influential cars of the 20 century

Influential Cars of the 20th Century

Jim Rauf

1OLLI Spring 2021

Automobile Electronics -- Traction Control• 1971 Buick Riviera had an available computerized

traction-control system- Max-Trac

• It used a small analog computer to provide optimum acceleration and reduce the tendency to spin out under power when on slick and icy road surfaces

• The computer received inputs from front and rear wheel speed sensors and interrupted the ignition circuit anytime the rear wheel speed was a minimum of 10 per cent greater than the front wheel speed

• It worked ideally with a positive traction axle

• The system was dropped for 1973 due to maintenance issues and emission control regulations

2OLLI Spring 2021

Automobile Electronics –Door Locks and Dash Displays• 1980 Ford introduced the SecuriCode, a pillar-

mounted keypad fitted to Ford , Mercury and Lincoln vehicles

• 1983 Renault Fuego offered the world’s first handheld keyless-entry system

• 1986 Buick Riviera offered its Graphic Control Center touchscreen technology

• GCC had a 3x4 inch cathode-ray tube display with a green-and-black screen

• The driver could control electronic settings such as the trip computer , radio, and climate settings

• Buick dropped the GCC in 1990 after owners found it onerous and distracting

3OLLI Spring 2021

Automobile Electronics – Navigation System

• 1995 Oldsmobile offered the Guidestar system in the Oldsmobile Eighty-Eight

• It was a $2000 option

• A test run in rental cars, conducted with AAA and centered around Orlando, Florida, had proved the concept starting in 1992

• GM had given up on the touchscreen for a while by 1995, so there was no place for the unit in-dash

• It had to sit on a stalk on the center console

• Decent digital maps were still a decade or more away

4OLLI Spring 2021

Automobile Electronics – Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

• 1995 Mercedes Benz S600 introduced Electronic Stability Control (ESC)• BMW and Toyota got their ESC systems out later in

1995

• ESC combines anti-lock brakes , traction control, and advanced sensing technologies

• With ESC, the car detects not only a wheel spinning or locking, but also side-slip and other deviationsfrom the driver's intended path

• Applying brakes on each wheel independently and/or adjusting engine output (or even the transmission and steering on some versions), the car stays stable

• U.S. regulators required ESC on all cars sold by 2012

5OLLI Spring 2021

Battery Electric Cars -- EV1

• The 1990 revised Clean Air Act requirements put California in danger of losing Federal highway money

• The zero-emissions-vehicle mandate proposed that by 1998, 2% of California-sold cars would be zero-emission, increasing to 5% by 2001, and 10% by 2003

• GM produced the EV1 , a fully-electric, battery-powered, emissions-free, two-seater car

• Due to concerns regarding temperature effects on the battery , GM restricted the EV1 to drivers in California and Arizona

• 1,100 EV1’s were available on a lease-basis only

• Lease options ranged from $250-500 per month

A two-seater car is impractical for families, and with its limited range (estimates range from 50-100 miles), this car was intended for commuting short distances

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Dimensions

Wheelbase 98.9 in

Length 169.7 in

Width 69.5 in

Height 50.5 in

Curb weight •3,086 lb with Lead-acid batteries•2,908 lb•with NiMH batteries

Powertrain

Electric motor •three-phase Alternating current•Induction motor with•IGBT power inverter•137 bhp (102 kW) at 7000 rpm•110 lb⋅ft (149 N⋅m) at 0–7000 rpm

Transmission Single-speed reduction integrated with motor and differential

Battery Early vehicles 16.5–18.7 kWh lead-acid, later versions 26.4 kWh Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

Electric range •EPA, revised according to 2019 procedure•lead-acid: 55 miles •NiMH: 105 miles

Plug-in charging 6.6 kW Magne Charge inductive converter

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• Customer reaction to the EV1 was positive

• An alliance of the major automakers litigated the CARB regulation, resulting in a slackening of the ZEV stipulation, permitting the companies to produce super-low-emissions vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and hybrid cars in place of pure electrics

• The EV1 lease program was discontinued in 2002, and all cars on the road were taken back , under the terms of the lease

• Lessees were not given the option to purchase their cars from GM, which cited parts, service, and liability regulations

• GM believed that electric cars occupied an unprofitable niche of the automobile market, and ended up crushing most of the cars

• EV1 development cost was estimated at $340,000 per car, followed by the piece or marginal cost, which was estimated in 1992 at $16,000-18,000 per car

• Half of those figures went toward the propulsion system alone

• Battery technology in the EV1 was just not ready to meet the demands of its consumers and certainly nowhere near poised to replace the internal-combustion, piston-powered engines

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• The EV1's discontinuation remains controversial, with electric car enthusiasts, environmental interest groups and former EV1 lessees

• They accused GM of self-sabotaging its electric car program to avoid potential losses in spare parts sales (sales forced by government regulations), while also blaming the oil industry for conspiring to keep electric cars off the road

• As a result of GM taking the cars back as the leases ended and the subsequent destruction of the majority of EV1s, an intact and working EV1 is one of the rarest cars from the 1990s

11OLLI Spring 2021

Hybrid Electric Car – Nothing New

• 1900 Lohner–Porsche Mixed Hybrid vehicle was developed by Ferdinand Porsche at the Austrian Lohner -Werke

• First prototypes were two-wheel drive, battery-powered electric vehicles with two front-wheel hub-mounted motors

• A later version was a series hybrid using hub-mounted electric motors in each wheel powered by batteries and a gasoline-engine generator

• The Lohner-Porsche Electromobile

• The first front wheel drive vehicle

• The first all wheel drive vehicle

• The first hybrid electric vehicle

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Lohner–Porsche ElectromobileProduction 1900–1905Designer Ferdinand PorscheClass Horseless CarriageBody style 2-seater convertible

4-seater

Engine10–14 hp Two/four hub-mounted electric motors, driven by battery and/or petrol enginedriven by gasoline engine

Curb weight 3,307 lb

Hybrid Electric Car – 1999 Honda Insight

• The Honda Insight is a hybrid electric car

• Its first generation as a two-door, two passenger liftback (1999–2006)

• It was Honda's first model with Integrated Motor Assist system and the most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the U.S. without plug-in capability — for the length of its production run

• Honda presented its concept car the VV at the 1999 North American International Auto Show

• It was a two-seat concept powered by a three-cylinder gasoline engine and an Integrated (electric) Motor Assist powering the front wheels

• The VV was, like GM's EV1, a tiny two-seater

• Length 155.3 in

• Wheelbase 94 in

• Width 66.7 in

• Height 53.3 in

• Curb weight 1847 lb -1964 lb

•

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• The Insight (based on the VV with minimal change) , went on sale in December of 1999

• Beating an improved Toyota Prius to the U.S. market by seven months

• Produced through the 2006 model year, the original Insight earned a 52-mpg combined EPA mileage rating

• A second-generation, larger Insight was produced 2009-2014

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DimensionsWheelbase 94 inLength 155.3 inWidth 66.7 inHeight 5303 inCurb weight 1847-1964 lb

PowertrainEngine 1.0 L 67 hp ECA1 I-3Electric motor 144 V

10 kW (13 hp) at 3000 rpmTransmission 5-speed manual

CVT automaticFWD

Hybrid drivetrain Parallel hybrid(Honda Integrated Motor Assist)

Battery 6.5 AH Ni-MH144 V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

15OLLI Spring 2021

Hybrid Electric Car -- Toyota Prius Hybrid

• The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale in December 1997 as the first mass produced hybrid car

• It was available only in Japan

• Toyota Prius had front mounted naturally aspirated 1.5 liter 4 valves per cylinder 4 cylinder DOHC engine powering the front wheels

• Power is 57 hp at 4000 rpm and 75 ft lbs torque at 4000 rpm

• The engine powers the front wheels via a continuously variable transmission (CVT)

• The Prius weighs 2720 lbs

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• HYBRID DRIVETRAIN• SECONDARY MOTOR TYPE Permanent Magnet• BATTERIES Nickel-Metal Hydride• SECONDARY POWER 39.5 hp• SECONDARY TORQUE 225 ft lb @0 rpm

OLLI Spring 2021

Hybrid Electric Car -- Toyota Prius Hybrid

17OLLI Spring 2021

Automotive Electronics

• Electronic components in automobiles operate in harsh environments

• Automotive electronics can be subjected to, and are therefore rated at, more extreme temperature ranges than commercial electronics

• The list below is an example of temperature ratings/grades Note that the automotive grade is second only to the military grade (in terms of extreme temperature ratings):

Commercial: 0°C to 85°CIndustrial: -40°C to 100°CAutomotive: -40°C to 125°CMilitary: -55°C to 125°C

• Automotive electronic devices must also be able to withstand mechanical shock and vibration

• Advances in electronic control of automotive systems, especially engines awaited the development of solid- state transistors as well as reliable sensors• Crankshaft position sensor• Cam shaft position sensors• Wheel speed sensors (ABS)• Air flow sensors• Exhaust gas oxygen sensors• Knock sensors• Accelerometers (ESC)

18OLLI Spring 2021

Automotive Electronics – Engine Control Unit (ECU)

• The Engine Control unit (ECU) is computer that processes multiple signals from an array of sensors in order to determine the correct amount of fuel flow for the engine

• The ECU considers temperatures, pressures, engine speeds, crankshaft position , engine knock , air flow into the engine , throttle position , e oxygen level in the exhaust gas , position of the cam shafts , etc

• The ECU controls how long the fuel the injector nozzles are open to meter the fuel flow

• The ECU also controls the spark advance

19OLLI Spring 2021

Automotive Electronics

• With each new model cars have become rolling electronic devices

• At first the focus was on engine control to meet emission requirements and improve performance

• This later expanded to include controls of wipers, door locks, remote key systems, etc

• The focus has widened to on board diagnostics to support engine maintenance /trouble shooting

• Automotive electronics have expanded to include entertainment and information and touchscreen control of cabin systems e. g. air conditioning and heaters

20OLLI Spring 2021

Electronic Engine Control and Sensors

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Electronic Engine Control and Fuel Injection

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Fuel Injection Systems

• In 1955 Mercedes-Benz outfitted a 300SL with the Bosch mechanical direct fuel injection system

• 1957 Chevrolet introduced the Corvette equipped with a mechanically fuel injected 283-cubic inch V8

• In 1957 the American Motors Corporation outfitted the Rambler with a Bendix electronic fuel injection system, called the Electrojector

• The system was very temperamental especially during cold weather conditions and failed during pre-production testing

• Chrysler also equipped a few models with the Bendix Electrojector in 1958

• Near the end of the 1960s European automakers began experimenting with mechanical fuel injection for production vehicles

• Porsche, Peugeot, Audi, BMW, Aston Martin, Triumph, and Volkswagen outfitted select models with Bosch Jetronic mechanical fuel injection

23OLLI Spring 2021

Electronic Fuel Injection

• The Electrojector patents were sold to Bosch

• Bosch developed their D-Jetronic from the Electrojector

• It was first used on the VW 1600TL/E in 1968

• This was a speed/density system, using engine speed and intake manifold air density to calculate "air mass" flow rate and thus fuel requirements

• The system was used by VW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Citroën, Saab, and Volvo

• Lucas licensed the system for production in Jaguar cars

• 1968 VW introduced the computer for engine control

• The Engine Control Unit (ECU) a computer to perform one specific function: Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)

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Electronic Fuel Injection

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Adaptive Cruise Control

• Chrysler Imperial introduced first car with cruise control systems in 1958

• 1998, Toyota became the first to introduce an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system on a production vehicle - a laser-based system for its Progress compact luxury sedan, which it sold in Japan

• Nissan followed suit with a radar-based system, in the company’s Cima 41LV-2, a luxury sedan also sold only in Japan

• 1999 Jaguar began offering an ACC for its XKR coupes and convertibles sold in Germany and Britain

• ACC is now offered on many mass market vehicles

27OLLI Spring 2021

On Board Diagnostics II

• 1980s the first On Board Diagnostic (OBD) systems

• 1995 OBD II was an evolution of the first on-board diagnostics systems

• It provided far more diagnostic capability, allowing technicians and home mechanics to find out exactly what was wrong with their car through specific codes accessed by a 16 pin connector

• OBD II could tell you that a specific cylinder was misfiring

• OBD II allowed the adaptation of far more complex and precise air and fuel management in the engine

28OLLI Spring 2021

2021 Chevrolet Malibu Features

Curb weight 3135 lbs.EPA interior volume 118.7 cu.ft.Height 57.9 in.Length 194.2 in.Wheel base 111.4 in.Width 73.0 in

• Direct fuel injection yes

• Base engine size 1.5 liter

• Cam type Double overhead cam

• Cylinders Inline 4

• Horsepower 160 hp @ 5700 rpm

• Torque 184 lb-ft @ 2500 rpm

• Valve timing Variable

• Valves 16

• Engine Type Turbo charged 4 cylinder

• Transmission Continuously variable-speed automatic

• Drive Type Front wheel drive

• Total Seating 5

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• Auto delay off headlamps

• Child seat anchors

• Daytime running lights

• Dual front and dual rear side-mounted airbags

• Dusk sensing headlamps

• Emergency braking preparation

• Engine immobilizer

• Font and rear head airbags

• Post-collision safety system

• Remote anti-theft alarm system

• Stability control

• Tire pressure monitoring

• Traction control

• 4-wheel ABS

• Emergency braking assist

• Passenger airbag occupant sensing deactivation

• Rear center 3-point belt

• Rear door child safety locks

• Rear height adjustable headrests

• Ventilated front disc / solid rear disc brakes

• 6 total speakers

• USB connection

• Auxiliary audio input and USB with external media control

• Speed sensitive volume control

• AM/FM stereo

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• Cruise control

• Electric power steering

• Front and rear cupholders

• Front and rear door pockets

• Front seatback storage

• Keyless ignition

• Rear view camera

• Tilt and telescopic steering wheel

• Audio and cruise controls on steering wheelInterior air filtration

• Leather steering wheel

• 4 one-touch power windows

• Hands-free entry

• Heated mirrors

• Dual vanity mirrors

• Single zone front air conditioning

• Clock

• Compass

• External temperature display

• Tachometer

• Trip computer

• 6 -way manual passenger seat adjustment

• 8 -way power driver seat

• Bucket front seats

• Height adjustable driver seat

• Height adjustable passenger seat

• Premium cloth

• Driver seat with power adjustable lumbar support

• Folding center armrest s

• Split-folding rear seatback

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• Painted alloy wheels

• Temporary spare tire

• 18 x 8.0 in. wheels

• 245/45R18 tires

• All season radial tires

• Cargo capacity 15.7 cu.ft.

• Curb weight 3135 lbs.

• EPA interior volume 118.7 cu.ft.

• Height 57.9 in.

• Length 194.2 in.

• Wheel base 111.4 in.

• Width 73.0 in

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• The modern cars on the market today have come a long way from the horseless carriages of the beginning of the 20th century

• The result of mostly incremental improvements that were introduced by one manufacturer and adopted (copied) by other manufacturers throughout the automotive world

• The application of electronics after the development of the solid state transistors has allowed greatly improved fuel economy, performance and safety over automobiles from previous years

• All this progress is the result of applying developments and discoveries from many areas of technology to the design and manufacturing of vehicles for our personal transportation needs and desires

34OLLI Spring 2021

influential cars of the 20 century

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