information and communication technology fundamentals
DESCRIPTION
Information and Communication Technology Fundamentals. Credits Hours: 2+1. Instructor: Ayesha Bint Saleem. NETWORKS - I. Presentation Credits. “Introduction to Computers”, Peter Norton “Computer Networks”, Tanenbaum Dr Altaf Khan, Virtual University. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Information and Communication Technology FundamentalsCredits Hours: 2+1
Instructor: Ayesha Bint Saleem
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NETWORKS - I
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Presentation Credits
• “Introduction to Computers”, Peter
Norton
• “Computer Networks”, Tanenbaum
• Dr Altaf Khan, Virtual University
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Example• Web Browsing application
• Software
• Protocols involved• Software
• NIC / Modem• Hardware
• Telephone line / Co-axial cable / Air interface• Media
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Why do you want to have Networks?
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Uses of Networks
• Sharing Resources
• 1 printer , many people wanting to print
• Access to same data and programs
• Servers
• Personal Communication
• Audio/Video/Data Conferencing
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Uses of Networks
• Access to remote resources
• File downloads
• Data Backups
• Shared storage device
• Regular data backup
• Greater performance
• Distributed computing
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Types of Computer Networksaccording to the distance between nodes
• LAN: Local Area Network
• WAN: Wide Area Network
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LAN
• A network of computers located in the same building or a handful of nearby buildings
• Examples:• Computer network at SEECS• Computer network of a University campus
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WAN• A network in which computers are separated by
great distances, typically across cities or even continents
• May consist of several interconnected LANs
• Example:
• The network connecting the ATM of a bank located in
various cities
• A network connecting the local and oversea offices of
a SW house
• Internet
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Hybrid Networks
• Metropolitan Area Networks
• Campus Area Networks
• Home Area Networks
• Personal Area Networks
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(Geographical Scope)ClassificationClassification
• Wide Area Networks
• Metropolitan Area
Networks
• Campus Area Networks
• Local Area Networks
• Home Area Networks
• Personal Area Networks
Decreasing Scope
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Software part of a Network
• Application
• Browsing
• Conferencing
• Chatting (text/voice)
• File Transfer
• Audio/Video Streaming
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Software part of a Network
• Protocols
• Language that a computer uses to achieve
data communication
• Set of Rules
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Packet
• The smallest unit of data transmitted over a
computer network
• A message to be transferred over the network
is broken up into small packets by the sending
computer
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Packet• Each packet consists of
• Header part
• Contains control info to assist in routing of the packet
• Source address
• Destination address
• Payload part
• Contains actual data
• Error control part
Header Payload Error Control
Packet
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Packet
• All packets travel independently
• When all packets are received by the
destination computer, it reassembles them to
form the original message
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HARDWARE PART OF A NETWORK
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Modem• Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
• Standard phone line• Two-way voice communication• Uses analog transmission techniques• Data communication is slow
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Modem• Modem
• Modulator/DEModulator
• Computer sends data in digital form
• Modem provides a hardware interface between computer and telephone lines
• Transmission speed upto 56Kbps
• V.92 is the current modem standard
• Several modem types
• Internal
• External
• Voice
• Fax
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ISDN• Integrated Services Digital Network• Basic rate uses three channels
• Basic Rate Interface (BRI)• Two data channels each support 64 Kbps• Control channel 16kbps
• Primary rate uses 24/32 channels• Primary Rate Interface (PRI)• U.S standard: 23 data channels each supporting
64 kbps, 1 control channel at 64 kbps• Europe standard: 30 data channels each
supporting 64 kbps, 2 control channel at 64 kbps
• ISDN adapter required at computer
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ISDN
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DSL
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modem
• Newer technology to provide better data
rates over the telephone lines
• Several versions exist
• Different transfer rates for different version• Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)
• Upload speed slower than download speed
• Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
• 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps
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LAN Card• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• LAN card• Digital Interface + Protocol• Provides higher data rates
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ATM• ATM
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode• Efficient transfer of video and sound
• Real Time traffic
• Requires a special NIC and hardware
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Wireless LAN Card• Wireless NIC
• Transmission over air is not digital• Provides Interface + Protocol• IEEE 802.11
• Also called Wi-Fi• Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
• Several versions• 802.11b connects up to 11Mbps• 802.11g connects up to 56Mbps• 802.11n connects up to 600Mbps
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WLAN Card
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WHERE IS ALL THIS HARDWARE LOCATED?
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HOW CAN WE CONNECT THESE COMPUTERS?
Now that we have some software and hardware on each computer..
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Network Topologies
• Topology
• Logical layout of wires and equipment
• Choice affects
• Network performance
• Network size
• Network collision detection
• Several different types
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ComputerA
ComputerB
Point-to-Point (P2P)
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P2P
• Inexpensive
• Limited connectivity
• Quite often used for connecting two LANs to form a WAN
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Network Topologies• Bus topology
• Also called linear bus• One wire connects all nodes• Terminator ends the wires• Advantages
• Easy to setup• Small amount of wire
• Disadvantages• Slow• Easy to crash
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Network Topologies• Star topology
• All nodes connect to a single device e.g. hub• Packets sent to hub• Hub sends packet to destination
• Advantages• Easy to setup• One cable can not crash network
• Disadvantages• One hub crashing downs entire network• Uses lots of cable
• Most common topology
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Network Topologies
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Network Topology• Ring topology
• Nodes connected in a circle• Tokens used to transmit data
• Nodes must wait for token to send
• Advantages• Time to send data is known• No data collisions
• Disadvantages• Slow• Lots of cable
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Network Topology• Mesh topology
• All computers connected together
• Internet is a mesh network
• Advantage
• Data will always be delivered
• Disadvantages
• Lots of cable
• Hard to setup
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Network Topology
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Linking Hardware
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ComputerC
ComputerD
ComputerE
ComputerA
ComputerB
Linking Hardware
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Types of Linking Hardware
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Switches
• Routers
• Gateways
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Hub
• A device that is used to connect several
computers to form a network
• A hub has several ports. The number generally
is 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, or 48
• Most dumb among all linking devices
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Hub
• Each computer in a network is connected to
one of those ports through a cable
• A computer wanting to send a message to one
of the others in the network sends a message
to the hub, which, in turn, broadcasts the
message to all others connected to it
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Bridge
• Used to form a connection between two
separate, but similar networks
• In a way, it creates an extended LAN by passing
information between two or more LANs
• Packets sent to remote LAN cross
• Other packets do not cross
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Switch
• Has multiple ports
• Learns which machine is connected to which
port
• Only intended node receives transmission
• Reduces broadcast traffic
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Router
• Connects two or more LANs together
• Packets sent to remote LAN cross
• Network is segmented by IP address
• Connect internal networks to the Internet
• Need configured before installation
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Router• Examines the destination info in each arriving
packet
• Routes it through the most efficient path available
• Either delivers the packet to the destination
computer across a local network
• OR forwards the packet to another router that is
closer to the final destination
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Gateway
• A special-purpose computer that connects and
translates between networks that use different
communications protocols
• LAN’s may use a gateway (or router) to connect
to the Internet
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NETWORK MEDIAHow to Connect?
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Network Media• Links that connect nodes• Choice impacts
• Speed• Security• Size
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Wire Based Media• Twisted-pair cabling
• Most common LAN cable• Called Cat5 or 100BaseT• Four pairs of copper cable
twisted• May be shielded from
interference• Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
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Wire Based Media• Coaxial cable
• Similar to cable TV wire• One wire runs through cable• Shielded from interference• Speeds up to 10 Mbps• Nearly obsolete
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Wire Based Media• Fiber-optic cable
• Data is transmitted with light pulses
• Glass strand instead of cable• Immune to interference• Very secure• Hard to work with• Speeds up to 100 Gbps
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Wireless Media
• Data transmitted through the air
• LANs use radio waves
• WANs use microwave signals
• Easy to setup
• Difficult to secure
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END OF LECTURE