inflorescences
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Inflorescences. Spring 2013. What is an inflorescence?. Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the presence of vegetative leaves below - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Inflorescences
Spring 2013
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What is an inflorescence?
• Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the presence of vegetative leaves below
• Judd et al. 2008 = The shoot system which serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified accordingly
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Look for the flowering zone!
(from Judd et al. 2008)
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Inflorescence development
Determinate: the apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis terminates in a flower, which usually matures first with overall maturation from the apex to the base
Indeterminate: the apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis does not terminate in a flowerbut rather retains its meristematic potential,with maturation going from the base to the apex
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Determinate inflorescencesFig. 9.35
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cyme
scorpioid cyme
head helicoid cyme
terminal &solitary
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Indeterminate inflorescences
Fig. 9.36
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spadixheadpanicle
raceme
spike
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Determinate or indeterminate types
Fig. 9.37Also heads can be either.
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Secondary or compound inflorescence types
Fig. 9.38
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Specialized inflorescence types
Fig. 9.39
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Fruits
Spring 2013
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Maturation• An inflorescence matures into an
infructescence.
• An ovary (simple or compound) matures into the fruit (but may include additional structures (e.g., hypanthium or perianth parts).
• A fertilized ovule matures into a seed.
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Ovary wall becomes the pericarp:
• ENDOCARP – innermost layer • MESOCARP - middle layer • EXOCARP - outermost layer
Each can be modified independently of the others (e.g., the endocarp can be stony, the mesocarp fleshy, and the exocarp leathery) or the pericarp can be of uniform color or texture.
pericarp
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Avocado (Persea, Lauraceae)
seed
endocarpmesocarp
exocarp
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Three main fruit groups• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from
a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
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Simple fruits• Simple fruits = fruits developing from
the gynoecium of a single flower (i.e., a single carpel or a compound ovary of 2 or more carpels); can be dry or fleshy
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Dry Simple Fruits
• Dry at maturity • Does fruit open (dehisce) or not? (Dehiscent versus indehiscent) • Number of carpels? Number of seeds?
• Are any wings or other appendages present?
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Indehiscent Dry Fruits
Fig. 9.40
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Achene: single-seeded, seed coat not fused to pericarp
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Utricle – a bladdery or inflated achene with the pericarp larger than the seed
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Caryopsis: “Grains”; singled-seeded, seed coat fused to pericarp; unique to grasses
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Maize (Zea mays)
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Samara — a single-seeded, dry, winged indehiscent fruit
Ulmus (Ulmaceae)
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Dry Indehiscent Fruits: Nuts
hard-shelled,one-seeded
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Dehiscent Dry FruitsFig. 9.41
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Follicle: one suture opens
Asclepias (Milkweed, Apocynaceae)
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Follicles in the Ranunculaceae(buttercup family)
http://tezalizard.blogspot.com
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Legume: opens along 2 sutures
Bean Family Fabaceae(Leguminosae)
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Capsule: a dry fruit formed from 2 or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds
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Loculicidal Capsule
Each carpel splits along the middle,opening directly into the locule
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Septicidal Capsule
The carpels separatealong their side walls,or septa.
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Poricidal Capsule
Papaver (Poppy, Papaveraceae)
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Capsule modifications
In some plant families, capsules are modified in special, characteristic ways.
Fruit and seed dispersal are still the guiding needs.
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Cruciferous Dry Fruits
Silique Silicle
Mustard Family (Brassicaceae or Cruciferae)2-carpellate, outer rim (replum), persistent partition (false septum)
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Schizocarp of mericarps
samaroid mericarpsAcer (Sapindaceae)
Dill (Apiaceae)
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Fleshy Simple Fruits
One or more layers of the pericarpbecome fleshy—which one(s)?
Number of carpels? Number of seeds?
From a superior or inferior ovary?
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Fleshy Simple Fruits• Berry – Entire pericarp fleshy or
exocarp may be leathery; one to many seeds
• Drupe - Mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard, exocarp variable; usually one seeded but can have multiple seeds
• Pome – Fleshy mesocarp (mainly hypanthium tissue) and leathery or papery endocarp; derived from an inferior ovary (Rosaceae)
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Berry
Capsicum (Solanaceae)
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Berry—other examples
blueberries tomatoes
eggplantsbananas tomato
relatives
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Berry (Pepo)
Found in the Cucumber Family (Cucurbitaceae):parietal placentation,leathery exocarp
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Berry(hesperidium)
Found in the citrus family (Rutaceae):Leathery exocarp, fleshy modified trichomes (juice sacs)
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Drupe—stony endocarp
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Drupe - Coconut
Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae)
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Pome
Rose family (Rosaceae): inferior ovary, cartilaginous endocarp, fleshy hypanthial tissue
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Three main fruit groups• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from
a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
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Aggregate Fruit
Rubus(Rosaceae)
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Aggregate of Achenes
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Aggregate of samaras
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Three main fruit types• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from
a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
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Multiple fruit of achenes
A. Laurent
Platanus (sycamore)
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Multiple Fruit - Pineapple
Ananas (Bromeliaceae)
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Multiple Fruit: Syconium (Fig)
Ficus (Moraceae)