Infectious Diseases Family Medicine

Board Review 2016

Brian Schwartz, MD

UCSF, Division of Infectious Diseases

Overview

• Lecture Outline

– Cases with questions (90%)

– High yield information (10%)

Case 1

32 y/o M with 3 days of an enlarging, painful lesion on his L thigh that he attributes to a “spider bite”

T 36.9 BP 118/70 P 82

How would you manage this patient?

A. Incision and drainage alone

B. Incision and drainage plus cephalexin

C. Incision and drainage plus TMP-SMX

Incis

ion an

d dra

inage

alo

ne

Incis

ion an

d dra

inage

plu

...

Incis

ion an

d dra

inage

pl..

59%

33%

9%

Abscesses: Do antibiotics provide benefit over I&D alone?

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Rajendran '07 Duong '09 Schmitz '10

% p

atie

nts

cu

red

Placebo

Antibiotic

p=.25 p=.12 p=.52

Cephalexin TMP-SMX TMP-SMX

1Rajendran AAC 2007; 2Schmitz G Ann Emerg Med 2010; 3Duong Ann Emerg Med 2009

Antibiotic therapy is recommended for abscesses associated with:

• Severe disease, rapidly progressive with associated cellulitis or septic phlebitis

• Signs or symptoms of systemic illness

• Associated comorbidities, immunosuppressed

• Extremes of age

• Difficult to drain area (face, hand, genitalia)

• Failure of prior I&D Liu C. Clin Infect Dis. 2011

Microbiology of Purulent SSTIs

MRSA 59%

MSSA 17%

B-hemolytic strep 3%

non-B hemolytic strep 4% other

8%

unknown 9%

Moran NEJM 2006

Empiric PO Antibiotics for Purulent SSTIs Strep active

Dosing Comments

PO agents

TMP-SMX +/- Q12h HyperK+

Doxy/mino +/- Q12h GI; Photosensitivity

Clindamycin ++ Q8h Susceptible: Adults 50%; Peds 75%

Linezolid ++ Q12h $$$; Tox - heme, SSRI

Empiric IV Antibiotics for Purulent SSTIs

Dosing Comments

Vancomycin Q12h OK for bacteremia, PNA

Daptomycin Q24h OK for bacteremia, not PNA

Televancin Q24h Approved for PNA, renal tox

Ceftaroline Q12h Active vs. Gram - (not pseudo)

Dalbavancin Q7d x 2

Oritavancin x1 VRE activity

*Linezolid and tedizolid come in IV formulation as well

How would you manage this patient?

A. Incision and drainage alone

B. Incision and drainage plus cephalexin

C. Incision and drainage plus TMP-SMX

Case 2 28 y/o woman presents with erythema of her left foot over past 48 hrs

No purulent drainage, exudate , or fluctuance.

T 37.0 BP 132/70 P 78

Eels SJ et al Epidemiology and Infection 2010

How would you manage this patient?

A. Clindamycin 300 mg TID

B. Cephalexin 500 mg QID, monitor clinically with addition of TMP/SMX if no response

C. Cephalexin 500 mg QID + TMP/ SMX 1 DS BID

Clindam

ycin 3

00 mg T

ID

Cephalexin

500 m

g QID

,...

Cephalexin

500 m

g QID

...

17%25%

58%

Cephalexin vs. Cephalexin + TMP-SMX in patients with Uncomplicated Cellulitis

82.0%

6.8%

53.0%

85.0%

6.8%

49.0%

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

Cure Progression toabscess

Adverse Events

Cephalexin

Cephalexin +TMP-SMX

Pallin CID 2013; 56: 1754-1762

N=146

Empiric Antibiotics for Non-purulent SSTIs

MSSA active

MRSA active

Dosing

PO

Penicillin - Q6h

Cephalexin + Q6h

Dicloxacillin + Q6h

Clindamycin ++ + Q8h

IV

Penicillin - Q6h

Cefazolin + Q8h

Ceftriaxone + Q24h

How would you manage this patient?

A. Clindamycin 300 mg TID

B. Cephalexin 500 mg QID, monitor clinically with addition of TMP/SMX if no response

C. Cephalexin 500 mg QID + TMP/ SMX 1 DS BID

Case 3: A slight alteration…

• 34 y/o comes in with the similar symptoms

• Temp 38.9, HR 105, SBP 100, RR 20

• Appears ill and in more pain than what you would expect for cellulitis

Necrotizing soft tissue infection

Early diagnosis and intervention!

Wong CH. Jour of Bone and Joint Surg. 2003

Mortality rate: > 30%

Necrotizing soft tissue infections: clinical clues

Wong CH. Jour of Bone and Joint Surg. 2003

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f p

atie

nts

Late findings

Necrotizing soft tissue infections: radiographic techniques

• Plain films

– Low sensitivity

– Helpful if gas present

• CT and ultrasound

– May identify other Dx (abscess)

• MRI

– Enhanced sensitivity, low specificity

Necrotizing Skin and Soft Tissue Infection: Pathogens

Monomicrobial Polymicrobial

Group A strep

CA-MRSA

Clostridia sp

Gram negatives

Vibrio vulnificus

Aerobic Gram +/Gram - PLUS

Anaerobes

Wong CH. J Bone and Joint Surg. 2003

Empiric treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections

• Early surgical intervention! (be annoying)

• Antimicrobial therapy

–Pip/tazo (Gram neg/anaerobes)

plus

–Vancomycin (MRSA)

plus

–Clindamycin (group A strep)

Toxic shock syndromes

Pathophys Site Clinical Rx

Strep (GAS)

Pyrogenic exotoxin

(superantigen)

Sterile (blood, tissue)

Shock •Prot synth inhibitor •IVIg

Staph TSST-1 (superantigen)

Non-sterile site often (tampon,

nasal packing)

Shock + Eythroderma

(desquamation (1-2 weeks later)

•Prot synth inhibitor

Erythroderma

Case

• 61 y/o diabetic presents to ED with, fever, stiff neck, and new onset seizure.

• Febrile to 39°C with stable vital signs.

• Lethargic but able to answer questions.

• Nuchal rigidity and photophobia seen but no focal neurological abnormalities.

Question: Does he need a CT scan before getting an LP?

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

29%

71%

Who needs a head CT before LP? Who is at high risk for herniation from LP?

• Patients at high risk for mass lesions or increased intracranial pressure can be identified clinically and should then undergo CT scan

• Who are high risk patients? – New-onset seizure – Immunocompromised – Focal neurological finding – Papilledema – Moderate-severe impairment of consciousness

Hasbun R. NEJM. 2001. Gopal AK. Arch Int Med. 1999.

Question 4a: Does he need a CT scan before getting an LP?

A. Yes

B. No

Question: Which is the preferred antibiotic regimen for this patient?

(61 y/o male)

A. Ceftriaxone

B. Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin

C. Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin

D. Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin

Ceftria

xone

Ceftria

xone a

nd Vanco

...

Ceftria

xone a

nd Am

picilli

n

Vancom

ycin an

d Ceftr

ia...

0%

62%

6%

32%

Empiric antimicrobial therapy Risk factor Pathogens Antimicrobials

< 1 month GBS, E. coli, L. monocytogenes

Ampicillin + cefotaxime

1-23 months S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae

Vancomycin + 3rd gen ceph

2-50 yrs N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae

Vancomycin + 3rd gen ceph

> 50 yrs S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, L. monocytogenes

Vancomycin+ 3rd gen ceph + ampicillin

Adapted from Tunkel AR. CID 2004; GBS=group B strep (Strep agalactiae), 3rd gen ceph=ceftriaxone or cefotaxime

IDSA algorithm for management of bacterial meningitis

Indication for head CT YES NO

Blood cx + Lumbar puncture Blood cx

Steroids and empiric antimicrobials

Steroids and empiric antimicrobials

CSF suggestive of bacterial meningitis

Head CT w/o mass lesion or herniation

Lumbar puncture Refine therapy

Tunkel AR. CID 2004

Question: Which is the preferred antibiotic regimen for this patient?

(61 y/o male)

A. Ceftriaxone

B. Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin

C. Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin

D. Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin

Antibiotic prophylaxis for contacts?

• Only those with close contact to case of Neisseria or Haemophilus

• Prophylaxis options

– Ciprofloxacin

– Rifampin

– Ceftriaxone

HSV infections of CNS

• Aseptic meningitis (HSV-2) – Benign course

– Treatment of unclear benefit, IV->PO acyclovir

– May recur (Mollaret's syndrome)

• Encephalitis (HSV-1) – Severe neurologic impairment

– Classical MRI changes (temporal lobes)

– Start treatment when you suspect diagnosis

– Treatment - IV acyclovir (10 mg/kg IV q8)

West Nile virus

80% ASYMPTOMATIC

20%

WEST NILE FEVER

< 1% NEUROINVASIVE DISEASE

•Encephalitis (55-60%)

•Meningitis (35-40%)

•Poliomyelitis (5-10%)

WNV Fever

•Fever and HA

•Malaise/Fatigue

•Anorexia

Peterson LR. JAMA. 2004

Diagnosis: WNV IgM and IgG from serum and CSF

Case

• 65 y/o diabetic woman presents to clinic for routine evaluation. She has been feeling well. A urinalysis and culture are sent.

• UA: WBC->100, RBC-0, Protein-300

• The next day you are called because the urine culture has >100,000 Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 5: What do you recommend?

A. No antibiotics

B. Empiric ciprofloxacin and await susceptibilities

C. Repeat culture in 1 week and if bacteria still present then treat

No antib

iotic

s

Empiri

c cip

roflo

xacin an...

Repeat cultu

re in

1 w

eek...

62%

7%

31%

Definition: Asymptomatic bacteriuria

• Bacteriuria without symptoms

– Midstream: ≥105 CFU/ml

– Cath: ≥102 CFU/ml

• Pyuria is present > 50% of patients

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic women

• Asymptomatic bacteriuria ~ 25% of diabetic women (pyuria is usually present)

• RCT, placebo controlled of 105 diabetic women

• 14 days of antibiotic vs. placebo

• 1° endpoint: symptomatic UTI

– 42% antibiotic group vs. 40% placebo

– RR 1.19 (0.28–1.81),p=0.42 Harding GKM. NEJM 2003

Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria?

• Clear benefit

– Pregnant women

– Pre traumatic urologic interventions with mucosal bleeding

• Likely benefit

– neutropenic

• No benefit

– Postmenopausal ambulatory women

– Institutionalized

– Spinal cord injuries

– Patients with urinary catheters

– Diabetics

Question 5: What do you recommend?

A. No antibiotics

B. Empiric ciprofloxacin and await susceptibilities

C. Repeat culture in 1 week and if bacteria still

present then treat

Case 6

• A 21 year-old college student, calls to say that she has “a urinary tract infection, again”

• You have treated her for uncomplicated cystitis 2 times in the past year

• You obtain a UA:

– Leukocyte esterase 3+, RBC 1+

Question 6: According to the Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines (2011 last update) - what is the 1st line treatment for an uncomplicated UTI?

A. Ciprofloxacin 250mg BID x 3d

B. Nitrofurantoin 100mg BID x 5d

C. TMP-SMX DS BID x 7d

D. Cephalexin 500 mg QID x 7d

Cipro

floxa

cin 2

50mg B

ID..

Nitrofu

ranto

in 1

00mg B

I...

TMP-S

MX D

S BID

x 7d

Cephalexin

500 m

g QID

x 7d

43%

6%4%

47%

IDSA guidelines for uncomplicated UTI treatment

Goal: Low resistance and low “collateral damage”

• Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO BID x 5 days

• TMP-SMX DS PO BID x 3 days

– avoid if resistance >20%, recent usage

• Fosfomycin 3 gm PO x 2

Gupta K. CID 2011

Question 6: According to the Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines (2011 last update) - what is the 1st line treatment for an uncomplicated UTI?

A. Ciprofloxacin 250mg BID x 3d

B. Nitrofurantoin 100mg BID x 5d

C. TMP-SMX DS BID x 7d

D. Cephalexin 500 mg QID x 7d

What would make the UTI “complicated?”

• Anatomic abnormality

• Indwelling catheter

• Recent instrumentation

• Men

• Healthcare-associated

• Recent antimicrobial use

• Symptoms > 7 days

• Diabetes or immunosuppression

• History of childhood UTI

How would you treat?

– Fluoroquinolones for empiric therapy

– Obtain cultures

– Duration 7-14 days

Prevention of recurrent UTIs

• Prevent vaginal colonization w/ uropathogens

– Avoid spermicide

– Intra-vaginal estrogen (post-menopausal)

• Prevent growth of uropathogens in bladder

– Methenamine hippurate

– Cranberry juice

– Postcoitol or daily antibiotics

• Correct anatomic/neurologic problems

– Select cases consider urology evaluation (elevated Cr, hematuria, recurrent proteus infection)

Question: If this same patient presented with pyelonephritis what

would be the best regimen?

A. Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV q24

B. Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO q24

C. Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q12

D. Cefpodoxime 200 mg PO q12

Ceftria

xone 1

gm IV

q24

Moxif

loxa

cin 4

00 mg I

V/..

Nitrofu

ranto

in 1

00 mg P

...

Cefpodoxim

e 200 m

g PO...

70%

9%2%

20%

Empiric treatment of pyelonephritis

• Recommended

– Ciprofloxacin 500 mg q12 (7 days if uncomplicated) • Levofloxacin OK but not Moxifloxacin

– Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV q24 (14 days)

• Not recommended

– TMP-SMX (high resistance rate so not good empiric)

– Nitrofurantoin (does not get into kidney parenchyma)

• Health-care associated pyelonephritis – Use antipseudomonal agent other than fluoroquinolone

Question: If this same patient presented with pyelonephritis what

would be the best regimen?

A. Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV q24

B. Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO q24

C. Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q12

D. Cefpodoxime 200 mg PO q12

Case

• 60 y/o woman with HTN presents with 3 days of cough with green sputum, dyspnea on exertion, fever, pleuritic chest pain. She otherwise has no past medical history.

• Exam: 38.5°, 145/90, 100, 18, 95% RA •

• Chest: crackles at left base

• WBC: 15.5 CXR: LLL infiltrate

Question: How would you manage this patient?

A. Oral antibiotics at home

B. Hospitalize for IV antibiotics; when afebrile, switch to PO antibiotics and discharge home

C. Hospitalize for IV antibiotics; when afebrile, switch to PO antibiotics and discharge after 24 hours observation

D. Hospitalize for minimum of 7 days of IV antibiotics

Oral a

ntibio

tics a

t hom

e

Hospita

lize fo

r IV antib

iot..

.

Hospita

lize fo

r IV antib

iot..

.

Hospita

lize fo

r min

imum

..

84%

0%11%

5%

Pneumonia Severity Index

Demographic

Age (+1 point/yr, -10 if woman)

Nursing home (+10)

Comorbidities Cancer (+30)

Liver disease (+20)

CHF (+10)

Cerebrovascular dz (+10)

Renal disease (+10)

Examination Mental status (+20)

Pulse > 125 (+20)

Resp rate > 30 (+20)

SBP < 90 (+15)

Temp < 35 or > 40 (+10)

Labs pH < 7.35 (+30)

BUN > 30 (+20)

Na < 130 (+20)

Glucose > 250 (+10)

p02 < 60 (+10)

Hct < 30 (+10)

Pleural effusion (+10)

Don’t memorize this!

Pneumonia Severity Index http://pda.ahrq.gov/clinic/psi/psicalc.asp

Class PSI score Mortality Triage

I Age < 50, no comorbidity, stable vital signs

0.1% outpatient

II ≤ 70 0.7% outpatient

III 71-90 3% consider admission

IV 91-130 8% admission

V > 130 29% ? ICU

CAP: When to Admit

Outpatient: – Younger

– No cancer or end-organ disease

– No severe vital sign abnormalities

– No severe laboratory abnormalities

Inpatient:

– Doesn’t meet outpt criteria

– Hypoxia

– Active coexisting condition

– Unable to take oral meds

– Psychosocial issues

• Homeless, drug abuse, risk of non-adherence

CAP: When to Discharge

• Afebrile, hemodynamically stable, not hypoxic, and tolerating POs

• No minimum duration of IV therapy needed

• No need to watch on oral antibiotics

• Most patients with CAP, 7 days of antibiotic treatment is adequate

Question: How would you manage this patient?

A. Oral antibiotics at home

B. Hospitalize for IV antibiotics; when afebrile, switch to PO antibiotics and discharge home

C. Hospitalize for IV antibiotics; when afebrile, switch to PO antibiotics and discharge after 24 hours observation

D. Hospitalize for minimum of 7 days of IV antibiotics

Case:

• 82 y/o with h/o CHF presents with 5 days of productive cough and dyspnea. Denies recent travel or hospitalization.

• 39° 110/90 110 24 85% RA

• Chest: crackles at right base

• CXR: Right lower & middle lobe infiltrates

• Labs: WBC 12, BUN=38, otherwise normal

Question: What is the most appropriate treatment?

A. Cefuroxime IV

B. Levofloxacin IV

C. Piperacillin-tazobactam IV

D. Azithromycin IV

E. Cefepime IV + vancomycin IV

Cefuro

xime IV

Levo

floxa

cin IV

Pipera

cillin

-tazo

bacta

m IV

Azithro

mycin

IV

Cefepim

e IV + va

ncom

yc..

6%

54%

23%

0%

17%

Etiology of CAP

• Clinical and CXR not predictive of organism – Streptococcus pneumoniae

– Haemophilus influenzae

– Mycoplasma pneumoniae

– Chlamydophila pneumoniae

– Legionella

– (Enteric Gram negative rods)

– Viruses

– Staphylococcus aureus

Covered by

usual regimes

Not covered by

usual regimens

Empirical Treatment for Outpatients

No comorbidity or recent antibiotics

• Macrolide or

• Doxycycline

Comorbid condition(s)

age > 65, EtOH, CHF, severe liver or renal disease, cancer

or

Antibiotics in last 3 months

-lactam (e.g. amox) + either macrolide or doxycycline

or

• Respiratory FQ*

B-lactam= High-dose amoxicillin [e.g., 1 g 3 times daily] or amoxicillin-

clavulanate [2 g 2 times daily] is preferred; alternatives include ceftriaxone,

cefpodoxime, and cefuroxime [500 mg 2 times daily];

* Respiratory FQ = Levofloxacin or Moxifloxacin

Empirical Treatment for Inpatients

Inpatient

non-ICU

-lactam + macrolide or doxycycline or

• Respiratory FQ

Inpatient ICU -lactam + azithromycin or resp FQ

(Penicillin allergy: fluoroquinolone + aztreonam)

MRSA concern • Add vancomycin or linezolid to above

B-lactam = cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin-sulbactam;

ertapenem for selected patients

* Resp FQ = Levofloxacin or Moxifloxacin

Question: What is the most appropriate treatment?

A. Cefuroxime IV

B. Levofloxacin IV

C. Piperacillin-tazobactam IV

D. Azithromycin IV

E. Cefepime IV + vancomycin IV

Diagnostic Testing in CAP

• Chest radiography:

– Indicated for all patients with suspected pneumonia

• Blood culture:

– Recommended for inpatients (do before antibiotics)

• Sputum exam:

– Controversial but recommended for inpatients

• Other:

– Legionella urinary Ag, pnuemo urinary Ag, resp virus testing

Case

• 60 y/o intubated 17 days ago following MVA. Received ciprofloxacin for a UTI 8 days ago.

• Now she has new fever, WBC 15, and increased oxygen requirements.

• Chest X-ray was done

Question: Which antibiotics would you start after obtaining blood and sputum

cultures? A. Vancomycin

B. Vancomycin + ceftriaxone

C. Ceftriaxone + azithromycin

D. Vancomycin + meropenem

E. Moxifloxacin

Vancom

ycin

Vancom

ycin +

ceftr

iaxo

ne

Ceftria

xone +

azithro

mycin

Vancom

ycin +

mero

penem

Moxif

loxa

cin

2%

47%

0%

42%

9%

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)

• Clinical diagnosis!

– Increased oxygen requirement

– Fever

– Increased WBC count

–New infiltrate on CXR

– Increased secretions

• Use respiratory culture to tailor therapy

HAP/VAP pathogens Empiric Treatment

Gram negatives -Pseudomonas -Acinetobacter -Enterics

Anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin (ceftaz or cefepime)

or

Anti-pseudomonal penicillin (piperacillin-tazobactam)

or

Anti-pseudomonal carbapenem (imi-, mero-, doripenem)

PLUS

Anti-pseudomonal aminogylcoside (gent, tobra, amikacin)

or

Anti-pseudomonal fluoroquinolone (cipro, levo)

PLUS

S. aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin or linezolid

When do we need to cover for pseudomonas?

• Not cause of community acquired pneumonia but if any below present can consider…

Recent or current hospitalization

Recent antibiotics

Structural lung disease (CF)

What antibiotics cover pseudomonas?

• B-lactams – Piperacillin and ticaricillin – Ceftazidime, cefepime – Aztreonam – Imipenem, meropenem, doripenem (not ertapenem)

• Fluoroquinolones – ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (not moxifloxacin)

• Aminoglycosides – gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

Question: Which antibiotics would you start after obtaining blood and sputum

cultures? A. Vancomycin

B. Vancomycin + ceftriaxone

C. Ceftriaxone + azithromycin

D. Vancomycin + meropenem

E. Moxifloxacin

Case:

• 70 y/o M is hospitalized for diverticulitis. HD#9 he develops a new fever. Purulent drainage is noted from a central venous catheter, and it is removed.

• Fever persists for several days. Exam reveals new systolic murmur. Echo shows a small vegetation on the mitral valve.

• Which organism MOST LIKELY grew from his blood cultures?

Question:

A. Staphylococcus aureus

B. Streptococcus bovis

C. Enterococcus spp.

D. Candida

Staphylo

cocc

us aure

us

Strepto

cocc

us bovis

Entero

cocc

us spp.

Candida

64%

2%

18%16%

Endocarditis

• Most common organisms

– Staphylococcus aureus

– Streptococci, viridans group; also S. bovis

– Coagulase-negative staph (prosthetic valve)

– Candida

– Culture negative

– HACEK

Question:

A. Staphylococcus aureus

B. Streptococcus bovis

C. Enterococcus spp.

D. Candida

Endocarditis: Modified Duke Criteria

• Diagnosis: Clinical Criteria

–Major • Blood culture criteria

• Endocardial involvement (Echo veg, new regurgitation)

–Minor • Predisposition Vascular phenomena

• Fever Immunologic phenomena

• Other microbiologic

Osler nodes Janeway lesions

Splinter hemorrhages

Roth spots (white-centered

retinal hemorrhages -

arrow heads)

Endocarditis

• Duke criteria continued…

–Definite endocarditis:

• 2 major OR 1 major + 3 minor OR 5 minor

– Indications for surgery?

• CHF, continued emboli, uncontrolled sepsis, perivalvular abscess

• Difficult to treat organisms (fungi, Gram- negatives, resistant organisms)

• Large vegetations (> 1 cm?)

Endocarditis - Treatment

• Penicillin-susceptible streptococcus

– Penicillin G or ceftriaxone x 4 wk

– Penicillin G or ceftriaxone + gentamicin x 2 wk

• Streptococcus MIC >0.1 to 0.5 mg/mL

– Penicillin G or ceftriaxone x 4 wk + gentamcin x 2 wk

• Streptococcus MIC >0.5 mg/mL or enterococcus

– Ampicillin or penicillin G + gentamicin x 4-6 wk

Use recommended regimens!

Endocarditis - Treatment

• Aortic or mitral valve MSSA

–Nafcillin or cefazolin x 6 wk

• MRSA

–Vancomycin x 6 wk

• HACEK

–Ceftriaxone x 4 wk

Endocarditis - Prophylaxis

• Prophylaxis only for highest risk patients

– Prosthetic valve, previous endocarditis, cardiac transplantation with valvulopathy, certain congenital heart disease

• Procedures requiring prophylaxis for above:

– Dental with manipulation of gingiva or periapical region of teeth or perforation of oral mucosa

– No prophylaxis for GI or GU procedures

Recommended antibiotics when endocarditis prophylaxis is needed

Oral Amoxicillin 2 g 1 hour pre-procedure

Penicillin allergy

Clindamycin 600 mg 1 hour pre-procedure or

Cephalexin 2 g 1 hour pre-procedure

or

Azithromycin or clarithromycin

500 mg 1 hour pre-procedure

Parenteral Ampicillin 2 g IM or IV 30 min pre-procedure

Penicillin allergy

Clindamycin 600 mg IV 1 hour pre-procedure or

Cefazolin 1 g IM or IV 30 min pre-procedure

Case

• 67 year-old male with COPD/asthma, presents to clinic with 3 days of fever, cough, wheezing, and achiness. You do a rapid flu test which is positive.

• How should you treat this patient?

Question

A. Start amantadine

B. Start oseltamivir

C. Start zanamivir

D. No treatment because symptoms > 48h

Start

amanta

dine

Start

oselta

miv

ir

Start

zanam

ivir

No treatm

ent beca

use s.

..

2%

51%

0%

47%

Influenza

• Two important types: A and B

• Influenza A

– Typed by glycoproteins: hemagglutinin/neuraminidase

– Treatments: • Adamantanes (amantadine, ramantidine)

• Neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir)

• Influenza B: not susceptible to adamantanes

Influenza

• Diagnosis (sensitivity):

– PCR>>DFA (immunofluorescence)>Rapid test

• Treatment:

– Who

• Hospitalized or severe illness: anytime

• Outpt high-risk for complications: anytime

• Non-high-risk outpatients: < 48h of symptoms

– What

• Oseltamivir or Zanamivir

Question

A. Start amantadine

B. Start oseltamivir

C. Start zanamivir

D. No treatment because symptoms > 48h

Influenza Vaccine

• Recommended for everyone > 6 mo.

• Options

– Inactivated vaccines: > 6 months

– Live-attenuated: 2-49 years

Infection Control

Type of

Precaution

Conditions Examples

Contact

Diarrhea

Wounds

Vesicular rashes

Some resp infections

C. difficile,

chickenpox, smallpox,

scabies, lice, viral

conjunctivitis, drug

resistant organisms

Droplet Meningitis, seasonal

resp viruses

Meningococcus,

Pertussis, influenza

Airborne Some resp infections TB, chickenpox,

measles, smallpox,

SARS

High yield • Device (and line) related infections

– Answer usually “pull the line” plus antibiotics

• Endocarditis

– Acute: S. aureus (MRSA) #1

– Subacute: Viridans group streptococci #1

– Prosthetic valve endocarditis: S. aureus or S. epidermidis

• Doxycycline is usually the answer for…

– Lyme disease (also amoxicillin, ceftriaxone)

– Rocky mountain spotted fever (even in children)

– Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis (“spotless fevers”)

– Syphilis (when penicillin is not an option but not neuro dz)

High yield

• Fungal infections

– Candidemia

• Empiric treatment for critically ill is an echinocandin

• Always remove central venous catheters

• Always get an eye exam to rule-out ocular involvement

– Histoplasmosis – itraconazole or ampho

– Coccidiomycosis – fluconazole or ampho

– Aspergillosis – voriconazole > ampho

– Cryptococcal meningitis – treatment of choice is amphotericin B plus 5-FC followed by fluconazole

High yield

• Latent TB diagnostics

– Prior BCG should not influence how you read PPD

– Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs)– no false positives with prior BCG

– If + PPD or +IGRA, check chest X-ray and history to evaluate for active TB

• Active TB

– Treatment of active TB in HIV often use rifabutin not rifampin due to interactions with ARVs

High yield

• Severe infection in asplenic patients

– Encapsulated organisms (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae)

• Vaccinate 2 weeks before if possible

– Babesiosis – ticks in New England

– Capnocytophaga – dog bites

– Anaplasmosis/Erlichiosis