influential factors of participative banks acceptance in
TRANSCRIPT
Researches and Applications in Islamic Finance
ات في المالية الاسلاميةبحوث و تطبيق Recherches et Applications en Finance Islamique
ISSN : 9052- 0224 Vol 5, N° 1, February 2021
90
Influential Factors of Participative Banks Acceptance in Morocco:
An Empirical Study
Amal EL MALLOULI
ENCG Settat
Hassan 1st University
Settat, Morocco
Pr. Hassan SASSI
ENCG Settat
Hassan 1st University
Settat, Morocco [email protected]
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate the factors that influence Moroccan
customers to accept the use of Islamic banks that have been newly introduced in this country.
Thus, based on a modified theory of planned behavior, the study examines the effect of attitude,
subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and uncertainty on customers' behavioral
intention. To achieve this aim, the study used a quantitative approach through a questionnaire
administered to 500 respondents but only 255 usable feedbacks were received from respondents.
The proposed hypothetical relationships were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM)
with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The results showed that all suggested variables
have a significant influence on behavioral intention.
Key words: Behavioral intention; Participative banks; Islamic finance.
Received: 29 December 2020, accepted: 16 February 2021
Citation: El mallouli A. and H. Sassi (2021), Influential Factors of Participative Banks Acceptance in
Morocco: An Empirical Study, Researches and Applications in Islamic Finance, Vol 5, No 1, pages: 90-106
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Introduction
Islamic finance is based on the principles of Islamic law, Shariah, and seeks to convey a
vision of justice, fairness and transparency. This ethical finance has proved to be successful in
several countries around the world and has received wide acceptance by Muslims and non-
Muslims alike (Iqbal and Molyneux, 2005). In Morocco, there have been several attempts to
introduce Islamic finance since the 1980s. This country has a set of assets that would have
favored the success of this industry, such as its Muslim population, its geographical position,
and its economic environment (Rhanoui and Belkhoutout, 2017).
Morocco's first experience with Islamic finance began at 2007 when the country's central
bank (Bank Al-Maghrib) allowed the launch of some Islamic products. This first experience
ended in a failure due to many reasons which mainly concern (El mallouli and Sassi, 2020):
The lack of banks' involvement, the marketing of these products without any religious
mention and their designation as alternative products instead of Islamic ones, the lack of a
common opinion that should have been issued by the Superior Council of the Ulemas, on the
conformity of these products to the Shariah, and also the lack of tax neutrality on these
products which led to the high cost of these products compared to those of the conventional
bank.
For these reasons, Morocco's first experience with Islamic financial industry failed. However,
the country's monetary authorities have made great efforts to implement the prerequisites
necessary for the success of this industry. Then, in 2017, there was the effective start of
Islamic banks activity, called participative banks in Morocco. This new start was eagerly
awaited by a large part of the population, who refused to join the conventional banking
system or was only obliged to use the products of conventional banks, as there were no other
alternatives.
Islamic banking is an economic organization that seeks to fulfill its role of serving customers
with fairness, equity and transparency. However, it is also a business that seeks to attract new
customers and retain old ones. Thus, Islamic banks must seek to truly understand their
customers' perceptions of their products and services in order to retain them. In this respect,
the objective of our study is to understand the motivations that push or hinder customers to
accept the use of participative banks in Morocco.
Several studies have been conducted in different contexts and have identified different factors
that influence consumers' decision to accept the use of Islamic banks. For example, in
Uganda, Kaawaase et al, (2019) conducted a study on the determinants of intention to adopt
Islamic banking in a non-Islamic developing country. The study showed that, attitude and
religion are significant influencing factors on the intention to adopt as opposed to subjective
norms that have no impact. Albaity and Rahman (2019) carried a study on the intention to
adopt Islamic banking in the UAE. The study conducted a survey of 350 respondents and
concluded that Islamic financial literacy, awareness, reputation and attitude towards Islamic
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banking significantly influenced the intention to use Islamic banking, while cost and benefit
does not. In Malaysia, Lajuni et al, (2017) conducted a study on the determinants of intention
to adopt Islamic banking. The analysis of 131 collected responses concluded that attitude,
government support, and social influence possess explanatory and predictive capacity to
envisage customers' intention to use Islamic banking products.
However, very few studies have been conducted in Morocco on intention to use participative
banks. This field of research is still unexplored. Thus, this study will enhance the existing
literature review and will represent an important foundation for future, more in-depth
research.
To carry out our study, we followed a quantitative approach through a questionnaire survey.
The study mobilizes a modified theory of planned behavior and aims to test the effect of
attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and uncertainty on the behavioral
intention of customers to accept the use of participative banks in Morocco. Analysis of the
results will be carried out through structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).
The remainder of this document is structured as follows. The second section will present the
underlying theory which is the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The third section will
present a literature review on variables of our study and will outline the main research
hypotheses. The fourth section will present the research methodology. The fifth section will
present the main results of our study, including tests of the research hypotheses. The sixth
section will be devoted to conclusion and discussion of the results obtained. Finally, the last
section will shed light on this study's theoretical and managerial implications.
2. Underpinning theory
The theory of planned behavior TPB (Ajzen, 1991), is a theory of social psychology, which is
part of the theories that have been used to understand the factors that can impact an individual
to adopt a specific behavior. This theory was mainly based on the theory of reasoned action
(TRA) of Ajzen and Fishbein (1980). Indeed, TRA takes into consideration only two factors
that explain the individual's behavioral intention, which are: attitude and subjective norms.
Thus, it has been concluded that this theory does not consider the case of people who cannot
control their choice due to the absence of conditions related to other prerequisites and
resources (Herrero and Rodríguez , 2008). The theory of planned behavior therefore remedies
this limitation by incorporating into its model another variable of perceived behavioral
control.
The theory of planned behavior is the underlying theory on which our study is based. This
theory was chosen, on the one hand, for having justified a significant predictive and
explanatory power towards the adoption of a specific behavior. On the other hand, the
existing literature review shows that this theory has rarely been used to study the behavioral
intentions of Moroccans towards the use of participative banks in Morocco.
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3. Research variables and hypothesis
3.1. Attitude
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) consider attitude as the ability of individuals to evaluate the
positive or negative feelings they express when they perform a particular behavior. Several
studies show the significant effect of attitude on the behavioral intention of individuals in
different contexts. For instance, Raza et al., (2019) used the theory of planned behavior to
examine the factors that impact individuals' decisions to accept Participative insurance as a
financial product. The study showed that attitude has a significant positive impact on
adoption. In Pakistan, Aziz et al., (2018) conducted a study to determine the factors that
impact individuals' intentions to adopt Islamic banking. The results of the study showed that
attitude positively impacts the behavioral intention to adopt Islamic banking in Pakistan.
Similarly, Ali and Jama (2016) stated that attitude is an influential predictor of the adoption of
Islamic insurance in Somalia. Putit and Johan (2015) conducted a study on customers'
behavioral intention to use Halal credit card services. The results of the study showed that
religiosity and knowledge are two factors that significantly influence customers' attitudes.
Similarly, attitude has a significant impact on the customers' intention to accept Halal credit
card services. Based on the above, the following hypothesis can be developed:
H1: Attitude positively impacts the intention to use participative banks in Morocco.
3.2. Subjective norms
Subjective norms are the second variable mainly derived from the theory of reasoned action.
This variable is related to social influence (Lada et al., 2009), and to the social pressure
perceived by an individual to adopt or not adopt a behavior (Ajzen and Albarracín, 2007). The
relationship between subjective norms and intention has been studied in different contexts,
not only in the context of Islamic financial services, but also in the context of technology
adoption and consumer behavior in general. For example, several studies have captured the
effect of subjective norms on behavioral intention to adopt Islamic financial products and
services, including those of Marayam et al., (2019); Ibrahim et al., (2017), Echchabi et al.,
(2016); Ayedh et al., (2014), Amin et al., (2011).
These studies established the relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intention.
Marayam et al., (2019) examined this topic and concluded that social influence has a high
significant positive impact on the adoption of Islamic banking in Pakistan. Similarly, Ibrahim
et al., (2017) confirmed the existence of a significant effect of the subjective norm on the
intention to choose Islamic Home Financing products in Malaysia. Echchabi et al., (2016)
examined this relationship in the context of Tunisia. The results of the study showed that the
subjective norms have a positive impact on the intention to adopt Islamic banking services in
this country. Thus on the basis of this discussion, we can posit that:
H2: Subjective norms positively impact the intention to use participative banks in Morocco.
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3.3. Perceived Behavioral Control
Perceived behavioral control is the third dimension of Theory of Planned Behavior, which
refers to the fact that a person's behavior depends on his or her ability to control his or her
decision. Ajzen (1991) defines perceived behavioral control as being "the perceived ease or
difficulty of performing the behavior and it is assumed to reflect past experience as well as
anticipated impediments and obstacles". Indeed, perceived behavioral control is related to the
constraints that an individual may face when trying to perform behavior. These constraints
may be related to time limits, available resources, the environment, etc. (Kefi, 2010). Previous
work carried out in the context of consumer behavior showed the relevance of this variable to
explain the behavioral intention of individuals. Several research studies have thus
demonstrated the positive influence of perceived behavioral control on the adoption and
acceptance of Islamic financial products and services, including those of Ahmed et al.,(2019)
and Jaffar and Musa (2016). For instance Ahmed et al. (2019) discussed customers' intentions
toward Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. Their study showed that perceived behavioral
control has a positive influence on the behavioral intention of customers. Similarly, Jaffar and
Musa (2016) confirmed that perceived behavioral control significantly and positively impacts
the intention of Halal entrepreneurs who do not use Islamic finance. In the context of our
study, this variable is tested against the perceptions of potential customers of participative
banks regarding their ability to choose the products and services of these banks, their ability
to manage their operations with these new financial intermediation institutions and whether
they have the resources to adopt these financing facilities. Thus, we can posit the following
hypothesis:
H3: Perceived behavioral control positively impacts the intention to use participative banks
in Morocco.
3.4. Uncertainty
Rogers (2003), in his theory of diffusion of innovation, shows that the more uncertain people
are about a product, the lower the adoption rate will be. Thus, uncertainty is an important
variable that could impact individuals' decisions to adopt a behavior. Several studies have
found that uncertainty has a negative effect on the adoption of Islamic banks. Thambiah et al,
(2011) conducted a comparative study between rural and urban areas in Malaysia on customer
perceptions of Islamic retail banks. The results of his study showed that uncertainty revealed a
negative relationship with adoption. In Morocco, Echchabi and Aziz (2012), carried out an
empirical investigation of customer perceptions of the adoption of Islamic banking services.
The study employed decomposed theory of planned behavior and showed that uncertainty has
a significant negative effect on customers' attitudes towards the adoption of Islamic banking
services. In Bahrain, Debab and Yateem (2012) examined the factors that influence bank
customer confidence after the financial crisis. The researchers examined their perceptions of
the security they feel towards conventional and Islamic banks. The results showed that 61%
of respondents considered conventional banks to be more secure than Islamic banks. This
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result clearly shows that the lack of knowledge and understanding of the Islamic banking
system, generates doubts and uncertainty about its transactions. In our study, the uncertainty
concerns the doubts that customers may have about the Shariah compliance of Participative
banking transactions, and the risks that these transactions may generate. On the basis of these
elements, the following hypothesis can be developed:
H4: Uncertainty negatively impacts the intention to use participative banks in Morocco.
4. Research Methodology
This study adopts a quantitative method through a structured questionnaire as a measuring
instrument. Our target is potential customers who have not yet used participative banks in
Morocco. The sampling technique chosen is the non-probability sampling technique with
convenience as an approach. This choice was made under the constraint that the data of these
banks' customers could not be accessed due to the high level of confidentiality.
Hair et al., (2017) suggest Cohen's (1992) recommendations for calculating the minimum
sample size. Indeed, Cohen (1992) proposes a table for calculating the minimum sample size
that combines the number of independent variables, the significance level and the minimum
R². Based on Cohen's (1992) recommendation and for our case with four independent
variables, a significance level of 1% and for a minimum R² of 0.1, the minimum sample size
would be 158 observations. Thus, we have administered a questionnaire to 500 respondents
but only 255 usable feedbacks were received from respondents. This number exceeds the
minimum sample size but remains quite short; however for time constraints we were unable to
do better. We have chosen electronic voice to avoid direct contact due to the circumstances of
the corona virus through which our country passes.
The questionnaire is presented in two parts: The first part concerns the questions related to the
variables of the study, the second part concerns the respondents' profile. Table 1 presents the
demographic characteristics of the respondents.
A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure the different variables. We used measurement
scales validated in the previous literature adapted to our study context (see Appendix). Before
conducting the final data collection, we conducted a pilot study with a small sample of 30
respondents in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument
(Chan and Chan, 2011). This step allowed us to ensure that our questions were well
formulated and clear.
To analyze the responses collected from our study sample, we used structural equation
modeling with a PLS-SEM approach, through the Smart PLS 3 software (Ringer et al., 2015).
The results of our study are presented in the following section.
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Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents
Respondents Pourcentage %
Gender Male
Female
214
41
83.9
16.1
Age <25
26---40
41---60
>60
40
158
52
5
15.7
62
20.4
2
Educational
level
Under baccalaureate
baccalaureate diploma
baccalaureate diploma+2
Bachelor
Master
PHD
Post doctoral researcher
5
24
22
71
95
29
9
2
9.4
8.6
27.8
37.3
11.4
3.5
Occupation Employee
State official
Business Owner
Liberal profession
Student
Other
60
140
4
8
30
13
23.5
54.9
1.6
3.1
11.8
5.1
Source: Author's own
5. Results
5.1. Measurement model evaluation
To evaluate our measurement model, we assessed the reliability, convergent and discriminant
validity of our model. Two criteria can be considered to confirm the reliability of the internal
consistency. These are Cronbach's alpha (α) and composite reliability (CR). The results of the
PLS Algorithm analysis show that all items displayed a Cronbach's alpha that exceeds the 0.7
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threshold except for item SN2 which showed a value of 0.628 (Table 2). According to
Ursachi et al., (2015), this value is considered acceptable. For the composite reliability (CR),
all items showed a value greater than 0.7 which is above the limit (Hair et al., 2017), (see
Table 2).
For the convergent validity of the reflexive constructs, the outer loadings commonly referred
to as indicator reliability displayed a value greater than 0.7 for all items exceeding the
acceptable minimum of 0.7 (Hair et al., 2017), excluding item INCRT3 which displayed a
value of 0.577. Some authors have suggested that items with loadings between 0.4 and 0.7
should be deleted if their deletion increases the CR value above the suggested threshold value
(Hair et al., 2017; Henseler et al., 2009). Thus, in line with this recommendation, we decided
to keep this item since the value of CR is already above the recommended threshold (0.856).
The second indicator used to measure convergent validity is the AVE (Average Variance
Extracted). Thus, Table 2 shows that all the values of the AVE range from 0.689 to 0.874 and
are thus above the 0.5 limit (Baggozi and Yi, 1989).
Table 2: Reliability and convergent validity results
Measures Loadings Cronbach
alpha (α)
Composite
Reliability (CR)
AVE
Behavioral Intention
-B_INT1
-B_INT2
-B_INT3
0.922
0.928
0.887
0.899
0.937
0.833
Attitude
-ATT1
-ATT2
-ATT3
0.927
0.937
0.940
0.928
0.954
0.874
Subjective norms:
-SN1
-SN2
0.917
0.774
0.628
0.758
0.720
Perceived Behavioral
Control:
-PBC1
-PBC2
-PBC3
0.869
0.811
0.809
0.778
0.869
0.689
Incertainty
-INCRT1
-INCRT2
-INCRT3
-INCRT4
0.753
0.863
0.577
0.875
0.775
0.856
0.603
Source: Author's own
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To evaluate the discriminant validity of our measurement model, we used two techniques.
The first is the Fornell-Larcher criterion and the second is the Cross-Loadings technique. The
results of these analyses, as shown in Table 3, indicate that "square root of the AVE of each
construct are higher than its highest correlation with the other constructs" thus meeting the
requirements for the Fornell and Larcker (1981) technique for confirming discriminant
validity. The second criterion used to assess discriminant validity is the cross-loading
technique (Chin, 1998). Hair et al, (2017) suggest that "the loading of a certain variable must
load higher than the cross-loading of other variables. In our study, as shown in Table 4, all
loadings of the measurement items are higher than any other cross-loading, thus confirming
the discriminant validity.
Table3: Discriminant validity results (Square Root of AVE)
Constructs ATT INT INCRT PBC SN
ATT 0.935
INT 0.868 0.913
INCRT -0.410 -0.410 0.776
PBC 0.806 0.798 -0.332 0.830
SN 0.394 0.450 -0.159 0.483 0.849
Source: Author's own
Table 4: Discriminant validity results (Cross-Loadings)
Constructs INT ATT SN PBC INCRT
INT1
INT2
INT3
0.922
0.928
0.887
0.815
0.815
0.746
0.398
0.353
0.485
0.752
0.746
0.683
-0.375
-0.372
-0.375
ATT1
ATT2
ATT3
0.810
0.784
0.840
0.927
0.937
0.940
0.382
0.333
0.389
0.744
0.736
0.779
-0.332
-0.414
-0.405
SN1
SN2
0.452
0.285
0.386
0.267
0.917
0.774
0.464
0.342
-0.183
-0.063
PBC1
PBC2
PBC3
0.794
0.564
0.589
0.795
0.562
0.613
0.499
0.372
0.305
0.869
0.811
0.809
-0.362
-0.159
-0.245
INCRT1
INCRT2
INCRT3
INCRT4
-0.281
-0.361
-0.193
-0.392
-0.276
-0.368
-0.182
-0.397
-0.118
-0.098
-0.133
-0.156
-0.205
-0.278
-0.112
-0.341
0.753
0.863
0.577
0.875
Source: Author's own
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Figure 1: Measurement model after execution of PLS Algorithm technique.
Source: Smart-PLS output.
5.2. Assessment of the structural model
To evaluate our measurement model, we relied on the coefficient of determination (R²), effect
size (f²), predictive relevance (Q²), and the path coefficient (β).
5.2.1. Coefficient of determination R²:
Chin (1998) asserts that R² is a measure of the predictive power of a model for the dependent
variables. According to this author, a coefficient of determination with a value of 0.67, 0.33
and 0.19 is considered substantial, moderate and low respectively. In our model, the R² is
0.790. This value is considered substantial in line with Chin's (1998) recommendations. Thus,
the four exogenous variables explain 79% of the behavioral intention of customers (Table 5).
5.2.2. Effect size (f²):
When a certain exogenous variable is omitted from the model, the change in the R² is known
as the effect size (f²).
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According to Cohen (1988), the values of 0.02, 0.15 and 0.35 represent small, medium and
large effect sizes. Thus, in our model, and in accordance with cohen's (1988)
recommendations, attitude recorded the largest effect size of 0.582 (Large), followed by
perceived behavioral control 0.089 (Small), subjective norms 0.023 (Small), For uncertainty,
it has recorded an effect size of 0.018 which means that uncertainty have a negligible effect
size. This implies that uncertainty would not change R² if omitted from the model.
5.2.3. Predictive relevance Q²
The Stone-Geisser Q² index allows us to examine the predictive relevance of the model.
When the resulting Q² values are greater than 0, the exogenous constructs of the model thus
reveal a predictive relevance for the endogenous construct concerned (Hair et al., 2017;
Henseler et al., 2009). In our model, the value of the Q² (Cross-Validated Redundancy) index
is 0.650 (Table 5) which is greater than 0 and thus shows that the variables of the model have
predictive relevance.
5.2.4. Path coefficient and hypothesis testing
Path coefficients indicate the strengths of the relationships between the independent variables
and the dependent variable. As appeared in Table 5 and figure 2, it is observed that Attitude
has significant positive relationship with behavioral intention (β=0.614, t=8.526,
p=0.000<1%) and thus supporting H1. Subjective norms shows a significant and positif
relationship with behavioral intention (β= 0.079, t=2.247, p-value=0.025 <5%), and thus
supporting H2. Perceived behavioral control had also been observed as having a positif and
significant influence on behavioral intention with β value of 0.243, t-value of 3.703 and p-
value of 0.000 which is significant at a level of 1%, hence supporting H3. Finally uncertainty
reveals a significant negative impact on behavioral intention (β= -0.065, t=1.922, p-value=
0.055 <10%), thus supporting H4.
Table 5: Results of the structural model of the study
Hypothesis Beta Std
Error
t-
value
p-value Decisions R² f² Q²
H1 ATT
=>B_INT
0.614 0.072 8.526 0.000* Supported 0.790 0.582 0.650
H2 SN
=>B_INT
0.079 0.035 2.247 0.025** Supported 0.023
H3 PBC=>
B_INT
0.243 0.066 3.703 0.000*
Supported 0.089
H4 INCRT=>
B_INT
-0.067 0.035 1.922 0.050** Supported 0.018
Note: * significant at 1% (two-tailed test); ** significant at 5% (two-tailed test).
Source: Author's own
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6. Discussion and conclusion
The aim of this study is to determine the factors that may influence non-users customers to
choose Participative banking services in Morocco. Taking on a theoretical guidance from the
theory of planned behavior, this study had empirically tested the influence of five variables on
the behavioral intention to use Participative banking services.
In this research the path analysis revealed that attitude has a positive significant relationship
with behavioral intention and is also the most influential factor that predicts customer's
intention to use Islamic banking services in a Muslim context like Morocco. This result means
that if a person has a positive attitude, he will surely be more attracted to use Participative
banking services. This result is in line with previous literature (Raza et al., 2019; Aziz et al.,
2018; Ali and Jama, (2016). Attitude is considered as a powerful factor that motivates a
consumer to develop a positive intention (Gopi and Ramayah, 2007). It signifies that when
attitude is favorable, the chances of a consumer to use a product will definitely increase.
On the other hand, the study showed that subjective norms are positively and significantly
related to behavioral intention. This result is consistent with the past literature of Marayam et
al., (2019); Ibrahim et al., (2017); Echchabi et al., (2016), Ayedh et al., (2014), Amin et al.,
(2011). This implies that opinion of specific referent groups is also important for developing
an intention toward the use of Participative banking services. This result can be explained by
the fact that in Morocco, and given that participative banking has just begun in Morocco,
individuals' knowledge remains somewhat limited. As a result, they may turn to people in
their social environment to consider their advice on adopting these new institutions. The
positive relationship also means that, the more a person faces a favorable social influence to
adopt banks, the more favorable his intention will be.
Another finding revealed that perceived behavioral control positively and significantly
impacts behavioral intention to use Participative banking services in Morocco. This result
concludes that individuals in Morocco are likely to get engaged in Participative banking
system when they have required resources to perform the behavior and when they have the
ability to choose the bank and manage their operations with these new institutions. This
finding is consistent with the works of Ahmed et al.,(2019); Raza et al.,(2019); Jaffar and
Musa,(2015) and Ibrahim et al., 2017. However, this result contradicts the findings of
Echchabi et al.,(2016) who found that perceived behavioral control does not have a significant
influence on Tunisian customers' behavioral intention.
Finally, uncertainty was found to have a negative and significant influence on behavioral
intention. This finding is in line with the previous studies' results of Thambiah et al., (2011)
and Echchabi and Aziz (2012). In fact, the result of our study reveals that, the more customers
will have doubts about Shariah compliance of participative banking and doubts about risks in
transactions, the less their intention to adopt will be. Our study shows that Moroccan
customers give importance to uncertainty when they want to make a decision on the use of
these new banks. This may also be explained by the fact that Participative banks in Morocco
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have just started their activity. So customers will have concerns about the doubt they feel
towards these Participative institutions' transactions. However, this result contradicts the one
of Ayinde and Echchabi (2012) as well as Abd.Aziz et al., (2015), which supported a non-
significant relation between uncertainty and the adoption of Islamic insurance and banking.
7. Theoretical and managerial implications
Our study has very important theoretical implications. This study hopes to contribute to the
enrichment of the body of literature. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, our study is among
the earliest studies that had been carried out, in the context of Morocco, on acceptance of
Islamic banking services. Thus, this study has given us the opportunity to explore the
prospects of Islamic banking in the context of Morocco. Hence, this work will fill the gap in
the literature. Furthermore, this study has allowed us to extend and test the theory of planned
behavior in another area, which is Islamic banking.
Our research also has interesting managerial implications. This study provides practitioners
and managers guidelines and provides useful information on the factors that may impact the
decisions of Moroccan individuals to use participative banks recently established in Morocco.
The study shows that attitude is the most influential factor. Thus, bank managers need to
develop relevant strategies to foster a positive attitude of customers toward participative
banking. They must focus on promotional campaigns to show the advantages of these banks
and the alternative modes of financing that they can offer to their customers. In Morocco,
participative banking industry has only recently started its activity. Hence, customers still
doesn't have enough knowledge and understanding of this new banking system. This could
lead to doubts and uncertainties in the minds of potential customers, which could impact their
intention to engage with participative banking institutions. Thus, the managers of these
institutions must reassure customers that the transactions of participative banks are in
compliance with Shariah and that they do not risk anything in their operations and this
through awareness campaigns and training of staff who receive customers in banking spaces
to explain to them the conformity of products to religious principles.
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Appendix: Questionnaire Items
Constructs Items Sources
Behavioral
Intention
I plan to make frequent use of party banking in
the future.
I intend to begin using partivicative banking
products and services in the future.
I will recommend the use of partivicative
banking products and services to others.
Alhassany, 2018;
Obeid and Kaabachi,
2016
Attitude
The use of participative banking services is
noteworthy.
The use of participative banking is a good idea.
Adopting participative banking would be good
for me.
Aziz and al., 2018
Alam and al., 2012
Subjective
Norms
The people I listen to might influence me to
use participative banking.
Most of the people who are important to me
support me in my decision to use partivicative
banking.
I would choose partivicative banking based on
the recommendations of my friends and family.
Obeid et Kaabachi,
2016;
Alam et al., 2012
Perceived
Behavioral
Control
I would be able to manage my operations with
the participative bank.
I have the resources to use the participative
bank.
I have the ability to choose the participative
bank
Shih and Fang (2004)
Amin et al., 2013
Incertainty I don't trust participative banking practices
(e.g., trust in Shariah compliance of products).
Participative banking is risky.
Islamic banking operations are dubious.
Participative banking is not trustworthy.
Aziz et al., 2018