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InfocommunicationMobile: 3G, 4G, 5G
IP-based telecommunication: VoIP, IPTV
Tamás Csapó
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Copyright
• This lecture material was created by Tamás Gábor CSAPÓ fromthe Budapest University of Technology and Economics.Using the materials without explicit permission is consideredcopyright infringement.
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Overview of mobile network generations
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Goal Voice Voice & Data
Voice, Data & Video
Enhanced3G, Inter-operability
Internet of Things
Properties AnalogueCellularPhones
Digital CellularPhones
Video Telephony, Internet Surfing
High Speed, IP based
Very HighSpeed
Frequencyrange
450 MHz 900, … MHz 900, 2100, … MHz
~2600, … MHz
~ 30-90 GHz(?)
When 1979-2010 1993- 2001- 2012- ~2020
Example NMT, AMPS GSM, CDMA W-CDMA,UMTS
LTE ?
3Source: http://www.bmedia4tech.com/2013/10/19/110/whats-are-mobile-generations-compare-1g2g3g4g
http://www.bmedia4tech.com/2013/10/19/110/whats-are-mobile-generations-compare-1g2g3g4g
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Evolution of cellular systems
4Source: http://web.it.nctu.edu.tw/~chungliu/courses/WirelessComm/slides/Lecture10.pdf
http://web.it.nctu.edu.tw/~chungliu/courses/WirelessComm/slides/Lecture10.pdf
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3G
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3G: UMTS
• UMTS =Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Goal: universal system– 1G: incompatible systems across countries– 2G: incompatible systems across regions– 3G: compatible (?)
• ITU: IMT-2000 standard(= International Mobile Telecommunications)– EU: UMTS– Japan: FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access)– USA: CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access)
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3G: economical background
• 2000: concession rights on auction– Concession = permit to entry market
– Rights and obligations given to companies
– Extremely high amounts –>less resource for telecommunication sector ->UMTS tender delayed
• 2005: UMTS service starts7
Country Concession price Ratio
Germany 49.7 billion EUR 2.5% of yearly GDP
Great Britain 38.2 billion EUR 2.5% of yearly GDP
Italy 12.5 billion EUR 1.1% of yearly GDP
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3G: UMTS goals
• Better speech quality
– better than PSTN
• Better spectrum utilization
– Terrestrial
– Satellite – in theory
• Higher data rates
• Compatibility to GSM
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3G: UMTS services (1)
• Speech transmission
– AMR codec (Adaptive Multi Rate)
– 4.7 – 12.2 kbps
• Data transmission, Internet access
– Urban: max 384 kbps
– Rural: max 144 kbps
– Local: max 2 Mbps
– (remember: GPRS ~ 50 kbps, EDGE ~ 200 kbps)
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3G: UMTS services (2)
• Multimedia services
– TV
– Radio
– MMS
• Problem: no „killer application”
– Today we know: it is the access to Internet
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3G: UMTS duplex transmission
• FDD = Frequency Division Duplexing
– Upstream: lower frequency (as in GSM)
• TDD = Time Division Duplexing
– Ratio of upload / download can be adjusted dynamically according toactual needs
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3G: UMTS radio interface
• Frequencies:
• 1885-2025 and 2110-2200 MHz:
– TDD: (1885-)1900-1920 Mhz and 2010-2025 MHz
– FDD: 1920-1980 (up) and 2110-2170 (down)
• High frequency -> smaller cells(3-5 km diameter)
• 5 MHz frequency bands,CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
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3G: CDMA (1)
• Goal: better spectrum utilization
• Same frequency, same time, but: different code (analogy: airport waiting room)
• Signals spread to whole frequency range, but small intensity
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3G: CDMA (2)
• Same frequency, same time
• Wide frequency range & time
14Source: http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/freqs.jpg
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/freqs.jpg
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3G: CDMA (3)• DS-CDMA (= Direct Sequence CDMA)
– Digital signal multiplied by a „spreading code”
• NOT(XOR(data, code))
– Transmitted signal added to others
– Spreading code „chiprate” ~ 100/sec
15Source: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/cdma04-121009014622-phpapp02/95/cdma04-8-728.jpg?cb=1349747519
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/cdma04-121009014622-phpapp02/95/cdma04-8-728.jpg?cb=1349747519
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3G: CDMA (4) spreading
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signal1
code1
output1
signal2
code2
output2
sumoutput
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3G: CDMA (5) despreading
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signal1
code1
receivedsignal1
sumoutput
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3G: UMTS network
• USIM = UMTS SIM• US = User Equipment• Node B: like BTS in GSM network• RNS = Radio Network Subsystem• RNC = Radio Network Controller• GMSC = Gateway MSC• CS = Circuit Switched, PS = Packet Switched• SGSN = Serving GPRS Support Node• GGSN = Gateway GPRS Support Node 18
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3G: UMTS soft handover (1)
• During call we are moving, location change
• Cell change
• GSM: „hard handover”
– In one moment, connection to one BTS
– In next moment, connection to different BTS
– Cell change as fast as possible
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3G: UMTS soft handover (2)
• UE has connection to several Node B-s (max 3)
• Downlink data received from all Node B-s
– Lost information can easily recovered
• Uplink data sent to all Node B-s
– Network can reconstruct data from several nodes
• Possible because of CDMA(same frequency in neighboring cells)
• Causes some bandwidth waste
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3G: UMTS soft handover (3)
1) within Node B (sectors)
2) Inter-Node B
3) Inter-RNC
4) Inter-MSC
5) 3G -> 2G
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soft orhard
onlyhard
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3G: UMTS cell breathing
• Cell size changes depending on the traffic
• More users within cell -> larger „background noise” -> smallercell size
22Source: http://www.rootmetrics.com/_themes/root/img/blog/breathing.gif
http://www.rootmetrics.com/_themes/root/img/blog/breathing.gif
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3.5G: HSPA
• HSPA = High-Speed Packet Access
• HSDPA = Downink – max 14.4 Mbps
• HSUPA = Uplink – max 5.76 Mbps
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4G
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4G: LTE
• LTE = Long Term Evolution– Not backward compatible with 3G
• IP-based backbone network– Data only– Voice is handled as data, too
• Spectrum flexibility for worldwide operation• Speeds
– up: ~ 100 Mbps– down: ~ 50 Mbps– High mobility, up to 500 km/h
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4G: LTE (vs. UMTS)
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Beyond 4G
27Source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6692638
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6692638
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5G
28Source: http://www.samsung.com/global/business-images/insights/2015/Samsung-5G-Vision-0.pdf
http://www.samsung.com/global/business-images/insights/2015/Samsung-5G-Vision-0.pdf
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5G
29Source: https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/5g-vs-lte/
https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/5g-vs-lte/
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Further reading about 5G
30Source: http://www.hit.bme.hu/~jakab/edu/litr/5G/nokia_5g_masterplan_white_paper.pdf
http://www.hit.bme.hu/~jakab/edu/litr/5G/nokia_5g_masterplan_white_paper.pdf
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3G / 4G world coverage (2020)
31Source: http://www.worldtimezone.com/4g.html
http://www.worldtimezone.com/4g.html
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2G / 3G / 4G coverage in Hungary (2015)
32Source: http://www.telekom.hu/mobil/lakossagi/ugyintezes/lefedettseg
http://www.telekom.hu/mobil/lakossagi/ugyintezes/lefedettseg
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5G world coverage (2018)
33Source: http://www.worldtimezone.com/5g.html
http://www.worldtimezone.com/5g.html
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Mobile Network Types(as Fast As Possible)
• video34Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OrNuAf6C3I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OrNuAf6C3I
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SUMMARY OF INFOCOMMUNICATION
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InfocommunicationSound, hearing and speech
Tamás Csapó
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InfocommunicationSound, hearing and speech (cont.)
Tamás Csapó
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InfocommunicationLight and vision
Tamás Csapó
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InfocommunicationRadio communication
(analog & digital)Tamás Csapó
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InfocommunicationVideo broadcasting
Tamás Csapó
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InfocommunicationMobile communication
Tamás Csapó
1931, utopia from Erich Kästner:A gentleman who rode along the sidewalk in front of them, suddenly stepped off the conveyor belt, pulled a phone from his coat pocket, spoke a number into it and shouted: "Gertrude, listen, I'll be an hour late for lunch because I want to go to the laboratory. Goodbye, sweetheart!" Then he put his pocket phone away again, stepped back on the conveyor belt, started reading a book...
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
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InfocommunicationThe END
Tamás Csapó
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Summary• Sampling, quantization - by Bálint GYIRES-TÓTH• Analog modulation - by Bálint GYIRES-TÓTH• Digital baseband modulation - by Bálint GYIRES-TÓTH• Digital carrier modulation - by Bálint GYIRES-TÓTH• Guided wave channels and radio channels - by Bálint GYIRES-TÓTH
• Sound, hearing and speech - by Tamás CSAPÓ• Light and vision - by Tamás CSAPÓ• Radio communication - by Tamás CSAPÓ• Video broadcasting - by Tamás CSAPÓ• Mobile communication (1G, 2G) - by Tamás CSAPÓ• Mobile communication (3G, 4G, 5G) - by Tamás CSAPÓ
• Tutorials - by Péter MIHAJLIK
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