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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2017, pp. 552–560, Article ID: IJMET_08_11_058 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

ON HYBRIED COMPOSITES

S.Sravya

Assitant professor in S R Engineering college, Warangal, Telangana, India

D.Raghavendra

Assitant professor in S R Engineering college, Warangal, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT:

The materials which of hybried class are essential for current demands. This

paper deals with the effect of hybried composites made up of jute/E-glass/kenaf fibers

are prepared by using hand layup method by applying epoxy resin and the hardener.

The hybreid composite properties are determined by testing mechanical tests like

Tensile test, Impact test, Rockwell Hardness test. Which are evaluated experimentally

according to ASTM standards. The result of the test shows that hybrid composite of

kenaf/ E-glass /epoxy composition fiber has better properties than that of jute

/kenaf/epoxy composition fiber composite. The fiber combination of kenaf/e-

glass/epoxy got better values of strength, hardness, impact strength compared with the

fiber composition of kenaf/jute/epoxy.

Keywords: kenaf, e-glass, jute, epoxy resin, hardener.

Cite this Article: S.Sravya and D.Raghavendra, Influence of Mechanical Properties on Hybried Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(11), 2017, pp. 552–560. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=11

1. INTRODUCTION

The interest in research and engineering were shifted from materials of monolithic to reinforced fiber composite materials. The composite materials are like carbon, aramind and reinforced plastics like glass fiber. Now they are dominating in the areas of aerospace, leisure, automotive, construction and sporting industries. The reinforcing plastics of Glass fibers are mostly used because their cost is less compared to aramid and carbon and also their best mechanical properties. However, these fibers have serious drawbacks. Neutrality of Carbon dioxide natural fibers is particularly attractive. Number of attempts has been made to use the composites like natural fibers instead of glass fibers in the applications of non-structural. The more number of components of automotives are made previously with the composites of glass fiber are now-a-days being used to manufacture the eco-friendly composites. The interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials/Bio composites is rapidly growing both

Influence of Mechanical Properties on Hybried Composites


in Terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research. They are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, and biodegradable for example the plants like flax, cotton, hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf, pineapple, banana and wood, used from time immemorial as a source of lignocelluloses fibers, are more and more often applied as the reinforcement of composites. They are available at any time and they are very renewable, their density is low, man-made fibers used for the manufacturing of composites and their price is less, and their mechanical properties make them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon. The natural fiber-containing composites/bio composites are more environmentally friendly, and are used in transportation (automobiles, railway coaches, aerospace), military applications, building and construction industries (ceiling panelling, partition boards), packaging, consumer products, etc.

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO HYBREID COMPOSITES

Kenaf is scientifically known as Hibiscus cannabin us. It is closely related to cotton and jute. This is because the crystalline cellulose content and micro fibril angles of the two fibers are fairly similar. Kenaf is farming for its better fiber content and it is easily cultivated India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, United States of America, Vietnam, Thailand, parts of Africa, and in some parts of southeast Europe. China also has actively developed this plant and is now one of the largest kenaf producers in the world.

Jute is having the most cellulose content plant material. So it is a lingo-cellulosic Fiber –partially a textile fiber and partially wood. Generally the fibers have a color shade of white to brown, and its length is between 1 to 4 meters. Bangladesh is the world’s largest exporter of jute. Jute is also grown in the same as rice and is a very difficult crop to grow and harvest. Other important jute export countries include India, China, Burma (Myanmar), Pakistan, Nepal and Thailand. The core uses of jute are Twine and rope, sackings, carpets, wrapping fabrics (cotton bale), and the construction fabric manufacturing industry. Other uses include, home textiles, floor coverings, Geotextiles, and composites.

E-Glass E-glass or electrical grade glass was originally developed for standoff insulators for electrical wiring. It has excellent fiber forming capabilities and it is almost used exclusively as the reinforcing phase in the material commonly known as fiber glass.

1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW

A brief review of the work carried by various researchers on natural fiber composite on evaluation of various mechanical properties is presented in the following. P.V. Josepha, Marcelo S. Rabellob, L.H.C. Mattosoc, Kuruvilla Josepha, and Sabu Thomas [1]: They described the influence of various ageing conditions like water and UV radiation on the mechanical properties of sisal/PP composites.

Krishnan Jayaraman [2]: His innovative fiber mat production method allowed the fibers to avoid much of the processing degradation. The best possible mechanical properties for the sisal fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites were achieved when the fiber length was greater than 10mm and the fiber mass fraction was in the range 15–35%.

Paul Wambua, Jan Ivens, and Ignaas Verpoest [3]: They have investigated the mechanical properties of sisal, hemp, coir, kenaf and jute reinforced polypropylene composites. The tensile strength and modulus increases with increasing fiber volume fraction. Their study revealed that natural fibers can replace glass in fiber reinforced plastics.

Axel Nechwatal, Klaus-Peter Mieck, and Thomas Reußmann[4]: The manufacturing of long fiber granules is an interesting alternative to known processes such as pultrusionor extrusion. In particular the procedure effective if length-limited staple fibers are used. The

S.Sravya and D.Raghavendra


long fiber granules made by the new process have a helical fiber arrangement and enable a great fiber length in the composite.

Andrzej K. Bledzki, Omar Faruk [5]: The influence of moisture content on the impact behaviour and the effect of temperature on creep response of the wood fiber reinforced PP composites were investigated in this study. This was also conducted to experimentally determine the effects of the addition of a compatibiliser and wood fiber content on short term creep characteristics of wood fiber-pp composites.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

2.1. PREPARATION OF EPOXY AND HARDENER:

For each and every laminate nearly 400 g mixture of epoxy-hardener is taken. Hardner is taken in the ratio of 1:10 (i.e.; for every 10 g of epoxy 1 g of hardner is added). Then the mixture is completely mixed together for some time and is used for preparing laminates.

2.2. SPECIMEN PREPARATION:

In this study, manual hand layup method is used for preparing composite laminates as shown in below First of all, a release gel is sprayed on the mould surface to avoid the sticking of epoxy to the surface. Thin plastic sheets are used at the top and bottom of the mould plate to get a good surface finish of the product. Reinforcement in the form of woven jute fiber and E-Glass fibers are cut according to the size of the mould and placed at the surface of mould after perspex sheet. Then epoxy in liquid form is mixed thoroughly in suitable proportion with a prescribed hardener (curing agent) and poured onto the surface of mat already placed in the mould. The epoxy is uniformly spread with the help of the brush. The second layer of mat is then placed on the epoxy surface and a roller is moved with a mild pressure on the mat-epoxy layer to remove any air trapped as well as the excess epoxy present. The process is repeated for each and every layer of epoxy and for every fiber, till the required layers are stacked. After splacing the plastic sheet, release gel is sprayed on the inner surface of the top mould plate which is then kept on the stacked layers and the pressure is applied. After curing either at room temperature or at some specific temperature at 60˚C - 80˚C, the mould is opened and the developed composite part is taken out and further processed. For epoxy based system, normal curing time at room temperature is 24 - 48 hours.

Figure 1 Hand layup fabrication method Figure 2 kenaf-jute fiber laminates

Figure 3 jute-E-glass fiber laminates



Table 1 Composition f different samples

Composite Composition

Sample-A1 Kenaf fiber(30wt%)+Jute fiber(10wt%) +Epoxy(60wt%)

Sample-A2 Kenaf fiber(30wt%)+E-glass(10wt%) +Epoxy(60wt%)

Sample-A3 Kenaf fiber(25wt%)+Jute fiber(15wt%) +Epoxy(60wt%)

Sample-A4 Kenaf fiber(25wt%)+E-glass(15wt%) +Epoxy(60wt%)

3. MECHANICAL TESTING

3.1. Preparation of Specimens for testings:

Specimens for Tensile Test and ImpactTest and Rockwell hardness test are cut as per ASTM standards. The dimensional details each type of specimen is presented in respective diagrams.

Introduction: Tensile Tests are performed for several reasons. The results of tensile tests are used in selecting materials for engineering applications. Tensile properties frequently are included in material specifications to ensure quality. Tensile properties are measured during development of new processes and new materials, so that different processes and materials can be compared. Finally, tensile properties often are used to predict the behavior of a material under forms of loading other than uniaxial tension. The material strength is the primary concern. The strength of interest is measured either by the stress induced in plastic deformation or the maximum stress that the material can withstand.

3.2. Tensile Test Specimen

Consider the typical tensile specimen shown in . It has shoulders for gripping and enlarged ends. The Gauge section is important part of the specimen.The cross-sectional area of the gage section is reduced relative to that of the remainder of the specimen so that deformation and failure will be localized in this region. The Guage length is the region over which measurements are made and is centered within the reduced section. The distances between the ends of the gage section and the shoulders should be great enough so that the larger ends do not constrain deformation within the gage section, and the gauge length should be relative to its diameter. Otherwise, the stress state will be more complex than simple tension.

3.3. Testing machines

The most common testing machines are universal testers, which test materials in tension, compression, or bending. Their primary function is to create the stress strain curve. Testing machines are either electromechanical or hydraulic.

Specimens for tensile test are cut from Laminates as per ASTM D 3039standard.

Figure 4 Tensile test standard specimen figure: specimens of fiber composites of kenaf-jute+epoxy

,E-glass-kenaf+epoxy



As the tensile test starts, the specimen elongates; the resistance of the specimen increases and is detected by a load cell. This load value (F) is recorded until a rupture of the specimen occurred. Instrument software provided along with the equipment is recorded the load value (F). Figures Shows the specimens after testing.

Figure 5 Tensile testing machine Figure 6 tensile testing specimens of all samples A1,A2,A3,A4.

3.4. Impact Test:

Georges Augustine Albert Charpy’sis invented the Charpy’s Impact Test (1865-1945) The Charpy impact test is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. The specimen is broken by a single overload event due to the impact of the pendulum. The stop pointer is used to record howthe backup pendulum swinging after fracturing the specimen. The impact toughness of a metal is determined by measuring the energy absorbed in the fracture of the specimen. This is simply obtained by noting the height at which the pendulum is released and the height to which the pendulum swings after it has struck the specimen. The height of the pendulum times the weight of the pendulum produces the potential energy and the difference in potential energy of the pendulum at the start and the end of the test is equal to the absorbed energy.

CHARPY TEST MACHINE:

Figure 7 ASTM Standard specimen of impact test



3.5. Test specimens:

Specimens provided for the experiment are having a particular type of notch. Every specimen has different kind of notch as they depend on their property. Notch provides stress concentration so that the material acts as brittle material. Each notch has particular dimension and angle associated with them. The standard Charpy’s Test specimen consist of a bar of metal, or other material, 55x10x10mm having a notch machined across one of the larger dimensions.

V-notch: 2mm deep, with 45° angle and 0.25mm radius along the base.

Figure 8 Kenaf-E-glass, Jute-kenaf

Figure 9 Impact test sample specimen

3.6. Rockwell hardness test:

The Rockwell tests constitute the most common method used to measure Hardness because they are so simple to perform and require noere special skills.several different scales may be utilized from possible combinations of various indenters are different

Loads ,which permit the testing of virtually all metal alloys (as well as some polymers).indenters include spherical and hardened steel balls having diameters of(1/6)”,(1/8)”,(1/4)”and(1/2)”.(1.588, 3.175,6.350 and 12.70 mm) and a conical diamond indenter

Which is used for the hardest materials

Here ,hardness number is determined by the different in depth of penetration resulting from the application of an initial minor load followed by a larger major load.for Rockwell the minor load is 10kg,whereas major loads are 60,100and 150kg.

The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measuremsent based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied. Hardness numbers have no units and are commonly given in different scales. The higher the number in each of the scales means the harder the material.The Rockwell hardness test does not serve well as a predictor of properties such as strength or resistance to wear abrasion,scratches and should not be used alone for product design specifications. The Rockwell hardness test is used to measure the hardness of metal measures resistance to penetration, the depth of the impression is measured rather than the diametric area.The hardness values are directly indicated on the scale in the Rockwell hardness testing machine. This dial like scale is really a depth gauge, graduated in special units. The Rockwell hardness test is the most used and versatile of the hardness tests.



3.6.1. Rockwell Typical Scale Properties

3.7. Test Procedure:

1. The specimen is placed on the anvil in contact with the indenter.

2. Applying a minor load.

3. The penetration of measuring instrument or dial guage is Automatically or manually zero.

4. Applying gradually the major load.

5. Removing gently the total load while leaving in place the preliminary one (so that the elastic deformation following the removal of final load is recovered).

6. Measuring the depth of penetration using the Instrument.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The influence of fiber parameters on hardness on composites is shown in the Graph.It is found that the hardness value of fiber composite of sampleA2 and SampleA4 are got better values then remaining samples.And the sampleA4 attains the maximum value.

Table 1 The influence of fiber parameters on hardness of composites.

Samples Hardness number(RHN)

SampleA1 83

SampleA2 87.9

SampleA3 86.5

SampleA4 90

75

80

85

90

95

SampleA1 SampleA2 SampleA3 SampleA4

Hardness number (RHN) vs samples



It is found that for composites of fiber samples impact strength is increased for upto sampleA2 then after decreased and again increased at SampleA4.

Table 2 The influence of fiber parameters on impact strength of composites.

Samples Impact strength (10-3

)J/mm2

SampleA1 4.29

SampleA2 4.9

SampleA3 4.63

SampleA4 6.9

The influence of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composites are increases with increasing load. Finally the sampleA4 got the best results compared with other samples.

Table 3 The influence of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composites.

Samples Tensile strength(Mpa) Applied Force(103)N

SampleA1 11 71

SampleA2 16 82

SampleA3 18 94

SampleA4 19 113

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Impact strength vs samples

0

5

10

15

20


Tensile strength vs samples



5. CONCLUSION:

From all the tests like Tensile test, Impact test, Rockwell hardness tests we observed that from all the samples the SampleA4 got the best results compared with other samples. It means that the combination of Natural fiber with glass (kenaf-E-glass)having the more Tensile strength and more impact strength,h igh Hardness value compared with the two natural fiber composite(kenaf-jute).So that we can use this fibers in no of applications like space, automobile, structural etc

REFERENCES:

[1] H ku, H.wang ,N.pattarachaiya Koop and M.Trada, A Review on the Tensile properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,2001,1-51pp

[2] VP.V. Josepha, Marcelo S. Rabellob, L.H.C. Mattosoc, Kuruvilla Josepha, Sabu Thomasd: The Sinfluence of various ageing conditions like water and UV radiation on the mechanical properties of sisal/PP composites, New Delhi 1989, 1-78pp.

[3] Scott w.beckwith Natural fiber reinforcement materials, lower cost technology for composite applications, November/December 2003,1-16pp.

[4] X.Y Liu, G.C.Dai. Surface modification and micro mechanical properties of jute fiber mat reinforced PP composites received in March, 2007, vol1, and pp 299-307.

[5] Clemons, Anand R. Sanadi, Instrumented Impact Testing of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effects of Temperature and Composition. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 26, No. 15/2007

[6] T. Narendiranath Babu, Anil Mandliya, Akash Kumar Singh, Avneesh Singh and D. Rama Prabha, Evaluation of Tensile Properties of Epoxy Resin Based Composites Reinforced with Jute/Banana/Flax and Uni-Axial Glass Fibers.International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 347–357.

[7] Pushpendra Pandit, Furquan Qureshi, Shyam Nagar, Amit Singh and Abhishek Chandran, Experimental Analysis of CBR Value of Soil Reinforced with Jute and Coir Fiber for the Evaluation of Pavement Thickness. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp.439 –446.

[8] Ravi Shankar Pasala and G. Lalitha, Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete (M30) by Adding Natural Fibers (Jute Fiber), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 929–935.

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