influential people during the time of svp
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began modern science bysuggesting that the working
natural phenomena could be
described exactly in
mathematical formulae.
(Union of Physics andMathematics).
This transformed the basic
assumption and methodology
of the natural sciences and
distinguishes it radically fromreligious and philosophical
thought.
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in Novum Organum(1620) elaborated asophisticated methodof establishingscientific truths usingobservation andexperiment to testhypotheses. In New
Atlantic (1627) he
argued for theusefulness ofscientific knowledgein giving man masteryover nature.
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considered the Father ofmodern philosophyattempted to establish aphilosophical system basedon the first principles aloneon mathematical logic.
Employing systematic doubt(Cogito, ergo sum) heended up with dualismbetween mind and matter.
Clarity and distinctness ofideas establish their truthindependently ofexperience (res cogitans)
Physical world is governedby deterministic laws (resextensa)
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a Spanish Jesuit argued
in his On Laws (1612)
that a contract between
a ruler and subject was
the basis of sovereignty.
This is a direct attack
on the theory that a
king rules by divine
right.
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In Leviathan (1655)argued that in a state of
nature men will fight
because of their natural
selfishness. They could
only escape through a
contract whereby they
renounce freedom to a
sovereign supreme leader.
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In 1609, Keplers
Astronomia Nova
argued that planets
moved around the sun
in ellipses and at
varying speed. The year
before that the
telescope was invented
by the Dutchman, HansLippershey.
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In 1628, demonstrated
the circulation of the
blood. By studying the
valves he realized that
blood must flow in onedirection only. This
mechanics view
complemented Galileos
mechanistic universe.
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In 1642, invented an
adding machine,
discovered the
principles ofhydraulics and
investigated the
theory of probability,
i.e., that chance canbe measured.
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In 1654 the Magdeburg experiment in which two teams of horses tried and
failed to separate two-emptied hemisphere demonstrated the power of air
pressure. This will later be harnessed in the first steam engine.
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experimented on
the physical
properties of air
and formulated hislaw on the
relationship
between pressure
and volume of gas.
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the tradition of
rationalism
produced a
restrainedclassicism in the
works of Nicholas
Poussin.
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Rape of the Sabine Women, Rome, 1637-38, oil on
canvas, 159 x 206 cm, LouvreLes Bergers dArcadie, late 1630s, oil on canvas, 85 x
121 cm, Louvre. It is said that Poussin never painted a
subject taken from later than the 12th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Womenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Bergers_d%E2%80%99Arcadiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Bergers_d%E2%80%99Arcadiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women -
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The Plague at Ashdod, 1630, oil on canvas, 148 x 198
cm, Louvre Museum
The Continence of Scipio, 1640, oil on canvas, 116 x 150
cm, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts -
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Helios and Phaeton with Saturn and the Four Seasons
(c. 1635)Poussin's TancredandErminia (early 1630s, oil on
canvas, 98.5 x 146.5 cm, Hermitage Museum) shows an
evolution from Poussin's early emulation ofCaravaggio
to a return to classicism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee -
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Dutch art found itsgreatest painter inRembrandt, whosepsychological
insight andtechnicalvirtuosity, esp.with chiaroscuro,
produced theNightwatch(1642).
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The Night Watch or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 1642. Oil oncanvas; on display at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
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showed realismand superlative
handling of color
in Las Meninas
(1656)
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Las Meninas (1656, English: The Maids of Honour)
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The violin made itsappearance in 1612
as part of the 24-
piece court band,
later increased to35 players. The
Amati, Stradivari
and Guarneri
families from 1650-1740 perfected
violin in Italy.
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Fugue developedprincipally inGermany as acontrapuntal
treatment of onemain theme.
A six-part fugue fromThe Musical Offering,
in the hand ofJohannSebastian Bach.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach -
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whose plays andsonnets epitomize
the innovation
and humanism of
the Renaissance.
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Erudition, wit,reason and passion
were best combined
in the love and
devotional poems ofJohn Donne (1622-
1631). Later English
poetry reflected the
political and religious
conflict betweenPuritans and the
Royalists.
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Don Quixote de la Mancha
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In France, an effortto systematize the
rules of language and
literature was made
by the AcademicFrancaise. An
interest in classical
models produced the
tightly organized
psychological dramas
of Corneille (1608-
1684)