. Prevention and control of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria:

recommendations from a Joint Working Party. Journal of Hospital infection 2015; 91:1-

44.


• ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce

transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin

Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 (Suppl. 1): 1–55.

• Magiorakos et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant

bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired

resistance. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012; 18:

268–28.

• SHEA Guideline. Addressing the Emergence and Impact of multidrug-resistant Gram-

Negative Organisms: A Critical Focus for the Next Decade. Infection Control and Hospital

Epidemiology 2014; 35 (4): 333-335.

WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant



CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (CRE)

• AHRQ. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Control and Prevention Toolkit.

Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, 2014.

• ACSQHC. Recommendations for the control of carbapenemase-producing

Enterobacteriaceae (CPE): A guide for acute care health facilities Australian Commission

on Safety and Quality in Health Care. The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality

in Health Care. Infection, Disease & Health, 2017; 22(4):159-186.

• CDC. Guidance for Control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE Tool kit).

Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.

• ECDC. Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry

of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: guidance from

the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial Resistance and

Infection Control 2017; 6:1-17.

• ECDC. Systematic review of the effectiveness of infection control measures to prevent the

transmission of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae through cross-border


transfer of patients. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control;

2014.

• Friedman DN, et al. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Strategic Roadmap for

Infection Control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:580–94.

• HPS. Toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase-

producing Enterobacteriaceae in Scottish acute settings. Health Protection Scotland,

2017.

• HPSC. Updated Guidelines on Screening for Carriage of Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in


• Israeli National Policy for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Screening, Carrier

Isolation and Discontinuation of Isolation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39(1):85-

89.

• PHE. Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of

carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. London: Public Health England, 2013.

• PHE. Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of

carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Relevant literature and resources.


• PHE. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: risk assessment matrix for infection

prevention and control. London: Public Health England, 2014.

• Schwaber MJ, et al. Containment of a Countrywide Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant

Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli Hospitals via a Nationally Implemented Intervention.

Clin. Infect Dis 2011; 52 (7): 848–855.

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii Transmission in Healthcare Settings. APIC: Washington DC, 2010.

• Karageorgopoulo DE, et al. Control and treatment of multi-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 751 – 62.

• WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant




MATERNAL and NEONATAL INFECTIONS

• HPS. Guidance for neonatal units (NNUs) (levels 1, 2 & 3), adult and paediatric intensive

care units (ICUs) in Scotland to minimise the risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

from water. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2014.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control in Perinatology. In All Health

Care Settings that Provide Obstetrical and Newborn Care. Ontario: Provincial Infectious


• Spector JM et al. Improving Quality of Care for Maternal and Newborn Health:

Prospective Pilot Study of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program. PLoS ONE 7(5):

e35151. doi:10.1371/.

• WHO. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis. Manila (Western Pacific

Region); World Health Organization, 2006.

• WHO. Pocket books of hospital care for children guidelines for the management of

common childhood illnesses (2nd edn). Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2013.

• WHO. Recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum

infections. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

NOROVIRUS INFECTION

• HIPAC. Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis outbreaks

in healthcare setting. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2011; 32 (10):939-969.

• HPA. Guidance for the Management of Norovirus. Infection in Cruise Ships. London,

Health Protection Agency: 2007.

• HPA. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community

health and social care settings. London: UK Health Protection Agency, 2012.

• HPAS. Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical Considerations

for Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Health Protection

Agency Scotland, 2011.

• HPSC. Guidance on the Management of Outbreaks of Noroviral Infection in Tourist and

Leisure Industry Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2007.


• HPS. Guidance on the Management of Outbreaks of Noroviral Infection in Tourist and

Leisure Industry Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2007.

• Sattar SA, et al. JA. In vivo comparison of two human norovirus surrogates for testing

ethanol-based handrubs: the mouse chasing the cat! PLoS One 2011; 6:e17340.

• Scottish Guideline: Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical

Considerations for Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Health

Protection Agency Scotland, 2011.

OPERATING THEATRE

• Al-Waked R. Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Infection Control inside Operating

Theatres. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 2010; 4:1, 1-16,

DOI: 10.1080/19942060.2010.11015295

• DH. Microbiological Air Sampling of Operating Rooms in Western Australian Healthcare

Facilities Policy. State of Western Australia: Dept. of Health, 2015.

• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 03-01. Specialised ventilation for healthcare

premises. Part A: design and validation. Part B: Operational management and

performance verification. Department of Health, Estates and Facilities Division. 2007.

London: The Stationery Office, 2007.

• HIS. Behaviours and rituals in the operating theatre. Journal of Hospital Infection 2002;

51:241-255.

• HIS. Microbiological commissioning and Monitoring of Operating theatre suites. Journal

of Hospital Infection 2002; 52:1-28.

OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION AND CONTROL

• Anderson R. Outbreak: Cases in Real-World Microbiology. ASM Press, 2006.

• Arias KM. Outbreak Investigation, Prevention, and Control in Healthcare Settings:

Critical Issues in Patient Safety, 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: John Bartlett Publishers, 2009.


• Curran ET. Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Outbreak Column 1). J Infect

Prev 2013; 14 (2); 69-74: (Part 2) 14 (3); 108-113.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 2: Norovirus, our perennial infection control winter

challenge. J Infect Prev 2012; 13(2): 139-144.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 3: Outbreaks of Pseudomonas spp. from hospital water. J

Infect Prev 2012; 13: 125-127.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 4. An ‘infection control never event’ – nosocomial blood

borne virus outbreak. J Infect Prev 2012; 13: 170-172.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 5: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci) (GAS). J

Infect Prev 2012; 13: 206-210.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 6. Outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units J Infect Prev

2013; 14(1): 30-33.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 7. Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Part 1).

Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Prat 2). J Infect Prev 2013; 14 (2); 69-74

and 2013; 14 (3); 108-113.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 9. Endoscopy-related outbreaks. J Infect Prev 2013; 14(4):

97-98.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 10. What causes outbreaks– questions of attribution? J

Infect Prev 2013;14(5):182-187

• Curran ET. Consequences of outbreaks; lessons for healthcare workers and infection

prevention and control teams. Journal of Infection Prevention 2013: 14(6): 220-224.

• Curran ET. Outbreak Column 11: Consequences of outbreaks; lessons for healthcare

workers and infection prevention and control teams. J Infect Prev 2013; 14(6): 120 -

224.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 12 & 13. Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks

(Part 1 and Part 2). J Infect Prev 2014; 15(1): 36-40 and 2014; 15(2): 69-73.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 14: Staphylococcus aureus - new outbreaks of old

infections. J Infect Prev 2014; 15(4): 148–153.

• Curran ET. Outbreak Column 15: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J

Infect Prev. 2014:15(5): 193–198.


• Curran ET. Outbreak Column 16: Cognitive errors in outbreak decision making. J Infect

Prev. 2015: 16(5): 222 - 229.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 17: Situational Awareness for healthcare outbreaks.

J Infect Prev 2015; 16 (5): 222 - 229.

• Curran ET, Dalziel. Outbreak column 18: The undervalued work of outbreak: prevention,

preparedness, detection and management. J Infect Prev 2015; 16(6): 266–272.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 19: needleless connectors (NCs) tales from nine outbreaks.

J Infect Prev 2015; 17 (5): 241 – 247.

• Curran ET. Outbreak Column 20: are outbreaks man-made disasters that display

intertwined errors of human judgement and behaviour? J Infect Prev 2017;18(4):199-

206.

• Curran ET. Outbreak column 21: Tuberculosis (TB): Still a nosocomial threat. J Infect

Prev Nov 2017 https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177417738333

• Curran ET. Outbreak Column 22: How to manage an outbreak. J Infect Prev Nov 2017.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177417739682

• SHEA expert guidance. Outbreak Response and Incident Management: SHEA Guidance

and Resources for Healthcare Epidemiologists in United States Acute-Care Hospitals.

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2017, 38 (12):1393-1419.

PARVOVIRUS INFECTION

• Guidance of control of Parvovirus B16 infection in healthcare setting and community.

Journal of Public Health Medicine; 1999: 21(4):439-446.

PERTUSSIS (Whooping cough)

• DH. Guidelines for the Public Health Management of Pertussis. London: UK Health


https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177417738333

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1757177417739682


PRISONS and DETENTION CENTRE

• HPA. Prevention of infection and communicable disease control in prisons and places of

detention - A manual for healthcare workers and other staff. London: Health Protection

Agency and Dept. of Health, 2011.

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

• DH. HTM 04-01: Addendum. Pseudomonas aeruginosa – advice for augmented care

units. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.

• DH. Water sources and potential Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of taps and

water systems: Advice for augmented care units. London: Dept. of Health. 2012.

• HPS. Guidance for neonatal units (NNUs) (levels 1, 2 & 3), adult and paediatric intensive

care units (ICUs) in Scotland to minimise the risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

from water. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2014.



RABIES

• HPSC. Rabies Prevention and Control Guidance. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance

Centre, 2015.

PRION DISEASE (CJD)

• ACDP. Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings. London:

Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, Department of Health, 2015.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-from-the-acdp-tse-risk-

management-subgroup-formerly-tse-working-group

• ECDC. Review of guidelines for prevention of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease transmission in

medical settings in EU Member States and Norway. Stockholm: European Centre for

Disease Prevention and Control, 2011.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-from-the-acdp-tse-risk-management-subgroup-formerly-tse-working-group



• SHEA. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization for Prion contaminated medical

instrument. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31(2):107-117.

• ACDP Guidance. Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings.

London: Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens. London: Dept. of Health, 2015.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-from-the-acdp-tse-risk-

management-subgroup-formerly-tse-working-group

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Bearman G1, Bryant K, Leekha S, et al. Healthcare personnel attire in non-operating-

room settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (2): 107-21.

• Coia JE, Ritchie L, Adisesh A, et al. Guidance on the use of respiratory and facial

protection equipment. J Hosp Infect 2013; (85): 170-182.

• Davis DL. Gloves: Uncommon Knowledge about Common Objects. Lab medicine 2008; 39

(9): 576.

• ECDC. Safe use of personal protective equipment in the treatment of infectious diseases

of high consequence. Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,

2014.

• epic3. National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated

Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2014: 86 (Supplement 1): S1–S70.

• Fisher EM, et al. Commentary Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and

Limited Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Health Care Settings. J Occup Environ

Hyg 2014; 11(8): D115–D128.

• HIS. Guidance on the use of respiratory and facial protection equipment. J Hosp Infect

2013; 85: 170-182.

• PHE. Infection control precautions to minimise transmission of acute respiratory tract

infections in healthcare settings. London: Public Health England, 2016.

• WHO. Personal protective equipment for use in a filovirus disease outbreak: Rapid

advice guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2016.


respiratory infections in healthcare. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.




REPORTING OF OUTBREAKS AND INTERVENTIONS STUDIES

• The ORION statement: Guidelines for transparent reporting of outbreak reports and

interventions studies of nosocomial infection. Lancet infectious Diseases 2007; 7: 282-

88.

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

• Al-Tawfiq JA, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in healthcare setting.

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28:392-396.

• HIS. Guidance on the use of respiratory and facial protection equipment. Journal of

Hospital Infection 2013; 85: 170-182.





RENAL DIALYSIS

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Infections in Hemodialysis. APIC:

Washington DC, 2010.

• CDC. Guidelines for Vaccinating Dialysis Patients and Patients with Chronic Kidney

Disease. Atlanta: Centre for Diseases Control & Prevention, 2012.

• DH. Good practice Guidelines for Renal Dialysis/ Transplantation Units- prevention and

Control of Blood-borne virus infection. London: Dept. of Health, 2002.

• DH. Safer practice in renal medicine - A resource for reducing healthcare associated

infections such as MRSA. London: UK Dept. of Heath, 2006.

• European Best Practice Guidelines for Haemodialysis: Haemodialysis- associated

infection. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002; 17 (Suppl 7): 72-87.

• DHC. Blood-Borne Viruses in Haemodialysis, CAPD and Renal Transplantation. Dublin:

Dept. of Health and Children, 2013.


• PHE. Infection control precautions to minimise transmission of acute respiratory tract

infections in healthcare setting. Public Health England, 2016.

RISK MANAGEMENT

• Damani NN. Risk management. In: Friedman C, Newsom, W (eds). Basic Concepts of

Infection Control, 3rd ed. Portadown: International Federation of Infection Control, 2016.

http://theific.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/28-Risk_2016.pdf

• JC. Risk Assessment for Infection Prevention and Control. Illinois: Joint Commission

Resources, 2010.

SCABIES and PEDICULOSIS

• Bouvresse S, eta al. Scabies in healthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010; 23: 111–18.

• Izri A, et al. Chosidow O. Efficacy of Machine Laundering to eradicate head lice:

Recommendations to decontaminate washable clothes, linens, and fomites. Clinical

Infectious Disease, 2006.

• Lettau LA. Nosocomial transmission and infection control aspects of parasitic and

ectoparasitic disease. Part I. Introduction/Enteric Parasites; Part II. Blood and Tissue

Parasites; Part III. Ectoparasites/Summary and conclusions. Infect Control Hosp

Epidemiol 1991;12: 59 – 65;111–21; 179–85.

• PHLS. Lice and Scabies - a health professional’s guide to epidemiology and treatment.

London: Public Health laboratory Service, 2000.

SHARP INJURIES

• RCN. Sharps safety RCN Guidance to support the implementation of the Health and

Safety (Sharp Instruments in Healthcare Regulations) 2013. London: Royal College of

Nursing, 2013.

• HSE. Health and Safety (Sharp Instruments in Healthcare) Regulations 2013: Guidance for

employers and employees. UK: Health and Safety Executive, 2013.

http://theific.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/28-Risk_2016.pdf


• CDC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the

Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections, 2011. Atlanta: CDC, 2011

• GAIN. Guidelines for Insertion and Maintenance of Central venous Access devices in

Children and Young people. Belfast: Guidelines and Implementation Network (GAIN),

2012. https://rqia.org.uk/RQIA/files/cb/cb2bc4e1-f98a-4965-9489-85bdeaf6fc0d.pdf

• HSE. A Guiding Framework for Education, Training and Competence Validation in

Venipuncture and Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation for Nurses and Midwives. Dublin:

Health Service Executive, 2010.

• IDSA. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of intravascular

catheter-related infections: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 49:1-45.

• How-to Guide: IHI Infection Prevention Bundle: Prevent Central Line Infections.


• JC. Preventing Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Global Challenge, a

Global Perspective. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, May 2012.

• RCPI. Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infection in Ireland. Dublin: Royal

Collage of Physician Ireland, 2014.

• SHEA /IDSA Practice Recommendation: Strategies to Prevent Central Line–Associated

Bloodstream Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infection Control and

Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35 (7):753-771.


Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014; 86S1: S1–S70.

• UK Dept. of Health. High Impact Intervention No 1. Peripheral intravenous cannula care

bundle. London, Dept. of Health, 2007.

• UK Dept. of Health. High Impact Intervention No 2. Central venous catheter care bundle.

London, Dept. of Health, 2007.

STAFF HEALTH

• APIC position paper: Improving health care worker influenza immunization rates

American Journal of Infection Control 2004:32:123-125.

https://rqia.org.uk/RQIA/files/cb/cb2bc4e1-f98a-4965-9489-85bdeaf6fc0d.pdf


• DH. Health clearance for tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV: New healthcare

workers. Dept. of Health, 2007.

• DH. Hepatitis B infected healthcare workers and antiviral therapy. London: Department

of Health, 2007.

• DH. Hepatitis C infected healthcare workers. London: Dept. of Health, 2002.

• DH. HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: Guidance from the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Expert

Advisory Group on AIDS. London: Dept. of Health, 2008.

• European Guidelines: Occupational Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Study Group: Towards a

standard HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Healthcare worker in Europe. Euro

surveillance 2004:9:40-43.

• HPA. Guidance on viral rash in pregnancy. Investigation, diagnosis and management of

viral rash illness, or exposure to viral rash illness in pregnancy. London, Health

Protection Agency: 2011.

• International Healthcare Worker Safety Centre. Preventing Occupational Exposures to

Bloodborne Pathogens. Articles from Advances in Exposure Prevention, 1994-2 003.

Charlottesville: The Safety Institute, Premier Inc., 2005.

• SHEA. Guideline for Management of Healthcare Workers Who Are Infected with

Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and/or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Infection

Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2010:31(3);203-232.

• Working Group of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cleaning

and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Toward an integrated

framework for infection and occupational illness prevention. American Journal of

Infection Control 2015: 43; 424-34

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Orthopaedic Surgical Site Infections.

APIC: Washington, DC, 2010.

• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide for the prevention of Mediastinitis Surgical Site Infections

following Cardiac Surgery. APIC: Washington DC, 2008.


• Allegranzi B, et al. Surgical site infections 1: New WHO recommendations on preoperative

measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective.

Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: e276–87.

• Allegranzi B, et al. Surgical site infections 2: New WHO recommendations on preoperative

measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective.

Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: e288–303.

• Allen G. Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Environmental Cleaning.

AORN Journal 2014;99 (5): 571-82.

• CDC/NHSN. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Event. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/9pscssicurrent.pdf

• CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical

Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg 2017;152 (8): 784-79.

• HIS. Guidelines on the facilities required for minor surgical procedures and minimal

access interventions. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2012; 80:103-109.

• How-to Guide: Prevent Surgical Site Infection for Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. Cambridge,


• How-to Guide: Prevent Surgical Site Infections. Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare

Improvement; 2012.

• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent surgical site infection (4th ed): Infection

Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement, 2017.

• RCP. Preventing Surgical Site Infections Key Recommendations for Practice. Dublin:

Royal Collage of Physician Guidelines, 2012.

• JC. Prevention of Surgical Site Infections: The SSI Change Project. Illinois: Joint

Commission, 2013.

• NICE. Surgical Site Infection: Prevention & treatment (Clinical Guideline 74). London:

National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2008. Evidence Update 43, June 2013 and

February 2017.

• NICE. Surgical site infection (Quality standard 49). London: National Institute for Clinical

Excellence, 2013.

• SHEA/IDSA practice recommendation. Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in

Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (6): 605-627.

https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/9pscssicurrent.pdf


• Woelber E, et al. Proportion of Surgical Site Infections Occurring after Hospital

Discharge: A Systematic Review. Surg Infect 2016;17 (5): 510-519.

• WHO. Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection. Geneva: World

Health Organization, 2016.

SURVEILLANCE of HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

• APIC Guidelines: Recommended practices for surveillance: Association for Professionals

in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), Inc. American Journal of Infection Control.

2007: 35 (7); 427-440.

• Damani NN. Surveillance of healthcare associated infections in low to middle resource

countries. Int J Infect Control 2012, v8: i4. doi: 10.3396/ijic. v8i4. 033.12

http://www.ijic.info/article/view/10512/7619

• Damani NN. Surveillance in countries with limited resources. Int J Infect Control 2008;

4:1 doi: 10.3396/ijic. V4i1. 003.08.

• Damani NN. Is outcome surveillance of healthcare- associated infections really

necessary? In: Infection Prevention and Control: Perceptions and Perspectives. pp. 197-

206. London: Radcliff Publishing Ltd, 2015.

• Glenister HM, Taylor LJ, Cooke EM, Bartlett CLR. A Study of Surveillance Methods for

Detecting Hospital Infection. London: Public Health Laboratory Services, 1992.

• NHSN/CDC. Identifying Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI) for NHSN Surveillance.

Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control/National Healthcare Safety Network, 2018.

• NHSN/CDC. The NHSN standardized infection ratio (SIR). Atlanta: CDC, 2017.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Surveillance of Health Care-associated Infections in Patient and

Resident Populations. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2011.

STERILE SUPPLY DEPARTMENT (SSD)

• DH. Health Building Notes (HBN) 13: Sterile Service Department. Norwich: The Stationary

Office, 2004.

http://www.ijic.info/article/view/10512/7619


• HSE. Standards and Recommended Practices for Central Decontamination Units. Dublin:

Health Service Executive, 2011.

• Scottish Health Planning Note 13. (Part 2). Decontamination Facilities: Local

Decontamination Units. Health Facility Scotland, 2008.

Staph. aureus (PVL) INFECTIONS

• PHA. Assessment of risk to close contacts of patients with lower respiratory tract

infection due to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus in England.

Public Health Agency, 2013.

• Scottish Guidance. Interim Advice for the Diagnosis and Management of PVL-associated

Staphylococcus aureus infections (PVL-S. aureus). Glasgow: Health Protection Network,

2014.

STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (Group A)

• British Infection Association. Guidelines for prevention and control of group A

streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK. Journal of

Infection 2012; 64:1-18.

TUBERCULOSIS

• ECDC. Investigation and control of tuberculosis incidents affecting children in congregate

settings. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013.

• ECDC. Management of contacts of MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients. Stockholm: European


• HPSC. Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Ireland 2010. Dublin:

Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2010.

• Hopewell PC et al. International Standards for Tuberculosis. Lancet Infectious Diseases;

2007; 6: 710-25.

• NICE. Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for

its prevention and control (NG 33). London: National Institute for Health and Care

Excellence: 2016.


• DH Australia. Infection control guidelines for the management of patients with suspected

or confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in healthcare settings Commun Dis Intell Q Rep.

2016. 30;40(3):E360-E366.

• TB CARE I. Adaptation and Implementation Guide for Recommendations for Investigating

Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries.

TB CARE I, The Hague, 2015.

• TB CARE I. Guide on the Monitoring of TB Disease Incidence Among Health Care Workers.

TB CARE I, The Hague, 2013.

• TB CARE I. Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance (TBCTA). Implementing the

WHO Policy on TB infection Control- A framework to plan, implement and scale-up TB

infection control activities at country, facility and community levels. TB CARE I, The

Hague, 2012.

• TBCTA. Implementing the WHO Policy on TB infection Control- A framework to plan,

implement and scale-up TB infection control activities at country, facility and community

levels. Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance, 2012.

• WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1017.

• WHO. Guidelines for prevention and control: Tuberculosis and air travel (3rd edn).

Geneva: World Health Organization 2013.

• WHO. WHO policy on TB infection controls in health-care facilities, congregate settings

and households. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009 (under revision).

• WHO. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of

tuberculosis in children (2nd edn). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.

UNIFORM AND WORKWEAR

• DH. Public perception and the social and microbiological significance of Uniforms in the

prevention of healthcare-associated infections: an evidence review. British Journal of

infection Control 2007:8(4), 10-21.

• DH. Uniforms and workwear: an evidence base for developing local policy. London: Dept.

of Health, 2007.


• SHEA. Healthcare Personnel Attire in Non-Operating-Room Settings, Infection Control

and Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35 (2): 107-121.

VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI (VRE)

• HIS. Guidelines for the control of glycopeptide resistant enterococci (GRE) in hospital.

Journal of Hospital Infection; 2006: 62:6-21.

• McKinnell JA, et al. Patient-level analysis of incident vancomycin-resistant enterococci

colonization and antibiotic days of therapy. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144 (8): 1748–55.

• O’Driscoll T, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical

manifestations, and optimal management. Infect Drug Resist 2015; 8:217–30.

• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control of Resistant Staphylococcus

aureus and Enterococci in all healthcare settings, 2007. Ontario: Provincial Infectious


• PIDAC. Review of Literature for Evidence-based Best Practices for VRE Control. Ontario:

Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2012.

• Queensland Health Protocol for the Management of Patients with Vancomycin Resistant

Enterococcus (VRE). Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2011.

• Reyes K, et al. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Epidemiology, Infection Prevention,

and Control. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2016; 30: 953–965.

VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIAS (VAP)

• APIC. Guide to the Elimination of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Washington, DC:


• BSAC. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: Report

of the Working Party on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia of the British Society for

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:5-34.

• CDC/ NHSN. Pneumonia (Ventilator-associated [VAP] and non-ventilator-associated

Pneumonia [PNEU]) Event. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018.


• European Guideline: Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia:

European perspective. Intensive Care Medicine, 2009; 35:9–29.

• HPSC. Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in adults in


• IDSA. Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated

Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of

America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63 (5): e61-e111.

• How-to Guide: Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Cambridge, MA: Institute for

Healthcare Improvement; 2012.

• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Care

Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (8): 915-936.

VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS (FILOVIRUS DISEASES)

• ACDP. Management of Hazard Group 4 viral haemorrhagic fevers and similar human

infectious diseases of high consequence. London: Advisory Committee on Dangerous

Pathogens, 2015.

• Broadhurst MJ, et al. Diagnosis of Ebola virus disease: past, present, and future. Clin

Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:773–793.

• CDC. Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with

Known or Suspected Ebola Virus Disease in U.S. Hospitals. Atlanta: Centres for Disease

Control and Prevention, Aug 2014.

• CDC. Interim Guidance for Environmental Infection Control in Hospitals for Ebola Virus.

Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Aug 2014.

• Dramowski A and Mehtar S. Ebola Prevention and Control. Cape Town: Infection Control

Africa Network (ICAN), 2014.

• ECDC. Rapid Risk Assessment. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa. Stockholm:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014.

• HPSC. The Management of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in Ireland, 2012. Dublin: Report of

the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2012.


• WHO. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: A pocket guide for

front-line health workers: Interim emergency guidance for country adaptation. Geneva:


• WHO. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with

Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Healthcare Settings, with Focus

on Ebola. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2014.

• WHO. Clinical Management of Patients with Viral Haemorrhagic Fever: A Pocket Guide

for the Front-line Health Worker 13 April 2014. Interim emergency guidance-generic

draft for West African adaptation. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2014.

• WHO. Personal protective equipment for use in a filovirus disease outbreak: Rapid advice

guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2016.

• WHO Posters. How to put on and how to remove personal protective equipment.2014.

Visit WHO web site : http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/ppe-

steps/en/

• WHO. Manual for the care and management of patients in Ebola Care Units/ Community

Care Centres: Interim emergency guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, January

2015.

• WHO. Ebola virus disease in pregnancy: Screening and management of Ebola cases,

contacts and survivors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

• WHO. Guideline on Hand Hygiene in Health Care in the Context of Filovirus Disease

Outbreak Response Rapid advice guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization,

November 2014.

• WHO. Ebola virus disease: Key questions and answers concerning health care waste.

Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2014.

• WHO. Rapid Guideline on the Decommissioning of Ebola Care Facilities. Geneva: World


WATER and SANITATION

• Australian Government. Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Water. National

Health & Medical Research Council, 2008.

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/ppe-steps/en/

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/ppe-steps/en/


• DH. Environment and sustainability Health Technical Memorandum 07-04: Water

management and water efficiency – best practice advice for the healthcare sector.


• DH. Guidance on design, installation, commissioning, testing, monitoring and operation

of water supply systems in healthcare premises. DH. Health Technical Memorandum 04-

01: Safe water in healthcare premises Part A: Design, installation and commissioning.

Part B: Operational management. Part C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa – advice for

augmented care units, and 2017 Supplement: Performance specification D 08:

thermostatic mixing valves (healthcare premises). London: Dept. of Health, 2016 and

2017.



• HFS. Scottish HTM.04-01: Water safety for healthcare premises Part A: Design,

installation and testing. Part B: Operational management. Part C: TVC Testing Protocol.

Part D: Disinfection of Domestic Water Systems. Glasgow: Health Facilities Scotland,

2014.

• WHO. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities Status in low- and middle-

income countries and way forward. Geneva: World Health Organization 2015.

• WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th ed). Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2017.

• WHO. Potable reuse: Guidance for producing safe drinking-water. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2017.

• WHO. Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT): A practical

guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care

facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

• CDC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities:

recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory


Committee (HICPAC). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003; 52 (No. RR-10): 1–

48. (update: February 15, 2017)

• DH. Decontamination in primary care dental facilities: waste disposal. London: Dept. of

Health. 2012.

• DH. Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 07-01: Safe management of healthcare

waste. Dept. of Health, 2013.

• RCN. The management of waste from health, social and personal care. London: Royal

College of Nursing, 2014.

• WHO. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities (2nd ed). Geneva: World


ZOONOTIC DISEASES

HPS. Guidelines on the roles and responsibilities of agencies involved in the Investigation and

Management of Zoonotic Disease in Scotland. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland,

2014.